Cell Respiration
Respiration
Rhus
Oxygen Consumption
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Mitochondria
Chromatography, Gel
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Physicochemical Phenomena
Chemistry, Physical
Oxygen
Mitochondria, Liver
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Anaerobiosis
Antimycin A
Carbon Dioxide
Uncoupling Agents
Cyanides
Electron Transport Complex IV
Energy Metabolism
Adenosine Triphosphate
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Protein Conformation
Viscosity
Chromatography, Affinity
Oligomycins
Oxidation-Reduction
Succinates
Mitochondria, Muscle
Macromolecular Substances
Mitochondrial Proteins
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Molybdenum
Ultracentrifugation
Amino Acids
Solubility
Nitrates
Succinic Acid
Carbon
Cattle
Potassium Cyanide
Respiratory Rate
Cytochromes
Oxidoreductases
Polarography
Shewanella
Temperature
Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Cytosol
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Adenosine Diphosphate
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins
Hydrodynamics
Electron Transport Complex I
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
NAD
Chromatography
Soil
Biomass
Escherichia coli
Atractyloside
Oligohymenophorea
Models, Biological
Molecular Sequence Data
Circular Dichroism
Carbon Cycle
Liver
Respiratory Mechanics
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Tissues
Detergents
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
Fluorescent Dyes
Rats, Inbred Strains
Octoxynol
Spectrophotometry
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Isoelectric Point
Fluorescence
Glucose
Water
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Respiratory Physiological Processes
Reactive Oxygen Species
Receptors, Steroid
Nitrate Reductase
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Calcium
Ubiquinone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Mitochondrial Swelling
Pyruvic Acid
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
Cell Membrane
Carrier Proteins
Amino Acid Sequence
Substrate Specificity
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Polyethylene Glycols
Plant Leaves
Amobarbital
Citric Acid Cycle
NADH Dehydrogenase
Electron Transport Complex II
Receptors, Estradiol
Nitrogen
Microscopy, Electron
Trees
Mathematics
Wolinella
Protons
Receptors, Glucocorticoid
Cytochrome c Group
DNA, Mitochondrial
Metabolism
Magnesium
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Membrane Potentials
Rabbits
Membrane Proteins
Protein Binding
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases
Chemistry
Diffusion
Species Specificity
Nitrite Reductases
Chemical Phenomena
Sodium Cyanide
Ketoglutaric Acids
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Potassium Chloride
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Mutation
Nitrites
Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxidative Stress
Osmolar Concentration
Brain
Ecosystem
Binding Sites
Chemoreceptor Cells
Intracellular Membranes
Fermentation
Electron Transport Complex III
Nitric Oxide
Protein Denaturation
Isoelectric Focusing
Respiratory Center
Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte
Arrhythmia, Sinus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Hydroxyapatites
Chickens
Mitochondrial Membranes
Base Sequence
Respiration, Artificial
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Manganese
Culture Media
Models, Chemical
Mitochondrial Diseases
Solutions
Tidal Volume
Body Temperature Regulation
Affinity Labels
Muscle, Skeletal
Cytochromes c
Proteins
Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase
Swine
Prognostic value of nocturnal Cheyne-Stokes respiration in chronic heart failure. (1/97)
BACKGROUND: Nocturnal Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) occurs frequently in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and it may be associated with sympathetic activation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether CSR could affect prognosis in patients with CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-two CHF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction /=30/h and left atria >/=25 cm2. CONCLUSIONS: The AHI is a powerful independent predictor of poor prognosis in clinically stable patients with CHF. The presence of an AHI >/=30/h adds prognostic information compared with other clinical, echocardiographic, and autonomic data and identifies patients at very high risk for subsequent cardiac death. (+info)High prevalence and persistence of sleep apnoea in patients referred for acute left ventricular failure and medically treated over 2 months. (2/97)
AIMS: Cardiac failure patients were studied systematically using polysomnography 1 month after recovering from acute pulmonary oedema, and again after 2 months of optimal medical treatment for cardiac failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective study of consecutive patients was conducted in a cardiac care unit of a university hospital. V o(2)measurements and left ventricular ejection fraction were recorded. Thirty-four patients, initially recruited with pulmonary oedema, improved after 1 month of medical treatment to NYHA II or III. They were aged less than 75 years and had a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45% at the time of inclusion. Age was 62 (9) years, body mass index= 27 (5) kg x m(-2)and an ejection fraction= 30 (10)%. Eighteen of the 34 patients (53%) had coronary artery disease. Twenty-eight of the 34 had sleep apnoea syndrome with an apnoea+hypopnoea index >15 x h(-1)of sleep. Thus, the prevalence of sleep apnoea in this population was 82%. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) patients had central sleep apnoea and seven of 28 (25%) had obstructive sleep apnoea. Patients with central sleep apnoea had a lower Pa co(2)than those with obstructive sleep apnoea (33 (5) vs 37 (5) mmHg, P<0.005). Significant correlations were found between apnoea+hypopnoea index and peak exercise oxygen consumption (r= -0.73, P<0.01), and apnoea+hypopnoea index and Pa co(2)(r= -0.42, P = 0.03). When only central sleep apnoea patients were considered, a correlation between apnoea+hypopnoea index and left ventricular ejection fraction was also demonstrated (r= -0.46, P<0.04). After 2 months of optimal medical treatment only two patients (both with central sleep apnoea) showed improvement (apnoea+hypopnoea index <15 x h(-1)). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a high prevalence of sleep apnoea, which persisted after 2 months of medical treatment, in patients referred for acute left ventricular failure. Central sleep apnoea can be considered a marker of the severity of congestive heart failure. (+info)Second by second patterns in cortical electroencephalograph and systolic blood pressure during Cheyne-Stokes. (3/97)
Little is known about how arousal develops during the ventilatory phase of Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This study employs neural network analysis of electroencephalograms (EEGs) to describe these changes and relate them to changes in systolic blood pressure, which is probably a subcortical marker of arousal. Six patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (apnoea/hypopnoea index 32-69 h(-1)) caused by stable chronic heart failure underwent polysomnography including arterial beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure determination. Periods of 15 sequential apnoeas during nonrapid eye movement sleep were identified for each subject. For each apnoea, the EEG was examined second-by-second using neural net analysis from 28 s before to 28 s after apnoea termination (first return of oronasal airflow), and this was compared with the systolic blood pressure pattern. During the apnoeic phase, sleep deepened progressively. Arousal started to develop at or just before apnoea termination and progresses through the breathing phase. The rise and fall in the systolic blood pressure closely followed the rise and fall in electroencephalographic sleep depth. In conclusion, during Cheyne-Stokes breathing, cortical electroencephalographic arousal begins at or just before the resumption of breathing. Cortical electroencephalographic sleep depth changes are closely mirrored by changes in arterial systolic blood pressure, suggesting that the state changes in the cortical and basal brain structures may be synchronous. (+info)Oscillatory breathing patterns during wakefulness in patients with chronic heart failure: clinical implications and role of augmented peripheral chemosensitivity. (4/97)
BACKGROUND: Oscillatory breathing patterns characterized by rises and falls in ventilation with apnea (Cheyne-Stokes respiration [CSR]) or without apnea (periodic breathing [PB]) commonly occur during the daytime in chronic heart failure (CHF). We have prospectively characterized patients with cyclical breathing in terms of clinical characteristics, indices of autonomic control, prognosis, and the role of peripheral chemosensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine cyclical breathing pattern, power spectral analysis was applied to 30-minute recordings of respiration in 74 stable CHF patients. Analyses of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity were used to assess autonomic balance. Peripheral chemosensitivity was assessed with the transient hypoxia method. We also determined whether the suppression of peripheral chemoreceptor activity (hyperoxia or dihydrocodeine) would influence the respiratory pattern. Cyclical respiration was found in 49 (66%) patients (22 [30%] CSR, 27 [36%] PB) and was associated with more advanced CHF symptoms, impaired autonomic balance, and increased chemosensitivity (0.80 and 0.75 versus 0.34 L. min(-1). %SaO(2)(-1), P<0.001, for CSR and PB versus normal breathing, respectively). Transient hyperoxia abolished oscillatory breathing in 7 of 8 patients. Dihydrocodeine administration decreased chemosensitivity by 42% (P=0.05), which correlated with improvement in respiratory pattern. Cyclical breathing predicted poor 2-year survival (relative risk 9.41, P<0.01, by Cox proportional hazards analysis), independent of peak oxygen consumption (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: An oscillatory breathing pattern during the daytime is a marker of impaired autonomic regulation and poor outcome. Augmented activity of peripheral chemoreceptors may be involved in the genesis of this respiratory pattern. Modulation of peripheral chemosensitivity can reduce or abolish abnormal respiratory patterns and may be an option in the management of CHF patients with oscillatory breathing. (+info)Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with and without Cheyne-Stokes respiration. (5/97)
BACKGROUND: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who also have Cheyne-Stokes respiration and central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA). However, the effects of CPAP in CHF patients without CSR-CSA have not been tested, and the long-term effects of this treatment on clinical cardiovascular outcomes are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial in which 66 patients with CHF (29 with and 37 without CSR-CSA) were randomized to either a group that received CPAP nightly or to a control group. Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from baseline to 3 months and the combined mortality-cardiac transplantation rate over the median 2.2-year follow-up period were compared between the CPAP-treated and control groups. For the entire group of patients, CPAP had no significant effect on LVEF, but it was associated with a 60% relative risk reduction (95% confidence interval, 2% to 64%) in mortality-cardiac transplantation rate in patients who complied with CPAP therapy. Stratified analysis of patients with and without CSR-CSA revealed that those with CSR-CSA experienced both a significant improvement in LVEF at 3 months and a relative risk reduction of 81% (95% confidence interval, 26% to 95%) in the mortality-cardiac transplantation rate of those who used CPAP. CPAP had no significant effect on either of these outcomes in patients without CSR-CSA. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP improves cardiac function in CHF patients with CSR-CSA but not in those without it. Although not definitive, our findings also suggest that CPAP can reduce the combined mortality-cardiac transplantation rate in those CHF patients with CSR-CSA who comply with therapy. (+info)Quantitative general theory for periodic breathing in chronic heart failure and its clinical implications. (6/97)
BACKGROUND: In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), periodic breathing (PB) predicts poor prognosis. Clinical studies have identified numerous risk factors for PB (which also includes Cheyne-Stokes respiration). Computer simulations have shown that oscillations can arise from delayed negative feedback. However, no simple general theory quantitatively explains PB and its mechanisms of treatment using widely-understood clinical concepts. Therefore, we introduce a new approach to the quantitative analysis of the dynamic physiology governing cardiorespiratory stability in CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: An algebraic formula was derived (presented as a simple 2D plot), enabling prediction from easily acquired clinical data to determine whether respiration will be unstable. Clinical validation was performed in 20 patients with CHF (10 with PB and 10 without) and 10 healthy normal subjects. Measurements, including chemoreflex sensitivity (S) and delay (delta), alveolar volume (V(L)), and end-tidal CO(2) fraction (C), were applied to the stability formula. The breathing pattern was correctly predicted in 28 of the 30 subjects. The principal combined parameter (CS)x(delta/V(L)) was higher in patients with PB (14.2+/-3.0) than in those without PB (3.1+/-0.5; P:=0.0005) or in normal controls (2.4+/-0.5; P:=0.0003). This was because of differences in both chemoreflex sensitivity (1749+/-235 versus 620+/-103 and 526+/-104 L/min per atm CO(2); P:=0.0001 and P:<0.0001, respectively) and chemoreflex delay (0.53+/-0.06 vs 0.40+/-0.06 and 0.30+/-0.04 min; P:=NS and P:=0.02). CONCLUSION: This analytical approach identifies the physiological abnormalities that are important in the genesis of PB and explicitly defines the region of predicted instability. The clinical data identify chemoreflex gain and delay time (rather than hyperventilation or hypocapnia) as causes of PB. (+info)Cognitive impairment in heart failure with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. (7/97)
OBJECTIVES: To document the degree of cognitive impairment in stable heart failure, and to determine its relation to the presence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep. SUBJECTS: 104 heart failure patients and 21 healthy normal volunteers. METHODS: Overnight oximetry was used (previously validated as a screening tool for Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure). Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography. RESULTS: Heart failure patients performed worse than the healthy volunteers in tests that measured vigilance. Reaction times were 48% slower (0.89 (0.03) s v 0.60 (0.05) s p < 0.005) and they hit twice as many obstacles on the Steer Clear simulator (75 (6.4) v 33 (4.6); p < 0.005). Cognitive impairment within the heart failure group was unrelated to either the presence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration, the degree of left ventricular dysfunction, or indices of nocturnal oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: Vigilance was impaired in heart failure but this did not appear to be related to the presence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep. Impaired vigilance as measured on the Steer Clear test has been associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. The issue of fitness to drive in heart failure requires further attention. (+info)Characterisation of breathing and associated central autonomic dysfunction in the Rett disorder. (8/97)
AIM: To investigate breathing rhythm and brain stem autonomic control in patients with Rett disorder. SETTING: Two university teaching hospitals in the United Kingdom and the Rett Centre, Sweden. PATIENTS: 56 female patients with Rett disorder, aged 2-35 years; 11 controls aged 5-28 years. DESIGN: One hour recordings of breathing movement, blood pressure, ECG R-R interval, heart rate, transcutaneous blood gases, cardiac vagal tone, and cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex measured on-line with synchronous EEG and video. Breathing rhythms were analysed in 47 cases. RESULTS: Respiratory rhythm was normal during sleep and abnormal in the waking state. Forced and apneustic breathing were prominent among 5-10 year olds, and Valsalva breathing in the over 18 year olds, who were also most likely to breathe normally. Inadequate breathing peaked among 10-18 year olds. Inadequate and exaggerated breathing was associated with vacant spells. Resting cardiac vagal tone and cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Labile respiratory rhythms and poor integrative inhibition in Rett disorder suggest brain immaturity. Linking this to an early monoaminergic defect suggests possible targets for the MECP2 gene in clinical intervention. Exaggerated and inadequate autonomic responses may contribute to sudden death. (+info)The term "Cheyne-Stokes" was first used to describe this type of respiration by British physician William Cheyne in 1832, and later popularized by John Stokes in 1854. It is also known as "stop-and-go breathing" or "alternating apnea."
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is thought to be caused by changes in the autonomic nervous system that regulate breathing, which can be influenced by various factors such as heart failure, anemia, and medications. The exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between cardiac output, venous return, and respiratory muscle function.
The clinical significance of Cheyne-Stokes respiration lies in its potential impact on patient outcomes. It can lead to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and acidosis (excessive acidity), which can worsen cardiorespiratory symptoms and increase the risk of complications such as heart failure exacerbation, respiratory failure, and death.
Diagnosis of Cheyne-Stokes respiration typically involves monitoring of arterial blood gases, electrocardiography (ECG), and chest radiography. Treatment strategies may include addressing underlying conditions such as heart failure or COPD, adjusting medications, and providing respiratory support as needed.
In summary, Cheyne-Stokes respiration is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by repetitive cycles of shallow and deep breaths, with periods of apnea and hyperpnea. It is commonly seen in patients with cardiorespiratory conditions and can have significant clinical implications.
Spondylitis, ankylosing can affect any part of the spine, but it most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) and the neck (cervical spine). The condition can also affect other joints, such as the hips, shoulders, and feet.
The exact cause of spondylitis, ankylosing is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the joints. Genetics may also play a role in the development of the condition.
Symptoms of spondylitis, ankylosing can include:
* Back pain and stiffness
* Pain and swelling in the joints
* Limited mobility and flexibility
* Redness and warmth in the affected area
* Fatigue
If you suspect that you or someone you know may have spondylitis, ankylosing, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
Treatment for spondylitis, ankylosing typically involves a combination of medications and physical therapy. Medications may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy can help improve mobility and flexibility, as well as strengthen the muscles supporting the affected joints.
In severe cases of spondylitis, ankylosing, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints. In some cases, the condition may progress to the point where the joints become fused and immobile, a condition known as ankylosis.
While there is no cure for spondylitis, ankylosing, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper care and support, individuals with spondylitis, ankylosing can lead active and fulfilling lives.
There are different types of anoxia, including:
1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.
Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.
Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.
In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.
There are several types of apnea that can occur during sleep, including:
1. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of apnea and occurs when the airway is physically blocked by the tongue or other soft tissue in the throat, causing breathing to stop for short periods.
2. Central sleep apnea (CSA): This type of apnea occurs when the brain fails to send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing, resulting in a pause in breathing.
3. Mixed sleep apnea (MSA): This type of apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA, where both central and obstructive factors contribute to the pauses in breathing.
4. Hypopneic apnea: This type of apnea is characterized by a decrease in breathing, but not a complete stop.
5. Hypercapnic apnea: This type of apnea is caused by an excessive buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can lead to pauses in breathing.
The symptoms of apnea can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include:
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
Treatment options for apnea depend on the underlying cause, but may include:
* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime, and sleeping on your side
* Oral appliances or devices that advance the position of the lower jaw and tongue
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask during sleep to deliver a constant flow of air pressure into the airways
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which involves two levels of air pressure: one for inhalation and another for exhalation
* Surgery to remove excess tissue in the throat or correct physical abnormalities that are contributing to the apnea.
When the sinus node is not functioning properly, it can lead to an arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. In some cases, sinus arrhythmia can be caused by underlying medical conditions such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, or cardiomyopathy.
There are several types of sinus arrhythmia, including:
* Sinus tachycardia: a rapid heart rate due to an overactive sinus node. This can be caused by stress, anxiety, or physical exertion.
* Sinus bradycardia: a slow heart rate due to a decreased activity in the sinus node. This can be caused by certain medications, age, or underlying medical conditions.
* Sinus arrest: a complete cessation of sinus node activity, leading to a stop in the heartbeat. This is a rare condition and can be caused by a variety of factors, including electrolyte imbalances or certain medications.
Treatment for sinus arrhythmia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in other cases, medication or procedures such as cardioversion or catheter ablation may be required. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated sinus arrhythmia can lead to more serious complications such as stroke or heart failure.
Mitochondrial diseases can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and they can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or acquired during embryonic development.
Some of the most common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. Muscle weakness and wasting
2. Seizures
3. Cognitive impairment
4. Vision loss
5. Hearing loss
6. Heart problems
7. Neurological disorders
8. Gastrointestinal issues
9. Liver and kidney dysfunction
Some examples of mitochondrial diseases include:
1. MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes)
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs)
3. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which is characterized by weakness of the extraocular muscles and vision loss
4. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
5. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
6. Leigh syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord.
7. LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy), which is a rare form of vision loss that can lead to blindness in one or both eyes.
8. Mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
9. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
10. Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there are many more mitochondrial diseases and disorders that can affect individuals. Additionally, while these diseases are rare, they can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected and their families.
Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a type of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing during sleep. This results in pauses in breathing, which can last for seconds or even minutes and can occur multiple times throughout the night.
CSA is different from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which occurs when the airway is physically blocked by a physical obstruction such as excess tissue in the throat. Instead, CSA is caused by a problem in the brain's respiratory control center, which can be due to various factors such as heart failure, stroke, or a brain tumor.
Symptoms of central sleep apnea may include:
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Fatigue and daytime sleepiness
Treatment for CSA usually involves addressing the underlying cause, such as treating heart failure or stroke. In some cases, therapies such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) may be recommended to help regulate breathing during sleep.
It's important to note that CSA is a less common type of sleep apnea compared to OSA, and it's often misdiagnosed or overlooked. If you suspect you or your partner may have central sleep apnea, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:
* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area
CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.
Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer
Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.
Hypercapnia is a medical condition where there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. This can occur due to various reasons such as:
1. Respiratory failure: When the lungs are unable to remove enough CO2 from the body, leading to an accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream.
2. Lung disease: Certain lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia can cause hypercapnia by reducing the ability of the lungs to exchange gases.
3. Medication use: Certain medications, such as anesthetics and sedatives, can slow down breathing and lead to hypercapnia.
The symptoms of hypercapnia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:
1. Headaches
2. Dizziness
3. Confusion
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Sleep disturbances
If left untreated, hypercapnia can lead to more severe complications such as:
1. Respiratory acidosis: When the body produces too much acid, leading to a drop in blood pH.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can occur due to the increased CO2 levels in the bloodstream.
3. Seizures: In severe cases of hypercapnia, seizures can occur due to the changes in brain chemistry caused by the excessive CO2.
Treatment for hypercapnia typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms through respiratory support and other therapies as needed. This may include:
1. Oxygen therapy: Administering oxygen through a mask or nasal tubes to help increase oxygen levels in the bloodstream and reduce CO2 levels.
2. Ventilation assistance: Using a machine to assist with breathing, such as a ventilator, to help remove excess CO2 from the lungs.
3. Carbon dioxide removal: Using a device to remove CO2 from the bloodstream, such as a dialysis machine.
4. Medication management: Adjusting medications that may be contributing to hypercapnia, such as anesthetics or sedatives.
5. Respiratory therapy: Providing breathing exercises and other techniques to help improve lung function and reduce symptoms.
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have hypercapnia, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Some common examples of respiration disorders include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of sleep apnea, caused by a physical blockage in the throat, such as excess tissue or a large tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type of sleep apnea is caused by a problem in the brain's breathing control center.
3. Mixed Sleep Apnea: This type of sleep apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA.
The symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include:
* Loud snoring
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day
If left untreated, sleep apnea syndromes can lead to serious health problems, such as:
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Diabetes
* Depression
Treatment options for sleep apnea syndromes include:
* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight or quitting smoking
* Oral appliances, such as a mouthpiece to help keep the airway open
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask over the nose and/or mouth while sleeping to deliver a constant flow of air
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which is similar to CPAP but delivers two different levels of air pressure
* Surgery, such as a tonsillectomy or a procedure to remove excess tissue in the throat.
It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have sleep apnea syndromes, as treatment can help improve your quality of life and reduce the risk of serious health problems.
There are several potential causes of hyperventilation, including anxiety, panic attacks, and certain medical conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment for hyperventilation typically involves slowing down the breathing rate and restoring the body's natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Some common signs and symptoms of hyperventilation include:
* Rapid breathing
* Deep breathing
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or tightness
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion or disorientation
* Nausea or vomiting
If you suspect that someone is experiencing hyperventilation, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment may involve the following:
1. Oxygen therapy: Providing extra oxygen to help restore normal oxygen levels in the body.
2. Breathing exercises: Teaching the individual deep, slow breathing exercises to help regulate their breathing pattern.
3. Relaxation techniques: Encouraging the individual to relax and reduce stress, which can help slow down their breathing rate.
4. Medications: In severe cases, medications such as sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to help calm the individual and regulate their breathing.
5. Ventilation support: In severe cases of hyperventilation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support the individual's breathing.
It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation, as it can lead to more serious complications such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest if left untreated.
Example sentence: "The patient was diagnosed with lactic acidosis secondary to uncontrolled diabetes and was admitted to the intensive care unit for proper management."
There are two main types of heart failure:
1. Left-sided heart failure: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the lungs and other organs.
2. Right-sided heart failure: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the body's tissues and organs.
Symptoms of heart failure may include:
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
* Swelling in the abdomen
* Weight gain
* Coughing up pink, frothy fluid
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Medications may include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body, ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Lifestyle changes may include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques. In severe cases, heart failure may require hospitalization or implantation of a device such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).
It is important to note that heart failure is a chronic condition, and it requires ongoing management and monitoring to prevent complications and improve quality of life. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with heart failure are able to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.
1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.
Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:
* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke
Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.
There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:
* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet
In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.
There are several possible causes of hypoventilation, including:
1. Respiratory muscle weakness or paralysis: This can be due to a variety of conditions, such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal cord injury.
2. Chronic respiratory failure: This can be caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, or pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Sleep apnea: Hypoventilation can occur during sleep due to the loss of muscle tone in the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.
4. Anesthesia-induced hypoventilation: Some anesthetics can suppress the respiratory drive, leading to hypoventilation.
5. Drug overdose or intoxication: Certain drugs, such as opioids and benzodiazepines, can depress the central nervous system and lead to hypoventilation.
6. Trauma: Hypoventilation can occur in patients with severe injuries to the chest or abdomen that impair breathing.
7. Sepsis: Severe infections can cause hypoventilation by suppressing the respiratory drive.
8. Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, can lead to hypoventilation.
Treatment of hypoventilation depends on the underlying cause and may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and addressing any underlying conditions or complications. In some cases, hypoventilation may be a sign of a more severe condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent further complications and improve outcomes.
The term "decerebrate" comes from the Latin word "cerebrum," which means brain. In this context, the term refers to a state where the brain is significantly damaged or absent, leading to a loss of consciousness and other cognitive functions.
Some common symptoms of the decerebrate state include:
* Loss of consciousness
* Flaccid paralysis (loss of muscle tone)
* Dilated pupils
* Lack of responsiveness to stimuli
* Poor or absent reflexes
* Inability to speak or communicate
The decerebrate state can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Severe head injury
* Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Traumatic brain injury
Treatment for the decerebrate state is typically focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition. This may involve medications to control seizures, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the decerebrate state may be a permanent condition, and individuals may require long-term care and support.
Respiratory paralysis can manifest in different ways depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:
1. Difficulty breathing: Patients may experience shortness of breath, wheezing, or a feeling of suffocation.
2. Weakened cough reflex: The muscles used for coughing may be weakened or paralyzed, making it difficult to clear secretions from the lungs.
3. Fatigue: Breathing can be tiring and may leave the patient feeling exhausted.
4. Sleep disturbances: Respiratory paralysis can disrupt sleep patterns and cause insomnia or other sleep disorders.
5. Chest pain: Pain in the chest or ribcage can be a symptom of respiratory paralysis, particularly if it is caused by muscle weakness or atrophy.
Diagnosis of respiratory paralysis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or nerve conduction studies (NCS). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include:
1. Medications: Drugs such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anticholinergics can be used to manage symptoms and improve lung function.
2. Respiratory therapy: Techniques such as chest physical therapy, respiratory exercises, and non-invasive ventilation can help improve lung function and reduce fatigue.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or repair damaged nerves.
4. Assistive devices: Patients with severe respiratory paralysis may require the use of assistive devices such as oxygen therapy, ventilators, or wheelchairs to help improve their quality of life.
5. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can all be helpful in improving function and reducing disability.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Patients with respiratory paralysis may need to make lifestyle changes such as avoiding smoke, dust, and other irritants, getting regular exercise, and managing stress to help improve their condition.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
There are several types of respiratory insufficiency, including:
1. Hypoxemic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs do not take in enough oxygen, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
2. Hypercapnic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, leading to high levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
3. Mixed respiratory failure: This occurs when both hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure occur simultaneously.
Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive care measures. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of respiratory insufficiency are present, as early intervention can improve outcomes and prevent complications.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
John Cheyne (physician)
Sleep apnea
Biot's respiration
Obstructive sleep apnea
Breathing
Death of Gloria Ramirez
Respiratory examination
Central sleep apnea
Freediving blackout
Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system
Takashi Nagai
Mimi Smith
George N. Kennedy
Respiratory inductance plethysmography
Hyperventilating
Index of anatomy articles
ABC (medicine)
CSR
List of MeSH codes (C23)
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
George Alexander Gibson
List of ICD-9 codes 780-799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
Encephalopathy
Augusto Murri
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Dash
Respiratory rate
Respiration
Claude Gordon Douglas
List of medical mnemonics
Cheyne
What Is Sleep-Related Hypoventilation? | Sleep Foundation
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Chronic Heart Failure
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -
TEPP
Long-term auto-servoventilation or constant positive pressure in heart failure and coexisting central with obstructive sleep...
Central sleep apnea: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Publications - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia
Airway, Ventilation, and Respiration
Adaptive servoventilation improves cardiac function and respiratory stability
Medical Terminology - Word Parts: c
ANTIPYRINUM - Data on Classical and Complex Homeopathy
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DeCS
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Bental, 2006 - Physiome Model Repository
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Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group
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Resmed AirCurve⢠10 ASV BIPAP / VPAP - medicalsupplydepotandrepairs
Encephalopathy - Wikipedia
Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep-related Breathing Disorders in Adults and Children.Definition and...
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Diabetes and Sleep Disturbances | Diabetes Care | American Diabetes Association
Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Central sleep apnea3
- A condition called Cheyne-Stokes respiration can affect people with severe heart failure and can be associated with central sleep apnea. (medlineplus.gov)
- The coexistence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) and Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) is common in patients with heart failure (HF). (nih.gov)
- The AirCurve 10 ASV bilevel machine offers truly personalized therapy for central breathing disorders, such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR), central sleep apnea (CSA) and associated obstructive events. (medicalsupplydepotandrepairs.com)
Apnea3
- El ciclo comienza con respiraciones lentas y superficiales que aumentan gradualmente en profundidad y ritmo, seguidas por un periodo de apnea. (bvsalud.org)
- [2] Other neurological signs may include involuntary grasping and sucking motions, nystagmus (rapid, involuntary eye movement), jactitation (restlessness while in bed), [ citation needed ] and respiratory abnormalities such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration (cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume), apneustic respirations and post-hypercapnic apnea . (wikipedia.org)
- refer to different syndromes related to breathing disorders during sleep such as: Central Apnea Syndromes, Cheyne-Stokes Respiration, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, and Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome. (hippokratia.gr)
Periodic1
- Elderly patients often have altered breathing patterns, such as periodic breathing (PB) and Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR), which may coincide with chronic heart failure. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Chronic1
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is of major prognostic impact and expresses respiratory instability. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Pulse3
- Her airway is open and she does not have a palpable pulse, however you note gasping respirations at a rate of 6 per minute. (emtreview.com)
- It can act multiple arterial pulse examination, spontaneous respiration, common clinical puncture training and auxiliary examination and vividly simulate all the related pre-hospital and hospital body signs, treatment measures and auxiliary examination of emergency patients. (honglian8.com)
- Cushing's triad, which consists of widening pulse pressure, decreasing pulse, and abnormal (often Cheyne-Stokes) respirations, is usually a significant indication of increased intracranial pressure. (ditchdocem.com)
Respiratory2
- A long-term purpose of this work is to study nonlinear phenomena seen in the cardio-respiratory system (for example, synchronization between ventilation rate and heart rate, and Cheyne-Stokes respiration). (cellml.org)
- The clinically-published ASV algorithm constantly learns, responds, predicts and synchronizes with the patient's respiratory pattern to help rapidly stabilize respiration. (medicalsupplydepotandrepairs.com)
Breath1
- In ASVAuto mode, this bilevel machine not only responds within the breath, adjusting Pressure Support to stabilize respiration, it also automatically adjusts the expiratory pressure in order to provide the minimum pressure required to maintain upper airway patency. (medicalsupplydepotandrepairs.com)
Heart1
- A * long-term purpose of this work is to study nonlinear phenomena * seen in the cardio-respiratory system (for example, synchronization * between ventilation rate and heart rate, and Cheyne-Stokes respiration). (nih.gov)