Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
Infections of the genital tract in females or males. They can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms.
Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.
A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. In non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. In mammals, they are highly specialized and known as FALLOPIAN TUBES.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A generic term for any circumscribed mass of foreign (e.g., lead or viruses) or metabolically inactive materials (e.g., ceroid or MALLORY BODIES), within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. Inclusion bodies are in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses, observed especially in nerve, epithelial, or endothelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
A genus of CHLAMYDOPHILA infecting primarily birds. It contains eight known serovars, some of which infect more than one type of host, including humans.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.
A peninsula in Southeast EUROPE between the Adriatic and Ionian seas on the West and Aegean and Black Seas on the East. (from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balkan%20peninsula)
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.
The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production.
The provision of monetary resources including money or capital and credit; obtaining or furnishing money or capital for a purchase or enterprise and the funds so obtained. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.)
Copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p181)
Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

CADD, a Chlamydia protein that interacts with death receptors. (1/134)

We report here the identification of a bacterial protein capable of interacting with mammalian death receptors in vitro and in vivo. The protein is encoded in the genome of Chlamydia trachomatis and has homologues in other Chlamydia species. This protein, which we refer to as "Chlamydia protein associating with death domains" (CADD), induces apoptosis in a variety of mammalian cell lines when expressed by transient gene transfection. Apoptosis induction can be blocked by Caspase inhibitors, indicating that CADD triggers cell death by engaging the host apoptotic machinery. CADD interacts with death domains of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family receptors TNFR1, Fas, DR4, and DR5 but not with the respective downstream adaptors. In infected epithelial cells, CADD is expressed late in the infectious cycle of C. trachomatis and co-localizes with Fas in the proximity of the inclusion body. The results suggest a role for CADD modulating the apoptosis pathways of cells infected, revealing a new mechanism of host-pathogen interaction.  (+info)

Dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in chlamydiae: reductive evolution and a novel operon for tryptophan recapture. (2/134)

BACKGROUND: Complete genomic sequences of closely related organisms, such as the chlamydiae, afford the opportunity to assess significant strain differences against a background of many shared characteristics. The chlamydiae are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are important pathogens of humans and other organisms. Tryptophan limitation caused by production of interferon-gamma by the host and subsequent induction of indoleamine dioxygenase is a key aspect of the host-parasite interaction. It appears that the chlamydiae have learned to recognize tryptophan depletion as a signal for developmental remodeling. The consequent non-cultivable state of persistence can be increasingly equated to chronic disease conditions. RESULTS: The genes encoding enzymes of tryptophan biosynthesis were the focal point of this study. Chlamydophila psittaci was found to possess a compact operon containing PRPP synthase, kynureninase, and genes encoding all but the first step of tryptophan biosynthesis. All but one of the genes exhibited translational coupling. Other chlamydiae (Chlamydia trachomatis, C. muridarum and Chlamydophila pneumoniae) lack genes encoding PRPP synthase, kynureninase, and either lack tryptophan-pathway genes altogether or exhibit various stages of reductive loss. The origin of the genes comprising the trp operon does not seem to have been from lateral gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The factors that accommodate the transition of different chlamydial species to the persistent (chronic) state of pathogenesis include marked differences in strategies deployed to obtain tryptophan from host resources. C. psittaci appears to have a novel mechanism for intercepting an early intermediate of tryptophan catabolism and recycling it back to tryptophan. In effect, a host-parasite metabolic mosaic has evolved for tryptophan recycling.  (+info)

Role of proapoptotic BAX in propagation of Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis) and the host inflammatory response. (3/134)

The BCL-2 family member BAX plays a critical role in regulating apoptosis. Surprisingly, bax-deficient mice display limited phenotypic abnormalities. Here we investigate the effect of BAX on infection by the sexually transmitted pathogen, Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). Bax(-/-) cells are relatively resistant to Chlamydia-induced apoptosis, and fewer bacteria are recovered after two infection cycles from Bax(-/-) cells than from wild-type cells. These results suggest that BAX-dependent apoptosis may be used to initiate a new round of infection, most likely by releasing Chlamydia-containing apoptotic bodies from infected cells that could be internalized by neighboring uninfected cells. Nonetheless, infected Bax(-/-) cells die through necrosis, which is normally associated with inflammation, more often than infected wild-type cells. These studies were confirmed in mice infected intravaginally with C. muridarum; since the infection disappears more quickly from Bax(-/-) mice than from wild-type mice, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is increased in Bax(-/-) mice, and large granulomas are present in the genital tract of Bax(-/-) mice. Taken together, these data suggest that chlamydia-induced apoptosis via BAX contributes to bacterial propagation and decreases inflammation. Bax deficiency results in lower infection and an increased inflammatory cytokine response associated with more severe pathology.  (+info)

Rab GTPases are recruited to chlamydial inclusions in both a species-dependent and species-independent manner. (4/134)

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate within an inclusion that is trafficked to the peri-Golgi region where it fuses with exocytic vesicles. The host and chlamydial proteins that regulate the trafficking of the inclusion have not been identified. Since Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane trafficking, we examined the intracellular localization of several green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Rab GTPases in chlamydia-infected HeLa cells. GFP-Rab4 and GFP-Rab11, which function in receptor recycling, and GFP-Rab1, which functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking, are recruited to Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia muridarum, and Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusions, whereas GFP-Rab5, GFP-Rab7, and GFP-Rab9, markers of early and late endosomes, are not. In contrast, GFP-Rab6, which functions in Golgi-to-ER and endosome-to-Golgi trafficking, is associated with C. trachomatis inclusions but not with C. pneumoniae or C. muridarum inclusions, while the opposite was observed for the Golgi-localized GFP-Rab10. Colocalization studies between transferrin and GFP-Rab11 demonstrate that a portion of GFP-Rab11 that localizes to inclusions does not colocalize with transferrin, which suggests that GFP-Rab11's association with the inclusion is not mediated solely through Rab11's association with transferrin-containing recycling endosomes. Finally, GFP-Rab GTPases remain associated with the inclusion even after disassembly of microtubules, which disperses recycling endosomes and the Golgi apparatus within the cytoplasm, suggesting a specific interaction with the inclusion membrane. Consistent with this, GFP-Rab11 colocalizes with C. trachomatis IncG at the inclusion membrane. Therefore, chlamydiae recruit key regulators of membrane trafficking to the inclusion, which may function to regulate the trafficking or fusogenic properties of the inclusion.  (+info)

Murine oviduct epithelial cell cytokine responses to Chlamydia muridarum infection include interleukin-12-p70 secretion. (5/134)

Epithelial cells play an important role in host defense as sentinels for invading microbial pathogens. Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates in reproductive tract epithelium. Epithelial cells lining the reproductive tract likely play a key role in triggering inflammation and adaptive immunity during Chlamydia infections. For this report a murine oviduct epithelial cell line was derived in order to determine how epithelial cells influence innate and adaptive immune responses during Chlamydia infections. As expected, oviduct epithelial cells infected by Chlamydia muridarum produced a broad spectrum of chemokines, including CXCL16, and regulators of the acute-phase response, including interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In addition, infected epithelial cells expressed cytokines that augment gamma interferon (IFN) production, including IFN-alpha/beta and IL-12-p70. To my knowledge this is the first report of a non-myeloid/lymphoid cell type making IL-12-p70 in response to an infection. Equally interesting, infected epithelial cells significantly upregulated transforming growth factor alpha precursor expression, suggesting a mechanism by which they might play a direct role in the pathological scarring seen as a consequence of Chlamydia infections. Data from these in vitro studies predict that infected oviduct epithelium contributes significantly to host innate and adaptive defenses but may also participate in the immunopathology seen with Chlamydia infections.  (+info)

The infecting dose of Chlamydia muridarum modulates the innate immune response and ascending infection. (6/134)

Murine vaginal infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia muridarum is commonly used as a model for ascending Chlamydia infections of the human female genital tract. Gamma interferon-producing Th1 cells, in concert with other mononuclear infiltrates, primarily mediate antichlamydial immunity. However, many factors modify this response, including the bacterial load. To investigate the manner in which the inoculating dose of C. muridarum modulates a genital infection, we measured innate and adaptive cell numbers, CD4+ lymphocyte cytokine profile, chemokine expression, course of infection, and pathological sequelae in genital tracts of BALB/c mice infected with doses of C. muridarum ranging from 10(4) to 10(7) inclusion-forming units. We found that the influx of both innate and adaptive immune cells responded similarly in the lower genital tract (cervical-vaginal tissues) and upper genital tract (oviduct tissues) to increasing inoculating doses. However, cells expressing the innate markers Gr-1 and CD11c were affected to a greater degree by increasing dose than lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response (Th1, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+), resulting in a change in the balance of innate and adaptive cell numbers to favor innate cells at higher infecting doses. Surprisingly, we detected greater numbers of viable chlamydiae in the oviducts at lower inoculating doses, and the number of organisms appeared to directly correlate with hydrosalpinx formation after both primary infection and repeat infection. Taken together, these data suggest that innate immune cells contribute to control of ascending infection.  (+info)

Differences in growth characteristics and elementary body associated cytotoxicity between Chlamydia trachomatis oculogenital serovars D and H and Chlamydia muridarum. (7/134)

AIM: In vitro growth and elementary body (EB) associated cytotoxicity of two Chlamydia trachomatis strains belonging to serovars D and H and C muridarum were compared to identify difference(s) that correlate with virulence variations between these strains in the mouse model of human female genital tract infection, and phenotypic characteristics that could explain human epidemiological data on serovar prevalence and levels of shedding during serovar D and H infection. METHODS: Replication cycle kinetics, inclusion characteristics, and EB associated cytotoxicity were assessed in McCoy cell monolayers using culture, light microscopy, and lactate dehydrogenase release. RESULTS: Over 72 hours, more rapid production and release of inclusion forming units (ifu) allowed C muridarum to initiate two replication rounds, resulting in 4-8 times more ifu/input unit of infection than with serovars D and H. Although C muridarum EBs were significantly more cytotoxic to McCoy cell monolayers than serovar D at moderate and high multiplicity of infection ratios (MOI), serovar H EBs were significantly more cytotoxic than C muridarum, even at the lowest MOI tested. CONCLUSIONS: These phenotypic differences are consistent with the more invasive course and severe pathological outcome of infection in mice infected with C muridarum, providing an objective basis for questioning the appropriateness of C muridarum as a surrogate for the human biovar of C trachomatis in the murine model of female genital tract infection. The differences seen between the human strains could help explain human epidemiological data relating to differences in prevalence and level of shedding that occurs during infection with oculogenital serovars D and H.  (+info)

Molecular basis for the potency of IL-10-deficient dendritic cells as a highly efficient APC system for activating Th1 response. (8/134)

Identification and targeting of novel immunobiological factors that regulate the induction of Th1 cells are crucial for designing effective vaccines against certain intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia. IL-10-deficient dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs and effective cellular vaccines that activate a high frequency of specific Th1 cells. To elucidate the molecular basis for the potency of the IL-10-deficient APC system, we tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia Ag-primed IL-10 knockout (IL-10KO) DC are quantitatively and qualitatively distinct in their metabolic characteristics relating to T cell activation. Using a combination of RT-PCR, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and MALDI-TOF-based proteomics analyses, the transcriptional and translational activities of Chlamydia-pulsed DC from wild-type and IL-10KO mice were assessed. IL-10 deficiency caused early maturation and activation of pulsed DC (i.e., high CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, IL-1, IL-12, and the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK) and consequently an enhanced ability to process and present Ags for a rapid and robust T cell activation. Supporting comparative proteomics revealed further that IL-10 deficient DC possess specific immunobiological properties, e.g., the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and the IL-1/IL-12 inducer, NKR-P1A (CD161), which differentiated them immunologically from wild-type DC that express molecules relating to anti-inflammatory, differentiative, and metabolic processes, e.g., the anti-IL-12 molecule peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and thymidine kinase. Collectively, these results provide a molecular basis for the high Th1-activating capacity of IL-10KO APC and may provide unique immunomodulation targets when designing vaccines against pathogens controlled by T cell immunity.  (+info)

The symptoms of chlamydia infections can vary depending on the location of the infection. In genital infections, symptoms may include:

* Discharge from the penis or vagina
* Painful urination
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Painful sex
* Testicular pain in men
* Pelvic pain in women

In eye infections, symptoms can include:

* Redness and swelling of the eye
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain or sensitivity to light

In respiratory infections, symptoms may include:

* Cough
* Fever
* Shortness of breath or wheezing

If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. Chlamydia infections can also increase the risk of infertility and other long-term health problems.

Chlamydia infections are typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or a culture test. Treatment for chlamydia infections typically involves antibiotics, which can effectively cure the infection. It is important to note that sexual partners of someone with a chlamydia infection should also be tested and treated, as they may also have the infection.

Prevention methods for chlamydia infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms and dental dams, as well as regular screening and testing for the infection. It is important to note that chlamydia infections can be asymptomatic, so regular testing is crucial for early detection and treatment.

In conclusion, chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause serious complications if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing long-term health problems and the spread of the infection. Safe sex practices and regular screening are also important for preventing chlamydia infections.

The most common types of RTIs include:

1. Bacterial vaginosis (BV): A condition caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, which can lead to symptoms such as itching, burning, and discharge.
2. Yeast infections: Caused by a type of fungus called Candida, these infections can cause itching, burning, and discharge.
3. Trichomoniasis: A parasitic infection that can cause itching, burning, and discharge.
4. Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause symptoms such as pain during sex, abnormal bleeding, and difficulty getting pregnant.
5. Gonorrhea: Another bacterial infection that can cause symptoms such as pain during sex, abnormal bleeding, and difficulty getting pregnant.
6. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): A type of infection that can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, fever, and abdominal pain.

RTIs are usually caused by bacteria or viruses, and can be spread through sexual contact or other forms of contact with an infected person. Risk factors for RTIs include having multiple sexual partners, poor hygiene, and using certain types of birth control.

Preventing RTIs includes practicing safe sex, such as using condoms and dental dams, and getting regular check-ups and screenings with a healthcare provider. Treatment for RTIs usually involves antibiotics or other medications, and can help relieve symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

1. Vaginitis: An inflammation of the vagina, often caused by bacterial or yeast infections.
2. Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
3. Endometritis: Inflammation of the lining of the uterus, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
4. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): A serious infection of the reproductive organs that can cause chronic pelvic pain and infertility.
5. Vulvodynia: Chronic pain of the vulva, often caused by a combination of physical and psychological factors.
6. Vaginal cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the vagina.
7. Cervical dysplasia: Abnormal cell growth on the cervix, which can develop into cervical cancer if left untreated.
8. Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pelvic pain and other symptoms.
9. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause heavy bleeding, pain, and infertility.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that can cause irregular menstrual cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.

These are just a few examples of the many genital diseases that can affect women. It's important for women to practice good hygiene, get regular gynecological check-ups, and seek medical attention if they experience any unusual symptoms to prevent and treat these conditions effectively.

1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in the bladder, kidneys, or urethra, and can cause symptoms such as burning during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.
2. Overactive Bladder (OAB): This condition is characterized by sudden, intense urges to urinate, often with urgency and frequency.
3. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): This chronic condition causes pain and discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area, and can lead to increased urination and frequency.
4. Vaginal Infections: These are infections that occur in the vagina and can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
5. Vulvodynia: This chronic condition is characterized by pain and discomfort in the vulva, and can be caused by a range of factors including infection, inflammation, or nerve damage.
6. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing symptoms such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility.
7. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that can cause symptoms such as irregular menstrual periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.
8. Vaginal Prolapse: This occurs when the muscles and tissues in the vagina weaken, causing the vagina to protrude into the vulva or rectum.
9. Menorrhagia: This is a condition characterized by heavy, prolonged menstrual periods that can cause anemia and other complications.
10. Dyspareunia: This is pain during sexual activity, which can be caused by a range of factors including vaginal dryness, cervical narrowing, or nerve damage.

These are just a few examples of the many conditions that can affect the vulva and vagina. It's important to note that many of these conditions can have similar symptoms, so it's important to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Some common types of vaginal diseases include:

1. Vaginitis: This is an inflammation of the vagina, often caused by bacterial or yeast infections. Symptoms can include itching, burning, and discharge.
2. Bacterial vaginosis (BV): This is a condition caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, which can lead to symptoms such as itching, burning, and a strong fishy odor.
3. Yeast infection: This is a common condition caused by the overgrowth of candida yeast in the vagina, which can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and thick, white discharge.
4. Trichomoniasis: This is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis, which can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and a thick, yellowish discharge.
5. Vulvodynia: This is a chronic pain condition that affects the vulva (the external female genital area), which can cause symptoms such as pain during sex, itching, and burning.
6. Lichen sclerosus: This is a skin condition that affects the vulva and vagina, which can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and thickening of the skin.
7. Vulvar cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the vulva, which can cause symptoms such as itching, bleeding, and a lump or sore on the vulva.

Treatment for vaginal diseases depends on the underlying cause and can range from antibiotics and antifungal medications to surgery and lifestyle changes. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The most common bacteria that cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can infect the lungs through various routes, including respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person.

Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and death.

Diagnosis of pneumonia typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood cultures. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccines are also available to protect against certain types of bacterial pneumonia, particularly in children and older adults.

Preventative measures for bacterial pneumonia include:

* Getting vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying hydrated and getting enough rest
* Quitting smoking, if applicable
* Managing underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms of pneumonia develop, particularly in high-risk populations. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial pneumonia.

In contrast to chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia muridarum lacks a tryptophan operon. Due to this, chlamydia muridarum responds ... Chlamydia muridarum is an intracellular bacterial species that at one time belonged to Chlamydia trachomatis. However, C. ... Chlamydia muridarum MoPn binds mAbs recognizing Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP vs4 core epitope (T) LNPT (IA). DNA sequence ... Type strain of Chlamydia muridarum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short description, Short ...
2007). "Epithelial membrane protein 2 modulates infectivity of Chlamydia muridarum (MoPn)". Microbes Infect. 9 (8): 1003-10. ...
Three species belong to Chlamydia: C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, and C. suis. C. trachomatis has been found only in humans, C. ... Chlamydia species produce a small amount of detectable glycogen and have two ribosomal operons. Chlamydia trachomatis is the ... 2012 Chlamydia Jones et al. 1945 "Chlamydiifrater" Vorimore et al. 2021 Chlamydophila Everett, Bush & Andersen 1999 "Ca. ... "Chlamydiae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09. "The LTP". Retrieved ...
2008). "Chlamydia muridarum evades growth restriction by the IFN-gamma-inducible host resistance factor Irgb10". J Immunol. 180 ... versus Chlamydia muridarum, mouse adapted, inclusions following entry. C. trachomatis inclusions recruit a full repertoire of ... The model highlights the co-evolution demonstrated by effector molecules of C. muridarum functioning to restrict accumulation ... "cPLA2 regulates the expression of type I interferons and intracellular immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis". J Biol Chem. 285 (28 ...
However, these mAbs may also cross-react with two other Chlamydia species, C. suis and C. muridarum.[citation needed] Nucleic ... Chlamydia trachomatis (/kləˈmɪdiə trəˈkoʊmətɪs/), commonly known as chlamydia, is a bacterium that causes chlamydia, which can ... Chlamydiae.com "Chlamydia trachomatis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 813. Type strain of Chlamydia trachomatis at BacDive - the ... Chlamydia cell culture is a test in which the suspected Chlamydia sample is grown in a vial of cells. The pathogen infects the ...
... and Chlamydia muridarum. Type I IFNs augment the activity of the AIM2 inflammasome during bacterial infection. AIM2 ...
... a vital role to activate canonical and non-canonical inflammasome to response to a pathogen infection via chlamydia muridarum. ...
Chlamydia MeSH B03.440.190.190.190.500 - Chlamydia muridarum MeSH B03.440.190.190.190.750 - Chlamydia trachomatis MeSH B03.440. ...
The genus Chlamydia contains the species C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. muridarum, C. suis, C. caviae, C ... Chlamydia felis (formerly Chlamydophila felis and before that Chlamydia psittaci var. felis) is a Gram-negative, obligate ... Many of the genes are highly conserved within the Chlamydia genus. A specific plasmid is also highly conserved among Chlamydia ... Many metabolic processes and genes are highly conserved among Chlamydia. Due to C. felis's, and Chlamydia in general, small ...
Species include Chlamydia trachomatis (a human pathogen), Ch. suis (affects only swine), and Ch. muridarum (affects only mice ... Chlamydia is part of the order Chlamydiales, family Chlamydiaceae. In the early 1990s six species of Chlamydia were known. A ... Chlamydia is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia infections are ... Data related to Chlamydia at Wikispecies Chlamydiae.com (CS1 errors: generic name, Articles with short description, Short ...
... causing human sexually transmitted disease and eye infections Chlamydia muridarum, causing disease in mice and hamsters (the ... Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia may also refer to: ... Chlamydia (genus), a genus of pathogenic bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, ... Muridae) Chlamydia suis, infects pigs (Sus scrofa) Chlamydia psittaci, causes parrot fever Chlamydiia, class of bacteria ...
The 2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championship were the 12th edition of the Ju-Jitsu World Championships, and were held in Paris, France from November 28 to November 30, 2014. 28.11.2014 - Men's and Women's Fighting System, Men's and Women's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Men's Duo System - Classic 29.11.2014 - Men's and Women's Fighting System, Men's and Women's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Women's Duo System - Classic 30.11.2014 - Men's Jiu-Jitsu (ne-waza), Mixed Duo System - Classic, Team event Vincent MATCZAK (2014-09-30). "4TH INVITAION TO WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-11-28.[dead link] Online results Official results (PDF) Mixed team event results (PDF) (All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from April 2022, Ju-Jitsu World Championships, 2014 in French sport ...
Bolley L. "Bo" Johnson (born November 15, 1951) is an American politician from the state of Florida. A member of the Democratic Party, Johnson was a member of the Florida House of Representatives, and served as the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. Johnson is from Milton, Florida. His father and grandfather served as county commissioners for Santa Rosa County, Florida. Johnson graduated from Milton High School, and became the first member of his family to attend college. He received his bachelor's degree from Florida State University. Johnson volunteered for Mallory Horne when Horne served as the president of the Florida Senate. At the age of 22, Johnson met Lawton Chiles, then a member of the United States Senate, who hired him as a legislative aide in 1973. Johnson was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 4th district from November 7, 1978 to November 3, 1992. He also served the 1st district from November 3, 1992 to November 8, 1994. He became the ...
... may refer to: Don't Say No (Billy Squier album), a 1981 album by American rock singer Billy Squier, and its title track Don't Say No (Seohyun EP), a 2016 extended play by South Korean pop singer Seohyun, and its title track "Don't Say No" (Tom Tom Club song), from the 1988 album Boom Boom Chi Boom Boom "Don't Say No", by Robbie Williams from the 2005 album Intensive Care "Don't Say No Tonight", a 1985 single by Eugene Wilde This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Don't Say No. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. (Disambiguation pages with short descriptions, Short description is different from Wikidata, All article disambiguation pages, All disambiguation pages, Disambiguation pages ...
The Dewoitine 37 was the first of a family of 1930s French-built monoplane fighter aircraft. The D.37 was a single-seat aircraft of conventional configuration. Its fixed landing gear used a tailskid. The open cockpit was located slightly aft of the parasol wing. The radial engine allowed for a comparatively wide fuselage and cockpit. Design of this machine was by SAF-Avions Dewoitine but owing to over work at that companies plant at the time, manufacture of the D.37/01 was transferred to Lioré et Olivier. They were high-wing monoplanes of all-metal construction with valve head blisters on their engine cowlings. The first prototype flew in October 1931. Flight testing resulted in the need for multiple revisions in both engine and airframe, so it was February 1934 before the second prototype flew. Its performance prompted the French government to order for 28 for the Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale. The Lithuanian government ordered 14 that remained in service with their Air Force until 1936, ...
The Noor-ul-Ain (Persian: نور العين, lit. 'the light of the eye') is one of the largest pink diamonds in the world, and the centre piece of the tiara of the same name. The diamond is believed to have been recovered from the mines of Golconda, Hyderabad in India. It was first in possession with the nizam Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, later it was given as a peace offering to the Mughal emperor Aurangazeb when he defeated him in a siege. It was brought into the Iranian Imperial collection after the Persian king Nader Shah Afshar looted Delhi in the 18th century.[citation needed] The Noor-ul-Ain is believed to have once formed part of an even larger gem called the Great Table diamond. That larger diamond is thought to have been cut in two, with one section becoming the Noor-ul-Ain and the other the Daria-i-Noor diamond. Both of these pieces are currently part of the Iranian Crown Jewels. The Noor-ul-Ain is the principal diamond mounted in a tiara of the same name made for Iranian Empress Farah ...
The Benoist Land Tractor Type XII was one of the first enclosed cockpit, tractor configuration aircraft built. Benoist used "Model XII" to several aircraft that shared the same basic engine and wing design, but differed in fuselage and control surfaces. The Type XII was a tractor-engined conversion of the model XII headless pusher aircraft that resembled the Curtiss pusher aircraft. Demonstration pilots used Benoist aircraft to demonstrate the first parachute jumps, and the tractor configuration was considered much more suitable for the task. The first example named the "Military Plane" had a small box frame covered fuselage that left the occupants mostly exposed to the wind. The later model XII "Cross Country Plane" had a full fuselage that occupants sat inside of. The first tractor biplane used a wooden fuselage with a small seat on top. The wings were covered with a Goodyear rubberized cloth. The first model XII was built in the spring of 1912. On 1 March 1912, Albert Berry used a headless ...
... (also known as Yalmotx in Qʼanjobʼal) is a town, with a population of 17,166 (2018 census), and a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Huehuetenango. It is situated at 1450 metres above sea level. It covers a terrain of 1,174 km². The annual festival is April 29-May 4. Barillas has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and extremely heavy rainfall from June to August. Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala Citypopulation.de Population of cities & towns in Guatemala "Climate: Barillas". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 26, 2020. Muni in Spanish Website of Santa Cruz Barillas Coordinates: 15°48′05″N 91°18′45″W / 15.8014°N 91.3125°W / 15.8014; -91.3125 v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles containing Q'anjob'al-language text, Coordinates on Wikidata, ...
Maria Margaret La Primaudaye Pollen (10 April 1838 - c. 1919), known as Minnie, was a decorative arts collector. As Mrs John Hungerford Pollen, she became known during the early-twentieth century as an authority on the history of textiles, publishing Seven Centuries of Lace in 1908. Maria Margaret La Primaudaye was born into a Huguenot family on 10 April 1838, the third child of the Revd Charles John La Primaudaye, a descendant of Pierre de La Primaudaye. She was educated in Italy. Her family converted to Catholicism in 1851, and it was in Rome that her father met another recent English convert, John Hungerford Pollen, previously an Anglican priest and a decorative artist. She became engaged to Pollen, who was then seventeen years her senior, in the summer of 1854, and was married in the church of Woodchester monastery, near Stroud, Gloucester, on 18 September 1855. The Pollens initially settled in Dublin, where John Hungerford Pollen had been offered the professorship of fine arts at the ...
Ronald Robert Fogleman (born January 27, 1942) is a retired United States Air Force general who served as the 15th Chief of Staff of the Air Force from 1994 to 1997 and as Commanding General of the United States Transportation Command from 1992 to 1994. A 1963 graduate from the United States Air Force Academy, he holds a master's degree in military history and political science from Duke University. A command pilot and a parachutist, he amassed more than 6,800 flying hours in fighter, transport, tanker and rotary wing aircraft. He flew 315 combat missions and logged 806 hours of combat flying in fighter aircraft. Eighty of his missions during the Vietnam War were as a "Misty FAC" in the F-100F Super Sabre at Phù Cát Air Base, South Vietnam between 25 December 1968 and 23 April 1969. Fogleman was shot down in Vietnam in 1968, while piloting an F-100. He was rescued by clinging to an AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter that landed at the crash site. In early assignments he instructed student pilots, ...
Peachtree Street" is a 1950 song co-written and recorded by Frank Sinatra in a duet with Rosemary Clooney. The song was released as a Columbia Records single. Frank Sinatra co-wrote the song with Leni Mason and Jimmy Saunders. Mason composed the music while Sinatra and Saunders wrote the lyrics. The song was arranged by George Siravo The song was released as an A side Columbia 10" 78 single, Catalog Number 38853, Matrix Number CO-43100-1 and as a 7" 33, 1-669. The B side was the re-issued "This Is the Night." Neither of the songs charted. The subject of the song is a stroll down the street in Atlanta, Georgia of the same name. Sinatra originally intended Dinah Shore to sing the duet with him. When Shore declined, Clooney was asked. The song was recorded on April 8, 1950. The song features spoken asides by Sinatra and Clooney. Rosemary Clooney asks: "Say, Frank, you wanna take a walk?" Frank Sinatra replies: "Sure, sweetie, just pick a street." He noted how there were no peach trees on the ...
... is a painting by American illustrator Norman Rockwell that depicts a Boy Scout in full uniform standing in front of a waving American flag. It was originally created by Rockwell in 1942 for the 1944 Brown & Bigelow Boy Scout Calendar. The model, Bob Hamilton, won a contest to be in the painting and personally delivered a print to the Vice President of the United States at the time, Henry A. Wallace. The painting was created to encourage Scouts to participate in the war effort during World War II. The name of the painting, We, Too, Have a Job to Do, comes from a slogan that the Boy Scouts of America used in 1942 to rally scouts to support the troops by collecting metal and planting victory gardens. The model, Bob Hamilton, won a contest with his local council in Albany, New York, to be depicted in the painting. He traveled to Rockwell's studio in Arlington, Vermont, to model for Rockwell. Since Hamilton was a scout, the uniform shown in the painting was his, unlike some ...
At least 33[failed verification] people were killed by a fuel tanker explosion in Tleil, Akkar District, Lebanon on 15 August 2021. The disaster was reportedly exacerbated by the ongoing Lebanese liquidity crisis; in which the Lebanese pound has plummeted and fuel has been in short supply. The survivors were evacuated by the Lebanese Red Cross. An investigation is underway. The fuel tanker had been confiscated by the Lebanese Armed Forces from black marketeers, the fuel was then distributed/taken by the locals. The son of the man whose land the fuel tanker was located on, was later arrested, accused of deliberately causing the explosion. Agencies (2021-08-15). "At least 20 killed and 79 injured in fuel tank explosion in Lebanon". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-08-15. "Lebanon fuel explosion kills 22 and injures dozens more". The Independent. 2021-08-15. Archived from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-08-15. "Lebanon: At least 20 dead and dozens injured after fuel tank explodes as ...
The Straubing Tigers are a professional men's ice hockey team, based in Straubing, Germany, that competes in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. Straubing plays its home games at the Eisstadion am Pulverturm, which has a capacity of 5,800 spectators. Promoted to the DEL in 2006, and operating with one of the league's smallest budgets, the team could finish no better than twelfth before the 2011-12 DEL season, when it reached the semi-finals of the playoffs. Their greatest success so far is the qualification for the season 2020-21 of the Champions Hockey League. In 1941, the then 14-year-old Max Pielmaier and his friends Max Pellkofer and Harry Poiger founded the first hockey team in Straubing. The first official game took place on the first of February 1942 in Hof and was lost by a score of 0:1. In the following year there were several games against other Bavarian teams. The game against Landshut on 31 January. 1943 was the last game during the second World War, because the young players also had to ...
Leina is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Pihtla Parish. "Lisa. Asustusüksuste nimistu" (PDF). haldusreform.fin.ee (in Estonian). Rahandusministeerium. Retrieved 5 December 2017. "Saaremaa külad endiste valdade piires". www.saaremaa.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017. Coordinates: 58°17′10″N 22°46′26″E / 58.28611°N 22.77389°E / 58.28611; 22.77389 v t e (CS1 Estonian-language sources (et), Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no map, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Saaremaa Parish, Coordinates on Wikidata, Villages in Saare County, All stub articles, Saare County geography stubs ...
A sestiere (plural: sestieri) is a subdivision of certain Italian towns and cities. The word is from sesto ('sixth'), so it is thus used only for towns divided into six districts. The best-known example is the sestieri of Venice, but Ascoli Piceno, Genoa, Milan and Rapallo, for example, were also divided into sestieri. The medieval Lordship of Negroponte, on the island of Euboea, was also at times divided into six districts, each with a separate ruler, through the arbitration of Venice, which were known as sestieri. The island of Crete, a Venetian colony (the "Kingdom of Candia") from the Fourth Crusade, was also divided into six parts, named after the sestieri of Venice herself, while the capital Candia retained the status of a comune of Venice. The island of Burano north of Venice is also subdivided into sestieri. A variation of the word is occasionally found: the comune of Leonessa, for example, is divided into sesti or sixths. Other Italian towns with fewer than six official districts are ...
The Island Image is a Chesapeake Bay log canoe, built in 1885 at Elliot's Island, Maryland, by Herman Jones and Isaac Moore. She is 29'-8½" long with a beam of 5-10¼", and has a straight, raking stem and a sharp stern. It is privately owned, and races under No. 17. She one of the last 22 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay racing log canoes that carry on a tradition of racing on the Eastern Shore of Maryland that has existed since the 1840s. She is located at Chestertown, Kent County, Maryland. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. "Maryland Historical Trust". ISLAND IMAGE (log canoe). Maryland Historical Trust. 2008-06-14. "Island Image #17 , CBLCSA". Island Image. Chesapeake Bay Log Sailing Canoe Association. 2010-07-24. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-07-29. ISLAND IMAGE (log canoe), Kent County, including photo in 1984, ...
... (Persian: دهستان بردخون) is a rural district (dehestan) in the Bord Khun District of Deyr County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,115, in 234 families. The rural district has 14 villages. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Coordinates: 27°58′N 51°32′E / 27.967°N 51.533°E / 27.967; 51.533 v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no map, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles containing Persian-language text, Coordinates on Wikidata, Rural Districts of Bushehr Province, Deyr County, All stub articles, Deyr County geography stubs ...
... is a disease of camels caused by the camelpox virus (CMPV) of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and the genus Orthopoxvirus. It causes skin lesions and a generalized infection. Approximately 25% of young camels that become infected will die from the disease, while infection in older camels is generally more mild. Although rare, the infection may spread to the hands of those that work closely with camels. The camelpox virus that causes camelpox is an orthopoxvirus that is very closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. It is a large, brick-shaped, enveloped virus that ranges in size from 265-295 nm. The viral genetic material is contained in a linear double-stranded DNA consisting of 202,182 tightly packed base pairs. The DNA is encased in the viral core. Two lateral bodies are found outside the viral core, and are believed to hold the enzymes required for viral reproduction. The camelpox virus most often affects members of family Camelidae. However, ...
... s (/ˈfɛzənt/ FEH-zənt) are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in Perdicinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) than to other pheasants. Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. A pheasants call or cry can be recognised due to the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned. Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the ...
Infecções por Chlamydia/fisiopatologia; Chlamydia muridarum; Miométrio/fisiopatologia; Infecções do Sistema Genital/ ... Infecções por Chlamydia / Chlamydia muridarum / Infecções do Sistema Genital / Miométrio Tipo de estudo: Estudo prognóstico ... Infecções por Chlamydia / Chlamydia muridarum / Infecções do Sistema Genital / Miométrio Tipo de estudo: Estudo prognóstico ... Infecções por Chlamydia/genética; Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia; Infecções por Chlamydia/metabolismo; Citocinas/genética; ...
Chlamydia trachomatis. *Chlamydia muridarum. *Plasmodium falciparum. *Reassortant avian influenza virus. *Zika virus. ...
CHLAMYDIA MURIDARUM. CHLAMYDIA MURIDARUM. CHLAMYDIA MURIDARUM. CHLAMYDOPHILA. CHLAMYDOPHILA. CHLAMYDOPHILA. CICLOFILINA A. ...
Chlamydiae are small gram-negative obligate intracellular microorganisms that preferentially infect squamocolumnar epithelial ... Chlamydia muridarum enters a viable but non-infectious state in amoxicillin-treated BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect. 2012 Nov. 14 ... They include the genera Chlamydia (of which the type species is Chlamydia trachomatis) and Chlamydophila (eg, Chlamydophila ... encoded search term (Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections)) and Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections) What ...
Survival of Chlamydia muridarum within dendritic cells.. Rey-Ladino J; Jiang X; Gabel BR; Shen C; Brunham RC. Infect Immun; ... 2. Genetic profiling of dendritic cells exposed to live- or ultraviolet-irradiated Chlamydia muridarum reveals marked ... 3. A peptide of Chlamydia trachomatis shown to be a primary T-cell epitope in vitro induces cell-mediated immunity in vivo. ... 1. A live and inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis strain induces the maturation of dendritic cells that are ...
Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of acute respiratory disease in man and is also associated with ... Influence of Fetuin-A on Chlamydia muridarum Pulmonary Infection. Mahjabeen F, Yu JJ, Chambers JP, Gupta R, Arulanandam BP. ... Cell mediated immunity to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Halme S, Surcel HM. Halme S, et al. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1997;104:18-21. ... Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced IFN-Gamma Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Increase Numbers of CD4+ but Not CD8+ T ...
Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination protects sperm health from Chlamydia muridarum-induced abnormalities ...
Infection of Hysterectomized Mice with Chlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Yang C, Whitmire WM, Sturdevant GL, Bock ... Chlamydiae. Schachter J, Caldwell HD. Schachter J, et al. Among authors: caldwell hd. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1980;34:285-309. doi ... Chlamydia vaccines: strategies and status. Igietseme JU, Black CM, Caldwell HD. Igietseme JU, et al. Among authors: caldwell hd ... Generation of targeted Chlamydia trachomatis null mutants. Kari L, Goheen MM, Randall LB, Taylor LD, Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, ...
Chlamydia [B03.440.190.190.190] * Chlamydia muridarum [B03.440.190.190.190.500] * Chlamydia trachomatis [B03.440.190.190. ... These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.. Terms. Chlamydia muridarum Preferred Term Term UI T416090. Date06/ ... Chlamydia muridarum Preferred Concept UI. M0363650. Registry Number. txid83560. Scope Note. Species of CHLAMYDIA causing ... Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.. ...
Chlamydia B03.440.190.190.190.500 Chlamydia muridarum B03.440.190.190.190.750 Chlamydia trachomatis B03.440.190.190.230 ...
Chlamydia muridarum evades growth restriction by the IFN-gamma-inducible host resistance factor Irgb10. J Immunol. 2008;180(9): ... The p47 GTPases Iigp2 and Irgb10 regulate innate immunity and inflammation to murine Chlamydia psittaci infection. J Immunol. ... Compensatory T cell responses in IRG-deficient mice prevent sustained Chlamydia trachomatis infections. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(6): ... the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis [10-13], and the microsporidian fungus Encephalitozoon cuniculi [14], but not at the ...
Chlamydia muridarum GN=rpsA PE=1 SV=2. RS1_CHLMU - 30S ribosomal protein S1 OS=Chlamydia muridarum (strain MoPn / Nigg) GN=rpsA ...
Other chlamydiae (Chlamydia trachomatis, C. muridarum and Chlamydophila pneumoniae) lack genes encoding PRPP synthase, ... The chlamydiae are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are important pathogens of humans and other organisms. Tryptophan ... It appears that the chlamydiae have learned to recognize tryptophan depletion as a signal for developmental remodeling. The ... such as the chlamydiae, afford the opportunity to assess significant strain differences against a background of many shared ...
Chlamydia muridarum - Preferred Concept UI. M0363650. Scope note. Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters ... Chlamydia muridarum. Scope note:. Especie de CHLAMYDIA que causa neumonitis en ratones y hámsters. Estos aislados pertenecían ... Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.. ... infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM); index also PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL if pertinent. ...
Chlamydia [B03.440.190.190.190] * Chlamydia muridarum [B03.440.190.190.190.500] * Chlamydia trachomatis [B03.440.190.190. ... These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.. Terms. Chlamydia muridarum Preferred Term Term UI T416090. Date06/ ... Chlamydia muridarum Preferred Concept UI. M0363650. Registry Number. txid83560. Scope Note. Species of CHLAMYDIA causing ... Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.. ...
Chlamydia muridarum (NC_002620), Chlamydia trachomatis (NC_000117), Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (NC_002491), Chlamydophila ... muridarum, it was below 3%. This was also true for the genomes of D. radiodurans and H. pylori, which is in contrast to already ...
Chlamydia muridarum Nigg Bacteria normal 0.385064 n/a -. NC_010717 PXO_00418 hypothetical protein 33.33 ...
Chlamydia muridarum Nigg. plasmid. 01/27/05. 2/2. NC_002182. 7501. 0.36. ... Chlamydia trachomatis A/HAR-13. plasmid. 03/30/06. 2/2. NC_007430. 7510. 0.36. ...
Chlamydia muridarum lung infection in infants alters hematopoietic cells to promote allergic airway disease in mice. ... Chlamydia muridarum lung infection in infants alters hematopoietic cells to promote allergic airway disease in mice ... Chlamydia muridarum infection differentially alters smooth muscle function in mouse uterine horn and cervix ... Comparison of intranasal and transcutaneous immunization for induction of protective immunity against Chlamydia muridarum ...
Chlamydia muridarum Nigg, complete genome. transcription antitermination protein NusG. NC_007429:356952:363287. NC_007429: ... Chlamydia trachomatis D/UW-3/CX, complete genome. transcription antitermination protein NusG. NC_017440:355205:361540. NC_ ... Chlamydia trachomatis A/HAR-13, complete genome. Transcription antitermination protein. NC_017437:360949:363165. NC_017437: ... Chlamydia trachomatis A2497, complete genome. transcription antitermination protein NusG. NC_012686:356865:363200. NC_012686: ...
Skilton RJ, Wang Y, ONeill C, Filardo S, Marsh P, B nard A, Thomson NR, Ramsey KH, Clarke IN: The Chlamydia muridarum plasmid ... An inducible transposon mutagenesis approach for the intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Wellcome Open Research ... replication-proficient transposon delivery vector for Chlamydia trachomatis. Wellcome Open Research 2021, 6:82. ...
Thioredoxin reductase OS=Chlamydia muridarum (strain MoPn / Nigg) GN=trxB PE=3 SV=1. 2. 315. 1.0E-123. ... Thioredoxin reductase OS=Chlamydia trachomatis (strain D/UW-3/Cx) GN=trxB PE=3 SV=2. 2. 315. 1.0E-124. ... Thioredoxin reductase OS=Chlamydia pneumoniae GN=trxB PE=3 SV=1. 1. 315. 2.0E-120. ...
APS Chlamydia muridarum Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila pneumoniae Clostridium perfringens Fusobacterium nucleatum ...
1 and SOCS3 Proteins Are Mediators of Interleukin-10 Modulation of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Chlamydia muridarum and ... 1 and SOCS3 Proteins Are Mediators of Interleukin-10 Modulation of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Chlamydia muridarum and ...
... immunization regimens using adenovirus-based and CpG/HH2 adjuvanted-subunit vaccines against genital Chlamydia muridarum ...
MiR-378b Modulates Chlamydia-Induced Upper Genital Tract Pathology. Lundy SR , Abney K , Ellerson D , Igietseme JU , Carroll D ... muridarum mouse model. Mice were sacrificed and their genital tract tissues were collected at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after a ... including Chlamydia infection. Among the miRNAs involved in regulating host responses and pathologic outcome of Chlamydia ... In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miR-378b is involved in the pathological outcome of Chlamydia infection. We ...
Stimulation of the Cytosolic Receptor for Peptidoglycan, Nod1, by Infection with Chlamydia Trachomatis or Chlamydia Muridarum ... The Infecting Dose of Chlamydia Muridarum Modulates the Innate Immune Response and Ascending Infection Infection and Immunity. ... COX-2 Inhibition Affects Growth Rate of Chlamydia Muridarum Within Epithelial Cells Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. ... Identification of Dendritic Cell Subsets Responding to Genital Infection by Chlamydia Muridarum FEMS Immunology and Medical ...
We report pan-genomic analysis of sixteen species from genus Chlamydia including identification and functional annotation of ... Chlamydia are ancient intracellular pathogens with reduced, though strikingly conserved genome. Despite their parasitic ... are formed by orthologous groups specific to two clades previously assigned to genera Chlamydia (C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, ... Rearrangements in Chlamydia genomes. a)Full-genome alignment of Chlamydia genomes. Reference strains used for synteny blocks ...
Chlamydia muridarum UI - D023502 MN - B3.440.190.190.190.500 MS - Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters ... These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. AN - infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM); index also ... non CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS-like species infecting vertebrates. Chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. ...
  • They include the genera Chlamydia (of which the type species is Chlamydia trachomatis ) and Chlamydophila (eg, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydophila psittaci ). (medscape.com)
  • Other chlamydiae ( Chlamydia trachomatis, C. muridarum and Chlamydophila pneumoniae ) lack genes encoding PRPP synthase, kynureninase, and either lack tryptophan-pathway genes altogether or exhibit various stages of reductive loss. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We find a larger potential for recombination in Chlamydophila pneumoniae genomes as compared with Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia muridarum. (pasteur.fr)
  • There are two genera in Chlamydiaceae: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. (neobiolab.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis are important agents of sexually transmitted disease as well as the main cause of preventable blindness in developing countries, and Chlamydia pneumoniae is one of the major causes of pneumonia worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have evaluated proposed vaccine antigens in both models and observed immunization with Chlamydia major outer membrane protein (MOMP) vaccine formulations to be protective (p C. trachomatis model, and immunization with PmpD p82 translocator domain was not protective in either model. (scirp.org)
  • Chlamydia muridarum infection differentially alters smooth muscle function in mouse uterine horn and cervix. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a primary cause of reproductive tract diseases including infertility . (bvsalud.org)
  • This study characterized the physiological activities of the uterine horn and the cervix in a Chlamydia muridarum (Cmu)-infected mouse model at three infection time points of 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection (dpi). (bvsalud.org)
  • The USPSTF recommends screening for chlamydia in sexually active females aged 24 years or younger and in older women who are at increased risk for infection. (medscape.com)
  • Routine Chlamydia screening of sexually active young women is recommended to prevent consequences of untreated chlamydial infection (eg, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility , ectopic pregnancy , and chronic pelvic pain). (medscape.com)
  • 4. Vaccination against chlamydial genital tract infection after immunization with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with nonviable Chlamydiae. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Immunogenicity and protection against genital Chlamydia infection and its complications by a multisubunit candidate vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Gene knockout B cell-deficient mice demonstrate that B cells play an important role in the initiation of T cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis (mouse pneumonitis) lung infection. (nih.gov)
  • 17. A genome-wide profiling of the humoral immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection reveals vaccine candidate antigens expressed in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Letter to the editor re: in vivo whole animal body imaging reveals colonization of Chlamydia muridarum to the lower genital tract at early stages of infection. (edu.au)
  • Chlamydia is a common term for infection with any bacterium belonging to the phylum Chlamydiae. (neobiolab.com)
  • C. muridarum administered intravaginally in mice readily ascends to the upper genital tract [9] [10]. (scirp.org)
  • Chlamydiae are small gram-negative obligate intracellular microorganisms that preferentially infect squamocolumnar epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Chlamydiae have a unique biphasic life cycle that is adaptable to both intracellular and extracellular environments. (medscape.com)
  • The chlamydiae are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are important pathogens of humans and other organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that infect a variety of host organisms and exhibit individual tissue tropisms within a host species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chlamydia are ancient intracellular pathogens with reduced, though strikingly conserved genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacteria of genus Chlamydia are intracellular pathogens of high medical significance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a consequence of their obligatory intracellular lifestyle, Chlamydia have reduced genomes of about 1 Mb and 850-1100 genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The E.coli derived recombinant 6x His fusion at C-terminus protein contains Chlamydia Trachomatis MOMP protein epitopes, 66-165 amino acids. (neobiolab.com)
  • A highly conserved cryptic plasmid is present in Chlamydia trachomatis yet naturally occurring plasmid-deficient isolates are very rare. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Differential sensitivity of distinct Chlamydia trachomatis isolates to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS . (nih.gov)
  • The most common is the mouse model in which two different species of Chlamydiae are used: Chlamydia muridarum, originally isolated from the lungs of reportedly normal albino Swiss mice [7] [8], and human-derived Chlamydia trachomatis strains. (scirp.org)
  • Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. (nih.gov)
  • The genus Chlamydia includes three species: C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, and C. suis. (neobiolab.com)
  • We report pan-genomic analysis of sixteen species from genus Chlamydia including identification and functional annotation of orthologous genes, and characterization of gene gains, losses, and rearrangements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other chlamydial species infect a wide range of animals, and some of them (in particular, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus ) can cause life-threatening diseases if transmitted to humans [ 1 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Several animal models have been developed to evaluate Chlamydia infections and potential vaccines. (scirp.org)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is a ubiquitous human patho- Approximately 8%-57% of clinical STD samples gen that is responsible for the most prevalent bacte- mixed infections ( 5-7,9,12,13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 1. A live and inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis strain induces the maturation of dendritic cells that are phenotypically and immunologically distinct. (nih.gov)
  • This term derives from the name of the bacterial genus Chlamydiain the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. (neobiolab.com)
  • Cells present in the persistent state have been detected in vivo, for example, in the synovial membranes of patients with Chlamydia-associated reactive arthritis [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This paper describes the isolation and characterization of a plasmid-deficient strain of C. muridarum, using novobiocin as a curing agent. (nih.gov)
  • Toll-like receptor 2 activation by Chlamydia trachomatis is plasmid dependent, and plasmid-responsive chromosomal loci are coordinately regulated in response to glucose limitation by C. trachomatis but not by C. muridarum. (nih.gov)
  • Complete genomic sequences of closely related organisms, such as the chlamydiae, afford the opportunity to assess significant strain differences against a background of many shared characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 100% (42/42) of C. muridarum studies, mice immunized with Chlamydia elementary bodies (EB) demonstrated a significant reduction in urogenital bacterial shedding as measured by qPCR (p (scirp.org)
  • Extracellular forms of Chlamydia ( elementary bodies ) attach to host cells and initiate endocytosis, yielding formation of a membrane-bound compartment termed the inclusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. Genetic profiling of dendritic cells exposed to live- or ultraviolet-irradiated Chlamydia muridarum reveals marked differences in CXC chemokine profiles. (nih.gov)
  • Letter to the editor re: in vivo whole animal body imaging reveals colonization of Chlamydia muridar. (edu.au)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of prevent- reticulate bodies that multiply by binary fi ssion and redif- able blindness and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases ferentiate into EBs after 30-48 hours and then are released worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Chlamydia vaccines: strategies and status. (nih.gov)
  • Chlamydia W2 protein althoµgh stable at 4°C for 1 week, should be stored below -18°C. Please prevent freeze thaw cycles. (neobiolab.com)
  • 3. A peptide of Chlamydia trachomatis shown to be a primary T-cell epitope in vitro induces cell-mediated immunity in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • Chlamydia-induced pathology was present in mock-immunized animals, but at significantly greater levels in μmT than WT mice, whereas vaccinated μmT and WT mice exhibited similar reductions in pathology. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported disease in the United States and among the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases. (scirp.org)
  • At present, fewer than 50% of sexually active young females in the United States are screened for the presence of chlamydiae. (medscape.com)
  • We compared C. muridarum and C. trachomatis intravaginal challenge models in a combined total of seventy-five studies evaluating potential vaccine candidates. (scirp.org)
  • Murine challenge models have been the most utilized animal model for Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine development. (scirp.org)
  • Chlamydiae all progress through a life cycle that is intimately tied to success as a pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chlamydia infects columnar epithelial cells, which places the adolescent female at particular risk because of the presence of the squamocolumnar junction on the ectocervix until early adulthood. (medscape.com)
  • 10. Survival of Chlamydia muridarum within dendritic cells. (nih.gov)
  • A Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine would address a major global unmet medical need. (scirp.org)