Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydiales
Chlamydia
Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. (1/25)
The current taxonomic classification of Chlamydia is based on limited phenotypic, morphologic and genetic criteria. This classification does not take into account recent analysis of the ribosomal operon or recently identified obligately intracellular organisms that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication. Neither does it provide a systematic rationale for identifying new strains. In this study, phylogenetic analyses of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes are presented with corroborating genetic and phenotypic information to show that the order Chlamydiales contains at least four distinct groups at the family level and that within the Chlamydiaceae are two distinct lineages which branch into nine separate clusters. In this report a reclassification of the order Chlamydiales and its current taxa is proposed. This proposal retains currently known strains with > 90% 16S rRNA identity in the family Chlamydiaceae and separates other chlamydia-like organisms that have 80-90% 16S rRNA relatedness to the Chlamydiaceae into new families. Chlamydiae that were previously described as 'Candidatus Parachlamydia acanthamoebae' Amann, Springer, Schonhuber, Ludwig, Schmid, Muller and Michel 1997, become members of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov., Parachlamydia acanthamoebae gen. nov., sp. now. 'Simkania' strain Z becomes the founding member of Simkaniaceae fam. nov., Simkania negevensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The fourth group, which includes strain WSU 86-1044, was left unnamed. The Chlamydiaceae, which currently has only the genus Chlamydia, is divided into two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila gen. nov. Two new species, Chlamydia muridarum sp. nov. and Chlamydia suis sp. nov., join Chlamydia trachomatis in the emended genus Chlamydia. Chlamydophila gen. nov. assimilates the current species, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci, to form Chlamydophila pecorum comb. nov., Chlamydophila pneumoniae comb. nov. and Chlamydophila psittaci comb. nov. Three new Chlamydophila species are derived from Chlamydia psittaci: Chlamydophila abortus gen. nov., sp. nov., Chlamydophila caviae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Chlamydophila felis gen. nov., sp. nov. Emended descriptions for the order Chlamydiales and for the family Chlamydiaceae are provided. These families, genera and species are readily distinguished by analysis of signature sequences in the 16S and 23S ribosomal genes. (+info)Identification of nine species of the Chlamydiaceae using PCR-RFLP. (2/25)
The family Chlamydiaceae contains two genera and nine species. Rapid and easy identification of these species is essential for taxonomic, epidemiological and clinical determinations. Currently, DNA sequence analysis is the only accepted method that decisively distinguishes all nine species. In this study, a simple and rapid PCR-RFLP procedure was developed by which laboratory-cultured chlamydial specimens could be identified. To accomplish this, conserved oligonucleotide primers and restriction sites were deduced from 16S and 23S rRNA sequence data from > 50 chlamydial strains representing all nine species. DNA from 25 previously characterized chlamydial strains were tested with these primers and restriction enzymes. All nine chlamydial species were reliably distinguished in the tests. The procedure was optimized by adjusting the annealing temperature using both a standard and a heat-activated DNA polymerase to reduce mismatch PCR amplification of mycoplasmas and other bacteria. The result was that a PCR method for species identification of chlamydial isolates and for distinguishing mycoplasmas and chlamydiae was created. This method can be used to rapidly identify known species of the family Chlamydiaceae. (+info)Simkania negevensis strain ZT: growth, antigenic and genome characteristics. (3/25)
Simkania negevensis is the type species of Simkaniaceae, a recently proposed family in the order Chlamydiales. In the current study, growth, antigenic and genomic characteristics of this intracellular bacterium were investigated and compared to those of members of the family Chlamydiaceae. Growth of the organism, as assessed by infectivity assays, reached a plateau in 2-3 d although by light microscopy the cytopathic effect on the host cells increased for 12 or more days after infection. S. negevensis growth was unaffected by sulfadiazine. Cells infected by S. negevensis strain ZT were not recognized by either of two monoclonal antibodies specific for Chlamydiaceae LPS and several specific Chlamydiaceae ompA primers were unable to PCR amplify a S. negevensis gene. The S. negevensis genome contained one copy of the ribosomal operon. The genome size of S. negevensis strain ZT was determined by PFGE to be 1.7 Mbp, and the G + C content was 42.5 mol%. These data, taken together with other published data, are consistent with the proposal that S. negevensis belongs to a distinct family in the order Chlamydiales. (+info)Chlamydophila abortus in a Brown skua (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi) from a subantarctic island. (4/25)
On Bird Island, South Georgia, a new strain of Chlamydophila abortus was detected in one Brown skua out of 37 specimens from six different seabird species. Phylogenetic analysis of the rnpB and omp1 genes indicated the strain to be more closely related to C. abortus than to 6BC, the type strain of Chlamydophila psittaci. (+info)Molecular evolution of the Chlamydiaceae. (5/25)
Phylogenetic analyses of surface antigens and other chlamydial proteins were used to reconstruct the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae. Trees for all five coding genes [the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP), GroEL chaperonin, KDO-transferase, small cysteine-rich lipoprotein and 60 kDa cysteine-rich protein] supported the current organization of the family Chlamydiaceae, which is based on ribosomal, biochemical, serological, ecological and DNA-DNA hybridization data. Genetic distances between some species were quite large, so phylogenies were evaluated for robustness by comparing analyses of both nucleotide and protein sequences using a variety of algorithms (neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony with bootstrapping, and quartet puzzling). Saturation plots identified areas of the trees in which factors other than relatedness may have determined branch attachments. All nine species were clearly differentiated by distinctness ratios calculated for each gene. The distribution of virulence traits such as host and tissue tropism were mapped onto the consensus phylogeny. Closely related species were no more likely to share virulence characters than were more distantly related species. This phylogenetically disjunct distribution of virulence traits could not be explained by lateral transfer of the genes we studied, since we found no evidence for lateral gene transfer above the species level. One interpretation of this observation is that when chlamydiae gain access to a new niche, such as a new host or tissue, significant adaptation ensues and the virulence phenotype of the new species reflects adaptation to its environment more strongly than it reflects its ancestry. (+info)Chlamydia species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Canada. (6/25)
Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in several studies. However, there has been no comprehensive study of the role of Chlamydia species (C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci (avian and feline strains) and C. pecorum) as a cause of CAP. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci and C. pecorum as causes of CAP. A prospective cohort observational study of CAP was conducted at 15 teaching centres in eight Canadian provinces between January 1996-October 1997. Acute (n=539) and convalescent (n=272) serum samples were obtained for determination of antibody titres to C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. pecorum, C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila serogroups I-VI, Streptococcus pneumoniae and various respiratory viruses. Twelve of 539 (2.2%) patients had acute C. pneumoniae pneumonia and an additional 32 (5.9%) had possible acute infection. C. pneumoniae was the sole pathogen in 16 of 42 (38.1%) of these patients. The most common copathogens were S. pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus type A. C. pneumoniae pneumonia patients were older and more likely to show congestive heart failure compared to bacteraemic S. pneumoniae patients. The latter had a lower mean diastolic blood pressure, a higher white blood cell count and a lower arterial carbon dioxide tension. Two patients had antibody titres suggestive of recent infection with the feline strain of C. psittaci. Although numerically Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia, no distinctive clinical features associated with this pathogen were detected in the present study. Feline Chlamydia psittaci may cause a few cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Avian Chlamydia psittaci should be considered only if there is a compatible epidemiological history. (+info)DNA vaccination against Chlamydiaceae: current status and perspectives. (7/25)
DNA vaccination (also called genetic vaccination) recently celebrated its ten years of existence. This new method of immunization presents several advantages, including the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses. This vaccination strategy has been very successful and has served as a basis for numerous experiments that had the aim of resolving parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections. In particular, DNA vaccination has been evaluated against Chlamydiaceae, small obligate intracellular bacteria, that induce many pathologies in humans and animals. Despite promising protective effects obtained in murine and turkey models with genes encoding outer membrane proteins and heat shock proteins, DNA vaccination against Chlamydiaceae must be optimized by further investigations and could benefit from the genomic sequencing in terms of the identification of new antigens. (+info)Exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and progression of age-related macular degeneration. (8/25)
Recent studies have found an association between exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To assess a potential risk of AMD progression posed by exposure to C. pneumoniae, the authors reexamined Australian residents in 2001-2002 who were aged 51-89 years with early AMD at baseline (1992-1995). Examination included macular photography and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine antibody titers to the elementary bodies from C. pneumoniae AR39. AMD progression was assessed quantitatively, using both coarse and fine progression steps following an international classification for AMD grading, and also qualitatively, by side-by-side comparison of baseline and follow-up macular photographs. Serologic data were available for 246 of 254 (97%) subjects. AMD progression was associated with a higher antibody titer. After adjustment for age, smoking, family history of AMD, history of cardiovascular diseases, and source study, the subjects in the upper tertiles of antibody titers were 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.92, 4.69), 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.24, 5.41), and 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.46, 6.37) times more at risk of progression than those in the lowest tertile, using three definitions of progression, respectively. The fact that seroreactivity to C. pneumoniae was independently associated with the risk of AMD progression suggests that C. pneumoniae infection may be an additional risk factor for AMD progression. (+info)Chlamydiaceae infections are a group of bacterial infections caused by the bacterium Chlamydia. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and eyes. Chlamydia is a common cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and can also be spread through contact with infected bodily fluids.
Types of Chlamydiaceae Infections:
1. Trachoma: A bacterial eye infection that can lead to blindness if left untreated.
2. Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia: A type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
3. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV): A rare and severe STI caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis that affects the lymphatic system.
4. Rectal infections: Chlamydia can infect the rectum and cause symptoms such as rectal pain, bleeding, and discharge.
5. Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum and anus caused by Chlamydia.
6. Endometritis: Inflammation of the lining of the uterus caused by Chlamydia.
7. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): A condition that affects the reproductive organs in women and can be caused by Chlamydia.
8. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that stores sperm, caused by Chlamydia.
Symptoms of Chlamydiaceae Infections:
The symptoms of Chlamydiaceae infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the individual infected. Common symptoms include:
* Discharge from the eyes or genitals
* Painful urination
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding
* Pain during sex
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Nausea and vomiting
Diagnosis of Chlamydiaceae Infections:
Diagnosis of Chlamydiaceae infections is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include:
1. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test: A test that detects the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in a sample of cells or tissue.
2. NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test): A test that detects the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis RNA or DNA in a sample of cells or tissue.
3. Culture: A test that grows Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria from a sample of cells or tissue.
4. Immunoassay: A test that detects the presence of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis in the blood or other body fluids.
Treatment of Chlamydiaceae Infections:
Chlamydiaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity and location of the infection, as well as the patient's age, health status, and any allergies they may have. Common antibiotics used to treat Chlamydiaceae infections include:
1. Azithromycin (Z-Pak)
2. Doxycycline
3. Erythromycin
4. Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
5. Ofloxacin (Floxin)
6. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
7. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
It is important to note that antibiotics should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional, and the patient should complete the full course of treatment as directed, even if symptoms resolve before finishing the medication. Untreated Chlamydiaceae infections can lead to serious complications, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Prevention of Chlamydiaceae Infections:
To prevent Chlamydiaceae infections, it is important to practice safe sex, including:
1. Using condoms or dental dams for all sexual activities
2. Avoiding sexual contact with anyone who has a Chlamydiaceae infection
3. Getting regularly tested for Chlamydiaceae infections if you are sexually active
4. Informing any sexual partners if you have a Chlamydiaceae infection
5. Using a new condom or dental dam for each sexual activity
6. Avoiding sharing of sex toys
7. Washing your hands after sexual activity
8. Getting vaccinated against Chlamydia trachomatis if you are at high risk for infection.
It is also important to note that Chlamydiaceae infections can be spread from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth, so it is important for pregnant women to be screened and treated for Chlamydiaceae infections if they are positive.
In conclusion, Chlamydiaceae infections are a common cause of genitourinary tract infections and can have serious complications if left untreated. It is important to practice safe sex, get regularly tested, and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment and prevention methods, Chlamydiaceae infections can be effectively managed and the risk of complications reduced.
List of MeSH codes (C01)
Koala
Chlamydia pecorum
Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydia (disambiguation)
Chlamydia (genus)
Atypical bacteria
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydophila
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae
Chlamydia felis
Chlamydiota
Chlamydia abortus
Waddlia
Chlamydia caviae
Chlamydia muridarum
Fiona Brinkman
Zoonotic Chlamydiaceae Species Associated with Trachoma, Nepal - Volume 19, Number 12-December 2013 - Emerging Infectious...
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TREE NUMBER DESCRIPTOR
c33c
Chlamydia9
- SAFE refers to Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvements, specifically, surgery to correct trichiasis (in-turned eyelashes), oral antimicrobial drugs to treat Chlamydia trachomatis infections, facial cleanliness to decrease ocular infections, and environmental improvements such as latrines and wells to provide clean water. (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, additional species of Chlamydiaceae , namely Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. psittaci , have been implicated in trachomatous disease by our group ( 6 ) and by another independent research group from Paris working in Guinea, Africa ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
- Particularly Chlamydiaceae as well as the Chlamydia-like organisms Waddlia and Parachlamydia were of interest, especially because of their possible zoonotic potential. (nih.gov)
- Of the 50 cases positive or questionable positive for Chlamydiaceae, species-identification by ArrayTube Microarray or 16S rRNA PCR resulted in 41 cases positive for C. abortus whereas the presence of Chlamydia suis was confirmed in four and Chlamydia pecorum in one case. (nih.gov)
- Des chlamydia ont été mises en évidence dans 29 (58 %) écouvillons vaginaux appartenant à 13 troupeaux différents par ELISA directement sur l'écouvillon vaginal et 9 (18 %) après multiplication sur cellules. (vetres.org)
- However, following Pap screening, there should be a clinical indication for reflex additional testing of liquid cytology specimens for chlamydia and gonorrhea since these specimen types are more widely used in older populations at low risk for infection. (cdc.gov)
- Avian chlamydiosis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci . (merckvetmanual.com)
- Species within the family Chlamydiaceae were previously (1999) divided into two genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila . (slu.se)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerotic lesion development in C57BL/6J mice. (research.com)
Species7
- Commercial assays do not discriminate among all Chlamydiaceae species that might be involved in trachoma. (cdc.gov)
- We investigated whether a commercial Micro-ArrayTube could discriminate Chlamydiaceae species in DNA extracted directly from conjunctival samples from 101 trachoma patients in Nepal. (cdc.gov)
- Ocular infections were caused by 5 Chlamydiaceae species. (cdc.gov)
- Additional studies of trachoma pathogenesis involving Chlamydiaceae species other than C. trachomatis and their zoonotic origins are needed. (cdc.gov)
- To eliminate infections with species other than C. trachomatis, longer treatment intervals might be required ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
- most do not discriminate among species of Chlamydiaceae . (cdc.gov)
- 14. Multiple Chlamydiaceae species in trachoma: implications for disease pathogenesis and control. (nih.gov)
Bacteria3
Trachoma1
- 13. Persisting inapparent chlamydial infection in a trachoma endemic community in The Gambia. (nih.gov)
Intracellular2
- Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens characterized by a wide range of vertebrate host, tissue tropism and spectrum of diseases. (pasteur.fr)
- Members of the family Chlamydiaceae are obligately intracellular. (slu.se)
Chlamydial2
- 25 years with risk factors (e.g., those who have a new sex partner or multiple partners) should be screened annually for chlamydial infections (81). (cdc.gov)
- 15. The influence of local antichlamydial antibody on the acquisition and persistence of human ocular chlamydial infection: IgG antibodies are not protective. (nih.gov)
Chlamydiales3
- His Chlamydiaceae research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Vascular disease, Chlamydiales, Antigen and Histopathology. (research.com)
- Cho-Chou Kuo works mostly in the field of Chlamydiaceae, limiting it down to topics relating to Chlamydiales and, in certain cases, Ratón. (research.com)
- His Chlamydiaceae research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Chlamydiales and Microbiology. (research.com)
Descriptor1
- Rickettsiaceae Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Inapparent1
- Avian chlamydiosis can be an inapparent subclinical infection or acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by respiratory, digestive, or systemic infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
Recurrence1
- The recurrence of infection and disease is probably multifactorial. (cdc.gov)
Family1
- Aerobic, but members of the family Chlamydiaceae have only limited resources to to synthesize their own ATP. (slu.se)
Immune1
- There is evidence that oral treatment of C. trachomatis infection blunts the immune response, increasing the patient's susceptibility to reinfection ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Disease2
- His Chlamydiaceae research integrates issues from Blood vessel, Cell culture, Coronary artery disease, Pathology and Macrophage. (research.com)
- No new sources of disease have been identified, and current practices, which combine improved recognition of potentially infected persons with new disinfection methods for fragile surgical instruments and biological products, should continue to minimize the risk for iatrogenic disease until a blood screening test for the detection of preclinical infection is validated for human use. (cdc.gov)
Profiles2
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Rickettsiaceae Infections" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Rickettsiaceae Infections" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Rickettsiaceae Infections" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Samples3
- Of these samples, confirmation by immunohistochemistry was possible in 2/3 cases for Waddlia, 25/46 for Parachlamydia and 4/50 for Chlamydiaceae. (nih.gov)
- First catch urine from women, while acceptable for screening, might detect up to 10% fewer infections when compared with vaginal and endocervical swab samples (82,87,89) (Box 2). (cdc.gov)
- A first catch urine specimen is acceptable but might detect up to 10% fewer infections when compared with vaginal and endocervical swab samples. (cdc.gov)
Study1
- We conducted a 10-year study in France (January 2001-April 2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for ESBLE infections after liver transplant. (cdc.gov)
Additional1
- a small number of additional cases are caused by neurosurgical instrument contamination, corneal grafts, gonadotrophic hormone, and secondary infection with variant CJD transmitted by transfusion of blood products. (cdc.gov)
Risk1
- USPSTF does not recommend screening for gonorrhea in women who are at low risk for infection (81). (cdc.gov)
Elements1
- We also show that most elements are transcribed during infection. (pasteur.fr)
Cases1
- By real-time PCR, 0.9% (3/343) of the cases were positive for Waddlia, 13.4% (46/343) positive for Parachlamydia and 14.6% (50/343) positive or questionable positive for Chlamydiaceae. (nih.gov)
Host cell1
- In the present review, we discuss the role of reduced host cell mitochondrial activity during M leprae infection and the consequential fates of M leprae and host innate immunity. (bvsalud.org)
Levels1
- Infection often returns to pretreatment levels 6-24 months after termination of treatment ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Pneumoniae2
DISEASES1
- Numerous reports have dealt with inapparent respiratory infections as well as the respiratory diseases due to infectious agents in these animals. (nih.gov)
Occurs2
- Primary infection occurs mainly in school-aged children or young adults, while reinfection is most common in older adults. (cdc.gov)
- Dual or multiple infections usually are responsible when severe respiratory disease occurs (thus, diagnostic efforts must test for multiple agents and must obtain positive evidence for incriminating some and negative evidence for excluding others). (nih.gov)
Clinical1
- Table 9 gives a perspective to the relative importance of respiratory infections as causes of clinical and morphologic disease. (nih.gov)
Environmental1
- Since the time of Hippocrates, these illnesses have been repeatedly attributed to imbalances triggered by infection, diet, xenobiotics and other environmental factors. (medscape.com)
Evidence2
- There is evidence that oral treatment of C. trachomatis infection blunts the immune response, increasing the patient's susceptibility to reinfection ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- [ 4 , 5 ] In addition, intriguing new evidence lends support to the possibility that not only the microbes associated with infectious episodes but also the bacteria of the gut microbiome can foster the production of brain-reactive autoantibodies, and that these microbe-induced antibodies provide the critical link between infection and neuropsychiatric disorders. (medscape.com)
Agents1
- Subclinical infection is far more common than overt disease for all of the agents. (nih.gov)