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A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
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Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
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Proteolytic activation and inactivation of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii. (1/299)
Crude chitin synthetase preparations from the mycelial and yeast forms of Mucor rouxii behaved differently. The mycelial preparations, incubated at 28 degrees C, lost virtually all chitin synthetase activity in a few hours; by contrast, the activity of enzyme preparations from yeast cells increased several fold during similar incubations. These spontaneous changes were probably caused by endogenous protease(s). Seemingly, the chitin synthetase in yeast preparations was present mainly in a latent, 'zymogenic', form that was activated by proteases. In the mycelial preparations, chitin synthetase was present mainly in an active state and was rapidly degraded by endogenous proteolysis. Exogenous proteases accelerated activation and destruction of chitin synthetase; an acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis was the most effective activator. The activation of chitin synthetase was inhibited by a soluble protein in the cell-free extract. Treatment with the detergent Brij 36T stabilized the chitin synthetase of crude preparations against spontaneous changes. Stabilized preparations were rapidly activated by exogenous proteases. The different behaviour of chitin synthetases in crude extracts of mycelium and yeast cells is consistent with, and perhaps partially responsible for, the differences in wall construction between mycelial and yeast forms of M. rouxii. (+info)KNR4, a suppressor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cwh mutants, is involved in the transcriptional control of chitin synthase genes. (2/299)
The KNR4 gene, originally isolated by complementation of a K9 killer-toxin-resistant mutant displaying reduced levels of both 1,3-beta-glucan and 1,3-beta-glucan synthase activity, was recloned from a YCp50 genomic library as a suppressor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae calcofluor-white-hypersensitive (cwh) mutants. In these mutants, which were characterized by increased chitin levels, the suppressor effect of KNR4 resulted, for some of them, in a lowering of polymer content to close to wild-type level, with no effect on the contents of beta-glucan and mannan. In all cases, this effect was accompanied by a strong reduction in mRNA levels corresponding to CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3, encoding chitin synthases, without affecting expression of FKS1 and RHO1, two genes encoding the catalytic subunit and a regulatory component of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, respectively. Overexpression of KNR4 also inhibited expression of CHS genes in wild-type strains and in two other cwh mutants, whose sensitivity to calcofluor white was not suppressed by this gene. The physiological relevance of the KNR4 transcriptional effect was addressed in two different ways. In a wild-type strain exposed to alpha-factor, overexpression of this gene inhibited CHS1 induction and delayed shmoo formation, two events which are triggered in response to the pheromone, whereas it did not affect bud formation and cell growth in a chs1 chs2 double mutant. A chimeric protein made by fusing green fluorescent protein to the C terminus of Knr4p which fully complemented a knr4delta mutation was found to localize in patches at presumptive bud sites in unbudded cells and at the incipient bud site during bud emergence. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KNR4 has a regulatory role in chitin deposition and in cell wall assembly. A mechanism by which this gene affects expression of CHS genes is proposed. (+info)Chs7p, a new protein involved in the control of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum that is specifically engaged in the regulation of chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (3/299)
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHS7 gene encodes an integral membrane protein located in the ER which is directly involved in chitin synthesis through the regulation of chitin synthase III (CSIII) activity. In the absence of CHS7 product, Chs3p, but not other secreted proteins, is retained in the ER, leading to a severe defect in CSIII activity and consequently, to a reduced rate of chitin synthesis. In addition, chs7 null mutants show the yeast phenotypes associated with a lack of chitin: reduced mating efficiency and lack of the chitosan ascospore layer, clear indications of Chs7p function throughout the S. cerevisiae biological cycle. CHS3 overexpression does not lead to increased levels of CSIII because the Chs3p excess is retained in the ER. However, joint overexpression of CHS3 and CHS7 increases the export of Chs3p from the ER and this is accompanied by a concomitant increase in CSIII activity, indicating that the amount of Chs7p is a limiting factor for CSIII activity. Accordingly, CHS7 transcription is increased when elevated amounts of chitin synthesis are detected. These results show that Chs7p forms part of a new mechanism specifically involved in Chs3p export from the ER and consequently, in the regulation of CSIII activity. (+info)Proliferation of intrahyphal hyphae caused by disruption of csmA, which encodes a class V chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like domain in Aspergillus nidulans. (4/299)
We have found that the Aspergillus nidulans csmA gene encodes a novel protein which consists of an N-terminal myosin motor-like domain and a C-terminal chitin synthase domain (M. Fujiwara, H. Horiuchi, A. Ohta, and M. Takagi, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236:75-78, 1997). To clarify the roles of csmA in fungal morphogenesis, we constructed csmA null mutants. The growth rate of the mutant colonies was almost the same as that of the wild-type strain, but hyphal growth was severely inhibited when a chitin-binding reagent, Calcofluor white or Congo red, was added to the medium. Moreover, morphological abnormalities in tip growth and septum formation were identified microscopically. Proliferation of intracellular new hyphae, called intrahyphal hyphae, which behaved as intrinsic hyphae, was the most striking phenotypic feature among them. These phenotypes were not suppressed when the only chitin synthase domain of csmA was expressed under the control of the alcA promoter, whereas they were suppressed when the intact form of csmA was expressed. Therefore, it was concluded that the product of csmA (CsmA) has important roles in polarized cell wall synthesis and maintenance of cell wall integrity and that the myosin motor-like domain is indispensable for these functions. (+info)Differential inhibitory effects of protoberberines on sterol and chitin biosyntheses in Candida albicans. (5/299)
The anti-Candida potentials of 12 Korean medicinal plants were explored: methanol extracts from Coptis rhizoma and Phellodendron amurense caused significant inhibition of growth of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. The predominant active components of the extracts were the protoberberines berberine and palmatine; the most potent inhibition of growth was exhibited by berberine on C. krusei (MIC <4 mg/L) and palmatine on C. parapsilosis (MIC 16 mg/L). Both berberine and palmatine inhibited the in-vivo rate of incorporation of L-[methyl-14C]methionine into C-24 of ergosterol in C. albicans (50% inhibition concentration (IC50 values), 25 microM and 300 microM, respectively); this result suggests that sterol 24-methyl transferase (24-SMT) is one of the cellular targets for the antifungal activity of the protoberberines. In-vitro 24-SMT activity in microsomes from the yeast growth form of C. albicans was inhibited by both berberine (inhibition constant (Ki) 232 microM) and palmatine (Ki 257 microM) in a non-competitive manner; inhibition of 24-SMT was more marked for the mycelial form than for the yeast growth form of this organism. Palmatine inhibited chitin synthase from both the yeast and mycelial growth phases of C. albicans in a non-competitive manner (Ki 780 microM). The effects of protoberberines, extracted from established medicinal plants, on both sterol and cell wall biosyntheses in pathogenic fungi indicate that the potential of these compounds, or their semi-synthetic derivatives, as a novel class of antifungal agents should be investigated more fully. (+info)The Candida albicans CHS4 gene complements a Saccharomyces cerevisiae skt5/chs4 mutation and is involved in chitin biosynthesis. (6/299)
The Candida albicans CHS4 gene encoding chitin synthase 4 has been isolated using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHS4/SKT5 gene as a probe. The gene contains a 2061 bp open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 687 amino acids (76053 Da). No intron was observed in the gene. Disruption of CHS4 in C. albicans yielded a Calcofluor-resistant phenotype, indicating that Chs4p contributes to chitin biosynthesis. Consistent with this, overexpression of Chs4p under the regulation of the ScGAL1 promoter enhanced chitin synthase 3 activity in S. cerevisiae 7- to 38-fold. In addition, chs3 and chs4 null mutants were significantly defective in Calcofluor white staining and their chitin content was 10% of that of the parental strain. Chs4p of C. albicans and S. cerevisiae showed 61% identity in the C-terminal half of the proteins and that region of C. albicans Chs4p complemented the Chs4p function of a mutant of S. cerevisiae resistant to Calcofluor white. Therefore, it appears that Chs4p is involved in chitin synthase 3 activity by combining with Chs3p to interact synergistically in chitin biosynthesis. (+info)Active site determination of yeast geranylgeranyl protein transferase type I expressed in Escherichia coli. (7/299)
The ram2 and cal1 genes encode the alpha and beta subunits of yeast geranylgeranyl protein transferase type I (GGPT-I), respectively. Arginine 166 of the beta subunit was changed to isoleucine (betaR166I), histidine 216 to aspartic acid (betaH216D), and asparagine 282 to alanine (betaN282A) by sequential PCR using mutagenic primers. The mutants were expressed under the same conditions as the wild-type and were assayed for GGPT-I activity. Wild-type yeast GGPT-I, alphaH145D, alphaD140N, betaR166I, betaH216D and betaN282A mutant GGPT-Is were partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by a Q-Sepharose column. Characterization studies were performed using the active fraction of the Q-Sepharose column. In the chemical modification reactions, the catalytic activity of purified enzyme decreased in proportion to the concentration of modifying reagents, such as phenylglyoxal and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) protected the enzyme activity from the modification with phenylglyoxal. The measurement of GGPP binding to wild-type and five mutant GGPT-Is was performed by a gel-filtration assay. The binding of GGPP to the betaR166I mutant was low and the Km value for GGPP in the betaR166I mutant increased about 29-fold. Therefore, the results suggest a role for this arginine residue that directly influences the GGPP binding. The activity of the DEPC-modified GGPT-I was inhibited by 80% at 5 mM DEPC. The differential absorption at 242 nm may suggest that at this concentration the modified histidine residues were 1.5 mol per GGPT-I. The protein substrate, glutathione S-transferase fused undecapeptide (GST-CAIL) protected the enzyme from inactivation by DEPC, and the Km value for GST-CAIL in the betaH216D mutant increased about 12-fold. The trypsin digestion of [14C]DEPC-modified enzyme yielded a single radioactive peptide. As a result of the sequence of this radioactive peptide, the histidine 216 residue was assumed to be an essential part of binding of peptide substrate. (+info)Chitin synthase III: synthetic lethal mutants and "stress related" chitin synthesis that bypasses the CSD3/CHS6 localization pathway. (8/299)
We screened Saccharomyces strains for mutants that are synthetically lethal with deletion of the major chitin synthase gene CHS3. In addition to finding, not surprisingly, that mutations in major cell wall-related genes such as FKS1 (glucan synthase) and mutations in any of the Golgi glycosylation complex genes (MNN9 family) are lethal in combination with chs3Delta, we found that a mutation in Srv2p, a bifunctional regulatory gene, is notably lethal in the chs3 deletion. In extending studies of fks1-chitin synthase 3 interactions, we made the surprising discovery that deletion of CSD3/CHS6, a gene normally required for Chs3p delivery and activity in vivo, was not lethal with fks1 and, in fact, that lack of Csd3p/Chs6p did not decrease the high level of stress-related chitin made in the fks1 mutant. This finding suggests that "stress response" chitin synthesis proceeds through an alternate Chs3p targeting pathway. (+info)
Differential gene expression signatures for cell wall integrity found in chitin synthase II (chs2 Δ ) and myosin II (myo1 Δ )...
Differential gene expression signatures for cell wall integrity found in chitin synthase II chs2 Δ and myosin II myo1 Δ...
Different functions of the class I and class II chitin synthase genes,chsCandchsA, are revealed by repression ofchsBexpression...
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The (1,3)beta-D-glucan synthase subunit Bgs1p is responsible for the fission yeast primary septum formation | 3Bs Research...
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IJMS | Free Full-Text | Molecular Cloning, Characterization and mRNA Expression of a Chitin Synthase 2 Gene from the Oriental...
Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response...
Gene-Silencing Nanoparticles May Put End to Pesky Summer Pest
Members of chitin synthase family in Metarhizium acridum differentially affect fungal growth, stress tolerances, cell wall...
Development of chitin based materials for tissue engineering applications | [email protected]
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IJMS | Free Full-Text | Applications of Chitin and Its Derivatives in Biological Medicine | Notes
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Deciphering the genetic programme triggering timely and spatially-regulated chitin deposition
How do Chitin molecules link together?
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Oral Administration of Chitin Down-Regulates Serum IgE Levels and Lung Eosinophilia in the Allergic Mouse | The Journal of...
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IBIMA Publishing Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Chitin and Chemically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Shrimp ...
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Chitin synthase 1 (P30597) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Chitin synthase - Wikipedia
... chitin synthetase, and trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase. This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism. Chitin Synthase is ... In enzymology, a chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [ ... Chitin synthase is placed into the interior side of the cell membrane and then activated.[citation needed] GLASER L, BROWN DH ( ... Other names in common use include chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate ...
chitin synthase activity | SGD
chitin synthetase activity, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase activity, chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase ... Gene Ontology Term: chitin synthase activity. GO ID. GO:0004100 Aspect. Molecular Function. Description. Catalysis of the ... chitin 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase activity View GO Annotations in other species in AmiGO ... activity, chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase activity, UDP-N- ...
Role of chitin synthase genes in Fusarium oxysporum
Three structural chitin synthase genes, chs1, chs2 and chs3, were identified in the genome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ... Role of chitin synthase genes in Fusarium oxysporum Microbiology (Reading). 2004 Oct;150(Pt 10):3175-87. doi: 10.1099/mic. ... Three structural chitin synthase genes, chs1, chs2 and chs3, were identified in the genome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ... The chitin synthase mutants will be useful for elucidating cell wall biogenesis in F. oxysporum and the relationship between ...
Chitinase and chitin synthase 1: counterbalancing activities in cell separation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... strongly suggested that the lysis observed in daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in chitin synthase 1 (Chs1) ... Chitinase and chitin synthase 1: counterbalancing activities in cell separation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J Gen Microbiol. ... strongly suggested that the lysis observed in daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in chitin synthase 1 (Chs1) ... Consequently, it was proposed that in wild-type cells, Chs1 acts as a repair enzyme by replenishing chitin during cytokinesis. ...
Cloning and characterization of chsD, a chitin synthase-like gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. - PubMed - NCBI
Cloning and characterization of chsD, a chitin synthase-like gene of Aspergillus fumigatus.. Mellado E1, Specht CA, Robbins PW ... A chitin synthase-like gene (chsD) was isolated from an Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA library. Comparisons with the ... chitin synthase activity or virulence in a neutropenic murine model of aspergillosis. The results show that the chsD product ... A chsD- mutant strain constructed by gene disruption has a 20% reduction in total mycelial chitin content; however, no ...
Chitin synthase 2 (Candida albicans) | Protein Target - PubChem
Members of chitin synthase family in Metarhizium acridum differentially affect fungal growth, stress tolerances, cell wall...
A) Domain structures of the seven chitin synthases in M. acridum. Chs, chitin synthase domain; MMD, myosin motor domain; Cyt-b5 ... Chitin is an important component of the fungal cell wall with a family of chitin synthases mediating its synthesis. Here, we ... Three of seven chitin synthase genes, MaChsIII, MaChsV, MaChsVII, were found to contribute to fungal virulence. Compared with ... Members of chitin synthase family in Metarhizium acridum differentially affect fungal growth, stress tolerances, cell wall ...
The yeasts Rho1p and Pkc1p regulate the transport of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) from internal stores to the plasma membrane |...
The yeasts Rho1p and Pkc1p regulate the transport of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) from internal stores to the plasma membrane. ... The yeasts Rho1p and Pkc1p regulate the transport of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) from internal stores to the plasma membrane ... In this study, we show that under conditions of cell stress, the steady-state localization of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) ... The yeasts Rho1p and Pkc1p regulate the transport of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) from internal stores to the plasma membrane ...
Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases | Journal of Experimental...
Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases ... Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases ... Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases ... Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Molecular Cloning, Characterization and mRNA Expression of a Chitin Synthase 2 Gene from the Oriental...
... plays an essential role in chitin formation in insects. In this study, a full-length cDNA encoding chitin synthase 2 (BdCHS2) ... Furthermore, both the gene expression and chitin content in midgut decreased when the insect was fed for 24 h, then starved for ... There was a positive relationship between BdCHS2 expression and total chitin content during development. ... These results suggest that BdCHS2 may play an important role in regulating chitin content of the midgut, and subsequently ...
PRIME PubMed | Chitin synthase is involved in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici...
PubMed journal article Chitin synthase is involved in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction and pathogenesis of Phytophthora ... In Phytophthora spp., the presence of chitin has not been demonstrated so far, although putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes, ... In Phytophthora spp., the presence of chitin has not been demonstrated so far, although putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes, ... TY - JOUR T1 - Chitin synthase is involved in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction and pathogenesis of Phytophthora capsici ...
Weber, I., Assman, D., Thines, E. and Steinberg, G. (2006) Polar Localizing Class V Myosin Chitin Synthases Are Essential...
Differential Expression of Chitin Synthase ( CHS) and Glucan Synthase ( FKS) Genes Correlates with the Formation of a Modified,...
Differential Expression of Chitin Synthase (CHS) and Glucan Synthase (FKS) Genes Correlates with the Formation of a Modified, ... bassiana chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (FKS) genes are down regulated in vivo. These analyses indicate that in vivo ... Lee, JI, Choi, JH, Park, BC, Park, YH, Lee, MY, Park, HM, Maeng, PJ 2004Differential expression of the chitin synthase genes of ... Bowen, AR, Chen-Wu, JL, Momany, M, Young, R, Szaniszlo, PJ, Robbins, PW 1992Classification of fungal chitin synthasesProc Natl ...
Holdings: Zellbiologische und biochemische Charakterisierung des Ustilago maydis Virulenzfaktors Mcs1(Myosin-Chitinsynthase 1)
AP-2-Dependent Endocytic Recycling of the Chitin Synthase Chs3 Regulates Polarized Growth in Candida albicans | mBio
Chitin synthesis in Candida requires the function of a number of transmembrane chitin synthesis enzymes. Short chitin fibrils ... Role of three chitin synthase genes in the growth of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 178:2416-2419. doi:10.1128/jb.178.8.2416- ... AP-2-Dependent Endocytic Recycling of the Chitin Synthase Chs3 Regulates Polarized Growth in Candida albicans. H. C. Knafler, I ... Differential trafficking and timed localization of two chitin synthase proteins, Chs2p and Chs3p. J Cell Biol 135:597-610. doi: ...
Disruption of the Bcchs3a Chitin Synthase Gene in Botrytis cinerea Is Responsible for Altered Adhesion and Overstimulation of...
Collectively, these data led us to assign a critical role to the BcCHS3a chitin synthase isoform, both in fungal virulence and ... Disruption of the Bcchs3a Chitin Synthase Gene in Botrytis cinerea Is Responsible for Altered Adhesion and Overstimulation of ... Previously, we reported the isolation and characterization of a mutant in class III chitin synthase, Bcchs3a, in the ...
Class III Chitin Synthase ChsB of Aspergillus nidulans Localizes at the Sites of Polarized Cell Wall Synthesis and Is Required...
... a chitin synthase inhibitor (53). In Aspergillus fumigatus, two genes encoding class III chitin synthases, chsC and chsG, have ... it is suggested that classes I and IV chitin synthases, Chs3p and Chs8p, synthesize short-chitin rodlets and long-chitin ... Although class III chitin synthases are only found in fungi with high chitin content and are thought to play a key role in ... and VII are only found in fungi with high chitin contents in their cell walls. We have identified six chitin synthase genes ...
Polar Localizing Class V Myosin Chitin Synthases Are Essential during Early Plant Infection in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus...
CHS8-A fourth chitin synthase gene of Candida albicans contributes to in vitro chitin synthase activity, but is dispensable for ... The synthesis of chitin is mediated by membrane-bound chitin synthases (CHSs) that locate to specialized transport vesicles, ... Din, A.B., Specht, C.A., Robbins, P.W., and Yarden, O. (1996). Chs-4, a class IV chitin synthase gene from Neurospora crassa. ... Mio, T., Yabe, T., Sudoh, M., Satoh, Y., Nakajima, T., Arisawa, M., and Yamada-Okabe, H. (1996). Role of three chitin synthase ...
Independent regulation of chitin synthase and chitinase activity in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae |...
Accordingly, de novo chitin synthesis may involve coordinated regulation of members of the CHS chitin synthase and CHT ... the chitin synthase and chitinase activities of cell-free extracts were measured, as well as the chitin content of cell walls ... In C. albicans, the total specific activities of both chitin synthase and chitinase were higher in the hyphal form, which was ... However, deletion of chitinase genes did not markedly affect specific chitin synthase activity, and deletion of single CHS ...
Chitin synthase 3 (P29465) - Yeast Metabolome Database
Valdivieso, M. H., Mol, P. C., Shaw, J. A., Cabib, E., Duran, A. (1991). "CAL1, a gene required for activity of chitin synthase ... the CSD2 gene product is related to chitin synthases and to developmentally regulated proteins in Rhizobium species and Xenopus ... It is involved in the synthesis of the chitin ring that forms in the cell wall just before bud emergence. This ring remains at ... Appears to be responsible for the synthesis of the majority of the chitin found in the cell wall periphery. ...
RNA interference of chitin synthase genes inhibits chitin biosynt...
RNA interference of chitin synthase genes inhibits chitin biosynthesis and affects larval performance in Leptinotarsa ... In the present paper, three complete chitin synthase cDNA sequences (LdChSAa, LdChSAb and LdChSB) were cloned. LdChSAa and ... RNAi of LdChSAa+LdChSAb and LdChSAa lowered chitin contents in whole body and integument samples, and thinned tracheal taenidia ... In contrast, silencing of LdChSB significantly reduced foliage consumption, decreased chitin content in midgut sample, damaged ...
Chitin Synthase in Aspergillus nidulans: Properties and Proteolytic Activation | Microbiology Society
Chitin synthase activity could be increased sixfold by digestion of enzyme preparations with trypsin for short periods. The ... Chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) from membrane preparations of Aspergillus nidulans was characterized and the optimum conditions ... Chitin Synthase in Aspergillus nidulans: Properties and Proteolytic Activation * N. S. RYDER and J. F. PEBERDY ... SUMMARY: Chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) from membrane preparations of Aspergillus nidulans was characterized and the optimum ...
Alice: Knocking down chitin synthase 2 by RNAi is lethal to the cotton boll weevil.
Priming and elongation of chitin chains: Implications for chitin synthase mechanism<...
Implications for chitin synthase mechanism",. abstract = "Most fungi have multiple chitin synthases (CSs) that may make chitin ... Implications for chitin synthase mechanism. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Chitin Synthase Medicine & Life ... Orlean P, Funai D. Priming and elongation of chitin chains: Implications for chitin synthase mechanism. Cell Surface. 2019 Dec; ... Orlean, P & Funai, D 2019, Priming and elongation of chitin chains: Implications for chitin synthase mechanism, Cell Surface ...
Frontiers | Study on the Effect of Wing Bud Chitin Metabolism and Its Developmental Network Genes in the Brown Planthopper,...
The development of wing plays a key role in insect physiological activities and mainly involves chitin and hence, the ... of the AP and TSH genes involved in wing development and that the TRE inhibitor validamycin can co-regulate chitin metabolism ... The development of wing plays a key role in insect physiological activities and mainly involves chitin and hence, the ... Chitin Synthase Gene Expression in Wing Bud Tissue after Knocking Down Three TRE Genes. Chitin is the main component of the ...
"Differential expression of chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (" by Aurelien Tartar, A. M. Shapiro et al.
... bassiana chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (FKS) genes are down regulated in vivo. These analyses indicate that in vivo ... The in vivo cell walls still contained both chitin and 1,3-beta-glucan, but they were significantly thinner than in vitro cell ... Differential expression of chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (FKS) genes correlates with the formation of a modified, ... "Differential expression of chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (FKS) genes correlates with the formation of a modified, ...
Current Bioactive Compounds, Volume 16 - Number 1
Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Sensitivity of Neurospora crassa to a Marine-Derived Aspergillus tubingensis Anhydride...
In addition, the expression of chitin synthase genes was highly elevated in the ∆mas-1 strain, suggesting the gene product is ... The ∆mas-1 strain showed increased tolerance to sublethal concentrations of the chitin synthase inhibitor polyoxin D, when ... chitin synthase natural products; antifungal; Aspergillus tubingensis; Neurospora crassa; cell wall; chitin synthase ... In addition, the expression of chitin synthase genes was highly elevated in the ∆mas-1 strain, suggesting the gene product is ...
Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response...
Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response ... Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response ... leading to a calcineurin-dependent increase in chitin synthase activity. Taken together, our data suggest a mechanistic role ... we found that caspofungin treatment resulted in increased chitin synthase gene expression, ...
GenesChs2Chs3CHS1FungiCelluloseSaccharomycesBiosynthesisProteinsEnzymeEnzymesGlucan synthasesChs2pAspergillusMutantsPutative chitin synthaseVirulencePolysaccharideYeastProteinCDNAChs3pInhibitorTransmembraneCharacterizationCHSsCandidaMorphologyMembraneFungal cell wallInhibitorsRegulating chitin contentChitinaseLocalizationStrainsContent in midgutExpressionOomycetesEncodesCuticleStructuralRNAiInhibitionBiosyntheticHyphalResponsible for the synthesisInterferenceActivityInhibitsMyosinTrans-N-acetylglucosaminosylaseGlcNAc
Genes22
- Three structural chitin synthase genes, chs1, chs2 and chs3, were identified in the genome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. (nih.gov)
- No compensatory mechanism seems to exist between the CS genes studied, since chitin content determination and expression analysis of the chs genes showed no differences between the disruption mutants and the wild-type strain. (nih.gov)
- This increase in cell wall polysaccharide is the result of both an increase in the Slt2p-dependent expression of genes encoding β1-3 glucan synthases (Fks1p and Fks2p) and, to a lesser extent, of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) ( 8 - 10 ). (pnas.org)
- Yu H-Z, Li N-Y, Xie Y-X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Lu Z-J. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Chitin Synthase Genes in the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura . (mdpi.com)
- the presence of chitin has not been demonstrated so far, although putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes, which encode the enzymes that synthesize chitin, are present in their genomes. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The difference in cell wall thickness was correlated with transcriptional regulation of cell wall-related genes: quantitative RT-PCR reactions demonstrated that B. bassiana chitin synthase ( CHS ) and glucan synthase ( FKS ) genes are down regulated in vivo . (springer.com)
- The genes encoding the synthases belonging to classes III, V, VI, and VII are only found in fungi with high chitin contents in their cell walls. (asm.org)
- The deletion of class III chitin synthase-encoding genes leads to severe defects in most of the filamentous fungi thus far investigated. (asm.org)
- In Aspergillus fumigatus , two genes encoding class III chitin synthases, chsC and chsG , have been identified. (asm.org)
- However, deletion of chitinase genes did not markedly affect specific chitin synthase activity, and deletion of single CHS genes had little effect on in vitro specific chitinase activity in either fungus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- RNA interference of chitin synthase genes inhibits chitin biosynt. (umm.ac.id)
- Additionally, the expression of six chitin synthesis-related genes, such as hexokinase 2 and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, was suppressed at 48 and 72 h post-dsTPS-1 and dsTPS-2 RNA injection, which were two dsTPS fragments that had been designed for two different locations in TcTPS open reading frame, and that trehalose content and trehalase 1 activity decreased significantly at 72 h post-dsRNA injection. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- These results demonstrate that silencing of TRE gene expression can lead to wing deformities due to the down-regulation of the AP and TSH genes involved in wing development and that the TRE inhibitor validamycin can co-regulate chitin metabolism and the expression of wing development-related genes in wing bud tissue. (frontiersin.org)
- Increased these genes mRNA levels associated with reduced chitin biosynthesis may result from the inhibition of chitin synthase activity, and thereby leading to a higher mortality of S. furcifera. (kisti.re.kr)
- The compositions comprise genetically modified organisms, including fungi, yeast, bacterial and plant organisms that have been engineered to express heterologous genes involved in chitin and chitosan synthesis. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Our biochemical data on the characterization of the chitin synthase activity of A. euteiches suggest the existence of two distinct enzymes responsible for the formation of water soluble and insoluble chitosaccharides, which is consistent with the existence of two putative CHS genes in the genome of this species. (diva-portal.org)
- In C. albicans , three genes encoding different chitin synthases ( CHS1 , 2 , and 3 ) were identified. (hindawi.com)
- This thesis includes the analyses of five new tracheal tube size genes, which mutational analyses have revealed a new biological principle to ensure uniform functional tubes: newly formed tracheal tubes deposit a broad luminal chitin filament around which the tubular epithelium can rearrange. (openthesis.org)
- Four of the genes (krotzkopf verkehrt, knickkopf, retroactive and mummy) are required to build the luminal chitin filament, and their loss of function result in severe diameter constrictions and dilations in the expanding tubes. (openthesis.org)
- Altering the expression of two chitin synthase genes differentially affects the growth and morphology of Aspergillus oryzae. (novozymes.com)
- Northern analysis indicated no change in the transcription of the chitin synthase genes csmA and chsC when chsB expression was altered, and there was no change in the transcription of chsB and chsC when csmA was disrupted. (novozymes.com)
- Cellulose synthase genes (CesA) were identified and their expression profile analysed at different developmental stages, thereby providing a map of the key genes involved in the overall biological life cycle of the pathogen. (europa.eu)
Chs25
- Based on amino acid identities with related fungal species, chs1, chs2 and chs3 encode structural chitin synthases (CSs) of class I, class II and class III, respectively. (nih.gov)
- In C. albicans , the total specific activities of both chitin synthase and chitinase were higher in the hyphal form, which was attributable mainly to the activities of Chs2 and Cht3, respectively. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Hence, null mutants of myosin II myo1 Δ and chitin synthase II chs2 Δ share multiple morphological and molecular phenotypes. (duhnnae.com)
- Mitotic exit kinase Dbf2 directly phosphorylates chitin synthase Chs2 to regulate cytokinesis in budding yeast. (upenn.edu)
- Cells coexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Spa2 (polarizome), Sec3 (exocyst) or Chs2 (chitin synthase II) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-labeled septin Cdc3 were analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy ( 17 ). (sciencemag.org)
Chs34
- Chitin Synthase 3 (CHS3) was cloned out of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (S.C.) cDNA. (igem.org)
- One enzyme in this pathway, chitin synthase 3 (CHS3), was previously found to be among the most active chitin sythases in the chitin synthase family of enzymes and does not require additional cofactors to function. (igem.org)
- As a result, we use CHS3 as the chitin production mechanism in our inducible system ( BBa_K418007 ). (igem.org)
- Member of the CHS5-ARF1P-binding proteins (CHAPS) which mediates export of specific cargo proteins, including chitin synthase CHS3. (rcsb.org)
CHS13
- Previous results [E. Cabib, A. Sburlati, B. Bowers & S. J. Silverman (1989) Journal of Cell Biology 108, 1665-1672] strongly suggested that the lysis observed in daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in chitin synthase 1 (Chs1) was caused by a chitinase that partially degrades the chitin septum in the process of cell separation. (nih.gov)
- Consequently, it was proposed that in wild-type cells, Chs1 acts as a repair enzyme by replenishing chitin during cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
- Deletion of a gene, chs1 , encoding a class III chitin synthase of the maize pathogenic dimorphic fungi Ustilago maydis caused minor defects in the growth of haploid yeastlike cells and conjugation tube formation ( 49 ). (asm.org)
Fungi13
- Chitin Synthase is manufactured in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of fungi as the inactive form, zymogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Genome-wide analyses of chitin synthases identify horizontal gene transfers towards bacteria and allow a robust and unifying classification into fungi. (nih.gov)
- Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is found in probably all fungi, many animals (mainly invertebrates), several protists and a few algae, playing an essential role in the development of many of them. (nih.gov)
- Class III chitin synthases play important roles in tip growth and conidiation in many filamentous fungi. (asm.org)
- Chitin, the β-(1→4)-linked polymer of N -acetylglucosamine, provides strength to the fungal cell wall and is therefore essential for the morphogenesis and survival of fungi (Ruiz-Herrera et al. (plantcell.org)
- Chitin is an essential structural polysaccharide in fungi that is required for cell shape and morphogenesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Most fungi have multiple chitin synthases (CSs) that may make chitin at different sites on the cell surface, at different times during growth, and in response to cell wall stress. (illinois.edu)
- Chitin synthesis is based on the regulation of distinct chitin synthase isoenzymes whose number ranges from one in Schizosaccharomyces pombe to seven in some filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus . (springer.com)
- Similarly, most fungi produce chitin in their cell walls for structural support. (igem.org)
- The aim of the review is to present the common molecular characteristics of such pathogens as fungi and nematodes and other chitin bearing animals, which may both activate and downregulate the immune response of the host. (degruyter.com)
- A hallmark of filamentous fungi is the class V chitin synthase, which carries a myosin-motor domain. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Chitin a linear homopolymer of GlcNAc residues, it is an important component of the cell wall of fungi and is synthesised on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane by membrane bound chitin synthases. (inra.fr)
- Chitin is found in fungi, nematodes and arthropods and plays key roles in maintaining morphology and protecting organisms against external attacks [ 1 , 2 ]. (mdpi.com)
Cellulose10
- Thus, the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, such as cellulose and chitin synthases, represent ideal targets for disease control. (diva-portal.org)
- In our work, we have used Saprolegnia monoica as a model species for oomycetes to characterize two types of domains that occur specifically in oomycete carbohydrate synthases: the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain of a cellulose synthase and the so-called 'Microtubule Interacting and Trafficking' (MIT) domain of chitin synthases. (diva-portal.org)
- The results from our in vitro investigations revealed that the PH domain of the oomycete cellulose synthase binds to phosphoinositides, microtubules and F-actin. (diva-portal.org)
- Altogether our data support a role of the PH domain of cellulose synthase and MIT domains of CHS in membrane trafficking and cellular location. (diva-portal.org)
- A 3D atomistic model of a plant cellulose synthase (CESA) has remained elusive despite over forty years of experimental effort. (pnas.org)
- This deficiency arose due to experimental barriers in purification of active enzyme, recombinant expression, and crystallization of any plant cellulose synthase (CESA). (pnas.org)
- Although CESA proteins typically arrange themselves into multimeric cellulose synthase complexes (CSC), which are required for the production of multichain cellulose microfibrils, the CSCs of land plants and related algae are uniquely organized as six-lobed circular "rosettes" containing a still-undefined number (e.g., 18-36 in number) of CESAs ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
- The number of cellulose synthase proteins in this large multisubunit transmembrane protein complex and the number of cellulose chains in a microfibril have been debated for many years. (plantphysiol.org)
- This structural information was revealed by freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy, showing six lobes in a hexagonal arrangement at the point where the transmembrane helices of multiple cellulose synthase proteins (CESAs) cross the plasma membrane. (plantphysiol.org)
- Cellulose synthases: Understanding the precise role of individual cellulose synthases is essential to our understanding of cell wall biology in the oomycetes. (europa.eu)
Saccharomyces5
- During cell stress, Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases the synthesis of chitin and glucans to strengthen and repair the cell wall. (pnas.org)
- The deposition of the polysaccharide chitin in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall is temporally and spatially regulated. (rupress.org)
- BackgroundMyosin II-dependent contraction of the cytokinetic ring and primary septum formation by chitin synthase II are interdependent processes during cytokinesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (duhnnae.com)
- In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , myosin type II (Myo1p) and chitin synthase II (Chs2p) are essential proteins for the formation of the normal cytokinetic apparatus. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chitin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on a series of enzymatic steps (Figure 2). (igem.org)
Biosynthesis3
- GENTAUR antibody-antibodies.com The Marketplace for Antibodies : Regulatory functions of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in the chitin biosynthesis pathway in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) revealed by RNA interference. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- In the yeast C. albicans, upregulation of chitin biosynthesis via the protein kinase C (PKC), high-osmolarity glycerol response (HOG), and Ca(2+)/calcineurin signaling pathways is an important cell wall stress response that permits growth in the presence of high concentrations of echinocandins. (duke.edu)
- The work performed in CBOP revealed that the only putative chitin synthase gene present in the pathogen is expressed during most developmental stages but that it is certainly not involved in chitin biosynthesis since the wall of the pathogen does not contain any amount of detectable chitin. (europa.eu)
Proteins2
- Differential trafficking and timed localization of two chitin synthase proteins, Chs2p and Chs3p. (rupress.org)
- One of these proteins is chitin deacetylase 2 (Cda2), an enzyme responsible for converting chitin to chitosan, a cell wall polymer recently established as a virulence factor for C. neoformans infection of mammalian hosts. (asm.org)
Enzyme5
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:chitin 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase. (wikipedia.org)
- Chitin is one the main components of the insect cuticle, and chitin synthase (CHS) is an important enzyme required for chitin formation. (mdpi.com)
- SUMMARY: Chitin synthase (EC 2.4.1.16) from membrane preparations of Aspergillus nidulans was characterized and the optimum conditions for enzyme activity were determined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Chitin synthase activity could be increased sixfold by digestion of enzyme preparations with trypsin for short periods. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- In S. cerevisiae , Chs2p is the chitin synthase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the primary septum (Shaw, 1991). (biologists.org)
Enzymes5
- For this purpose, insects repeatedly produce chitin synthases and chitinolytic enzymes in different tissues. (biologists.org)
- Coordination of chitin synthesis and its degradation requires strict control of the participating enzymes during development. (biologists.org)
- Insect chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that are required for the degradation of glycosidic bonds of chitin. (mdpi.com)
- Insect chitinases are crucial enzymes responsible for the degradation of the chitin in the cuticle and presumably in the PM during molting [ 7 , 8 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Chitin deacetylase enzymes have been identified in the cell wall, and our studies were undertaken to understand how the deacetylase is linked to the wall and where it has activity. (asm.org)
Glucan synthases1
- In contrast, both dyes inhibited chitin and beta (1,3)-glucan synthases in isolated cell-free systems. (asm.org)
Chs2p2
- At the end of mitosis, chitin synthase II (Chs2p) deposits a disk of chitin in the mother-bud neck, forming the primary division septum. (rupress.org)
- Fission yeast Chs2p is a transmembrane protein structurally similar to chitin synthases that lacks such enzymatic activity. (biologists.org)
Aspergillus8
- Cloning and characterization of chsD, a chitin synthase-like gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. (nih.gov)
- A chitin synthase-like gene (chsD) was isolated from an Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA library. (nih.gov)
- To address these issues, we characterized the deletion mutant of a class III chitin synthase-encoding gene of Aspergillus nidulans , chsB , and investigated ChsB localization in the hyphae and conidiophores. (asm.org)
- Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response to caspofungin. (duke.edu)
- A WDR gene is a conserved member of a chitin synthase gene cluster and influences the cell wall in Aspergillus nidulans. (diva-portal.org)
- In Aspergillus oryzae, one full-length chitin synthase (chsB) and fragments of two other chitin synthases (csmA and chsC) were identified. (novozymes.com)
- The deduced amino acid sequence of chsB was similar (87% identity) to chsB from Aspergillus nidulans, which encodes a class III chitin synthase. (novozymes.com)
- We have studied these processes with quantitative superresolution localization microscopy of live Aspergillus nidulans cells expressing the photoconvertible protein mEosFP thermo fused to the chitin synthase ChsB. (sciencemag.org)
Mutants1
- The chitin synthase mutants will be useful for elucidating cell wall biogenesis in F. oxysporum and the relationship between fungal cell wall integrity and pathogenicity. (nih.gov)
Putative chitin synthase1
- Putative chitin synthase: CBOP has established an essential role for a putative chitin synthase in the cell wall of Phytophthora infestans. (europa.eu)
Virulence5
- however, no differences between the wild-type strain and the chsD- strain were found with respect to morphology, chitin synthase activity or virulence in a neutropenic murine model of aspergillosis. (nih.gov)
- Collectively, these data led us to assign a critical role to the BcCHS3a chitin synthase isoform, both in fungal virulence and plant defense response. (apsnet.org)
- Class III chitin synthases have been reported to be involved in the virulence of some pathogens. (asm.org)
- Deletion of Bcchs3a in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and double deletion of WdCHS3 and class I chitin synthase WdCHS2 in the human pathogen Wangiella dermatitidis both caused a reduction of virulence ( 40 , 48 ). (asm.org)
- It converts most of its chitin, a cell wall polysaccharide, to chitosan, which is necessary for virulence. (asm.org)
Polysaccharide1
- This polysaccharide is produced by type 2 glycosyltransferases, called chitin synthases (CHS). (nih.gov)
Yeast5
- Furthermore, yeast cells regulate the content of cellular chitin. (pnas.org)
- Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to all CHSs localize to septa, whereas Chs5-GFP, Chs6-GFP, Chs7-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and Myosin chitin synthase1 (Mcs1)-YFP were found at growth regions of yeast-like cells and hyphae, indicating that they participate in tip growth. (plantcell.org)
- Chitin synthesis and chitinase production was, however, regulated in C. albicans during yeast-hypha morphogenesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Chitin synthesis is a process maintained across the fungal kingdom that, thanks to the power of genetic manipulation of yeast cells, is now beginning to be understood. (springer.com)
- Here, we show that a COOH-terminal region in yeast Sac1p is crucial for ER targeting by directly interacting with dolicholphosphate mannose synthase Dpm1p. (rupress.org)
Protein5
- In this study, we show that under conditions of cell stress, the steady-state localization of chitin synthase III (Chs3p) shifts from internal stores (chitosomes) to the plasma membrane (PM). This redistribution occurs rapidly and requires the activators of the cell wall stress response signaling pathway, the G protein Rho1p, and the protein kinase Pkc1p, but not the cell integrity response mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. (pnas.org)
- Mazur, P, Baginsky, W 1996 In vitro activity of 1,3-β- d -glucan synthase requires the GTP-binding protein Rho1 J. Biol. (springer.com)
- and chitin synthase II, a transmembrane protein required for primary septum formation ( 16 ). (sciencemag.org)
- The chitinase-like protein YKL-40, which binds chitin but lacks chitinase activity, has been found to be either the cause or a biomarker for asthma. (ersjournals.com)
- The chitinase-like protein YKL-40, also called human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HCgp-39) and chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), binds chitin but is deficient in chitinase activity. (ersjournals.com)
CDNA2
Chs3p1
- Chitin synthase III (Chs3p) synthesizes a ring of chitin at the onset of bud emergence, marking the base of the incipient bud. (rupress.org)
Inhibitor3
- The mutant of chs-1 became sensitive to Nikkomycin Z, a chitin synthase inhibitor ( 53 ). (asm.org)
- Most surprisingly, the chitin synthase inhibitor Nikkomycin Z efficiently leads to abnormalities at low concentrations and cell death at slightly higher concentrations, as illustrated in the attached Figure. (europa.eu)
- TcCHITs were downregulated 24 h after treatment with scopoletin and upregulated 24 h after treatment with diflubenzuron (DFB, a chitin synthesis inhibitor). (hindawi.com)
Transmembrane1
- The structure-based model for CS function is for transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane to the non-reducing end of a growing chitin chain, which is concomitantly translocated through a transmembrane channel formed by the synthase. (illinois.edu)
Characterization3
- Chen L, Yang W-J, Cong L, Xu K-K, Wang J-J. Molecular Cloning, Characterization and mRNA Expression of a Chitin Synthase 2 Gene from the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). (mdpi.com)
- Previously, we reported the isolation and characterization of a mutant in class III chitin synthase, Bcchs3a , in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea . (apsnet.org)
- Characterization of a spruce budworm chitin deacetylase gene: stage-and tissue-specific expression, and inhibition using RNA interference. (gc.ca)
CHSs3
- These results provide new insights into the biological significance of chitin and CHSs in Phytophthora and help with the identification of potential targets for disease control. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Fungal chitin synthases (CHSs) form fibers of the cell wall and are crucial for substrate invasion and pathogenicity. (plantcell.org)
- Here, we report the identification of two additional CHSs, chs7 , a second class IV CHS gene, and myosin chitin synthase1 ( mcs1 ), another class V CHS with an N-terminal myosin motor domain in U. maydis . (plantcell.org)
Candida2
- Incomplete killing was observed for caspofungin against Candida glabrata , which was associated with increased SLT2 expression and elevated chitin content. (asm.org)
- Up-regulation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway in Candida albicans upon damage to the cell wall and increases in chitin have correlated with the paradoxical attenuation of caspofungin activity at clinically relevant supra-MIC concentrations ( 21 , 22 ). (asm.org)
Morphology1
- In Neurospora crassa , inactivation of the gene encoding Chs-1, a class III chitin synthase with 63% identity to A. nidulans ChsB, leads to slow growth, aberrant hyphal morphology, and a decrease in chitin synthase activity. (asm.org)
Membrane4
- Chitin synthase is placed into the interior side of the cell membrane and then activated. (wikipedia.org)
- The polysaccharides of the fungal wall include 1,3-β-glucan and chitin, which are synthesized by membrane-bound synthases at the growing cell tip. (exeter.ac.uk)
- In the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, the myosin-chitin synthase Mcs1 moves to the plasma membrane in secretory vesicles, being delivered by kinesin-1 and myosin-5. (exeter.ac.uk)
- In cells individually lacking one of these components only their cognate substrates, hexose transporters, phosphate transporters, and chitin synthase-III, respectively, aggregate and consequently fail to exit the ER membrane. (rupress.org)
Fungal cell wall4
- Chitin is a structural and functional component of the fungal cell wall and also serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers the innate immune responses of host plants. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Chitin, a polymer of β-1,4-linked N- acetylglucosmine, is one of the major structural components of the fungal cell wall. (asm.org)
- 3) The length of chitin chains made by a given CS will impact that CS's contribution to construction of the fungal cell wall. (illinois.edu)
- Effect of Calcofluor white and Congo red on fungal cell wall morphogenesis: in vivo activation of chitin polymerization. (asm.org)
Inhibitors1
- Originally identified from Streptomyces tendae, the nikkomycins are chitin synthase inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Regulating chitin content1
- These results suggest that BdCHS2 may play an important role in regulating chitin content of the midgut, and subsequently affect the growth and development of B. dorsalis . (mdpi.com)
Chitinase2
- Accordingly, de novo chitin synthesis may involve coordinated regulation of members of the CHS chitin synthase and CHT chitinase gene families. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- In contrast, chitin degradation is hydrolyzed by the chitinase, which catalyzes the random hydrolysis of N -acetyl-β- d -glucosamine β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in chitin and chitodextrins. (mdpi.com)
Localization1
- Here, we show that the dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) synthase Dpm1p is responsible for ER localization of Sac1p during times of rapid cell proliferation. (rupress.org)
Strains1
- For gene expression and chitin assays, strains were adjusted to a starting inoculum of ∼1 × 10 4 cells/ml and incubated at 37°C with shaking to ∼1 × 10 6 cells/ml. (asm.org)
Content in midgut2
- Furthermore, both the gene expression and chitin content in midgut decreased when the insect was fed for 24 h, then starved for 24 h, while they increased dramatically and rapidly under the condition of starvation for 24 h then feeding for 24 h. (mdpi.com)
- In contrast, silencing of LdChSB significantly reduced foliage consumption, decreased chitin content in midgut sample, damaged midgut peritrophic matrix, and retarded larval growth. (umm.ac.id)
Expression5
- There was a positive relationship between BdCHS2 expression and total chitin content during development. (mdpi.com)
- These results demonstrate that silencing TPS gene leads to molting deformities and high mortality rates via regulation of gene expression in the chitin biosynthetic pathway, and may be a promising approach for pest control in the future. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Differential expression of chitin synthase (CHS) and glucan synthase (" by Aurelien Tartar, A. M. Shapiro et al. (nova.edu)
- Exploring a molecular role for CnaA in the compensatory chitin biosynthetic response, we found that caspofungin treatment resulted in increased chitin synthase gene expression, leading to a calcineurin-dependent increase in chitin synthase activity. (duke.edu)
- Each study was conducted in triplicate, and differences in fungal viability, CFU, chitin content, and gene expression were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's posttest for multiple comparisons. (asm.org)
Oomycetes1
- However, no or very little chitin is found in the fungus-like oomycetes. (unboundmedicine.com)
Encodes2
- 5. The fungus of claim 2, wherein said polynucleotide of (b) encodes a polypeptide with a lower K m for a substrate compared to a native fungal chitin synthase. (freepatentsonline.com)
- WdCHS3, a gene that encodes a class III chitin synthase in Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis, is expressed differentially under stress conditions. (atcc.org)
Cuticle1
- During the molting process, some chitin in the old cuticle and PM are degraded and replaced by the newly synthesized chitin [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
Structural1
- The S. cerevisiae structural gene for chitin synthase is not required for chitin synthesis in vivo. (microbiologyresearch.org)
RNAi3
- RNAi of LdChSAa+LdChSAb and LdChSAa lowered chitin contents in whole body and integument samples, and thinned tracheal taenidia. (umm.ac.id)
- Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), which plays a key role in the synthesis of trehalose and insect development, was cloned in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (TcTPS) and the putative functions were studied using RNAi via the injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) corresponding to conserved TPS and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase domains. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Alice: Knocking down chitin synthase 2 by RNAi is lethal to the cotton boll weevil. (embrapa.br)
Inhibition1
- Nikkomycins are peptide-nucleoside compounds with fungicidal, acaricidal, and insecticidal properties because of their strong inhibition of chitin synthase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Biosynthetic1
- Taken together, our data suggest a mechanistic role for A. fumigatus calcineurin signaling in the chitin biosynthetic response observed during paradoxical growth in the presence of high-dose caspofungin treatment. (duke.edu)
Hyphal2
- CSC-pretreated C. albicans expressed high levels of chitin, with 2- to 8-fold recorded under hyphal conditions. (hindawi.com)
- ChsB is mainly located at the Spitzenkörper near the hyphal tip and produces chitin, a key component of the cell wall. (sciencemag.org)
Responsible for the synthesis1
- Appears to be responsible for the synthesis of the majority of the chitin found in the cell wall periphery. (ymdb.ca)
Interference1
- This work was confirmed by a completely different approach, based on the silencing of chitin synthase by RNA interference. (europa.eu)
Activity3
- In addition, the chitin synthase activity of the oomycete phytopathogen Aphanomyces euteiches was characterized in vitro using biochemical approaches. (diva-portal.org)
- In contrast, fungicidal activity and no chitin increase were observed in an isogenic Δ slt2 strain, suggesting a role for SLT2 and chitin production in the response of C. glabrata to caspofungin. (asm.org)
- Our objective was to evaluate the potential role of SLT2 and increases in chitin content in the escape of C. glabrata from the fungicidal activity of caspofungin. (asm.org)
Inhibits1
- Inhibits chitin synthase. (nih.gov)
Myosin1
- Weber, I., Assman, D., Thines, E. and Steinberg, G. (2006) Polar Localizing Class V Myosin Chitin Synthases Are Essential during Early Plant Infection in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Ustilago maydis. (scirp.org)
Trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase1
- Other names in common use include chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin synthetase, and trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase. (wikipedia.org)
GlcNAc2
- First, it is shown that CSs incorporate free GlcNAc into di-N-acetylchitobiose and into insoluble chitin in a UDP-GlcNAc-dependent manner, and therefore that GlcNAc primes chitin synthesis. (illinois.edu)
- Second, average lengths of insoluble chitin chains were measured by determining the molar ratio of priming GlcNAc to chain-extending, UDP-GlcNAc-derived GlcNAc, and showed dependence on UDP-GlcNAc concentration, approaching a maximum at higher concentrations of substrate. (illinois.edu)