Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.
A legal requirement that designated types of information acquired by professionals or institutions in the course of their work be reported to appropriate authorities.
Persons who were child victims of violence and abuse including physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment.
Promotion and protection of the rights of children; frequently through a legal process.
A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care.
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.
Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.
Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.
Bites inflicted by humans.
Deliberate severe and repeated injury to one domestic partner by the other.
The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from PARENTING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
Emotional, nutritional, financial, or physical maltreatment, exploitation, or abandonment of the older person generally by family members or by institutional personnel.
Children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Deliberate, often repetitive physical, verbal, and/or other types of abuse by one or more members against others of a household.
Any violation of established legal or moral codes in respect to sexual behavior.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
Organized services to provide health care for children.
Families who care for neglected children or patients unable to care for themselves.
A clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers.
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.
The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients admitted to the emergency department.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The interactions between parent and child.
The expected function of a member of the medical profession.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centers are included.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from non-noxious stimuli. Absent corneal reflexes and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may be associated. Familial forms with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been described. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.
A branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging and trial of suspected persons, and fixes the penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
Female parents, human or animal.
Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.
The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.
A child who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Interaction between a mother and child.
Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The branch of medicine concerned with the evaluation and initial treatment of urgent and emergent medical problems, such as those caused by accidents, trauma, sudden illness, poisoning, or disasters. Emergency medical care can be provided at the hospital or at sites outside the medical facility.
Breaks in bones.
Aid for consistent recording of data such as tasks completed and observations noted.
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.
The giving of attention to the special dental needs of children, including the prevention of tooth diseases and instruction in dental hygiene and dental health. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.
General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.
Interaction between the father and the child.
Child who has lost both parents through death or desertion.
Communication, in the sense of cross-fertilization of ideas, involving two or more academic disciplines (such as the disciplines that comprise the cross-disciplinary field of bioethics, including the health and biological sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences and law). Also includes problems in communication stemming from differences in patterns of language usage in different academic or medical disciplines.
Process of restoring damaged or decayed teeth using various restorative and non-cosmetic materials so that oral health is improved.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of X-RAYS or GAMMA RAYS, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film).
Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years.
The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years.
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
The killing of one person by another.
Size and composition of the family.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
Number of deaths of children between one year of age to 12 years of age in a given population.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies.
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
The interactions between the professional person and the family.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.
A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
A form of group psychotherapy. It involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
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Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
Systematic organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of specialized information, especially of a scientific or technical nature (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983). It often involves authenticating or validating information.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
The formally authorized guardianship or care of a CHILD.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Individuals enrolled a school of dentistry or a formal educational program in leading to a degree in dentistry.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.

Mothering to death. (1/1334)

Three families are described in which the healthy only child was, from early childhood, put to bed and treated as if ill, dependent, and incapable. This abnormal mothering continued for 28, 45, and 48 years, respectively, and the children died as disabled adults. In each case, the three mothers evaded medical, educational, and social services. The origins of their behaviour are examined, and the links with more common forms of separation anxiety, school refusal, and perceived and factitious illness are discussed.  (+info)

The prevalence and distribution of bruising in babies. (2/1334)

AIM: To obtain a prevalence rate and determine the distribution of accidental bruising in babies. METHODS: 177 babies aged 6-12 months were examined naked to look for bruises. They were seen in health visitor hearing test clinics and child health surveillance clinics. The site, size, shape, and colour of bruises were recorded on a skin map, and the parent's explanation noted. Any other injury was recorded. Data collection included the baby's age, mobility and weight, demographic details, and health visitor concerns. RESULTS: Twenty two babies had bruises, giving a prevalence rate of 12%. There was a total of 32 bruises, 15 babies had one bruise. All bruises were found on the front of the body and were located over bony prominences. Twenty five of the bruises were on the face and head, and seven were on the shin. The babies with bruises on the shin were mobile. There was a highly significant increase in bruises with increase in mobility. CONCLUSIONS: The study has produced a prevalence and distribution of bruising in babies and sets a baseline from which to work when assessing bruises. It also tested out the methodology, which could be used in further research, particularly of younger babies. Clinicians need to assess a baby's level of development when considering whether a bruise is accidental.  (+info)

Primary prevention of child abuse. (3/1334)

In 1993, the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect declared a child protection emergency. Between 1985 and 1993, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. Three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse is defined as any intervention that prevents child abuse before it occurs. Primary prevention must be implemented on many levels before it can be successful. Strategies on the societal level include increasing the "value" of children, increasing the economic self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other forms of violence, making health care more accessible and affordable, expanding and improving coordination of social services, improving the identification and treatment of psychologic problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Strategies on the familial level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development.  (+info)

Unnatural sudden infant death. (4/1334)

AIM: To identify features to help paediatricians differentiate between natural and unnatural infant deaths. METHOD: Clinical features of 81 children judged by criminal and family courts to have been killed by their parents were studied. Health and social service records, court documents, and records from meetings with parents, relatives, and social workers were studied. RESULTS: Initially, 42 children had been certified as dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and 29 were given another cause of natural death. In 24 families, more than one child died; 58 died before the age of 6 months and most died in the afternoon or evening. Seventy per cent had experienced unexplained illnesses; over half were admitted to hospital within the previous month, and 15 had been discharged within 24 hours of death. The mother, father, or both were responsible for death in 43, five, and two families, respectively. Most homes were disadvantaged--no regular income, receiving income support--and mothers smoked. Half the perpetrators had a history of somatising or factitious disorder. Death was usually by smothering and 43% of children had bruises, petechiae, or blood on the face. CONCLUSIONS: Although certain features are indicative of unnatural infant death, some are also associated with SIDS. Despite the recent reduction in numbers of infants dying suddenly, inadequacies in the assessment of their deaths exist. Until a thorough postmortem examination is combined with evaluation of the history and circumstances of death by an experienced paediatrician, most cases of covert fatal abuse will go undetected. The term SIDS requires revision or abandonment.  (+info)

Adolescents' pregnancy intentions: relations to life situations and caretaking behaviors prenatally and 2 years postpartum. (5/1334)

PURPOSE: This study explores if and how adolescents' pregnancy intentions relate to life situations and health-related behaviors prenatally and up to 2 years postpartum. METHODS: Adolescent girls who reported that they had "wanted a baby" (n = 75) as their reason for pregnancy were compared with those who reported that the pregnancy "just happened" (n = 79) at four separate time periods: prenatally, at 6 and 24 months postpartum, and at 18 months postpartum for teens who became pregnant again subsequent to the study pregnancy. RESULTS: Those who stated that they wanted a baby were more likely to be Hispanic, married, and out of school before becoming pregnant. They were less likely to receive welfare as their primary means of support and to have run away from home in the past than teens who stated that their pregnancy just happened. Self-reported reason for pregnancy was unrelated to repeat pregnancy by 18 months postpartum, but those who had wanted the study baby were less likely to undergo elective termination of a subsequent pregnancy and less likely to become pregnant by a different partner. The groups diverged at 24 months postpartum when those who wanted a baby were more likely to be married to the father of the baby, be financially supported by him, receive child care assistance from him, and have attempted or succeeded at breastfeeding the study child. CONCLUSION: Self-reported reason for pregnancy reveals many important characteristics of pregnant adolescents both at the time of presentation and up to 2 years postpartum. Young women in this study who reported intentional pregnancy seem to fare better with regard to their financial status and their relationship with the father of the baby.  (+info)

Vulvovaginitis: clinical features, aetiology, and microbiology of the genital tract. (6/1334)

AIM: To clarify the contribution of clinical and environmental factors and infection to the aetiology of vulvovaginitis in premenarchal girls, and to determine clinical indicators of an infectious cause. DESIGN: It was necessary first to define normal vaginal flora. Cases were 50 premenarchal girls > 2 years old with symptoms of vulvovaginitis; 50 controls were recruited from girls in the same age group undergoing minor or elective surgery. RESULTS: Interview questionnaire showed no difference between cases and controls in regards to hygiene practices, exposure to specific irritants, or history of possible sexual abuse. Normal vaginal flora was similar to that described in previous studies, with the exception of organisms likely to be associated with sexual activity. 80% of cases had no evidence of an infectious cause. In the 10 cases in whom an infectious cause was found, there was significantly more visible discharge and distinct redness of the genital area on examination compared with other cases. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that vulvovaginitis in this age group is not usually infectious or necessarily related to poor hygiene, specific irritants or sexual abuse, although any of these can present with genital irritation. The possibility of sexual abuse should always be considered when a child presents with genital symptoms, but our data indicate it is not a common contributing factor. Infection is generally associated with vaginal discharge and moderate or severe inflammation.  (+info)

The association between tender points, psychological distress, and adverse childhood experiences: a community-based study. (7/1334)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that characteristics of somatization and illness behavior, and their childhood antecedents, are associated with the presence of multiple tender points. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-nine subjects who had demonstrated psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire score > or =2) had a tender point examination and in-depth psychological evaluation. In addition, subjects were interviewed about a number of adverse childhood experiences. The 99 subjects with 5 or more tender points were compared with the remaining 190 subjects. RESULTS: A high tender point count (> or =5) was associated with low levels of self-care (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1-5.0), reports of a greater number of somatic symptoms (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.9), high levels of fatigue (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.3), and a pattern of illness behavior characterized by increased medical care usage (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.1-8.4). Those with high tender point counts were substantially more likely to report adverse childhood experiences, including loss of parents (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9) and abuse (OR 6.9, 95% CI 2.0-24.6). These results were not explained by the presence of chronic pain. CONCLUSION: These data add further weight to the hypothesis that tender points, as part of the fibromyalgia syndrome, are strongly associated with specific components of psychological distress as well as characteristics of somatization and its antecedents. It is possible that these features contribute to the development of the syndrome of fibromyalgia.  (+info)

How can we boost IQs of "dull children"?: A late adoption study. (8/1334)

From 5,003 files of adopted children, 65 deprived children, defined as abused and/or neglected during infancy, were strictly selected with particular reference to two criteria: (i) They were adopted between 4 and 6 years of age, and (ii) they had an IQ <86 (mean = 77, SD = 6.3) before adoption. The average IQs of adopted children in lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES) families were 85 (SD = 17) and 98 (SD = 14.6), respectively, at adolescence (mean age = 13.5 years). The results show (i) a significant gain in IQ dependent on the SES of the adoptive families (mean = 7.7 and mean = 19.5 IQ points in low and high SES, respectively), (ii) IQs after adoption are significantly correlated with IQs before adoption, and (iii) during adolescence, verbal IQs are significantly lower than performance IQs.  (+info)

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

Sexual child abuse is a form of abuse in which a child is engaged in sexual activities or exposed to sexual situations that are inappropriate and harmful for their age. This can include:

1. Sexual contact or intercourse with a child.
2. Exposing a child to pornography or using a child to produce pornographic materials.
3. Engaging in sexual acts in front of a child.
4. Inappropriately touching or fondling a child.
5. Using a child for sexual exploitation, including prostitution.

Sexual child abuse can have serious and long-lasting effects on a child's emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. It is important to report any suspected cases of sexual child abuse to the appropriate authorities immediately.

Mandatory reporting is a legal requirement that healthcare professionals, as well as other designated individuals or organizations, must report suspected or confirmed cases of abuse, neglect, or exploitation of vulnerable populations to the appropriate authorities. These vulnerable populations often include children, elderly persons, and individuals with disabilities. The purpose of mandatory reporting is to ensure the protection and safety of these at-risk individuals and to facilitate interventions that can address and prevent further harm.

Healthcare professionals who are mandated reporters typically include doctors, nurses, mental health professionals, social workers, and teachers, among others. Mandatory reporting requirements vary by jurisdiction but generally involve immediate notification upon suspicion or knowledge of maltreatment. Failing to report as required can result in legal consequences for the mandated reporter, including potential penalties such as fines, license suspension, or even criminal charges.

The specifics of mandatory reporting laws and regulations differ between countries, states, and provinces; therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to be familiar with the requirements applicable to their particular practice settings.

'Adult survivors of child abuse' is a term used to describe individuals who have experienced any form of abuse during their childhood, including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect, and have reached adulthood. These individuals may face various ongoing challenges related to their past experiences, such as mental health issues, difficulties in forming relationships, trust issues, low self-esteem, and coping mechanisms that may impact their daily lives. They are often in need of support, therapy, and counseling to help them overcome the effects of their abuse and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

Child advocacy refers to the act or process of advocating, supporting, or defending the rights and interests of children, particularly those who are vulnerable or at risk due to abuse, neglect, poverty, discrimination, or other challenging circumstances. Child advocacy can take many forms, including:

1. Direct services: Providing support and assistance to individual children and families, such as counseling, case management, legal representation, and medical care.
2. Systems reform: Working to change laws, policies, and practices that affect the lives of children, such as advocating for stronger child abuse reporting laws or better funding for child welfare services.
3. Education and awareness-raising: Providing information and resources to communities, professionals, and policymakers about the needs and rights of children, with the goal of promoting positive attitudes and behaviors towards children and families.
4. Research and evaluation: Conducting studies and evaluations to better understand the effectiveness of child advocacy interventions and to inform policy and practice.

Child advocates may work in a variety of settings, including nonprofit organizations, government agencies, schools, hospitals, and legal clinics. They may also be volunteers or community members who are committed to promoting the well-being of children.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (also known as factitious disorder imposed on another) is a mental health disorder in which a caregiver, typically a parent or guardian, exaggerates, fabricates, or induces illness or symptoms in another person, usually their child, to gain attention and sympathy for themselves. The caregiver may manipulate the child's medical records, alter test results, or even physically harm the child to produce symptoms. This behavior can result in serious physical harm or even death of the victim. It is considered a form of child abuse and requires immediate intervention by medical professionals and law enforcement authorities.

Child welfare is a broad term that refers to the overall well-being and protection of children. It encompasses a range of services and interventions aimed at promoting the physical, emotional, social, and educational development of children, while also protecting them from harm, abuse, and neglect. The medical definition of child welfare may include:

1. Preventive Services: Programs and interventions designed to strengthen families and prevent child maltreatment, such as home visiting programs, parent education classes, and family support services.
2. Protective Services: Interventions that aim to protect children from harm, abuse, or neglect, including investigations of reports of maltreatment, removal of children from dangerous situations, and provision of alternative care arrangements.
3. Family Reunification Services: Efforts to reunite children with their families when it is safe and in the best interest of the child, such as family therapy, parent-child visitation, and case management services.
4. Permanency Planning: The development of long-term plans for children who cannot safely return to their families, including adoption, guardianship, or other permanent living arrangements.
5. Foster Care Services: Provision of temporary care for children who cannot safely remain in their own homes, including placement with foster families, group homes, or residential treatment facilities.
6. Child Health and Development Services: Programs that promote the physical, emotional, and developmental well-being of children, such as health screenings, immunizations, mental health services, and early intervention programs for children with special needs.
7. Advocacy and Policy Development: Efforts to promote policies and practices that support the well-being and protection of children, including advocating for laws and regulations that protect children's rights and ensure their safety and well-being.

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), also known as Abusive Head Trauma, is a form of inflicted injury that occurs when a baby or young child is violently shaken. This can lead to severe brain damage, blindness, hearing loss, developmental delays, seizures, and even death. The shaking causes the baby's fragile brain to move back and forth inside the skull, resulting in bruised brain tissues, bleeding in the brain, and detachment of the retinas. It's important to note that even brief periods of shaking can result in severe consequences. SBS is a form of child abuse and should be reported immediately to authorities.

A contusion is a medical term for a bruise. It's a type of injury that occurs when blood vessels become damaged or broken as a result of trauma to the body. This trauma can be caused by a variety of things, such as a fall, a blow, or a hit. When the blood vessels are damaged, blood leaks into the surrounding tissues, causing the area to become discolored and swollen.

Contusions can occur anywhere on the body, but they are most common in areas that are more likely to be injured, such as the knees, elbows, and hands. In some cases, a contusion may be accompanied by other injuries, such as fractures or sprains.

Most contusions will heal on their own within a few days or weeks, depending on the severity of the injury. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to help reduce swelling and pain. In some cases, over-the-counter pain medications may also be recommended to help manage discomfort.

If you suspect that you have a contusion, it's important to seek medical attention if the injury is severe or if you experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or loss of consciousness. These could be signs of a more serious injury and require immediate medical attention.

Child behavior refers to the actions, reactions, and interactions exhibited by children in response to their environment, experiences, and developmental stage. It is a broad term that encompasses various aspects, including emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development.

Child behavior can be categorized into two main types:

1. Desirable or positive behaviors - These are behaviors that promote healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include sharing toys, following rules, expressing emotions appropriately, and demonstrating empathy towards others.
2. Challenging or negative behaviors - These are behaviors that hinder healthy development, social interactions, and learning. Examples include aggression, defiance, tantrums, anxiety, and withdrawal.

Understanding child behavior is crucial for parents, caregivers, educators, and healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support, guidance, and interventions to promote positive developmental outcomes in children. Factors influencing child behavior include genetics, temperament, environment, parenting style, and life experiences.

'Human bites' refer to wounds or injuries resulting from the human mouth coming into contact with another person's body tissue. These bites can occur during fights, accidents, or intentional acts and can cause damage ranging from minor abrasions to serious tissue injury or infection. Human bite wounds may also pose a risk of transmission for various pathogens, including bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Proper evaluation, wound care, and potential antibiotic treatment are crucial to prevent complications associated with human bites.

Spouse abuse, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior involving violence or threatened violence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and/or psychological abuse directed by an individual toward their current or former spouse or intimate partner. This can include physical harm, sexual assault, harassment, threats, intimidation, stalking, and various forms of controlling behaviors. Spouse abuse can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships and can affect individuals of any socioeconomic background, race, age, or education level. It is a serious public health issue and a violation of human rights.

Child rearing, also known as child care or child raising, refers to the process of caring for and raising children from infancy through adolescence. This includes providing for their physical needs such as food, clothing, and shelter, as well as their emotional, social, and intellectual development. Child rearing involves a range of activities such as feeding, bathing, dressing, educating, disciplining, and providing love and support. It is typically the responsibility of parents or guardians, but may also involve other family members, teachers, caregivers, and community institutions. Effective child rearing requires knowledge, skills, patience, and a commitment to meeting the needs of the child in a loving and supportive environment.

Elder abuse is a type of mistreatment or neglect that is committed against an older adult, typically defined as someone aged 60 or older. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), elder abuse includes "physical, sexual, psychological, and emotional abuse; financial exploitation; neglect; and abandonment."

Elder abuse can occur in various settings, including the person's own home, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and other institutional settings. The perpetrators of elder abuse can be family members, caregivers, acquaintances, or strangers.

The underlying causes of elder abuse are complex and multifaceted, but they often involve a combination of individual, relational, community, and societal factors. Risk factors for elder abuse include social isolation, cognitive impairment, functional dependence, past history of abuse, and caregiver stress or burnout.

Elder abuse can have serious consequences for the physical, emotional, and financial well-being of older adults. It is estimated that up to 10% of older adults experience some form of elder abuse, although the prevalence may be higher due to underreporting. Prevention efforts include increasing public awareness, improving education and training for caregivers, strengthening community support services, and enforcing laws and regulations that protect older adults from abuse and neglect.

A disabled child is a child who has a physical, cognitive, or developmental condition that limits their ability to perform everyday tasks and activities. This limitation can be temporary or permanent and may range from mild to severe. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person with a disability is someone who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment.

Disabled children may face challenges in various areas of their lives, including mobility, communication, self-care, learning, and socialization. Some common examples of disabilities that affect children include cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, hearing or vision loss, and spina bifida.

It is important to note that disabled children have the same rights and entitlements as other children, and they should be given equal opportunities to participate in all aspects of society. This includes access to education, healthcare, social services, and community activities. With appropriate support and accommodations, many disabled children can lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Pediatrics is a branch of medicine that deals with the medical care and treatment of infants, children, and adolescents, typically up to the age of 18 or sometimes up to 21 years. It covers a wide range of health services including preventive healthcare, diagnosis and treatment of physical, mental, and emotional illnesses, and promotion of healthy lifestyles and behaviors in children.

Pediatricians are medical doctors who specialize in this field and have extensive training in the unique needs and developmental stages of children. They provide comprehensive care for children from birth to young adulthood, addressing various health issues such as infectious diseases, injuries, genetic disorders, developmental delays, behavioral problems, and chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes, and cancer.

In addition to medical expertise, pediatricians also need excellent communication skills to build trust with their young patients and their families, and to provide education and guidance on various aspects of child health and well-being.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

Domestic violence is defined by the World Health Organization as:

"...a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abusive behaviors can include physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone."

It's important to note that domestic violence can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships, and it can affect people of any race, ethnicity, age, economic status, or level of education. Domestic violence is a pervasive global health problem that affects millions of individuals and families worldwide.

Sex offenses are criminal acts that involve sexual misconduct or non-consensual sexual contact with another person. These crimes can range from non-contact offenses such as exhibitionism and voyeurism, to forcible rape and sexual assault. Sex offenses also include the crime of sexual abuse, which involves engaging in sexual contact with a minor or vulnerable adult who is unable to give consent due to age, disability, or incapacitation.

The legal definition of sex offenses varies by jurisdiction, but generally includes any form of unwanted sexual touching, forced penetration, or exploitation of another person for sexual gratification without their consent. In addition, some sex offenses may involve the production, distribution, or possession of child pornography, as well as other forms of sexual exploitation.

Those convicted of sex offenses often face severe penalties, including lengthy prison sentences, fines, and mandatory registration as a sex offender. The stigma associated with being labeled a sex offender can also have long-lasting consequences on an individual's personal and professional life, making it difficult to find employment or housing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "parents" is not a term that has a medical definition. In general usage, parents are the two people (typically) who bring up and care for a child, or who have given birth to or adopted a child. They are responsible for the child's housing, food, clothing, education, and medical care. Is there a specific medical or healthcare-related context you had in mind? I would be happy to help further if I can.

Child health services refer to a range of medical and supportive services designed to promote the physical, mental, and social well-being of children from birth up to adolescence. These services aim to prevent or identify health problems early, provide treatment and management for existing conditions, and support healthy growth and development.

Examples of child health services include:

1. Well-child visits: Regular checkups with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to monitor growth, development, and overall health.
2. Immunizations: Vaccinations to protect against infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B.
3. Screening tests: Blood tests, hearing and vision screenings, and other diagnostic tests to identify potential health issues early.
4. Developmental assessments: Evaluations of a child's cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development to ensure they are meeting age-appropriate milestones.
5. Dental care: Preventive dental services such as cleanings, fluoride treatments, and sealants, as well as restorative care for cavities or other dental problems.
6. Mental health services: Counseling, therapy, and medication management for children experiencing emotional or behavioral challenges.
7. Nutrition counseling: Education and support to help families make healthy food choices and promote good nutrition.
8. Chronic disease management: Coordinated care for children with ongoing medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or cerebral palsy.
9. Injury prevention: Programs that teach parents and children about safety measures to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
10. Public health initiatives: Community-based programs that promote healthy lifestyles, provide access to healthcare services, and address social determinants of health such as poverty, housing, and education.

Foster home care, also known as foster family care or simply foster care, is a type of residential placement where a licensed individual or family, referred to as a foster parent or foster family, provides temporary care and nurturing for children or adolescents who cannot remain in their own homes due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or other similar circumstances. The primary goal of foster home care is to provide a safe, stable, and supportive environment that meets the emotional, physical, medical, educational, and therapeutic needs of the child while working towards reunification with their biological family or, when appropriate, exploring other permanent placement options such as adoption or guardianship.

In a foster home setting, children receive individualized attention and support, allowing them to maintain connections with their communities, schools, and friends whenever possible. The foster parents collaborate closely with the child's social worker, case manager, therapist, and other professionals involved in the child's life to ensure coordinated care and services that promote the child's overall well-being and development.

Foster home care is an essential component of the child welfare system, as it offers a flexible and responsive approach to addressing the diverse needs of children and youth in out-of-home placements. It requires ongoing training, support, and collaboration among all parties involved to ensure positive outcomes for the children and families being served.

Battered Child Syndrome is a medical condition in which a child has been physically abused and harmed, often over a period of time. It is also known as Non-accidental Injury (NAI) or Inflicted Traumatic Injury. The syndrome is characterized by a pattern of injuries, including bruises, fractures, burns, and internal injuries, which are not consistent with the history provided by the caregiver.

The symptoms of Battered Child Syndrome may include:

1. Unexplained or inconsistent explanations for injuries
2. Multiple injuries in various stages of healing
3. Injuries to different parts of the body, such as the ears, mouth, and genitals
4. Frequent visits to the emergency department or doctor's office for treatment of injuries
5. Delayed seeking of medical attention for serious injuries
6. Behavioral changes, such as fearfulness, regression, or aggression
7. Developmental delays or learning difficulties
8. Failure to thrive (poor growth and weight gain)

The diagnosis of Battered Child Syndrome is made by a healthcare professional based on the history, physical examination, and any diagnostic tests that may be necessary. The syndrome is a serious form of child abuse that requires immediate intervention and protection for the child. Treatment typically involves medical care for injuries, counseling and support for the child and family, and reporting the abuse to child protective services or law enforcement agencies.

Childhood behavior disorders are a group of disruptive behaviors that are more frequent or severe than is typical for the child's age and development. These behaviors can cause significant impairment in the child's life, including their relationships with family, friends, and at school. Common examples of childhood behavior disorders include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A chronic condition characterized by difficulty paying attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures.
3. Conduct Disorder: A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules.
4. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): A disorder characterized by recurrent impulsive aggressive behavior disproportionate to the situation.
5. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
6. Tourette Syndrome: A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics.

It's important to note that children with behavior disorders often have other conditions such as learning disabilities, mood disorders, or anxiety disorders. Early identification and treatment of these disorders can significantly improve the child's outcome.

A crime victim is a person who has suffered direct or threatened physical, emotional, or financial harm as a result of the commission of a crime. According to the United States Department of Justice, victims of crime may experience a range of negative effects including physical injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and financial losses.

Crime victimization can take many forms, such as assault, robbery, homicide, sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, identity theft, and fraud. In addition to the immediate harm caused by criminal acts, victims may also face long-term challenges related to their recovery, including emotional trauma, difficulty trusting others, and economic instability.

Many countries have laws and policies in place to support crime victims and provide them with access to resources and services. These can include victim compensation programs, counseling and therapy services, and legal assistance. In the United States, for example, the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) provides funding for victim services through a federal grant program administered by the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC).

Overall, the medical definition of 'crime victims' refers to individuals who have been directly or indirectly harmed by criminal behavior and may require support and resources to help them recover from their experiences.

In medical terms, "punishment" is a consequence or intervention that is intended to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior occurring again in the future. It is often used in the context of behavioral therapy and modification, particularly for addressing maladaptive behaviors in individuals with developmental disorders, mental health conditions, or substance use disorders.

Punishment can take various forms, such as response cost (removal of a positive reinforcer), time-out (removal of access to reinforcement), or aversive stimuli (presentation of an unpleasant stimulus). However, it is important to note that punishment should be used judiciously and ethically, with careful consideration given to the potential negative consequences such as avoidance, escape, or aggression. Additionally, positive reinforcement (rewarding desirable behaviors) is generally considered a more effective and sustainable approach to behavior change than punishment alone.

Emergency nursing is a specialized field of nursing that involves providing care to patients who are experiencing acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate attention. Emergency nurses work in emergency departments, trauma centers, and urgent care settings, where they quickly assess a patient's condition, provide life-saving interventions, and coordinate care with other members of the healthcare team.

Emergency nurses must be highly skilled in a wide range of procedures, including cardiac monitoring, airway management, IV insertion, and medication administration. They must also be able to communicate effectively with patients and their families, as well as other healthcare providers, to ensure that each patient receives the best possible care.

In addition to their technical skills, emergency nurses must be able to work in a fast-paced, high-stress environment and make quick decisions under pressure. They must also be compassionate and empathetic, as they often provide care to patients who are experiencing some of the most difficult moments of their lives. Overall, emergency nursing is a rewarding and challenging field that requires a unique combination of technical expertise, critical thinking skills, and interpersonal abilities.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Parent-Child Relations" is not a medical term per se. It falls more under the purview of psychology, social work, and sociology. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Parent-Child Relations refers to the nature and quality of the emotional, behavioral, and social relationships between parents (or primary caregivers) and their children. This relationship significantly influences a child's development, including their cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral growth. Positive parent-child relations typically involve warmth, support, communication, consistency, and appropriate expectations, which contribute to healthy child development outcomes. On the other hand, negative or dysfunctional parent-child relations can lead to various developmental and psychological issues for the child.

A physician's role is defined as a licensed healthcare professional who practices medicine, diagnoses and treats injuries or illnesses, and promotes health and wellness. Physicians may specialize in various fields such as cardiology, dermatology, psychiatry, surgery, etc., requiring additional training and certification beyond medical school. They are responsible for providing comprehensive medical care to patients, including:

1. Obtaining a patient's medical history and performing physical examinations
2. Ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests
3. Developing treatment plans based on their diagnosis
4. Prescribing medications or performing procedures as necessary
5. Coordinating with other healthcare professionals for multidisciplinary care
6. Providing counseling and education to patients about their health, disease prevention, and wellness promotion
7. Advocating for their patients' rights and ensuring quality of care
8. Maintaining accurate medical records and staying updated on the latest medical research and advancements in their field.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Substance abuse treatment centers are healthcare facilities that provide a range of services for individuals struggling with substance use disorders (SUDs), including addiction to alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription medications, and other substances. These centers offer comprehensive, evidence-based assessments, interventions, and treatments aimed at helping patients achieve and maintain sobriety, improve their overall health and well-being, and reintegrate into society as productive members.

The medical definition of 'Substance Abuse Treatment Centers' encompasses various levels and types of care, such as:

1. **Medical Detoxification:** This is the first step in treating substance abuse, where patients are closely monitored and managed for withdrawal symptoms as their bodies clear the harmful substances. Medical detox often involves the use of medications to alleviate discomfort and ensure safety during the process.
2. **Inpatient/Residential Treatment:** This level of care provides 24-hour structured, intensive treatment in a controlled environment. Patients live at the facility and receive various therapeutic interventions, such as individual therapy, group counseling, family therapy, and psychoeducation, to address the underlying causes of their addiction and develop coping strategies for long-term recovery.
3. **Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP):** Also known as day treatment, PHPs offer structured, intensive care for several hours a day while allowing patients to return home or to a sober living environment during non-treatment hours. This level of care typically includes individual and group therapy, skill-building activities, and case management services.
4. **Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP):** IOPs provide flexible, less intensive treatment than PHPs, with patients attending sessions for a few hours per day, several days a week. These programs focus on relapse prevention, recovery skills, and addressing any co-occurring mental health conditions.
5. **Outpatient Treatment:** This is the least restrictive level of care, where patients attend individual or group therapy sessions on a regular basis while living at home or in a sober living environment. Outpatient treatment often serves as step-down care after completing higher levels of treatment or as an initial intervention for those with milder SUDs.
6. **Aftercare/Continuing Care:** Aftercare or continuing care services help patients maintain their recovery and prevent relapse by providing ongoing support, such as 12-step meetings, alumni groups, individual therapy, and case management.

Each treatment modality has its unique benefits and is tailored to meet the specific needs of individuals at various stages of addiction and recovery. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional or an addiction specialist to determine the most appropriate level of care for each person's situation.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Congenital pain insensitivity, also known as congenital analgesia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence of ability to feel pain due to the malfunction or lack of functioning nociceptors - the nerve cells that transmit painful stimuli to the brain. It is typically caused by mutations in the SCN9A gene, which encodes a sodium channel necessary for the function of nociceptors.

Individuals with congenital pain insensitivity may not feel any pain from injuries or other sources of harm, and as a result, they are at risk for serious injury or even death due to lack of protective responses to painful stimuli. They may also have an increased risk of developing recurrent infections and self-mutilation behaviors.

It is important to note that while these individuals do not feel pain, they can still experience other sensory inputs such as touch, temperature, and pressure. Congenital pain insensitivity is a complex medical condition that requires careful management and monitoring by healthcare professionals.

Expert testimony is a type of evidence presented in court by a qualified expert who has specialized knowledge, education, training, or experience in a particular field that is relevant to the case. The expert's role is to provide an objective and unbiased opinion based on their expertise to assist the judge or jury in understanding complex issues that are beyond the knowledge of the average person.

In medical cases, expert testimony may be presented by healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, or other medical experts who have specialized knowledge about the medical condition or treatment at issue. The expert's testimony can help establish the standard of care, diagnose a medical condition, evaluate the cause of an injury, or assess the damages suffered by the plaintiff.

Expert testimony must meet certain legal standards to be admissible in court. The expert must be qualified to testify based on their education, training, and experience, and their opinion must be based on reliable methods and data. Additionally, the expert's testimony must be relevant to the case and not unduly prejudicial or misleading.

Overall, expert testimony plays a critical role in medical cases by providing objective and unbiased evidence that can help judges and juries make informed decisions about complex medical issues.

Criminal law is a system of laws that governs criminal behavior and prescribes punishment for offenses. It defines conduct that is considered illegal and punishable by the state or federal government, and outlines the process for investigating, charging, and trying individuals accused of committing crimes. Criminal laws are designed to protect society from harm and maintain social order.

Crimes can be classified as either misdemeanors or felonies, depending on their severity. Misdemeanors are less serious offenses that are typically punishable by fines, community service, or short jail sentences. Felonies, on the other hand, are more serious crimes that can result in significant prison time and even the death penalty in some jurisdictions.

Examples of criminal offenses include murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, theft, assault, battery, sexual assault, fraud, and drug trafficking. Criminal laws vary from state to state and country to country, so it is important to consult with a qualified attorney if you are facing criminal charges.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Psychopathology is a branch of psychology and medicine that involves the study and classification of mental disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various methods and perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain abnormal behavior and mental processes.

The term "psychopathology" can also refer specifically to the presence of a mental disorder or to the symptoms and features of a particular mental disorder. For example, one might say that someone has a psychopathology or that they exhibit certain psychopathological symptoms.

Psychopathology is often contrasted with normal psychology, which focuses on understanding and explaining typical behavior and mental processes. However, it is important to note that the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior is not always clear-cut, and many psychological phenomena exist on a continuum rather than falling neatly into one category or the other.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Mothers" is a term that refers to individuals who have given birth to and raised children. It is not a medical term with a specific definition. If you are referring to a different word or term, please clarify so I can provide a more accurate response.

There is no formal medical definition for "child of impaired parents." However, it generally refers to a child who has at least one parent with physical, mental, or psychological challenges that impact their ability to care for themselves and/or their children. These impairments may include substance abuse disorders, mental illnesses, chronic medical conditions, or developmental disabilities.

Children of impaired parents often face unique challenges and stressors in their lives, which can affect their emotional, social, and cognitive development. They may have to take on additional responsibilities at home, experience neglect or abuse, or witness disturbing behaviors related to their parent's impairment. As a result, these children are at higher risk for developing mental health issues, behavioral problems, and academic difficulties.

Support services and interventions, such as family therapy, counseling, and community resources, can help mitigate the negative effects of growing up with impaired parents and improve outcomes for these children.

Child psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the mental, emotional, and social development of children from birth to adolescence. It involves the study of children's behavior, thoughts, feelings, and relationships with others, including their families, peers, and teachers. Child psychologists use various research methods, such as observation, interviews, and testing, to understand how children develop and learn. They also work with children who have emotional, social, or behavioral problems, providing assessments, therapy, and counseling services to help them overcome these challenges. Additionally, child psychologists may provide consultation and training to parents, teachers, and other professionals who work with children.

The term "institutionalized child" is used to describe a minor (a person who has not yet reached the age of legal majority) who resides in an institution such as a group home, foster care facility, residential treatment center, or other similar setting on a long-term basis. Institutionalization may occur for various reasons, including but not limited to:

1. Abuse or neglect in their biological family
2. Parental absence or inability to provide care
3. Behavioral or emotional challenges that require specialized treatment and support
4. Disabilities that necessitate around-the-clock care
5. Legal reasons, such as being a ward of the state

Institutionalized children typically receive care, supervision, education, and other services from trained staff members in these facilities. The goal of institutionalization is often to provide a safe, structured environment where the child can receive the necessary support and resources to help them thrive and eventually transition back into a family or community setting when possible.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

"Marijuana Abuse" is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. Instead, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, uses the term "Cannabis Use Disorder." This disorder is defined as a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, with symptoms including:

1. Taking larger amounts of cannabis over a longer period than intended.
2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of cannabis.
4. Craving or a strong desire to use cannabis.
5. Recurrent cannabis use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Continued cannabis use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of cannabis.
7. Giving up or reducing important activities because of cannabis use.
8. Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Continued cannabis use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by cannabis.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of cannabis to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of cannabis.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for cannabis.
b) Cannabis is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

The diagnosis of a mild, moderate, or severe Cannabis Use Disorder depends on the number of symptoms present.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Mother-Child Relations," as it is more commonly studied in fields such as psychology, sociology, and social work. However, I can provide you with some related medical or psychological terms that might help you understand the concept better:

1. Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, attachment theory describes the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver (usually the mother). Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional and social development in children.
2. Mother-Infant Interaction: This refers to the reciprocal communication and interaction between a mother and her infant, which includes verbal and non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, touch, and vocalizations. Positive and responsive interactions contribute to healthy emotional development and secure attachment.
3. Parent-Child Relationship: A broader term that encompasses the emotional bond, communication patterns, and behaviors between a parent (in this case, the mother) and their child. This relationship significantly influences a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development.
4. Maternal Depression: A mental health condition in which a mother experiences depressive symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities, after giving birth (postpartum depression) or at any point during the first year after childbirth (major depressive disorder with peripartum onset). Maternal depression can negatively impact mother-child relations and a child's development.
5. Parenting Styles: Different approaches to raising children, characterized by the degree of demandingness and responsiveness. Four main parenting styles include authoritative (high demandingness, high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), permissive (low demandingness, high responsiveness), and neglectful/uninvolved (low demandingness, low responsiveness). These styles can influence mother-child relations and child development.

While not a direct medical definition, these terms highlight the significance of mother-child relations in various aspects of child development and mental health.

"Near drowning" is not a formal medical diagnosis, but it is a term used to describe a situation where a person has nearly died from suffocation or cardiac arrest due to submersion in water, followed by survival for at least 24 hours after the incident. It can result in various short-term and long-term health consequences, such as respiratory complications, neurological damage, and even death.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines near drowning as "the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid." The term "drowning" is used when the process results in death, while "near drowning" refers to survival after the incident. However, it's important to note that even if a person survives a near-drowning incident, they may still experience significant health issues and long-term disabilities.

An emergency service in a hospital is a department that provides immediate medical or surgical care for individuals who are experiencing an acute illness, injury, or severe symptoms that require immediate attention. The goal of an emergency service is to quickly assess, stabilize, and treat patients who require urgent medical intervention, with the aim of preventing further harm or death.

Emergency services in hospitals typically operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and are staffed by teams of healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other allied health professionals. These teams are trained to provide rapid evaluation and treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, from minor injuries to life-threatening emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes, and severe infections.

In addition to providing emergency care, hospital emergency services also serve as a key point of entry for patients who require further hospitalization or specialized care. They work closely with other departments within the hospital, such as radiology, laboratory, and critical care units, to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. Overall, the emergency service in a hospital plays a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive prompt and effective medical care during times of crisis.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Emergency medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. This can include conditions such as severe trauma, cardiac arrest, stroke, respiratory distress, and other life-threatening situations. Emergency medicine physicians, also known as emergency doctors or ER doctors, are trained to provide rapid assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in a fast-paced and often unpredictable environment. They work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, paramedics, and specialists, to ensure that patients receive the best possible care in a timely manner. Emergency medicine is a critical component of the healthcare system, providing essential services for patients who require immediate medical attention, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

A checklist is a type of tool used in various fields, including medicine, to ensure that all necessary steps or items are accounted for and completed in a systematic and standardized manner. It typically consists of a list of tasks or items that need to be checked off as they are finished. In a medical context, checklists can be used in a variety of settings such as surgery, patient care, and research to improve safety, reduce errors, and enhance the quality of care. They help to standardize processes, promote communication, and ensure that important steps are not overlooked.

"Failure to Thrive" is a medical term used to describe a condition in infants and children who are not growing and gaining weight as expected. It is typically defined as significant deviation from normal growth patterns, such as poor weight gain or loss, slow increase in length/height, and delayed developmental milestones. The condition can have various causes, including medical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Early identification and intervention are crucial to address the underlying cause and promote healthy growth and development.

Dental care for children, also known as pediatric dentistry, is a branch of dentistry that focuses on the oral health of children from infancy through adolescence. The medical definition of dental care for children includes:

1. Preventive Dentistry: This involves regular dental check-ups, professional cleaning, fluoride treatments, and sealants to prevent tooth decay and other dental diseases. Parents are also educated on proper oral hygiene practices for their children, including brushing, flossing, and dietary habits.
2. Restorative Dentistry: If a child develops cavities or other dental problems, restorative treatments such as fillings, crowns, or pulpotomies (baby root canals) may be necessary to restore the health and function of their teeth.
3. Orthodontic Treatment: Many children require orthodontic treatment to correct misaligned teeth or jaws. Early intervention can help guide proper jaw development and prevent more severe issues from developing later on.
4. Habit Counseling: Dental care for children may also involve habit counseling, such as helping a child stop thumb sucking or pacifier use, which can negatively impact their oral health.
5. Sedation and Anesthesia: For children who are anxious about dental procedures or have special needs, sedation or anesthesia may be used to ensure their comfort and safety during treatment.
6. Emergency Care: Dental care for children also includes emergency care for injuries such as knocked-out teeth, broken teeth, or severe toothaches. Prompt attention is necessary to prevent further damage and alleviate pain.
7. Education and Prevention: Finally, dental care for children involves educating parents and children about the importance of good oral hygiene practices and regular dental check-ups to maintain optimal oral health throughout their lives.

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Substance abuse detection refers to the process of identifying the use or misuse of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, illicit drugs, or prescription medications, in an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:

1. Physical examination: A healthcare professional may look for signs of substance abuse, such as track marks, enlarged pupils, or unusual behavior.
2. Laboratory tests: Urine, blood, hair, or saliva samples can be analyzed to detect the presence of drugs or their metabolites. These tests can provide information about recent use (hours to days) or longer-term use (up to several months).
3. Self-report measures: Individuals may be asked to complete questionnaires or interviews about their substance use patterns and behaviors.
4. Observational assessments: In some cases, such as in a treatment setting, healthcare professionals may observe an individual's behavior over time to identify patterns of substance abuse.

Substance abuse detection is often used in clinical, workplace, or legal settings to assess individuals for potential substance use disorders, monitor treatment progress, or ensure compliance with laws or regulations.

Arm injuries refer to any damage or harm sustained by the structures of the upper limb, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common arm injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, tendonitis, and nerve damage. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, limited mobility, numbness, or weakness in the affected area. Treatment varies depending on the type and severity of the injury, and may include rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

I'm not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "Father-Child Relations" is a social science or psychological concept rather than a medical one. It generally refers to the nature and quality of the emotional, social, and behavioral relationship between a father and his child. This relationship can have significant impacts on a child's development, including their cognitive, emotional, and social growth. Factors such as involvement, communication, support, and attachment are often considered when examining father-child relations.

A child who has lost one or both parents due to death is considered an orphan. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child who has lost only one parent and is not receiving care from the surviving parent is also considered an orphan. This type of orphan is sometimes referred to as a "single orphan."

The term "double orphan" is used to describe a child who has lost both parents. The death of a parent can have significant emotional, social, and economic impacts on a child, making it important for societies to provide support and resources to help them cope and thrive.

Interdisciplinary communication in a medical context refers to the exchange of information and ideas between professionals from different healthcare disciplines, such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and therapists. This form of communication is essential for coordinating patient care, making informed treatment decisions, and ensuring that all members of the healthcare team are aware of the patient's needs, goals, and progress. Effective interdisciplinary communication can help to improve patient outcomes, increase patient satisfaction, and reduce medical errors. It typically involves clear, concise, and respectful communication, often through regular meetings, shared documentation, and collaborative decision-making processes.

Mouth rehabilitation, also known as oral rehabilitation or dental rehabilitation, is a process aimed at restoring the functionality, health, and aesthetics of the oral cavity. It involves various procedures such as fillings, extractions, root canal treatments, periodontal therapy, prosthodontic treatments (dentures, crowns, bridges, implants), orthodontic treatments, or a combination thereof. The primary goal is to improve mastication (chewing), speech, and oral hygiene while also enhancing the patient's smile and self-confidence. This process often requires a multidisciplinary team of dental professionals including general dentists, endodontists, periodontists, oral surgeons, orthodontists, and prosthodontists.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

I am not a medical professional, but I can provide you with some general information about parenting from a psychological and sociological perspective. Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child or children. It involves caring for their daily needs, providing a safe and nurturing environment, setting boundaries and expectations, modeling appropriate behavior, and fostering healthy relationships and communication skills. Parents also help their children develop coping strategies, resilience, and self-esteem by encouraging them to explore their interests, express their feelings, and learn from their mistakes. Effective parenting often requires patience, consistency, empathy, and adaptability, as the needs and developmental stages of children can vary widely.

Hemorrhagic disorders are medical conditions characterized by abnormal bleeding due to impaired blood clotting. This can result from deficiencies in coagulation factors, platelet dysfunction, or the use of medications that interfere with normal clotting processes. Examples include hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Treatment often involves replacing the missing clotting factor or administering medications to help control bleeding.

Violence is not typically defined in medical terms, but it can be described as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. This definition is often used in public health and medical research to understand the impact of violence on health outcomes.

Social psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations. It examines the ways in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Social psychologists seek to understand how we make sense of other people and how we understand ourselves in a social context. They study phenomena such as social influence, social perception, attitude change, group behavior, prejudice, aggression, and prosocial behavior.

In summary, social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by their social context and interactions with others.

The term "family" in a medical context often refers to a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who consider themselves to be a single household. This can include spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members. In some cases, the term may also be used more broadly to refer to any close-knit group of people who provide emotional and social support for one another, regardless of their biological or legal relationship.

In healthcare settings, understanding a patient's family dynamics can be important for providing effective care. Family members may be involved in decision-making about medical treatments, providing care and support at home, and communicating with healthcare providers. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values within families can influence health behaviors and attitudes towards medical care, making it essential for healthcare professionals to take a culturally sensitive approach when working with patients and their families.

Radiography is a diagnostic technique that uses X-rays, gamma rays, or similar types of radiation to produce images of the internal structures of the body. It is a non-invasive procedure that can help healthcare professionals diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions, including bone fractures, tumors, infections, and foreign objects lodged in the body.

During a radiography exam, a patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a special film or digital detector. The machine emits a beam of radiation that passes through the body and strikes the film or detector, creating a shadow image of the internal structures. Denser tissues, such as bones, block more of the radiation and appear white on the image, while less dense tissues, such as muscles and organs, allow more of the radiation to pass through and appear darker.

Radiography is a valuable tool in modern medicine, but it does involve exposure to ionizing radiation, which can carry some risks. Healthcare professionals take steps to minimize these risks by using the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to produce a diagnostic image, and by shielding sensitive areas of the body with lead aprons or other protective devices.

A physical examination is a methodical and systematic process of evaluating a patient's overall health status. It involves inspecting, palpating, percussing, and auscultating different parts of the body to detect any abnormalities or medical conditions. The primary purpose of a physical examination is to gather information about the patient's health, identify potential health risks, diagnose medical conditions, and develop an appropriate plan for prevention, treatment, or further evaluation.

During a physical examination, a healthcare provider may assess various aspects of a patient's health, including their vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and overall appearance. They may also examine different organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, musculoskeletal, and genitourinary systems, to identify any signs of disease or abnormalities.

Physical examinations are an essential part of preventive healthcare and are typically performed during routine check-ups, annual physicals, and when patients present with symptoms or concerns about their health. The specific components of a physical examination may vary depending on the patient's age, sex, medical history, and presenting symptoms.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Child nutrition disorders refer to a range of conditions that are caused by an improper or imbalanced diet during childhood. These disorders can have long-term effects on a child's growth, development, and overall health. Some common examples of child nutrition disorders include:

1. Malnutrition: This occurs when a child does not get enough nutrients for proper growth and development. It can result from inadequate food intake, digestive problems, or certain medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
2. Obesity: This is a condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation to the point where it negatively affects a child's health. Obesity can lead to a range of health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and orthopedic issues.
3. Vitamin deficiencies: Children who do not get enough vitamins in their diet may develop deficiencies that can lead to a range of health problems. For example, a lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets, while a lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy.
4. Food allergies and intolerances: Some children have allergic reactions or intolerances to certain foods, which can cause a range of symptoms, including digestive problems, skin rashes, and respiratory difficulties.
5. Eating disorders: Children may develop eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, which can have serious consequences for their physical and mental health.

Preventing child nutrition disorders involves providing children with a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups, encouraging regular exercise, and promoting healthy eating habits. Regular medical check-ups can also help identify any nutritional deficiencies or other health problems early on, allowing for prompt treatment.

Child language refers to the development of linguistic abilities in children, including both receptive and expressive communication. This includes the acquisition of various components of language such as phonology (sound system), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social use of language).

Child language development typically follows a predictable sequence, beginning with cooing and babbling in infancy, followed by the use of single words and simple phrases in early childhood. Over time, children acquire more complex linguistic structures and expand their vocabulary to communicate more effectively. However, individual differences in the rate and pace of language development are common.

Clinical professionals such as speech-language pathologists may assess and diagnose children with language disorders or delays in order to provide appropriate interventions and support for typical language development.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

"Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various physical and biological processes related to nutrition in children. While I couldn't find a precise medical definition for this specific phrase, I can provide you with some key physiological phenomena associated with child nutrition. These include:

1. Growth and Development: Proper nutrition is crucial for normal growth and development in children. Adequate intake of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals supports physical growth, brain development, and overall well-being.
2. Digestion and Absorption: The gastrointestinal tract undergoes significant changes during childhood, affecting the ability to digest and absorb various nutrients. For example, lactase production decreases in some children after weaning, leading to lactose intolerance.
3. Energy Metabolism: Children have higher energy requirements per unit of body weight compared to adults due to their rapid growth and development. Proper nutrition ensures efficient energy metabolism and prevents issues like obesity or undernutrition.
4. Immune Function: Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and protein helps maintain immune function and resistance to infections.
5. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Inadequate nutrition can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, which may impair children's growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders.
6. Overnutrition and Obesity: Excessive energy intake, coupled with reduced physical activity, can lead to overweight and obesity in children. This increases the risk of developing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer later in life.
7. Food Allergies and Intolerances: Children are more prone to food allergies and intolerances than adults. These can manifest as various symptoms, such as skin rashes, digestive issues, or respiratory problems, and may require dietary modifications.
8. Eating Behaviors and Preferences: Childhood is a critical period for shaping eating behaviors and food preferences. Exposure to a variety of healthy foods during this stage can help establish lifelong healthy eating habits.

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. They are classified based on their severity:

1. First-degree burns (superficial burns) affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and swelling.
2. Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns) damage both the epidermis and the underlying layer of skin (dermis). They result in redness, pain, swelling, and blistering.
3. Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) destroy the entire depth of the skin and can also damage underlying muscles, tendons, and bones. These burns appear white or blackened and charred, and they may be painless due to destroyed nerve endings.

Immediate medical attention is required for second-degree and third-degree burns, as well as for large area first-degree burns, to prevent infection, manage pain, and ensure proper healing. Treatment options include wound care, antibiotics, pain management, and possibly skin grafting or surgery in severe cases.

Homicide is a legal term used to describe the taking of another human life. It is not a medical diagnosis, but rather a legal concept that may result in criminal charges. In medical terms, it might be referred to as "unnatural death" or "violent death." The term itself does not carry a connotation of guilt or innocence; it simply describes the factual occurrence of one person causing the death of another.

The legal definition of homicide varies by jurisdiction and can encompass a range of criminal charges, from manslaughter to murder, depending on the circumstances and intent behind the act.

"Family characteristics" is a broad term that can refer to various attributes, dynamics, and structures of a family unit. These characteristics can include:

1. Family structure: This refers to the composition of the family, such as whether it is a nuclear family (two parents and their children), single-parent family, extended family, blended family, or same-sex parent family.
2. Family roles: The responsibilities and expectations assigned to each family member, such as caregiver, provider, or decision-maker.
3. Communication patterns: How family members communicate with one another, including frequency, tone, and level of openness.
4. Problem-solving styles: How the family approaches and resolves conflicts and challenges.
5. Cultural and religious practices: The values, traditions, and beliefs that shape the family's identity and worldview.
6. Family functioning: The overall health and effectiveness of the family system, including its ability to adapt to change and support individual members' needs.
7. Attachment styles: The quality and nature of the emotional bonds between family members, which can impact attachment security and relationships throughout life.
8. Parenting style: The approach that parents take in raising their children, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or uninvolved.
9. Family history: Past experiences and events that have shaped the family's development and dynamics.
10. Genetic factors: Inherited traits and predispositions that can influence family members' health, behavior, and personality.

Understanding family characteristics is essential in fields such as medicine, psychology, social work, and counseling, as these factors can significantly impact individual and family well-being.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

Child mortality refers to the death of children under a specific age, typically under 5 years old. It is usually expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in a given population during a specified period. High child mortality rates are often indicative of underlying issues related to health care access, nutrition, sanitation, and socioeconomic factors. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals set a target to reduce under-five child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015, and this goal has been continued in the Sustainable Development Goals with a new target of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age by 2030.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Social work is a professional field of practice that promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. According to the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), social work involves "the application of social sciences, theory, knowledge, and skills to effect positive changes in individuals, groups, communities, and societies."

Social workers are trained to work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to address a wide range of social, emotional, and practical needs. They help people navigate complex systems, access resources, and advocate for their rights. Social workers may be employed in various settings, including hospitals, mental health clinics, schools, community centers, and government agencies.

In medical settings, social work is often focused on helping patients and their families cope with illness, disability, or injury. Medical social workers provide counseling, support, and advocacy to help patients and families navigate the healthcare system, access needed resources, and make informed decisions about treatment options. They may also assist with discharge planning, coordinating care transitions, and connecting patients with community-based services.

Medical social work is a specialized area of practice that requires knowledge and skills in areas such as psychosocial assessment, crisis intervention, case management, and advocacy. Medical social workers must be able to communicate effectively with healthcare professionals, patients, and families, and have a deep understanding of the social determinants of health and the impact of illness on individuals and communities.

A retinal hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the blood vessels of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can result from various underlying causes, including diabetes, high blood pressure, age-related macular degeneration, or trauma to the eye. Retinal hemorrhages can be categorized into different types based on their location and appearance, such as dot and blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, or subhyaloid hemorrhages. Depending on the severity and cause of the hemorrhage, treatment options may vary from monitoring to laser therapy, medication, or even surgery. It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation and management plan if you suspect a retinal hemorrhage.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.

Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.

I couldn't find a medical definition specifically for "professional-family relations," as it is more commonly referred to as "professional-patient relationship" in the medical field. However, I can provide you with the definition of professional-patient relationship:

A professional-patient relationship is a formal relationship between a healthcare provider and a patient, characterized by trust, honesty, and mutual respect. The healthcare provider has a duty to act in the best interest of the patient, providing competent and ethical care, while maintaining appropriate boundaries and confidentiality. Effective communication, shared decision-making, and informed consent are essential components of this relationship.

Family members may also be involved in the professional-patient relationship, particularly when the patient is unable to make decisions for themselves or when family involvement is necessary for the patient's care. In these cases, healthcare providers must communicate clearly and respectfully with family members while still maintaining the primary focus on the patient's needs and autonomy.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

"Street drugs" is a colloquial term rather than medical jargon, but it generally refers to illegal substances or medications that are used without a prescription. These can include a wide variety of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, ecstasy, LSD, and many others. They are called "street drugs" because they are often bought and sold on the street or in clandestine settings, rather than through legitimate pharmacies or medical professionals. It's important to note that these substances can be highly dangerous and addictive, with serious short-term and long-term health consequences.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behaviors. It is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as follows:

A. A consistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms and rules, as indicated by the presence of at least three of the following:

1. Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; indication of this symptom may include promiscuity.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least 18 years of age.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

E. The individual's criminal behavior has not been better explained by a conduct disorder diagnosis or antisocial behavior that began before the age of 15 years.

It's important to note that ASPD can be challenging to diagnose, and it often requires a comprehensive evaluation from a mental health professional with experience in personality disorders.

A "social environment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is often used in the context of public health and social sciences to refer to the physical and social conditions, relationships, and organized institutions that influence the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

The social environment includes factors such as:

* Social support networks (family, friends, community)
* Cultural norms and values
* Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation)
* Housing and neighborhood conditions
* Access to resources (food, healthcare, transportation)
* Exposure to discrimination, violence, and other stressors

These factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes, as they can influence behaviors related to health (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), as well as exposure to disease and access to healthcare. Understanding the social environment is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies that promote health equity and reduce health disparities.

Family therapy, also known as family systems therapy, is a type of psychological counseling that involves all members of a nuclear or extended family. Its primary goal is to promote understanding and improve communication between family members in order to resolve conflicts and foster healthy relationships. It is based on the belief that the family system is an interconnected unit and that changes in one part of the system affect the other parts as well.

Family therapy can be used to address a wide range of issues, including behavioral problems in children and adolescents, mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, substance abuse, marital conflicts, and chronic illness or disability. The therapist will typically observe the family's interaction patterns and communication styles during sessions and provide feedback and guidance on how to make positive changes.

Family therapy can be conducted with the entire family present in the same room, or it may involve individual sessions with different family members. The number of sessions required will depend on the severity and complexity of the issues being addressed. It is important for all family members to be open and willing to participate in the therapy process in order for it to be effective.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Turkey" is not a medical term. It is a common name for the country located in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, as well as a type of large bird native to North America that is often eaten as a holiday meal. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

Cultural characteristics refer to the beliefs, customs, values, and behaviors that are shared by a group of people and are passed down from one generation to the next. These characteristics help define and distinguish one cultural group from another. In healthcare, understanding a patient's cultural characteristics is important for providing culturally competent care, which takes into account the patient's cultural background, beliefs, and values in the delivery of care. This can help improve communication, build trust, and ensure that the patient receives care that is respectful and responsive to their needs and preferences.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Life change events refer to significant changes or transitions in an individual's personal circumstances that may have an impact on their health and well-being. These events can include things like:

* Marriage or divorce
* Birth of a child or loss of a loved one
* Job loss or retirement
* Moving to a new home or city
* Changes in financial status
* Health diagnoses or serious illnesses
* Starting or ending of a significant relationship

Research has shown that life change events can have a profound effect on an individual's stress levels, mental health, and physical health. Some life change events may be positive and exciting, while others may be challenging and difficult to cope with. In either case, it is important for individuals to take care of themselves during times of transition and seek support as needed.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. It involves the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of an individual's health. Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness, it also includes positive characteristics such as resilience, happiness, and having a sense of purpose in life.

It is important to note that mental health can change over time, and it is possible for an individual to experience periods of good mental health as well as periods of poor mental health. Factors such as genetics, trauma, stress, and physical illness can all contribute to the development of mental health problems. Additionally, cultural and societal factors, such as discrimination and poverty, can also impact an individual's mental health.

Mental Health professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and other mental health counselors use different tools and techniques to evaluate, diagnose and treat mental health conditions. These include therapy or counseling, medication, and self-help strategies.

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.

Social support in a medical context refers to the resources and assistance provided by an individual's social network, including family, friends, peers, and community groups. These resources can include emotional, informational, and instrumental support, which help individuals cope with stress, manage health conditions, and maintain their overall well-being.

Emotional support involves providing empathy, care, and encouragement to help an individual feel valued, understood, and cared for. Informational support refers to the provision of advice, guidance, and knowledge that can help an individual make informed decisions about their health or other aspects of their life. Instrumental support includes practical assistance such as help with daily tasks, financial aid, or access to resources.

Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on physical and mental health outcomes, including reduced stress levels, improved immune function, better coping skills, and increased resilience. It can also play a critical role in promoting healthy behaviors, such as adherence to medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

In a medical context, documentation refers to the process of recording and maintaining written or electronic records of a patient's health status, medical history, treatment plans, medications, and other relevant information. The purpose of medical documentation is to provide clear and accurate communication among healthcare providers, to support clinical decision-making, to ensure continuity of care, to meet legal and regulatory requirements, and to facilitate research and quality improvement initiatives.

Medical documentation typically includes various types of records such as:

1. Patient's demographic information, including name, date of birth, gender, and contact details.
2. Medical history, including past illnesses, surgeries, allergies, and family medical history.
3. Physical examination findings, laboratory and diagnostic test results, and diagnoses.
4. Treatment plans, including medications, therapies, procedures, and follow-up care.
5. Progress notes, which document the patient's response to treatment and any changes in their condition over time.
6. Consultation notes, which record communication between healthcare providers regarding a patient's care.
7. Discharge summaries, which provide an overview of the patient's hospital stay, including diagnoses, treatments, and follow-up plans.

Medical documentation must be clear, concise, accurate, and timely, and it should adhere to legal and ethical standards. Healthcare providers are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of patients' medical records and ensuring that they are accessible only to authorized personnel.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Child custody is a legal term used in family law to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and his/her child such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child's welfare and/or the right and duty to physically care for the child. In cases of divorce or separation, child custody arrangements can be made either through an agreement between the parents or by court order.

There are two main types of child custody: legal custody and physical custody. Legal custody refers to the parent's right to make important decisions about the child's upbringing, such as education, healthcare, and religious training. Physical custody refers to where the child will live and which parent will be responsible for the child's daily care.

Custody may be awarded to one parent exclusively (sole custody) or shared by both parents (joint custody). In some cases, grandparents or other relatives may also seek custody of a child. The primary consideration in any child custody case is the best interests of the child.

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

"Age distribution" is a term used to describe the number of individuals within a population or sample that fall into different age categories. It is often presented in the form of a graph, table, or chart, and can provide important information about the demographic structure of a population.

The age distribution of a population can be influenced by a variety of factors, including birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and aging. Public health officials and researchers use age distribution data to inform policies and programs related to healthcare, social services, and other areas that affect the well-being of populations.

For example, an age distribution graph might show a larger number of individuals in the younger age categories, indicating a population with a high birth rate. Alternatively, it might show a larger number of individuals in the older age categories, indicating a population with a high life expectancy or an aging population. Understanding the age distribution of a population can help policymakers plan for future needs and allocate resources more effectively.

I'm happy to help! However, I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Students, Dental" is not a medical term or definition. Instead, it likely refers to individuals who are studying to become dental professionals, such as dentists, dental hygienists, or dental assistants.

If you're looking for information about dental education or the field of dentistry, I would be happy to provide some resources or answer any questions you may have!

In the context of medical education, a curriculum refers to the planned and organized sequence of experiences and learning opportunities designed to achieve specific educational goals and objectives. It outlines the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that medical students or trainees are expected to acquire during their training program. The curriculum may include various components such as lectures, small group discussions, clinical rotations, simulations, and other experiential learning activities. It is typically developed and implemented by medical education experts and faculty members in consultation with stakeholders, including learners, practitioners, and patients.

I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

Diagnostic errors refer to inaccurate or delayed diagnoses of a patient's medical condition, which can lead to improper or unnecessary treatment and potentially serious harm to the patient. These errors can occur due to various factors such as lack of clinical knowledge, failure to consider all possible diagnoses, inadequate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and problems with testing or interpretation of test results. Diagnostic errors are a significant cause of preventable harm in medical care and have been identified as a priority area for quality improvement efforts.

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... "News". Retrieved 25 October 2019. Sidebotham, Peter (29 June 2018). "Child Abuse Review: Rising to new ... Child Abuse Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal with a focus on child protection, including research findings ... Child Abuse Review. "Overview". Wiley. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0852. Retrieved 10 September 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal ... formerly the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (BASPCAN). It is co-edited by Jane V. ...
Child marriage Child-on-child sexual abuse Child pornography Child sex tourism Child sexual abuse in Nigeria Child welfare ... It looked at different forms of child abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse and girl child neglect in five ... Child sexual abuse (CSA), also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a ... Online predator Penn State child sex abuse scandal Prostitution of children Protect Rochdale child sex abuse ring Sexual ...
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2005 report into child abuse in the Diocese of Ferns, in Ireland Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse - 2014 English & ... Child abuse inquiry may refer to: Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation - Irish inquiry, which reported in 2021 ... abuse cases in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Child abuse ... Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse - Irish inquiry, which published the Ryan Report in 2009 Ferns Report - ...
... is a monthly peer-reviewed interdisciplinary social science journal covering child protection. It was ... "Child Abuse & Neglect". 2017 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2018. Official ... established in 1977 and is the official journal of the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. It is ...
... online child abuse is recognized as a form of child abuse by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. ... Online child abuse is a unique form of child abuse also known as "Cyber Molestation" due to its virtual, distanced, and ... "Child abuse and neglect". NSPCC. "Online abuse". NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. "New report ... Online child abuse, Child sexual abuse, Cyberbullying, Cybercrime). ...
... of Chinese children have suffered physical abuse, 19.6% emotional abuse, 8.7% sexual abuse, and 26% neglect" (107). That is a ... 2,503 centers have been set up in China to handle sexual abuse cases against minors. Child abuse in the United States Zhu, ... of the rural children and 21.9% of the total Chinese children" (1). That is an enormous amount of children who are without one ... Child abuse in China is not clearly defined by the Chinese law code. The law of the People's Republic of China on the ...
Pakistan ranks third in online child abuse.Child sexual abuse is often neglected in Pakistan. The estimated child abuse in ... "Pakistan ranks 3rd in online child abuse: NGO report". ANI News. 19 April 2023. "Child Abuse IN Pakistan - CHILD ABUSE IN ... In 2022 a total 4,253 cases of child abuse were reported, half of them were sexual abuse. In 2023, the total number of abuse ... "Child Abuse in Pakistan - Research impact". University of Bradford. Retrieved 2023-08-22. "Child sexual abuse up by 33% in 2022 ...
Abuse Child abuse Child sexual abuse False allegation of child sexual abuse Sexual abuse Charles, Pragnell. "The Cleveland ... The Cleveland child abuse scandal is a wave of suspected child sexual abuse cases in 1987 in Cleveland, England, many of which ... Abuse, Child sexual abuse in England, Children's rights in England, 1987 in England, Scandals in England, 1987 in British law, ... the Children Act 1989 was implemented in full as a result of the Cleveland child abuse scandal and other child related events ...
"Child protection: Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry - gov.scot". Scottish Government. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "Scottish Child Abuse ... Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. "Child abuse inquiry says orphanages were places of 'threat and abuse'". BBC News. 11 October ... Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 31 May 2017. "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry Hearings: Continuation of Phase 2". Scottish Child ... as he steps down from child abuse inquiry". The Herald. Retrieved 16 May 2021. "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry". Scottish Child ...
The Wenatchee child sex-abuse investigations are the nation's most blatant example of continuing judicial abuse, civil ... Forty-three adults were arrested on 29,726 charges of child sex abuse, involving 60 children in 1995. Parents and Sunday school ... and many were convicted of abusing children, often including their own, or their foster children. Several of the accused ... The Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions in Wenatchee, Washington, US, of 1994 and 1995, were the last "large scale Multi-Victim ...
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... because of allegations of child abuse. The children denied that any abuse had occurred, and medical examinations did not reveal ... The Orkney child abuse scandal began on 27 February 1991, when social workers and police removed children-five boys and four ... Day-care sex-abuse hysteria Peter Ellis (childcare worker) St Helena child abuse scandal "The Orkney Inquiry". The Therapeutic ... Children's rights in Scotland, Social care in Scotland, 20th century in Orkney, Child sexual abuse in Scotland). ...
Biker Against Child Abuse' arrested for child porn". www.chron.com. Chron. March 17, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2019. "Anti-child ... "Templars Against Child Abuse (T.A.C.A)". Retrieved 2019-07-21. "Bikers Against Child Abuse". Retrieved 2019-07-21. "The ... "Evaluation of Bikers Against Child Abuse (BACA) program: A community intervention for child abuse victims" (PDF). www.news9.com ... for 23 counts of abusing foster children in their care, including indecency with a child and injury to a child. The Sam Bass ...
Child abuse can take various forms, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Different ... Delayed effects of child abuse and neglect, especially emotional neglect, and the diversity of acts that qualify as child abuse ... Child abuse refers to the physical, sexual, and/ or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, particularly ... This in some instances stem from the lack of an explicit definition to child abuse. For example, Child abuse in China is not ...
Exploitation and Child Abuse Command), then split off to create the Child Abuse and Sexual Offences command (CASO) in 2016. ... inquiry into the Cleveland child abuse scandal, and the introduction of the Children Act 1989. Child Protection Teams were ... Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved 5 December 2021. " ... A Child Abuse Investigation Team/Unit (CAIT) is a unit within a police force in the United Kingdom, responsible for ...
Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal Abuse Child abuse Child sexual abuse Institutional abuse Sexual abuse Sexual misconduct " ... Institutional abuse, School sexual abuse scandals, Sexual abuse cover-ups, Sex scandals in the United Kingdom, Child sex rings ... "Jersey child abuse probe finds suspect sites". CNN. 3 March 2008. "Child's body found at care home". bbc.co.uk. 23 February ... "there is no hiding place in Jersey for anyone who abused children or, who in any way may have colluded with that abuse and no ...
The Kern County child abuse cases started the day care sexual abuse hysteria of the 1980s in Kern County, California. The cases ... He was re-arrested in 2012 on suspicion of child molestation in Oregon. In July 2013, Self pleaded guilty to sexually abusing ... Prior to the start of the Kern County child abuse cases, several local social workers had attended a training seminar that ... Archive.is Kern County child abuse cases Archived 2004-08-12 at the Wayback Machine at the Ontario Consultants on Religious ...
Category:Child sexual abuse in Australia Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse Royal Commission ... "Child abuse and neglect statistics - Child Family Community Australia". Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved 9 ... Child sexual abuse is a matter of concern in Australia, and is the subject of investigation and prosecution under the law, and ... Child sexual abuse has been connected to later emotional and behavioural problems in victims, and to an increased tendency ...
Child prostitution in the United Kingdom, British people convicted of child sexual abuse, Crime in Oxfordshire, Incidents of ... The Banbury child sex abuse ring was a group of six men who committed serious sexual offences against under-aged girls in the ... "MP raises concerns over lawyer in Banbury grooming trial referring to child abuse victims as 'slags'". Banbury Guardian. 9 ... The offences were rape, sexual activity with a child and inciting a child to engage in sexual activity. The six men were named ...
Summit, Roland C. (1993-05-14). "Abuse of the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 1 (4 ... Summit, Roland (1983). "The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome" (PDF). Child Abuse Negl. 7 (2): 177-93. doi:10.1016/0145 ... Summit in 1983 to describe how he believed sexually abused children responded to ongoing sexual abuse. He said children "learn ... De Young argued that CSAAS is used to justify any statement made by a child as an indication that sexual abuse had occurred, ...
... is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal that provides an interface for ... a greater acknowledgment of child sexual abuse, and development of effective assessment, intervention, and prevention programs ... The journal advocates for increased networking in the sexual abuse field, greater dissemination of information and research, ...
The Derby child sex abuse ring was a group of men who sexually abused up to a hundred girls in Derby, England. In 2010, after ... Child prostitution in the United Kingdom, British people convicted of child sexual abuse, Crime in Derby, Forced prostitution, ... Grierson, Jamie (15 December 2020). "Most child sexual abuse gangs made up of white men, Home Office report says". The Guardian ... "Derby sex gang convicted of grooming and abusing girls". BBC. 24 November 2010. "Derby rape gang 'targeted children'". BBC. 24 ...
Child sexual abuse prevention programs provided to children are said to be the most common type of primary prevention of child ... Taal, M. and Edelaar, M. (1997) Positive and Negative Effects of a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program, Child Abuse & Neglect ... Child sexual abuse prevention programs are programs designed to lower the incidence of sexual abuse amongst those that access ... Child-focused, school-based sexual abuse prevention programs aim to increase the knowledge and skills of children and to ...
British people convicted of child sexual abuse, Incidents of violence against girls, Keighley, Child sex rings). ... The Keighley child sex abuse ring was a group of twelve men who committed serious sexual offences against two under-aged girls ... "MP who warned of sex abuse gang says he was abused and threatened for making claims". ITV News. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 8 ... Those found guilty were named as: List of sexual abuses perpetrated by groups "11 men guilty of sexually abusing white ...
"BT puts block on child porn sites". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 April 2010. McIntyre, TJ. "Child Abuse images and ... The child abuse image content list (CAIC List) is a list of URLs and image hashes provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to ... Home Office minister Alan Campbell pledged that all ISPs would block access to child abuse websites by the end of 2007 and UK ... McIntyre, T J. "Child Abuse images and Cleanfeeds: Assessing Internet Blocking Systems". Retrieved 6 May 2014. Steve Crocker, ...
"Nine jailed for abusing care home girls". 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. "Child sexual abuse ring in Halifax: 25 ... British people convicted of child sexual abuse, Child prostitution in the United Kingdom, Crime in West Yorkshire, Forced ... The Halifax child sex abuse ring was a group of men who committed serious sexual offences against under-aged girls in the ... In total, as many as a hundred men may have been involved in child abuse. Twenty-five suspects were charged by West Yorkshire ...
... is a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more ... "Do Children Sexually Abuse Other Children? Preventing Sexual Abuse Among Children and Youth" Archived 2017-09-02 at the Wayback ... this act may still result in harm to the other child and is a form of child-on-child sexual abuse. Furthermore, children who ... "Child on child sexual abuse: Psychological perspectives". Child Abuse & Neglect. 24 (12): 1591-1600. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00) ...
... stating that sexual abuse as a form of child abuse within New Zealand made up the smallest percentage of abused children, and ... Drug and alcohol abuse put a child in an environment in which the significance of child abuse is greatly increased compared ... Wynd, Donna (2013). "Child abuse: an analysis of Child Youth and Family data" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2014. Ministry of ... Use dmy dates from April 2022, Children's rights in New Zealand, Child welfare in New Zealand, Child abuse in New Zealand). ...
Search our Child Abuse expert witnesses. With over 15,000 listings on our site, we can help you find the right expert witness ... Home , Child Abuse Child Abuse Expert Witnesses. Listed in this section are the expert witnesses who specialize in Child Abuse ... They may provide reports on child psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, child welfare, developmental disabilities, and ... They are available to consult on the traumatic effects of child abuse, including the physical, mental, emotional, and ...
... the forms of child abuse perpetrated on children with disabilities; the extent of child abuse; and the causes of child abuse of ... Despite the abuse, the child may show attachment to the parent. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an ... The Child Abuse Victims Rights Act of 1986 gave victims of child abuse the ability to file lawsuits against abuse perpetrators ... Treatment is greatly important for abused children. On the other hand, there are some children who are raised in child abuse, ...
Abuse & Neglect. Go to Abuse & Neglect Information on the Childrens Protective Services Program, child abuse reporting ... The Task Force on the Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Children is charged with making recommendations for reducing child sexual ... Childrens Special Health Care Services. Go to Childrens Special Health Care Services Childrens Special Health Care Services ... Child Welfare Medical and Behavioral Health Resources. Go to Child Welfare Medical and Behavioral Health Resources Child ...
An inquiry into the sexual abuse of children at care homes in north Wales has revealed the appalling suffering of the ... Child abuse report reaches Welsh Secretary. (12 October 1999) *Child abuse inquiry report completed (6 October 1999) * Child ... Government acts on abuse report *Childline seeks new abuse check Archive coverage *Abuse victims evidence was harrowing (9 ... "Within a matter of days I was physically abused and sexually abused," he says. *Victims welcome abuse revelations ...
... unreasonable expectations for their children. Child Abuse is defined as the wrongful treatment of a child. Abuse can take many ... So, instead of abusing children, let us love and support them as they grow ... Many of them are abused or neglected as a result of their parents ... COVID-19 now affects so many children that it causes stress and depression. ...
At Saturdays close of the "lookback" window created by New Yorks Child Victims Act, more than 900 child sex abuse... Read ... Since June more than 90 sex abuse lawsuits involving the Diocese of Buffalo have been filed under New Yorks Child... Read more ... More than 900 abuse claims filed against Buffalo diocese under Child Victims Act. Aug 18, 2021 ... Religious ministers should not be required to violate the seal of confession to report child sex abuse, a committee of... Read ...
Chart providing details of Iowa Child Abuse Laws ... Child Abuse Statutes. Each states child abuse laws may vary ... Every day four children are killed by child abuse or neglect. If you suspect someone is abusing or neglecting a child, there ... Iowa Child Abuse Laws Related Resources:. The physical and emotional damage of child abuse and neglect can be terrible. If you ... Many of us may just dont know how prevalent child abuse is. There are over 3 million reports of child abuse in the United ...
Exploitation and Child Abuse Command, faces string of child sex allegations ... and child sex abuse has appeared in court accused of molesting an eight-year-old girl and making hundreds of child sex abuse ... It also has a child abuse investigation team which is tasked with safeguarding youngsters. ... Exploitation and Child Abuse Command, is accused of a string of child sex offences between 2005 and 2015. ...
COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measures - ... Newly released technical guidance aims to help authorities strengthen protection measures for children during pandemic ...
Physical, Sexual Child Abuse Dropped in 20 Years; Neglect Not So Much. ScienceBlog.com ... Opioid overdoses linked to child abuse at neighborhood level. Ohio State University ... Adolescents who were abused and neglected have less gray matter in some areas of the brain than young people who have not been ... Past abuse leads to loss of gray matter in brains of adolescents. ScienceBlog.com ...
FindLaws overview of child abuse laws in Minnesota. Learn more about this and similar topics at FindLaws section on Minnesota ... Child abuse is considered a serious crime in every state, including Minnesota. State law defines child abuse as an intentional ... Sometimes theres a fine line between reasonable punishment and child abuse. Charges of child abuse can have a negative impact ... Crimes Against Children Arrested for Violating Minnesota Child Abuse Laws? Get Legal Help. ...
President of ECPAT accuses clergy and church workers of perpetrating child abuse. ... Campaigner Says Churches Ignore Child Abuse. President of ECPAT accuses clergy and church workers of perpetrating child abuse. ... strategies for protecting children from sexual abuse, statistics about abuse, and developing a form to screen childrens ... From Trauma to Truth , Once-abused children demand accountability. (Apr. 27, 1998). Sexual Abuse in Churches Not Limited to ...
Overview of Child Sexual Abuse_April 2017.pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free ... Overview of Child Sexual Abuse_April 2017.pptx. *1. Child Sexual Abuse Series 203 Remote: Overview of Child Sexual Abuse ... Overview of Child Sexual Abuse The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center Legal Child Abuse Definitions (continued) Child ... 9. 203 Remote: Overview of Child Sexual Abuse The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center Legal Child Abuse Definitions ...
of Children and Families closed the investigation, concluding, The investigation is being closed with no substantiated ... Dwight Howard -- Investigated and Cleared For Child Abuse. Dwight Howard Investigated and Cleared for Child Abuse * EXCLUSIVE ... Dwight Howard was under investigation for child abuse and gave precisely the same excuse Adrian Peterson used, but it appears ... Dwight Howard Royce Reed TV Reality TV CELEBRITY JUSTICE ™ Basketball Wives TMZ Sports Kids Custody Battles NBA Crime Exclusive ...
Child Abuse is unfortunately a common occurrence in Pakistan which tries to cover itself under the guise of religion but it is ... an NGO working for a safe environment for children and tackling child abuse there were about 2,321 cases of child abuse in 2007 ... Similar to the pattern of Kasur child abuse scandal, Okara was revealed as another hub where child abuse has occurred at the ... The scenario of Pakistan regarding child abuse in 2018 was quite alarming. Compared to 2017, child sexual abuse cases increased ...
A Prescott mother has been arrested after DPS Troopers allegedly found her young children with bruises and burns. ... Arizona mother arrested for child abuse, wanted the children to have their meth. ... The Department of Child Safety took the children to Phoenix Childrens Hosptial to be checked out. ... The mother also allegedly tried to tell the trooper who took the children that she "just wanted the children to have their meth ...
For many centuries the laws and federal agencies have failed to protect kids from Child abuse. Child Abuse is a substantial ... Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children s Life Essay. Child abuse is just one of the problems in America we face today. Child ... Child Abuse and Neglect Essay. "The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act" states that "child abuse is the leading cause of ... Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act. What is child abuse? From the word "abuse" we can understand that it is some sort of ...
... the following are warning signs that a child is being sexual abused. Watch for these red flags. ... If youre a child who has been sexually abused, call the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 800-4-A-CHILD (800-422-4453) ... Exploited Children. Some of these behaviors may have other explanations, but it is important to assist your child no matter ... Also, keep in mind that children do not always demonstrate obvious signs, but may do or say something that hints at the ...
Doctors said wed abused our baby. Who would believe us? ... experts in both child abuse and OI concluded the military ... Thats when they decided to arrest Miguel for felony child abuse.. Miguel was released on bond, but more problems began. He had ... Because fractures stemming from compression injuries are often an indicator of child abuse, and noting Miguels seeming lack of ... The child was still in foster care. They photographed the burn and went before a judge, showing the pictures and citing other ...
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Lauren Book, a child advocate and a survivor of child sexual abuse, understands better than most just how important the work ... Baby Sitter Gets 60 Years In Prison For Recording Child Sex Abuse A 39-year-old baby sitter who recorded himself abusing a ... Child Sex Abuse. Miami-Dade school security guard arrested over attempted sex act with student A security guard at a Miami-Dade ... Child Sex Abuse Survivor Walks 1,500 Miles To Build Awareness You cant walk 1,500 miles without being noticed or someone ...
The study showed that long-term psychological adjustment of victims of sexual abuse in childhood significantly depends on some ... Victims of child abuse who blame themselves and their families for their situation present higher rates of post-traumatic ... In cases of child sexual abuse, there are children and teenagers that blame themselves (for example, after the thought that the ... Child abuse victims and post-traumatic stress disorder. Date:. October 27, 2010. Source:. University of Granada. Summary:. ...
Transforming the lives of vulnerable children and youth by providing trained and supervised one-on-one volunteer advocates in ... can make a world of difference to a child who has experienced abuse or neglect. ... CAC volunteers envision a world where every child is given the opportunity to thrive in a safe and loving home. ... A CAC volunteer advocate can facilitate resources in the community and the courtroom to support children and families during ...
Hot Sauce Mom Jessica Beagley has been found guilty of misdemeanor child abuse by an Alaska jury for forcing her son to drink ... 23, 2011 — -- An Alaska mother of six has been found guilty of child abuse for forcing her son to drink hot sauce and take ... Jessica Beagley, 36, was found guilty of one count of misdemeanor child abuse by a jury of three men and three women. She will ... Alaskas Hot Sauce Mom Found Guilty of Child Abuse Jessica Beagley forced adopted Russian son to drink hot sauce on Dr. Phil ...
... professionals who obtain the knowledge about child abuse may better serve families and children who have experienced abuse ... children may be more likely to suppress, or internalize their emotions due to the exposure to child abuse and they may be more ... the act of child abuse may also be better well understood by assessing parenting styles and how they play a role with affecting ... preschool children who are abused within their home environments are less likely to detect variations in emotional expressions ...
One more state is on track to deliver a public registry for child sex abuse offenders, but one expert is warning against ... Laws across Australia are hardening towards the horror crime of child sex abuse, with another state on track to deliver a ... South Australia will be the second state to introduce a public registry of convicted child sex abuse offenders. Picture NCA ... Alongside a planned registry, South Australia has increased its penalties for a range of child sex abuse offences and closed ...
3.5 million to a person the former House speaker sexually abused when the victim was 14 years old. ... The court filing is the first time prosecutors have confirmed Hastert paid hush-money to conceal sex abuse of a 14-year-old - a ... According to the document, Individual A told prosecutors the abuse occurred in a hotel room on the way home from a trip to ... Prosecutors only confirmed at a March hearing that sex-abuse claims were at its core. But there was no prior word of the ...
List of articles on child abuse, child neglect, and related topics. ... Articles on Child Abuse, Child Neglect. *What is Child Abuse? Child Abuse Definition ... www.healthyplace.com/abuse/child-abuse-information/child-abuse-information-articles ... In Child Abuse. In Child Abuse+-. * What is Child Abuse? * Types of Child Abuse ...
This article tells you what to do if you suspect a child has been sexually abused. ... The child must be protected from abuse. The child may be placed with a non-abusing parent, another relative, or in a foster ... Know that providers, teachers, and child care workers are required by law to report sexual abuse. If abuse is suspected, child ... Have the child examined right away or within 2 to 3 days of discovering the abuse. The signs of sexual abuse dont last long, ...
Youth representatives attending the conference are holding their own meetings and discussions with officials. Fourteen-year-old ... A three-day conference underway in Stockholm is examining the growing problem of drug and alcohol abuse among young people. The ... Stockholm, 21 February 2001 (RFE/RL) -- Health ministers and representatives of youth organizations from 51 countries have ... restrict alcohols availability to youth, restrict alcohol advertising, and fight drunken driving. The plans central goal is ...
  • Within a matter of days I was physically abused and sexually abused," he says. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Psychology researchers gathered information and figured out that, " Studies show that one in four girls and one in eight boys are sexually abused before the age of 18 and that approximately one in 20 children is physically abused each year. (bartleby.com)
  • CHICAGO (AP) - Dennis Hastert agreed to pay $3.5 million to a person the former House speaker sexually abused when the victim was 14 years old and Hastert worked as a high-school teacher and wrestling coach outside Chicago, prosecutors said in a court filing Friday. (abc15.com)
  • This article tells you what to do if you suspect a child has been sexually abused. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One in four girls and one in ten boys are sexually abused before they turn 18. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you think a child has been sexually abused, get the child examined by a health care provider. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most pediatricians, family medicine providers, and emergency room providers have been trained to examine people that have been sexually abused. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A former ward of the state who was forced to undergo electric shock 'therapy' after disclosing he had been sexually abused has reached an $825,000 settlement with the state government and Uniting Church. (theage.com.au)
  • It followed the teenager telling a guard at Turana youth training centre that he was being sexually abused by an older boy with whom he shared a cell. (theage.com.au)
  • I could not take being physically and sexually abused any more,' he told the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. (theage.com.au)
  • The child may have been sexually exploited even where the sexual activity appears consensual. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • What are the signs and indicators that a child may be being sexually abused or exploited? (barnardos.org.uk)
  • If you are worried that a child may be being sexually abused it is important that you share that concern, the information you have may help professionals to build a picture about what might be happening to a child and help them. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • The detectives are examining claims that the prelate protected priests who were sexually abusing youngsters, investigative website Exaro and the Sunday People can reveal today. (mirror.co.uk)
  • Operation Fernbridge is also looking into allegations boys in care in Richmond, south-west London, were sexually abused between 1977 and 1983 - initially at Grafton Close children's home and then at Elm Guest House in nearby Barnes. (mirror.co.uk)
  • News reports rarely get more revolting: In the last month, two assistant coaches of big-time college sports teams have been publicly accused of sexually abusing children. (livescience.com)
  • Many children who are known to have been physically abused or neglected have also been sexually abused. (missouri.edu)
  • South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) agents arrested a Jasper County man who is accused of sexually abusing multiple children. (fitsnews.com)
  • They are willing to offer testimony on matters in the purview of child maltreatment including molestation, physical injury, child custody, and psychological evaluations. (law.com)
  • Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or a caregiver. (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms child abuse and child maltreatment are often used interchangeably, although some researchers make a distinction between them, treating child maltreatment as an umbrella term to cover neglect, exploitation, and trafficking. (wikipedia.org)
  • But, in the first half of the 19th century, pathologists studying filicide (the parental killing of children) reported cases of death from paternal rage, recurrent physical maltreatment, starvation, and sexual abuse. (wikipedia.org)
  • The July 1962 publication of the paper "The Battered Child-Syndrome" authored principally by pediatrician C. Henry Kempe and published in The Journal of the American Medical Association represents the moment that child maltreatment entered mainstream awareness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elisabeth Young-Bruehl maintained that despite the growing numbers of child advocates and interest in protecting children which took place, the grouping of children into "the abused" and the "non-abused" created an artificial distinction that narrowed the concept of children's rights to simply protection from maltreatment, and blocked investigation of how children are discriminated against in society generally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another effect of the way child abuse and neglect have been studied, according to Young-Bruehl, was to close off consideration of how children themselves perceive maltreatment and the importance they place on adults' attitudes toward them. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the word "abuse" we can understand that it is some sort of a maltreatment of a child, causing harm and damage both to his physical and psychological well-being. (bartleby.com)
  • The main issue of child abuse is that the abuser is usually someone a child loves or depends on (a parent, sibling, coach, neighbor, etc.), who violates child's trust putting personal interests first, therefore official numbers of how many children suffer maltreatment might be not accurate enough as remarkable amount of these cases go unreported. (bartleby.com)
  • Nationwide, reports show that more than 879,000 children are victims of child abuse and neglect and approximately 1,200 children die from maltreatment, many at the hands of those who are supposed to protect them. (archives.gov)
  • Child maltreatment affects a significant portion of our population. (cwla.org)
  • 2 million are investigated, and over 2500 children die of child maltreatment each year in the U.S. The U.S. is the second leading developing country in the world with deaths from child abuse, according to UNICEF. (cwla.org)
  • Roughly 40 percent of children reported for suspected maltreatment are re-reported to child protective services and 20 percent are re-victimized. (cwla.org)
  • Prevention is a prime opportunity for averting child maltreatment. (cwla.org)
  • Primary prevention seeks to avert child maltreatment before a family comes to the attention of child protective services. (cwla.org)
  • Colorado provides targeted intervention that diverts non-maltreatment cases toward prevention services and out of child protective services. (cwla.org)
  • The reauthorization of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) presents an opportunity to leverage and strengthen innovative and effective approaches for preventing maltreatment occurrence and recurrence and is a top priority of Congressman Bobby Scott (D-VA), who will be the incoming chair of the House education and Workforce Committee. (cwla.org)
  • NCANDS data are submitted voluntarily by all states, Washington, DC, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and key findings are published in the annual Child Maltreatment report series and reports to Congress. (cdc.gov)
  • NIS estimates the scope of child maltreatment by combining information about cases reported to CPS with data on maltreated children identified by professionals who encounter them during the normal course of their work in a wide range of agencies in representative communities. (cdc.gov)
  • South Australian government spokeswoman confirmed on September 4, 2023, work is underway "across several government agencies" to deliver a public child sex abuse offenders registry for the state, first proposed as an election pledge by Labor Premier Peter Malinauskas in 2022. (yahoo.com)
  • Mary Lubben joined Prevent Child Abuse America as Chief Financial Officer in September 2023. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Grönte, M , Mattsson, T & Plantin, L 2023, ' Strategies to increase fathers' engagement in child protection investigations due to domestic partner abuse in Sweden ', Child & Family Social Work . (lu.se)
  • Child & Family Social Work , 28.12.2023. (lu.se)
  • Prevent Child Abuse America is the nation's oldest and largest organization committed to preventing child abuse and neglect before it happens . (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Abuse is any willful act that results in physical, mental, or sexual injury that causes or is likely to cause the child to be physically, mental, or emotionally impaired. (bartleby.com)
  • He described being physically and emotionally abused by his mother and even being tormented by his mother to be a part of the abuse his siblings. (cwla.org)
  • The initial medical treatment of the physically abused child in the emergency department should proceed no differently from treatment of any injured child, except that forensic data collection and analysis are of particular and pressing importance after medical stabilization. (medscape.com)
  • Initial assessment and treatment of the seriously physically abused child should proceed according to established guidelines, such as those contained in the Advanced Trauma Life Support Course for Physicians or in the textbook of Advanced Pediatric Life Support . (medscape.com)
  • An inquiry into the sexual abuse of children at care homes in north Wales has revealed the "appalling mistreatment" the victims suffered over 20 years. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The additional names come following Maryland Attorney General's April report on child sexual abuse in the archdiocese dating back to. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • Pfleger, a famous Chicago priest known for his social justice activism, has now been exonerated on four different sexual abuse. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • The Public University of Navarra has published an independent report in which it identified 52 victims of sexual abuse committed. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • A law firm that frequently represents victims of clerical sexual abuse announced April 6 that it had counted at least. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • Iowa has strict statutes laws protecting children from physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. (findlaw.com)
  • State law defines child abuse as an intentional injury (either mental or physical) including deprivation, sexual abuse, neglect, abandonment, unreasonable disciplinary methods, or solicitation of children for sex. (findlaw.com)
  • Protection Of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 and Child Sexua. (slideshare.net)
  • Compared to 2017, child sexual abuse cases increased from 9 cases per day to 12 cases per day. (com.pk)
  • According to a report titled Mapping of Issues and Response to Sexual Violence against Children, Punjab was considered as the most dangerous province for children. (com.pk)
  • At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) describes child abuse and neglect as: "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. (bartleby.com)
  • The study showed that long-term psychological adjustment of victims of sexual abuse in childhood significantly depends on some cognitive factors and on their interaction. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In cases of child sexual abuse, there are children and teenagers that blame themselves (for example, after the thought that the abuse was led by them) or their family (thinking that their family should have protected them) for the abuse suffered in their childhood. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To such purpose, a sample of victims of child sexual abuse was used. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Concretely, the researchers analyzed the moderating role of coping strategies, the impact of the sense of guilt and of blaming others, and the feelings triggered by sexual abuse. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This research proved that long-term psychological adjustment of victims of child sexual abuse greatly depends on some cognitive factors, and on their interaction. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Further, this study helped to determine under what circumstances (associated to situations of sexual abuse) these cognitive factors have higher impact. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The researcher states that the results "may be useful for the clinical treatment of victims of child abuse, since it allows the identification of three intervention areas extremely valuable, both for their impact on adjustment, and because they can be modified (coping strategies, sense of guilt, feelings caused by sexual abuse). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Part of the results of this research will be published soon in the journal Child Abuse & Neglect , one of the most relevant and influential journals specialized on child sexual abuse. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The evidence is the possibility of someone who has just come out of jail after having four or five years behind bars on child sex offences, going on and then creating further sexual offending is simply not there," he said. (yahoo.com)
  • The Chicago Tribune is citing unidentified law enforcement sources as saying at least four people have made 'credible allegations of sexual abuse' against Hastert. (abc15.com)
  • Find a provider that knows about sexual abuse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The signs of sexual abuse don't last long, and the provider may not be able to tell if you wait too long. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Look for signs of physical and sexual abuse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Know that providers, teachers, and child care workers are required by law to report sexual abuse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Identification of sexual abuse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They became more intense if Mr Cummings reported sexual abuse during his weekly meetings with the therapist. (theage.com.au)
  • Mr Cummings' lawyer, Viv Waller, said the changes had levelled the playing field for survivors of sexual abuse. (theage.com.au)
  • Her firm is acting for 35 clients who are pursuing top-up payments, including a man who was abused by the notorious sexual predator Father Gerald Ridsdale. (theage.com.au)
  • We support thousands of children and young people who have experienced sexual abuse. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Learn more about child sexual abuse (CSA) and child sexual exploitation (CSE) from our experts who work in this area. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Child sexual abuse (CSA) involves forcing or persuading a child or young person under the age of 18 to take part in sexual activities, whether or not the child is aware of what is happening. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Sexual abuse includes a range of different acts and behaviours. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a form of child sexual abuse. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Child sexual exploitation is a term used to describe where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child under the age of 18 into sexual activity. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • It's important that people recognise that exploitation is child sexual abuse and should be seen as such. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Barnardo's hosts the Centre of expertise on child sexual abuse (CSA Centre) which has produced a template to support professionals working with children to identify the signs and indicators of sexual abuse and build a picture of their concerns. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • How do I report child sexual abuse and exploitation? (barnardos.org.uk)
  • We've been supporting children and young people affected by sexual abuse since 1994. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Treatment by trained professionals minimises the initial effects and long-term consequences of child sexual abuse. (ranzcp.org)
  • Child sexual abuse is a crime in Australia and New Zealand. (ranzcp.org)
  • All sexual activity between adults and children is part of an unequal power relationship, in which children are exploited and harmed. (ranzcp.org)
  • The severe trauma of child sexual abuse renders children who have been victims of such abuse vulnerable to psychiatric disturbance and impaired development. (ranzcp.org)
  • Psychiatrists play an important role in the identification, reporting, assessment and treatment of the effects of child sexual abuse and working with patients affected by child sexual abuse across their lifespan. (ranzcp.org)
  • As demonstrated by the current Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse, there is a growing awareness of the profoundly destructive effect of child sexual abuse in the community and a growing number of people who will no longer accept silence and inaction by either individuals or institutions in response to these issues (Middleton et al. (ranzcp.org)
  • Prevalence of child sexual abuse is difficult to determine accurately. (ranzcp.org)
  • Recent Australian studies that have comprehensively measured the prevalence of child sexual abuse found that that males had prevalence rates of 1.4-8.0% for penetrative abuse and 5.7-16.0% for non-penetrative abuse, while females had prevalence rates of 4.0-12.0% for penetrative abuse and 13.9-36.0% for non-penetrative abuse (AIFS, 2013). (ranzcp.org)
  • Sexual abuse made up approximately 14% of these cases. (ranzcp.org)
  • Substantiated sexual abuse was more common amongst girls than boys (AIHW, 2014). (ranzcp.org)
  • Child sexual abuse can leave victims vulnerable to both short-term and longer-term harms. (ranzcp.org)
  • 2010). When a victim of sexual abuse presents for treatment, consideration must be given to their age, current circumstances, safety, family and comorbid conditions. (ranzcp.org)
  • It is called sexual abuse when an adult (or much older teen) forces, pressures, or tricks a young person into sex acts of any kind. (kidshealth.org)
  • They try to use this false sense of trust to trick someone into sexual abuse. (kidshealth.org)
  • Sexual abuse might also be called sexual violence , sexual harassment, sexual assault, or rape. (kidshealth.org)
  • A spokesman for the Church in England and Wales said: "I am not aware of any generic police investigation into sexual abuse linked to the Catholic church in the UK. (mirror.co.uk)
  • Sexual abuse includes incest, sexual assault, fondling of genital areas, exposure to indecent acts or involvement in sexual pornography. (missouri.edu)
  • Such sexual abuse may or may not be reported. (missouri.edu)
  • This program is responsible for interagency collaboration with the Florida Department of Children and Families, Child Protective Investigations Section, ChildNet, the Child Protection Team/Nancy J. Cotterman Sexual Assault Treatment Center, law enforcement agencies, the judicial system, and community providers. (browardschools.com)
  • 1 She listed the four common types of child abuse and neglect: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. (cdc.gov)
  • The most devastating is child sexual abuse. (who.int)
  • 3. There are many contributing factors to child sexual abuse. (who.int)
  • 4. Member States and families have the responsibility to prevent child sexual abuse and provide a nurturing environment to protect the future of the African child. (who.int)
  • 5. The aim of this document is to provide strategic direction for the prevention and management of the health consequences of child sexual abuse in Member States. (who.int)
  • It was our object of investigation the occurrence of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence, as it was remembered posteriorly, characterizing its main forms, by whom it was practiced, in what time of life it occurred. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Questionnaire about Incidence of Sexual Abuse was the instrument used, which was applied to groups, but answered individually. (bvsalud.org)
  • Concerning the replies to the questionnaire, (87%) denied the occurrence of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence. (bvsalud.org)
  • The effects of sexual abuse may develop at any time of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • STIs diagnostic for child sexual abuse (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • The relationship of genital human papillomavirus infection, the most common STI, to child sexual abuse, remains unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • Genital swab and urine samples from minors evaluated for sexual abuse were tested by using nucleic acid amplification for N. gonorrhoeae , C. trachomatis , and human papillomavirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Nucleic acid amplification tests increased the proportion of child sexual abuse survivors with a diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Positive nucleic acid amplification tests for human papillomavirus were strongly associated with child sexual abuse. (cdc.gov)
  • They are available to consult on the traumatic effects of child abuse, including the physical, mental, emotional, and psychological ramifications. (law.com)
  • These professionals may testify on issues regarding child protective services, child injury, and emotional distress. (law.com)
  • The physical and emotional damage of child abuse and neglect can be terrible. (findlaw.com)
  • They may not always show any outward physical signs of abuse, but there are some things to look out for, including emotional or behavioural signs. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Interfering with the economic and emotional stability of children's other parent post-separation is a red flag indicating harm to the best interests of the child. (psychologytoday.com)
  • There is therapy and caring support to help them heal the emotional hurt that abuse can cause. (kidshealth.org)
  • It is called emotional abuse when someone uses harsh or cruel words or treats the person with scorn. (kidshealth.org)
  • Emotional abuse can happen in person or online. (kidshealth.org)
  • Abuse also causes emotional hurt and deep stress that you can't see. (kidshealth.org)
  • The societal effects of child abuse include the need for increased child welfare services, special education resources, physical and emotional health care services, and juvenile justice facilities. (archives.gov)
  • Emotional abuse includes verbal abuse and belittlement, terrorizing acts, and lack of nurturance or emotional support. (missouri.edu)
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report difficult times and increase children's opportunities to thrive in or physical or emotional neglect of a child or adolescent aged safe, stable, and nurturing relationships and environments ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Catholic Church in France has secured more than $22 million in compensation for victims of child sex abuse. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with. (wikipedia.org)
  • Child under four years old and there is harm to the head, eyes, neck, or multiple bruises to the body: felony punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or a fine of up to $10,000. (findlaw.com)
  • Understandably children can find it very difficult to talk to adults about the harm they are experiencing and may not even recognise that what's happening to them is abuse or exploitation. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Abusers who have demonstrated little interest in the children during the relationship sometimes enact a vengeful strategy of seeking shared or even full custody, using the children as pawns to harm the protective parent. (psychologytoday.com)
  • My Administration is committed to promoting effective policies that protect children from harm while strengthening and supporting families. (archives.gov)
  • The "other" category includes abandonment, prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs, and threats to harm the child. (missouri.edu)
  • Tests are performed to check for medical explanations, and the purposeful infliction of physical harm - child abuse - is considered. (medscape.com)
  • Iowa's statutes criminalize any non-accidental physical or mental injury to a child. (findlaw.com)
  • 9:15 AM PT -- We now have confirmation that the Florida Dept. of Children and Families closed the investigation, concluding, "The investigation is being closed with no substantiated findings of physical injuries. (tmz.com)
  • It is called physical abuse when someone does things like hit, beat, shove, shake, or choke a person. (kidshealth.org)
  • Physical abuse includes hitting with an object like a belt. (kidshealth.org)
  • Physical abuse includes scalding, beating or severe physical punishment. (missouri.edu)
  • The other steps include a thorough history and physical examination, and may include consulting a social worker, child abuse pediatrician, and/or a report to Child Protective Service (CPS) agencies. (medscape.com)
  • Many medical conditions may mimic some of the findings observed in physical abuse, and the differential diagnoses to consider differ depending on the types of physical, laboratory, and radiographic findings observed. (medscape.com)
  • Differential diagnoses should be worked through carefully in cases of suspected inflicted injury so that suspected physical abuse can be diagnosed confidently and caregivers are not inappropriately accused of abuse. (medscape.com)
  • OI is frequently raised as a possibility in cases of an unexplained fracture and possible physical abuse. (medscape.com)
  • This type of OI is generally readily distinguishable from child physical abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Flawed theories are being used in the courtroom to make the science that supports a diagnosis of physical child abuse look debatable, when, in fact, "there is no significant controversy about the diagnosis of physical abuse and abusive head trauma in clinical medicine," according to an opinion piece published online recently in JAMA . (medscape.com)
  • When a child presents at a hospital or medical clinic with bruising, broken bones, head trauma, or other physical evidence that doesn't correspond with the explanation given, other possibilities are investigated. (medscape.com)
  • In a prospective multicenter cohort of 2890 children evaluated for physical abuse, Dr Metz and his colleagues identified noncutaneous medical mimics in 137 (4.7%) cases ( Arch Dis Child . (medscape.com)
  • To facilitate timely identification of critical or complex cases of physical abuse outside our child protection center, we established an outreach multidisciplinary team (OMDT) to support Kaohsiung City Government in 2014. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our experience indicates that an OMDT can play an important role in child protection and activating law enforcement for children with complex or critical physical abuse . (bvsalud.org)
  • These experts may help provide insights into the side-effects like substance abuse, depression, and suicide. (law.com)
  • They are much more likely to experience problems with substance abuse, depression, learning disabilities, and to engage in criminal activities and violence against others, including abuse of their own children. (archives.gov)
  • There is no increased risk of substance abuse later in life among children treated with stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), results of a large study show. (medscape.com)
  • Dwight Howard  was under investigation for child abuse and gave precisely the same excuse Adrian Peterson used, but it appears in this case authorities found Howard did not break the law. (tmz.com)
  • The Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism (DIICOT) on August 27 raided eight houses as part of an investigation into eight people on suspicion of trafficking and abusing German children who were allegedly beaten and kept in slavelike conditions. (rferl.org)
  • Assistance to the child abuse investigators with student information requests for child abuse investigation purposes. (browardschools.com)
  • Determination of accident versus abuse is best accomplished by pairing thoughtful, thorough medical evaluation with information gathered through a multidisciplinary investigation, often involving child protective services (CPS) and law enforcement agencies. (medscape.com)
  • A suspicion of abuse can lead to further investigation, during which a child might be separated from his or her parents. (medscape.com)
  • If you suspect someone is abusing or neglecting a child, there are state child abuse resources that can help. (findlaw.com)
  • There's more than one way to handle speaking with a child or teen if you suspect they're being victimized, said Michele Borba, an educational psychologist in Palm Springs, Calif., and author of "The Big Book of Parenting Solutions: 101 Answers to Your Everyday Challenges and Wildest Worries" (Jossey-Bass, 2009). (livescience.com)
  • In indicated cases of abuse there is reason to suspect abuse or neglect, but less evidence to prove it. (missouri.edu)
  • What do you do when you suspect the child in your arms has been abused? (yummymummyclub.ca)
  • Since 1972, Prevent Child Abuse America has defined the national approach to child neglect and abuse. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act" states' that "child abuse is the leading cause of death in children under the age of eighteen. (bartleby.com)
  • During National Child Abuse Prevention Month, and throughout the year, I encourage all Americans to find ways to cherish our children, and strengthen our families. (archives.gov)
  • NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim April 2002 as National Child Abuse Prevention Month. (archives.gov)
  • On Tuesday, December 4, the American Psychological Association (APA) and Partners for Children co-hosted the congressional briefings on Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) in the House (a subsequent meeting was held on Wednesday, December 5th in the Senate). (cwla.org)
  • Programs like Triple P - Positive Parenting Program in North Carolina's tiered model shows how primary prevention impacts children and families if implemented across multi-systemic coordination. (cwla.org)
  • Colorado Community Response (CCR) is a voluntary program that targets prevention services to families that have been deflected from the child welfare system without the provision of formalized services. (cwla.org)
  • Attendees were reminded that the intent of CAPTA is prevention and the intent of FFPSA is an intervention for children and families. (cwla.org)
  • Child Abuse & Neglect Prevention Services , in operation since 1984, is designed to ensure that all students will engage in student learning while living in safe home and school environments. (browardschools.com)
  • A specialized training for all school-based designees working with Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services. (browardschools.com)
  • Elizabeth Swedo of CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Violence Prevention (DVP), described a collaborative effort to develop the Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect Syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2017, as per the report about 3445 cases were reported and the 2018 edition of the report indicated an alarming increase in child abuse cases. (com.pk)
  • The scenario of Pakistan regarding child abuse in 2018 was quite alarming. (com.pk)
  • A gang involved in the raping of children in Attock and a teacher molesting students in Mirpurkhas all occurring in the year 2018 are just small cycles of a bigger picture which is far more damning. (com.pk)
  • According to Sahil, 274 child marriages were reported in 2018 which is the highest among the four provinces. (com.pk)
  • In 2018, nearly 1,800 children died of abuse and neglect in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge. (wikipedia.org)
  • Victims of child abuse who blame themselves and their families for their situation present higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A CAC volunteer advocate can facilitate resources in the community and the courtroom to support children and families during difficult times. (constantcontact.com)
  • We also provide support to their families, and to people working with children, such as social workers and teachers, through consultation and training. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • This program is designed to strengthen families at risk and prevent abuse and neglect. (archives.gov)
  • All of these organizations must work together with parents to protect children and help build healthy families and communities where children can reach their potential. (archives.gov)
  • Every April, communities across the country join to raise public awareness about child abuse, to provide information about how to prevent it, and to assist families in need of support, recovery, and encouragement. (archives.gov)
  • Rebuild communities and support children and families. (missouri.edu)
  • We promote programs and resources informed by science that enable kids, families, and entire communities to thrive-today, tomorrow, and for generations to come. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Actually, the youngsters were held hostage, were banned from talking to their families in Germany or to other people or authorities in Romania and they were forced to do exhausting work in the households of some locals close to the criminal group, under the pretext of a so-called 'reeducation program' masterminded by the German citizens," DIICOT said. (rferl.org)
  • The project's website states that 61 children have been cared for since it started and that the program has the capacity of hosting 20 children at a time with host families. (rferl.org)
  • Support and technical assistance to all employees in completing the mandatory Child Abuse training on the Department of Children and Families. (browardschools.com)
  • In July 2020, the SD Subcommittee focused on health topics that affect children, including COVID infection-associated shutdowns, children being out of school, and families under increased stress. (cdc.gov)
  • Child abuse occurs when adults inflict violence and cruelty upon children. (bartleby.com)
  • It's important that all adults know how to spot the signs of child abuse and exploitation, and how to do something about it. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • There are adults who will help them be safe and stop the abuse. (kidshealth.org)
  • Adults abuse children in different ways. (missouri.edu)
  • Neglectful adults, on the other hand, seem to be immature and unable to make life decisions about marriage, employment or having children. (missouri.edu)
  • Two adults, 69-year-old Mickey Sparks and 43-year-old Patricia Laws, were each charged with aggravated child abuse and neglect. (ktvu.com)
  • Ron O'Grady, a clergyman and leading crusader against child prostitution and child pornography, has claimed that the biggest occupational group of convicted child abusers in some Western countries are church workers, including clergy. (christianitytoday.com)
  • He had also quoted research suggesting that 6 percent of U.S. Catholic priests were pedophiles, many of whom had decided to work in the church to gain access to children.A Disciples of Christ minister, O'Grady is honorary president of End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking in Children (ECPAT), an advocacy group formed in Bangkok in 1990. (christianitytoday.com)
  • Initially set up as a six-year project, ECPAT now has an international profile as an agency campaigning against child abuse, Internet pornography and the child sex trade. (christianitytoday.com)
  • The Bangkok staff carry out research, monitor child prostitution and pornography, organize conferences and hold meetings with government officials, Interpol and other agencies. (christianitytoday.com)
  • In the African Region, economic poverty and affluence, armed conflicts and the breakdown of family and social systems are the main risk factors for CSA, opening the doors for child labour, child trafficking, child prostitution and child pornography. (who.int)
  • PHOENIX - A mother has been arrested after troopers with the Department of Public Safety (DPS) allegedly found her young children with bruises and burns. (newschannel5.com)
  • Some abuse causes injuries that you can see, like bruises, cuts, or broken bones. (kidshealth.org)
  • The study conducted by Cantón Cortés is innovative, since it not only analyzes the role of cognitive variables in the psychological adjustment of victims of child abuse, but it also analyzes the role of such variables, according to the circumstances of the abuse. (sciencedaily.com)
  • And this clearly falls under psychological abuse. (hubpages.com)
  • Many of them are abused or neglected as a result of their parents' unreasonable expectations for their children. (change.org)
  • Malicious Punishment of Child occurs when a parent, legal guardian, or caretaker performs intentional act(s) that evidence unreasonable force or cruel discipline that's excessive. (findlaw.com)
  • If so, then I agree that society's growing awareness of the consequences of child abuse has led to unreasonable and dangerous conclusions. (csmonitor.com)
  • They may provide reports on child psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, child welfare, developmental disabilities, and similar fields. (law.com)
  • The Child Protection and Welfare Bureau were only able to rescue 11 children in the province. (com.pk)
  • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare compiles data relating to child protection notifications annually. (ranzcp.org)
  • WIGHT: Christine Alberi is Maine's child welfare ombudsman. (npr.org)
  • Mary is a lifelong advocate of child welfare, with much of her work with Chicago Public Schools focusing on improving student outcomes in schools with large, disadvantaged populations. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Deputies conducted a welfare check at the home Monday after receiving reports that a child was being held in a cage, Washington County Sheriff Ed Graybeal said in a statement. (ktvu.com)
  • At the recent American Academy of Pediatrics 2017 National Conference , pediatricians met to discuss child abuse and neglect and address discrepant interpretations of findings with child welfare and the courts. (medscape.com)
  • Fortunately, one healthy relationship with an adult, like a CAC volunteer advocate, can make a world of difference to a child who has experienced abuse or neglect. (constantcontact.com)
  • Information on the Children's Protective Services Program, child abuse reporting procedures, and help for parents in caring for their children. (michigan.gov)
  • The Department of Child Safety took the children to Phoenix Children's Hosptial to be checked out. (newschannel5.com)
  • After separation, Marc similarly violated his children's boundaries by insisting that his daughter do cheerleading and that his son play football-activities that the children tried to refuse. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Nationally representative self-reported data on child abuse and neglect may be collected via survey, such as the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV). (cdc.gov)
  • By the time a child is referred to a child abuse specialist, "we're dealing with a very small subset of the population," said James Metz, MD, from the Seattle Children's Hospital. (medscape.com)
  • There has been incredible work done to distinguish abuse," Dr Leventhal pointed out, citing research by Paul Kleinman, MD, from Boston Children's Hospital, and his colleagues ( Radiology . (medscape.com)
  • Adolescents who were abused and neglected have less gray matter in some areas of the brain than young people who have not been maltreated, a new Yale School of Medicine study shows. (scienceblog.com)
  • Investigators collected information on participants' stimulant treatment via the Services for Children and Adolescents Parent Interview until they reached age 18. (medscape.com)
  • The infamous Zainab case in Kasur and the Kasur child abuse scandal are just two infamous incidents which present a very crucial picture of the disease that is plaguing our society and government officials and other important persons fail to address this issue and even if they do, it is too late and the cycle continues. (com.pk)
  • The Zainab Ansari case in Kasur and the Kasur Child Sex Abuse Scandal sent shockwaves across Pakistan and overseas haunted Pakistan and overseas. (com.pk)
  • Similar to the pattern of Kasur child abuse scandal, Okara was revealed as another hub where child abuse has occurred at the same scale in Kasur and it is believed that the two gangs are linked to each other. (com.pk)
  • The dramatic new move comes after the Jimmy Savile sex abuse scandal triggered massive Met investigations into allegations of offences by celebrities and politicians. (mirror.co.uk)
  • Jim Gamble was previously head of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP) Centre. (itv.com)
  • But Jim Gamble, previously head of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, said 'professional investigators' should instead be brought in to aid investigations. (itv.com)
  • About half of them have full-time staff, while other offices are run by volunteers or in cooperation with other agencies.In some countries ECPAT offices monitor the activities of child abusers and work with local social workers. (christianitytoday.com)
  • Domestic abusers often use similar abusive tactics with their children as they did with their intimate partners. (psychologytoday.com)
  • 13% (17% of abused minors, but none of 16 children unlikely to have been abused) had human papillomavirus detected by nucleic acid amplification tests. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1999, his family became known to his community, state, and nationally as for how the system had failed this family when two of his siblings died as a result of his mother's abuse. (cwla.org)
  • Religious ministers should not be required to violate the seal of confession to report child sex abuse, a committee of. (catholicnewsagency.com)
  • Iowa' Department of Human Services has resources that can help you report and learn more about child abuse. (findlaw.com)
  • If you think a child is being neglected or abused, it is best to report child abuse cases to the authorities as soon as possible. (findlaw.com)
  • A mandated reporter is an adult -- typically one with regular access to children -- who is required by law to report any credible signs of child abuse to state authorities. (findlaw.com)
  • According to a report from Sahil, an NGO working for a safe environment for children and tackling child abuse there were about 2,321 cases of child abuse in 2007, 1838 in 2008, 2012 in 2009, 2252 in 2010 and 2303 in 2011. (com.pk)
  • Sahil also publishes an annual report which is referred to as 'Cruel Numbers' indicating how many cases of child abuse have occurred in the country. (com.pk)
  • This report, later found to be inaccurate, further convinced doctors of abuse. (rd.com)
  • I realised if I didn't report any abuse, the amperage wouldn't go any higher,' he said. (theage.com.au)
  • There is a report due out today on child abuse in Irish schools and churches over the past 60 years. (hubpages.com)
  • [ 2 ] The EM provider is obligated to report when there is a reasonable suspicion of child abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Research shows that the Five Protective Factors (Nurturing and Attachment, Knowledge of Parenting and Youth development, Parent resilience, Social connections, Concrete support for parents) reduce the incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect by providing parents with the tools needed to parent effectively even under stress. (browardschools.com)
  • Additional surveillance data are periodically collected by the National Incidence Study (NIS) external icon , a congressionally mandated research effort to assess the incidence of child abuse and neglect in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • They sought to define syndromes to capture the incidence and prevalence of emergency department visits related to child abuse and neglect. (cdc.gov)
  • Abuse can also be indicated by the inappropriate and controlling behaviour of the person abusing. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • The definition of child abuse is a parent or caregiver reflecting violent pain or neglect towards a child. (bartleby.com)
  • Determining whether an injury was inflicted by a caregiver or caused by accidental means is more than a medical determination, and the current and future safety and well being of the child and family are at stake. (medscape.com)
  • Fear of disclosure outweighs desire to share, and that's a big problem," said Dr. Victor Fornari, director of child and adolescent psychiatry at North Shore-LIJ Health System in New Hyde Park, N.Y. "Kids are not likely to just initiate a conversation unless their environment is conducive to that. (livescience.com)
  • COVID-19 now affects so many children that it causes stress and depression. (change.org)
  • For some people - but not all - abuse can lead to depression, anxiety, or PTSD. (kidshealth.org)
  • WHO estimates that globally some 40 million children aged 0-14 years suffer some form of abuse and neglect requiring health and social care. (who.int)
  • Perhaps his intent was to make fun of our United States legal system for letting criminals go free on the grounds that childhood abuse caused their criminal behavior. (csmonitor.com)
  • She and her husband live in a small hamlet in rural Ontario with their two biological children and a continual stream of others who pass through on their childhood journey. (yummymummyclub.ca)
  • The majority of childhood injuries are accidental, but an inflicted injury missed or improperly evaluated can escalate to child fatality. (medscape.com)
  • Well into the night, a doctor, two social workers from the Alexandria, Virginia, Child Protective Services, two Alexandria police detectives, and a military police officer all questioned the Velasquezes. (rd.com)
  • Deputy Jared Taylor checked with a Child Protective Services supervisor, who told him there were no records to indicate a locked cage had been approved for the girl, the document said. (ktvu.com)
  • Child Abuse and neglect affects 1 in 8 children by age 18 with 7.4 million children being referred to Child Protective Services (CPS). (cwla.org)
  • Former foster youth survivor Nathan Ross shared how child protective services investigated his mother ten times and no response was provided for the removal of him and his four siblings until the tragedy happened. (cwla.org)
  • At the federal level data on child abuse and neglect are collected through the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System external icon , or NCANDS, a federally sponsored effort that annually receives and analyzes data on child abuse and neglect known to child protective services (CPS) agencies in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • But even before Javed Iqbal, there might have been several child abuse cases occurring in different parts of the country. (com.pk)
  • Punjab topped the most cases of child abuse in the country with 65% cases. (com.pk)
  • With the amount of child abuse cases brought to courts every year, one might assume that the dilemma would become less prominent in society. (bartleby.com)
  • There are cases of child abuse so horrendous that the simple thought of them is unfathomable. (bartleby.com)
  • In 2013-14, there were around 40,884 children in substantiated abuse or neglect cases. (ranzcp.org)
  • In her last four annual reports she found multiple cases where the state failed to recognize the risk to children in their parents' care. (npr.org)
  • Add that to several recent cases of school bullying gone too far - some with deadly consequences - and parents have to wonder why they may be the last to learn that their children are living their worst nightmares. (livescience.com)
  • In the United States it is estimated that for every 1,000 children, there were approximately 15 cases of substantiated abuse and neglect. (missouri.edu)
  • Missouri's rate of 15 cases per 1,000 children mirrors the national figure. (missouri.edu)
  • Studies conducted in several countries reported the difficulties of dentists in the diagnosis, documentation, and reporting of suspected abuse cases to authorities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Forty-one percent (n = 23) of the professionals answered that they were able to identify cases of abuse, while 59% (n = 33) answered that they were unable. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was concluded that it is necessary to improve endodontists' formation concerning to child abuse identification, in order to modify their behavior, therefore, increasing the number of suspicious cases' notifications. (bvsalud.org)
  • After inspection by our OMDT, cases were determined as indicating either a high risk or low risk of child abuse . (bvsalud.org)
  • Repetitive back-and-forth head rotation from vigorous shaking is purported to be a central mechanism responsible for diffuse white matter injur y, subdural hemorrhage, and retinal hemorrhage in some cases of abusive head trauma (AHT) in young children. (cdc.gov)
  • The Waterhouse tribunal - the largest child abuse inquiry ever set up in the UK - heard evidence from hundreds of victims. (bbc.co.uk)
  • It also allows a parent or guardian to make an inquiry to the police about a specific person who has regular contact with their child. (yahoo.com)
  • Theresa May has defended the appointment of Baroness Butler-Sloss to the wide-ranging inquiry into allegations of child abuse at a number of institutions saying she had no regrets about the decision. (itv.com)
  • He was also critical of the second inquiry announced by Theresa May yesterday - which will attempt to ascertain whether all institutions have done enough to protect children. (itv.com)
  • The Baroness says she did not consider the 'difficulties' caused by her background and family connections to the child sex abuse inquiry. (itv.com)
  • An inquiry into 60 Catholic residential schools in Ireland found children were treated as prisoners and often raped and beaten. (mirror.co.uk)
  • Despite the fact that according to law, the minimum age of marriage is 18 years, child marriages are still rampant in the province. (com.pk)
  • Doctors cannot rule out the condition being related to the abuse he suffered all those years ago. (theage.com.au)
  • People who abuse their partners may continue to control them through their children for years after they separate or divorce. (psychologytoday.com)
  • But for parents - whose top job is to keep their kids safe - that revulsion may be layered with astonishment, because victims often didn't tell others of the alleged abuse until years later. (livescience.com)
  • Prevent Child Abuse America annual reports from the past several years are available for you to view, download, and enjoy. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • The children, aged 12 to 18 years, were allegedly deprived of food and forced to do exhausting work. (rferl.org)
  • A court document cited by the Johnson City Press said Laws told deputies that the state Department of Children's Services had approved the use of the cage as a means of controlling the girl three or four years ago. (ktvu.com)
  • In a study done by Washington State in 2006, they found that children 0-5 had the highest rate of abuse, followed by children 6-11 then children 12-17 years old. (browardschools.com)
  • Children aged 0-3 years are at the greatest risk of any abuse. (browardschools.com)
  • For years, Elizabeth Swedo, a pediatrician and epidemiologist with CDC's Injury Center, has been studying child abuse to better understand and prevent it. (cdc.gov)
  • The abuse was suffered between 5 and 10 years of age (48%) and between 10 and 15 years of age (36%), inflicted by male gender aggressor (71%), which predominated in both groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over the past couple of years, there has been an increase in the documentation of medical conditions that mimic child abuse, and the time required to make a diagnosis has shortened, Dr Metz reported. (medscape.com)
  • Each state's child abuse laws may vary slightly, but have the same general intent and protections. (findlaw.com)
  • She investigates complaints about the state's system for protecting children from abuse and neglect. (npr.org)
  • Thus, they try to sleep more than usual, avoid thinking on the problem, or resort to alcohol and drug abuse -in the case of teenagers. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A three-day conference underway in Stockholm is examining the growing problem of drug and alcohol abuse among young people. (rferl.org)
  • Stockholm, 21 February 2001 (RFE/RL) -- Health ministers and representatives of youth organizations from 51 countries have gathered in Stockholm this week to discuss the problems of young people and alcohol abuse. (rferl.org)
  • Among the conference results is WHO's draft for a European Alcohol Action Plan, which aims to increase alcohol taxation, restrict alcohol's availability to youth, restrict alcohol advertising, and fight drunken driving. (rferl.org)
  • Other factors that may be involved include financial stress and poverty, adult use of alcohol and other drugs, a lack of parenting skills and basic knowledge of child development, and the community and family in which the child lives. (missouri.edu)
  • In such circumstances, human life has little value and children become the main victims. (who.int)
  • The main responsibility for protecting the child lies with the family. (who.int)
  • I forgot you are a big fan of child abuse, being a catholic. (hubpages.com)
  • Keeping our children safe is everyone's priority and it is up to all of to do our part to prevent child abuse. (findlaw.com)
  • Government alone cannot prevent child abuse. (archives.gov)
  • What can be done to prevent child abuse and neglect? (missouri.edu)
  • Together, we can prevent child abuse. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Prevent Child Abuse America is a registered 501(c)3 organization. (preventchildabuse.org)
  • Proceeds will fund grants to support local organizations working to prevent child abuse. (dailyherald.com)
  • There's no cookie-cutter approach, but you have to follow your suspicion if you feel this is a possibility," Borba said, "especially if you have evidence or a strong suspicion - someone told you, or you're seeing marked changes that are not normal for your child. (livescience.com)
  • The provider is not legally responsible for reporting in good faith if the suspicion cannot be proven, but the provider can be held legally responsible for not reporting a reasonable suspicion of child abuse. (medscape.com)
  • His ministry had been to end this "evil and barbaric" practice, he said, labeling child sex abuse as a more serious crime than murder, and the "ultimate sin" against humanity.According to ECPAT, in Asia alone up to a million children under the age of 16 are caught in sex slavery and prostitution. (christianitytoday.com)
  • DPS officials say her children, ages two and four, were not wearing seat belts and "were wet from urine and covered in Crayola marker. (newschannel5.com)
  • Youth representatives attending the conference are holding their own meetings and discussions with officials. (rferl.org)
  • When parents are unable to meet their responsibilities, the consequences are tragic for their children and for society. (archives.gov)
  • Before the article's publication, injuries to children-even repeated bone fractures-were not commonly recognized as the results of intentional trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because fractures stemming from compression injuries are often an indicator of child abuse, and noting Miguel's seeming lack of emotion, Dr. Reed considered this a typical case of paternal mistreatment. (rd.com)
  • As late as the 19th century, cruelty to children, perpetrated by employers and teachers, was commonplace and widespread, and corporal punishment was customary in many countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is not an exhaustive list of the signs of abuse and exploitation. (barnardos.org.uk)
  • Information on child support services for participants and partners. (michigan.gov)
  • Authorities didn't say how many children were victims, but some of them were placed in the custody of child-protection services. (rferl.org)
  • Ms. Font discussed her experience as a caseworker when a child in her caseload was killed by her mother after services were stopped. (cwla.org)
  • Defined as transport of a person for work or services within or across national borders through force, deception, or abuse of authority, trafficking annually victimizes millions, trapping them in virtual slavery as commercial sex workers or domestic or sweatshop workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Experience with outreach services of a multidisciplinary team for child abuse identification. (bvsalud.org)
  • We suggest that in Taiwan , OMDT services should be incorporated into child protection centers, National Health Insurance system and governmental child protection policies . (bvsalud.org)
  • Alongside a planned registry, South Australia has increased its penalties for a range of child sex abuse offences and closed loopholes for offenders in bail and sentencing. (yahoo.com)
  • The chart below lists the details of Iowa's child abuse statutes. (findlaw.com)
  • The following table provides an overview of child abuse laws in Minnesota as well as links to relevant statutes. (findlaw.com)