A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.
FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity.
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
The highest dose of a biologically active agent given during a chronic study that will not reduce longevity from effects other than carcinogenicity. (from Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.
Organic compounds which contain platinum as an integral part of the molecule.
Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.
Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
Antagonist of urate oxidase.
Congener of FLUOROURACIL with comparable antineoplastic action. It has been suggested especially for the treatment of breast neoplasms.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.
Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom.
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.
Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.
Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.
Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
Initial drug treatment designed to bring about REMISSION INDUCTION. It is typically a short-term and high-dose drug treatment that is followed by CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY and then MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY.
Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.
Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
BIOLOGIC PRODUCTS that are imitations but not exact replicas of innovator products.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.
A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Institutions specializing in the care of cancer patients.
Beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from PENICILLINS in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. They are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. Thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors.
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF).
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.
Neoplasm drug therapy involving an extracorporeal circuit with temporary exclusion of the tumor-bearing area from the general circulation during which high concentrations of the drug are perfused to the isolated part.
Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.
A rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune NEUTROPENIA; and SPLENOMEGALY.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37.
Nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.
An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The practice of administering medications in a manner that poses more risk than benefit, particularly where safer alternatives exist.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.
An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
Receptors that bind and internalize GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. Their MW is believed to be 150 kD. These receptors are found mainly on a subset of myelomonocytic cells.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Regional infusion of drugs via an arterial catheter. Often a pump is used to impel the drug through the catheter. Used in therapy of cancer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infection, and peripheral vascular disease.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.
A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
The use of DRUGS to treat a DISEASE or its symptoms. One example is the use of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to treat CANCER.
A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.
Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with hospitalized adult cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. (1/10)

BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious complication following chemotherapy and is associated with significant mortality and financial expenditure. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for longer length of stay (LOS) and mortality and cost of treatment among hospitalized adults with cancer who developed febrile neutropenia in Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on illness of inpatients and casualties came from hospitals nationwide and from hospital withdrawals from the 3 health insurance schemes in fiscal 2010. The data covered 96% of the population and were analyzed by age groups, hospital level, and insurance year schemes in patients with febrile neutropenia. RESULTS: A total of 5,809 patients were identified in the study. The mortality rate was 14%. The median LOS was 8.67 days and 69% of patients stayed for longer than 5 days. On bivariate analysis, age, cancer type, and infectious complications (bacteremia/sepsis, hypotension, fungal infections, and pneumonia) were significantly associated with longer LOS and death. On multivariate analysis, acute leukemia and infectious complications were linked with longer LOS and death significantly. The median cost of hospitalized FN was THB 33,686 (USD 1,122) with the highest cost observed in acute leukemia patients. CONCLUSIONS: FN in adult patients results in significant mortality in hospitalized Thai patients. Factors associated with increased mortality include older age (>70), acute leukemia, comorbidity, and infectious complications.  (+info)

Febrile neutropenia in the tropics: a description of clinical and microbiological findings and their impact on inappropriate therapy currently used at an oncological reference center in Colombia. (2/10)

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Performance of serum biomarkers for the early detection of invasive aspergillosis in febrile, neutropenic patients: a multi-state model. (3/10)

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Lenalidomide plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab is safe and effective in untreated, elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a phase I study by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. (4/10)

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Comparison of pegfilgrastim prescribing practice to national guidelines at a university hospital outpatient oncology clinic. (5/10)

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Bendamustine combined with rituximab for patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. (6/10)

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Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients-updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). (7/10)

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Study design: two long-term observational studies of the biosimilar filgrastim Nivestim (Hospira filgrastim) in the treatment and prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. (8/10)

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Symptoms of neutropenia may include recurring infections, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The diagnosis is typically made through a blood test that measures the number of neutrophils in the blood.

Treatment options for neutropenia depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, supportive care to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation or granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy to increase neutrophil production.

People with febrile neutropenia are at risk for developing life-threatening complications, such as organ failure and sepsis. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition.

Prevention of febrile neutropenia includes avoiding exposure to sick individuals, practicing good hygiene, and receiving recommended vaccinations. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for people with this condition.

The exact definition of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia may vary depending on the specific clinical context and the relevant professional organizations or guidelines being followed. However, in general, the term is used to describe a patient who has:

1. Received chemotherapy within the previous 5-7 days (or a shorter or longer time frame as defined by the treating physician)
2. Has a temperature of at least 38°C (100.4°F)
3. Has a white blood cell count of less than 1,000 cells/μL (or a lower threshold as defined by the treating physician)
4. Has a neutrophil count of less than 500 cells/μL (or a lower threshold as defined by the treating physician)

In addition to these criteria, other factors such as the patient's overall medical history, current medications, and any signs or symptoms of infection may also be taken into account when diagnosing chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia.

There are different types of fever, including:

1. Pyrexia: This is the medical term for fever. It is used to describe a body temperature that is above normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
2. Hyperthermia: This is a more severe form of fever, where the body temperature rises significantly above normal levels.
3. Febrile seizure: This is a seizure that occurs in children who have a high fever.
4. Remittent fever: This is a type of fever that comes and goes over a period of time.
5. Intermittent fever: This is a type of fever that recurs at regular intervals.
6. Chronic fever: This is a type of fever that persists for an extended period of time, often more than 3 weeks.

The symptoms of fever can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Elevated body temperature
* Chills
* Sweating
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite

In some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone in your care has a fever, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or chest pain.

Treatment for fever depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen may be prescribed to help reduce the fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully and to consult with a healthcare professional before giving medication to children.

In addition to medication, there are other ways to help manage fever symptoms at home. These include:

* Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
* Taking cool baths or using a cool compress to reduce body temperature
* Resting and avoiding strenuous activities
* Using over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen, to help manage headache and muscle aches.

Preventive measures for fever include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying up to date on vaccinations, which can help prevent certain infections that can cause fever.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

This condition can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. In severe cases, agranulocytosis can lead to life-threatening infections that require prompt medical treatment.

Some of the common symptoms of agranulocytosis include fever, chills, sore throat, fatigue, and recurring infections. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure the number and function of white blood cells, including granulocytes. Treatment options for agranulocytosis depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and immunoglobulin replacement therapy in severe cases.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

The term "fever of unknown origin" was first used in the medical literature in the early 20th century to describe cases of fever that were unexplained after a careful physical examination, laboratory testing, and other diagnostic procedures. FUO is also sometimes referred to as "undifferentiated fever."

FUO can be caused by a wide range of underlying conditions, including infections, inflammatory disorders, malignancies, and other rare medical conditions. Some common causes of FUO include pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, tuberculosis, and rheumatic fever.

The diagnosis of FUO is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment of FUO typically involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement, pain management, and antipyretic medications, as well as empiric antibiotic therapy until the underlying cause is identified.

In summary, fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a type of fever that cannot be diagnosed or identified after a thorough medical evaluation, and it can be caused by a wide range of underlying conditions.

The most common types of mycoses include:

1. Ringworm: This is a common fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, torso, and face.
2. Athlete's foot: This is a common fungal infection that affects the feet, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
3. Jock itch: This is a fungal infection that affects the groin area and inner thighs, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
4. Candidiasis: This is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a type of yeast. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and vagina.
5. Aspergillosis: This is a serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.

Symptoms of mycoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and cracking of the skin. Treatment for mycoses usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Preventive measures for mycoses include practicing good hygiene, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and using antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment of mycoses can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

There are several possible causes of thrombocytopenia, including:

1. Immune-mediated disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
2. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia or leukemia.
3. Viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C.
4. Medications such as chemotherapy or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
5. Vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin B12 and folate.
6. Genetic disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
7. Sepsis or other severe infections.
8. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition where blood clots form throughout the body.
9. Postpartum thrombocytopenia, which can occur in some women after childbirth.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), and prolonged bleeding from injuries or surgical sites. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include platelet transfusions, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and in severe cases, surgery.

In summary, thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by low platelet counts that can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising. It can be caused by various factors, and treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause.

Examples of hematologic diseases include:

1. Anemia - a condition where there are not enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body.
2. Leukemia - a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood, causing an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
3. Lymphoma - a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
4. Thalassemia - a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia and other complications.
5. Sickle cell disease - a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and prone to breaking down.
6. Polycythemia vera - a rare disorder where there is an overproduction of red blood cells.
7. Myelodysplastic syndrome - a condition where the bone marrow produces abnormal blood cells that do not mature properly.
8. Myeloproliferative neoplasms - a group of conditions where the bone marrow produces excessive amounts of blood cells, including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis.
9. Deep vein thrombosis - a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the leg or arm.
10. Pulmonary embolism - a condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks a blood vessel, causing shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms.

These are just a few examples of hematologic diseases, but there are many others that can affect the blood and bone marrow. Treatment options for these diseases can range from watchful waiting and medication to surgery, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of hematologic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Hematologic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. These types of cancer can originate from various cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and lymphoid cells.

There are several subtypes of hematologic neoplasms, including:

1. Leukemias: Cancers of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of immature or abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
2. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system, which can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other organs. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Multiple myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow that can lead to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Examples include polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.
5. Myelodysplastic syndromes: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an underproduction of normal blood cells.

The diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans). Treatment options for hematologic neoplasms depend on the specific type of cancer, the severity of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. These may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

White blood cells are an important part of the immune system, and they help to fight off infections and diseases. A low number of white blood cells can make a person more susceptible to infections and other health problems.

There are several different types of leukopenia, including:

* Severe congenital neutropenia: This is a rare genetic disorder that causes a severe decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
* Chronic granulomatous disease: This is a genetic disorder that affects the production of white blood cells and can cause recurring infections.
* Autoimmune disorders: These are conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, including white blood cells. Examples include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
* Bone marrow failure: This is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.

Symptoms of leukopenia can include recurring infections, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, or bone marrow transplantation.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of NSCLC and is characterized by malignant cells that have glandular or secretory properties. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common and is characterized by malignant cells that resemble squamous epithelium. Large cell carcinoma is a rare subtype and is characterized by large, poorly differentiated cells.

The main risk factor for developing NSCLC is tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 80-90% of all cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, and certain chemicals in the workplace or environment.

Symptoms of NSCLC can include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, PET scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for NSCLC can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for NSCLC depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment.

Overall, NSCLC is a common and aggressive form of lung cancer that can be treated with a variety of therapies. Early detection and treatment are critical for improving outcomes in patients with this diagnosis.

In medical terminology, nausea is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "dyspepsia," which refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease in the stomach, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, belching, or heartburn. However, while nausea and dyspepsia can be related, they are not always the same thing, and it's important to understand the specific underlying cause of any gastrointestinal symptoms in order to provide appropriate treatment.

Some common causes of nausea include:

* Gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastritis
* Motion sickness or seasickness
* Medication side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, and painkillers
* Pregnancy and morning sickness
* Food poisoning or other infections
* Migraines and other headaches
* Anxiety and stress

Treatment for nausea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, or anti-nausea drugs, as well as non-pharmacological interventions such as ginger, acupressure, or relaxation techniques. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration or other complications.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

This definition of 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local' is from the Healthcare Professionals edition of the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.

There are several subtypes of NHL, including:

1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma

These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.

Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen

Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.

Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.

Examples of OIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): A type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is commonly found in the lungs of individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, central nervous system, and skin.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.
4. Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in the soil and can cause respiratory and digestive problems.
5. Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina.
6. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, and lymph nodes.
7. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): A viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which is more common in individuals with compromised immunity.

The diagnosis and treatment of OIs depend on the specific type of infection and its severity. Treatment may involve antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to receive prompt and appropriate treatment for OIs to help prevent the progression of their disease and improve their quality of life.

The term "mucositis" is derived from the Latin words "mucosa," meaning "membrane," and "-itis," meaning "inflammation." It is a relatively recently coined term that was first used in the medical literature in the 1980s to describe this specific type of inflammation. Mucositis is a common complication of various medical conditions, such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and inflammatory bowel disease, and it can significantly impact quality of life and treatment outcomes. As a result, mucositis has become an area of increasing research focus in the fields of gastroenterology, oncology, and infectious diseases.

This definition is based on the current understanding of mucositis as a medical condition and may change as new research and clinical experience shed light on its causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Sources:

1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2018). Mucositis. Retrieved from
2. American Cancer Society. (2020). Mouth and throat changes during cancer treatment. Retrieved from
3. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Mucositis. Retrieved from

Vomiting can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Infection: Viral or bacterial infections can inflame the stomach and intestines, leading to vomiting.
2. Food poisoning: Consuming contaminated or spoiled food can cause vomiting.
3. Motion sickness: Traveling by car, boat, plane, or other modes of transportation can cause motion sickness, which leads to vomiting.
4. Alcohol or drug overconsumption: Drinking too much alcohol or taking certain medications can irritate the stomach and cause vomiting.
5. Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause nausea and vomiting, especially during the first trimester.
6. Other conditions: Vomiting can also be a symptom of other medical conditions such as appendicitis, pancreatitis, and migraines.

When someone is vomiting, they may experience:

1. Nausea: A feeling of queasiness or sickness in the stomach.
2. Abdominal pain: Crampy or sharp pain in the abdomen.
3. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools.
4. Dehydration: Loss of fluids and electrolytes.
5. Headache: A throbbing headache can occur due to dehydration.
6. Fatigue: Weakness and exhaustion.

Treatment for vomiting depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Fluid replacement: Drinking fluids to replenish lost electrolytes and prevent dehydration.
2. Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infections or other conditions causing vomiting.
3. Rest: Resting the body and avoiding strenuous activities.
4. Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or substances that trigger vomiting.
5. Hospitalization: In severe cases of vomiting, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat underlying conditions.

It is important to seek medical attention if the following symptoms occur with vomiting:

1. Severe abdominal pain.
2. Fever above 101.5°F (38.6°C).
3. Blood in vomit or stools.
4. Signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst, dark urine, or dizziness.
5. Vomiting that lasts for more than 2 days.
6. Frequent vomiting with no relief.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

There are several types of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, including:

1. Common side effects: These are side effects that are commonly experienced by patients taking a particular medication. Examples include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue.
2. Serious side effects: These are side effects that can be severe or life-threatening. Examples include allergic reactions, liver damage, and bone marrow suppression.
3. Adverse events: These are any unwanted or harmful effects that occur during the use of a medication, including side effects and other clinical events such as infections or injuries.
4. Drug interactions: These are interactions between two or more drugs that can cause harmful side effects or reduce the effectiveness of one or both drugs.
5. Side effects caused by drug abuse: These are side effects that occur when a medication is taken in larger-than-recommended doses or in a manner other than as directed. Examples include hallucinations, seizures, and overdose.

It's important to note that not all side effects and adverse reactions are caused by the drug itself. Some may be due to other factors, such as underlying medical conditions, other medications being taken, or environmental factors.

To identify and manage drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, healthcare providers will typically ask patients about any symptoms they are experiencing, perform physical exams, and review the patient's medical history and medication list. In some cases, additional tests may be ordered to help diagnose and manage the problem.

Overall, it's important for patients taking medications to be aware of the potential for side effects and adverse reactions, and to report any symptoms or concerns to their healthcare provider promptly. This can help ensure that any issues are identified and addressed early, minimizing the risk of harm and ensuring that the patient receives the best possible care.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

1. Alopecia areata: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss on the scalp or body.
2. Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness): This is a common condition in which men experience hair loss due to hormonal changes.
3. Telogen effluvium: This is a condition where there is an increase in the number of hair follicles that stop growing and enter the resting phase, leading to excessive hair shedding.
4. Alopecia totalis: This is a condition where all hair on the scalp is lost, including eyebrows and lashes.
5. Alopecia universalis: This is a condition where all body hair is lost.

Alopecia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Treatment options for alopecia depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, hair transplantation, or other therapies.

In medical literature, alopecia is often used as a term to describe the loss of hair in specific contexts, such as in the treatment of cancer patients or in the management of autoimmune disorders. It is also used to describe the side effects of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs that can cause hair loss.

There are several types of stomach neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer begins in the squamous cells that cover the outer layer of the stomach. It is less common than adenocarcinoma but more likely to be found in the upper part of the stomach.
3. Gastric mixed adenocarcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Lymphoma: This is a cancer of the immune system that can occur in the stomach. It is less common than other types of stomach cancer but can be more aggressive.
5. Carcinomas of the stomach: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial cells lining the stomach. They can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others.
6. Gastric brunner's gland adenoma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the Brunner's glands in the stomach.
7. Gastric polyps: These are growths that occur on the lining of the stomach and can be either benign or malignant.

The symptoms of stomach neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT or PET scans), and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for stomach neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

It is also known as mouth inflammation.

Types of Infection:

1. Bacterial Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the body. Examples include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.
2. Viral Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful viruses in the body. Examples include the common cold, flu, and HIV/AIDS.
3. Fungal Infections: These are caused by the presence of fungi in the body. Examples include athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.
4. Parasitic Infections: These are caused by the presence of parasites in the body. Examples include malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

Symptoms of Infection:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Headache
4. Muscle aches
5. Skin rashes or lesions
6. Swollen lymph nodes
7. Sore throat
8. Coughing
9. Diarrhea
10. Vomiting

Treatment of Infection:

1. Antibiotics: These are used to treat bacterial infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
2. Antiviral medications: These are used to treat viral infections and work by interfering with the replication of viruses.
3. Fungicides: These are used to treat fungal infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of fungi.
4. Anti-parasitic medications: These are used to treat parasitic infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of parasites.
5. Supportive care: This includes fluids, nutritional supplements, and pain management to help the body recover from the infection.

Prevention of Infection:

1. Hand washing: Regular hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infection.
2. Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against specific infections can help prevent them.
3. Safe sex practices: Using condoms and other safe sex practices can help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
4. Food safety: Properly storing and preparing food can help prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses.
5. Infection control measures: Healthcare providers use infection control measures such as wearing gloves, masks, and gowns to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Some common types of urologic neoplasms include:

1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a type of kidney cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney's tubules.
2. Bladder cancer: a type of cancer that affects the cells lining the bladder, and can be classified as superficial or invasive.
3. Ureteral cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the muscular tissue of the ureters.
4. Prostate cancer: a common type of cancer in men that affects the prostate gland.
5. Penile cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops on the penis, usually in the skin or mucous membranes.
6. Testicular cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the testicles, and is most common in young men between the ages of 15 and 35.

The symptoms of urologic neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination, or abdominal pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as CT scans or ultrasound) and tissue biopsy.

Treatment options for urologic neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. In some cases, watchful waiting or active surveillance may be recommended for small, slow-growing tumors that are not causing symptoms or threatening the patient's life.

The prognosis for urologic neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, some types of urologic neoplasms are more aggressive and difficult to treat than others.

Prevention is often challenging for urologic neoplasms, as many risk factors (such as family history or genetic predisposition) cannot be controlled. However, some measures may help reduce the risk of developing certain types of urologic neoplasms, such as:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
* Protecting the skin from sun exposure to reduce the risk of skin cancer
* Avoiding exposure to certain chemicals or toxins that may increase the risk of certain types of cancer
* Practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.

Peritoneal neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common types of peritoneal neoplasms include:

1. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is the most common type of peritoneal neoplasm and arises from the mesothelial cells that line the abdominal cavity. It is often associated with asbestos exposure.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer originates in the ovaries and can spread to the peritoneum.
3. Appendiceal cancer: This type of cancer arises in the appendix and can spread to the peritoneum.
4. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the abdominal cavity and resembles a mucin-secreting tumor.
5. Primary peritoneal cancer: This type of cancer originates in the peritoneum itself and can be of various types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

The symptoms of peritoneal neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, distension, and difficulty eating or passing stool. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis for peritoneal neoplasms is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20-30%.

AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of leukemia that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, but it can also occur in children.

There are several subtypes of AML, including:

1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the PML-RARA fusion gene. It is usually responsive to treatment with chemotherapy and has a good prognosis.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS): This is the most common subtype of AML and does not have any specific genetic abnormalities. It can be more difficult to treat and has a poorer prognosis than other subtypes.
3. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. It can progress slowly over time and may require ongoing treatment.
4. Juvenile myeloid leukemia (JMML): This is a rare subtype of AML that occurs in children under the age of 18. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called blasts in the blood and bone marrow.

The symptoms of AML can vary depending on the subtype and the severity of the disease, but they may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headache
* Confusion or seizures

AML is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the hipbone or breastbone to examine under a microscope for signs of leukemia cells.
3. Genetic testing: This test can help identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with AML.
4. Immunophenotyping: This test uses antibodies to identify the surface proteins on leukemia cells, which can help diagnose the subtype of AML.
5. Cytogenetics: This test involves staining the bone marrow cells with dyes to look for specific changes in the chromosomes that are associated with AML.

Treatment for AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of AML, the patient's age and overall health, and other factors. Some common treatments for AML include:

1. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for AML are cytarabine (Ara-C) and anthracyclines such as daunorubicin (DaunoXome) and idarubicin (Idamycin).
2. Targeted therapy: This involves using drugs that specifically target the genetic abnormalities that are causing the cancer. Examples of targeted therapies used for AML include midostaurin (Rydapt) and gilteritinib (Xospata).
3. Bone marrow transplantation: This involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor. This is typically done after high-dose chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells.
4. Supportive care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Examples of supportive care for AML include blood transfusions, antibiotics, and platelet transfusions.
5. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments for AML. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the treatment plan for AML is highly individualized, and the specific treatments used will depend on the patient's age, overall health, and other factors. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific needs.

Epidemiology:

* Incidence: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 10%-15% of all skin cancers, but it is more common in certain populations such as fair-skinned individuals and those with a history of sun exposure.
* Prevalence: The prevalence of SCC is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is believed to be more common in certain geographic regions such as Australia and New Zealand.

Clinical features:

* Appearance: Small cell carcinoma usually appears as a firm, shiny nodule or plaque on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, lips, and hands. It can also occur in other parts of the body, including the mucous membranes.
* Color: The color of SCC can range from pink to red to purple, and it may be covered with a crust or scab.
* Dimensions: SCC usually measures between 1-5 cm in diameter, but it can be larger in some cases.
* Surface: The surface of SCC may be smooth or rough, and it may have a "pearly" appearance due to the presence of small, white, and shiny nodules called "heidlebergs."

Differential diagnosis:

* Other types of skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
* Other diseases that can cause similar symptoms and appearance, such as psoriasis, eczema, and actinic keratosis.

Treatment:

* Surgical excision: Small cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgical excision, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue.
* Radiation therapy: In some cases, radiation therapy may be used after surgical excision to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated.
* Topical treatments: For more superficial SCC, topical treatments such as imiquimod cream or podofilox solution may be effective.

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for small cell carcinoma is generally good if it is detected and treated early.
* However, if left untreated, SCC can invade surrounding tissues and organs, leading to serious complications and potentially fatal outcomes.

Complications:

* Invasion of surrounding tissues and organs.
* Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis).
* Scarring and disfigurement.
* Infection and inflammation.

Pre-B ALL is characterized by the abnormal growth of immature white blood cells called B lymphocytes. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and are normally present in the blood. In Pre-B ALL, the abnormal B cells accumulate in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs, crowding out normal cells and causing a variety of symptoms.

The symptoms of Pre-B ALL can vary depending on the individual patient, but may include:

* Fatigue
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Frequent infections
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headaches
* Confusion or seizures (in severe cases)

Pre-B ALL is most commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also occur in adults. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and sometimes bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for Pre-B ALL is generally good, especially in children, with a high survival rate if treated promptly and effectively. However, the cancer can be more difficult to treat in adults, and the prognosis may be less favorable.

Overall, Pre-B ALL is a rare and aggressive form of leukemia that requires prompt and specialized treatment to improve outcomes for patients.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

Sarcomas can arise in any part of the body, but they are most common in the arms and legs. They can also occur in the abdomen, chest, or head and neck. There are many different types of sarcoma, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment options.

The causes of sarcoma are not fully understood, but genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease. Sarcomas can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they often grow slowly and may not cause symptoms until they are advanced.

Treatment for sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of sarcoma, its location, and the stage of the disease. In some cases, amputation may be necessary to remove the tumor.

Prognosis for sarcoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the size and location of the tumor, and the stage of the disease. In general, the prognosis is best for patients with early-stage sarcoma that is confined to a small area and has not spread to other parts of the body.

Overall, sarcoma is a rare and complex form of cancer that requires specialized treatment and care. While the prognosis can vary depending on the specific type of cancer and the stage of the disease, advances in medical technology and treatment options have improved outcomes for many patients with sarcoma.

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be difficult to treat because these bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics. In addition, some gram-negative bacteria produce enzymes called beta-lactamases, which break down the penicillin ring of many antibiotics, making them ineffective against the infection.

Some common types of gram-negative bacterial infections include:

* Pneumonia
* Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
* Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
* Meningitis
* Skin and soft tissue infections
* Respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis

Examples of gram-negative bacteria that can cause infection include:

* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Acinetobacter baumannii
* Proteus mirabilis

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood cultures, urine cultures, and tissue samples. Treatment typically involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems or cephalosporins, which are effective against many types of gram-negative bacteria. In some cases, the infection may require hospitalization and intensive care to manage complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections includes good hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and appropriate use of antibiotics. In healthcare settings, infection control measures such as sterilization and disinfection of equipment, and isolation precautions for patients with known gram-negative bacterial infections can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Overall, gram-negative bacterial infections are a significant public health concern, and proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission.

There are many different types of anemia, each with its own set of causes and symptoms. Some common types of anemia include:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia: This is the most common type of anemia and is caused by a lack of iron in the diet or a problem with the body's ability to absorb iron. Iron is essential for making hemoglobin.
2. Vitamin deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12 or folate, that are necessary for red blood cell production.
3. Anemia of chronic disease: This type of anemia is seen in people with chronic diseases, such as kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
4. Sickle cell anemia: This is a genetic disorder that affects the structure of hemoglobin and causes red blood cells to be shaped like crescents or sickles.
5. Thalassemia: This is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin and can cause anemia, fatigue, and other health problems.

The symptoms of anemia can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness or lightheadedness. Anemia can be diagnosed with a blood test that measures the number and size of red blood cells, as well as the levels of hemoglobin and other nutrients.

Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, dietary changes or supplements may be sufficient to treat anemia. For example, people with iron-deficiency anemia may need to increase their intake of iron-rich foods or take iron supplements. In other cases, medical treatment may be necessary to address underlying conditions such as kidney disease or cancer.

Preventing anemia is important for maintaining good health and preventing complications. To prevent anemia, it is important to eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of iron-rich foods, vitamin C-rich foods, and other essential nutrients. It is also important to avoid certain substances that can interfere with the absorption of nutrients, such as alcohol and caffeine. Additionally, it is important to manage any underlying medical conditions and seek medical attention if symptoms of anemia persist or worsen over time.

In conclusion, anemia is a common blood disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the different types of anemia, their causes, and symptoms in order to seek medical attention if necessary. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of anemia can be successfully managed and prevented.

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

Transitional cell carcinoma typically affects older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being around 70 years. Men are more likely to be affected than women, and the risk of developing TCC increases with age and exposure to certain environmental factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

The symptoms of TCC can vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Pain in the lower abdomen or back

If left untreated, TCC can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and bones. Treatment options for TCC may include surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, and the prognosis depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing TCC include maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and regular screening for bladder cancer. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with TCC.

Some common types of head and neck neoplasms include:

1. Oral cavity cancer: Cancer that develops in the mouth, tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Oropharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the throat, including the base of the tongue, soft palate, and tonsils.
3. Hypopharyngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the lower part of the throat, near the esophagus.
4. Laryngeal cancer: Cancer that develops in the voice box (larynx).
5. Paranasal sinus cancer: Cancer that develops in the air-filled cavities around the eyes and nose.
6. Salivary gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the salivary glands, which produce saliva to moisten food and keep the mouth lubricated.
7. Thyroid gland cancer: Cancer that develops in the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that regulates metabolism and growth.

The risk factors for developing head and neck neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor diet, and exposure to environmental carcinogens such as asbestos or radiation. Symptoms of head and neck neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include a lump or swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, bleeding, and changes in voice or breathing.

Diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type, location, and stage of the cancer.

Overall, head and neck neoplasms can have a significant impact on quality of life, and early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes. If you suspect any changes in your head or neck, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Some common examples of gram-positive bacterial infections include:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: These are infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is a type of gram-positive bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics.
2. Streptococcal infections: These are infections caused by streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat and cellulitis.
3. Pneumococcal infections: These are infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria, such as pneumonia.
4. Enterococcal infections: These are infections caused by enterococcus bacteria, such as urinary tract infections and endocarditis.
5. Candidiasis: This is a type of fungal infection caused by candida, which is a type of gram-positive fungus.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and ampicillin, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has made the treatment of these infections more challenging. In some cases, gram-positive bacterial infections may require more aggressive treatment, such as combination therapy with multiple antibiotics or the use of antifungal medications.

Overall, gram-positive bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

Hodgkin Disease can spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system, and it can affect people of all ages, although it is most common in young adults and teenagers. The symptoms of Hodgkin Disease can vary depending on the stage of the disease, but they may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and itching.

There are several types of Hodgkin Disease, including:

* Classical Hodgkin Disease: This is the most common type of Hodgkin Disease and is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
* Nodular Lymphocytic predominant Hodgkin Disease: This type of Hodgkin Disease is characterized by the presence of nodules in the lymph nodes.
* Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Disease: This type of Hodgkin Disease is characterized by a mixture of Reed-Sternberg cells and other immune cells.

Hodgkin Disease is usually diagnosed with a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected lymph node or other area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment for Hodgkin Disease typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be necessary.

The prognosis for Hodgkin Disease is generally good, especially if the disease is detected and treated early. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for people with Hodgkin Disease is about 85%. However, the disease can sometimes recur after treatment, and the long-term effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy can include infertility, heart problems, and an increased risk of secondary cancers.

Hodgkin Disease is a rare form of cancer that affects the immune system. It is most commonly diagnosed in young adults and is usually treatable with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, the disease can sometimes recur after treatment, and the long-term effects of treatment can include infertility, heart problems, and an increased risk of secondary cancers.

The symptoms of Felty syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Rheumatoid arthritis with joint deformity and loss of function
* Chronic lung disease, such as interstitial fibrosis or emphysema
* Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck and axillae
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Fatigue

Felty syndrome is caused by an abnormal immune response that leads to inflammation in the joints, lungs, and lymph nodes. It can be associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.

The diagnosis of Felty syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to assess for inflammatory markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as tests to assess joint damage and lung function. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, may be used to evaluate joint damage and lung disease.

There is no cure for Felty syndrome, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:

* Medications to reduce inflammation, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
* Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
* Immunosuppressive medications, such as methotrexate or azathioprine, to suppress the immune system and prevent joint damage
* Biologic agents, such as infliximab or etanercept, to target specific proteins involved in the immune response and reduce inflammation
* Physical therapy to maintain joint mobility and strength
* Surgery to repair or replace damaged joints, such as hip or knee replacement

It is important for individuals with Felty syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps manage their symptoms. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with Felty syndrome are able to lead active and productive lives.

In the medical field, fatigue is often evaluated using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine its underlying cause. Treatment for fatigue depends on the underlying cause, but may include rest, exercise, stress management techniques, and medication.

Some common causes of fatigue in the medical field include:

1. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep apnea
2. Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis
3. Infections, such as the flu or a urinary tract infection
4. Medication side effects
5. Poor nutrition or hydration
6. Substance abuse
7. Chronic stress
8. Depression or anxiety
9. Hormonal imbalances
10. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis or lupus.

Fatigue can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as:

1. Anemia
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
4. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
5. Chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Fibromyalgia
7. Vasculitis
8. Cancer
9. Heart failure
10. Liver or kidney disease.

It is important to seek medical attention if fatigue is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can diagnose and treat the underlying cause of fatigue, improving overall quality of life.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

Testicular neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Testicular neoplasms can affect men of all ages, but they are more common in younger men between the ages of 20 and 35.

Types of Testicular Neoplasms:

There are several types of testicular neoplasms, including:

1. Seminoma: This is a type of malignant tumor that develops from immature cells in the testicles. It is the most common type of testicular cancer and tends to grow slowly.
2. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT): These are malignant tumors that develop from immature cells in the testicles, but they do not have the characteristic features of seminoma. They can be either heterologous (containing different types of cells) or homologous (containing only one type of cell).
3. Leydig cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Leydig cells, which produce testosterone in the testicles.
4. Sertoli cell tumors: These are rare malignant tumors that develop in the Sertoli cells, which support the development of sperm in the testicles.
5. Testicular metastasectomy: This is a procedure to remove cancer that has spread to the testicles from another part of the body, such as the lungs or liver.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of testicular neoplasms is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been linked to an increased risk of developing these tumors. These include:

1. Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism): This condition occurs when the testicles do not descend into the scrotum during fetal development.
2. Family history: Men with a family history of testicular cancer are at an increased risk of developing these tumors.
3. Previous radiation exposure: Men who have had radiation therapy to the pelvic area, especially during childhood or adolescence, have an increased risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
4. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as those associated with familial testicular cancer syndrome, can increase the risk of developing testicular neoplasms.
5. Infertility: Men who are infertile may have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of testicular neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. A lump or swelling in the testicle
2. Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
3. Enlargement of the testicle
4. Abnormality in the size or shape of the testicle
5. Pain during ejaculation
6. Difficulty urinating or painful urination
7. Breast tenderness or enlargement
8. Lower back pain
9. Fatigue
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of testicular neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy.

1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a thorough physical examination of the testicles, including checking for any abnormalities in size, shape, or tenderness.
2. Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to help identify the location and extent of the tumor.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the testicle and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for elevated levels of certain substances that can indicate the presence of cancer.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for testicular neoplasms. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and any affected tissue.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery or radiation therapy to treat more advanced cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Surveillance: Surveillance is a close monitoring of the patient's condition, including regular check-ups and imaging studies, to detect any recurrences of the tumor.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. Some common types of testicular neoplasms have a good prognosis, while others are more aggressive and may have a poorer prognosis if not treated promptly.

Complications:

Some complications of testicular neoplasms include:

1. Recurrence: The cancer can recur in the testicle or spread to other parts of the body.
2. Spread to other parts of the body: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or brain.
3. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause infertility.
4. Hormone imbalance: Some types of testicular cancer can disrupt hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as breast enlargement or low sex drive.
5. Chronic pain: Some men may experience chronic pain in the testicle or scrotum after treatment for testicular cancer.

Lifestyle changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some general healthy habits can help reduce the risk of developing these types of tumors. These include:

1. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Limiting alcohol consumption
4. Avoiding smoking and recreational drugs
5. Protecting the testicles from injury or trauma

Screening:

There is no standard screening test for testicular neoplasms, but men can perform a self-exam to check for any abnormalities in their testicles. This involves gently feeling the testicles for any lumps or unusual texture. Men with a family history of testicular cancer should talk to their doctor about whether they should start screening earlier and more frequently.

Treatment:

The treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: This involves removing the affected testicle or tumor.
2. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
4. Hormone therapy: This involves taking medications to alter hormone levels and slow the growth of cancer cells.
5. Clinical trials: These involve testing new treatments or combination of treatments for testicular neoplasms.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular neoplasms varies depending on the type, stage, and location of the tumor. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For example, seminoma has a high cure rate with current treatments, while non-seminomatous germ cell tumors have a lower cure rate but can still be effectively treated. Lymphoma and metastatic testicular cancer have a poorer prognosis and require aggressive treatment.

Lifestyle Changes:

There are no specific lifestyle changes that can prevent testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals can also help improve overall health and well-being.

Complications:

Testicular neoplasms can have several complications, including:

1. Infertility: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as surgery or chemotherapy, can cause infertility.
2. Pain: Testicular cancer can cause pain in the scrotum, groin, or abdomen.
3. Swelling: Testicular cancer can cause swelling in the scrotum or groin.
4. Hormonal imbalance: Some testicular tumors can produce hormones that can cause an imbalance in the body's hormone levels.
5. Recurrence: Testicular cancer can recur after treatment, and regular follow-up is necessary to detect any signs of recurrence early.
6. Late effects of treatment: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy, can have long-term effects on the body, including infertility, heart problems, and bone marrow suppression.
7. Metastasis: Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and bones, which can be life-threatening.

Prevention:

There is no specific prevention for testicular neoplasms, but some risk factors such as undescended testes, family history, and exposure to certain chemicals can be reduced to lower the risk of developing these tumors. Regular self-examination and early detection are crucial in improving outcomes for patients with testicular cancer.

Conclusion:

Testicular neoplasms are a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Early detection through regular self-examination and follow-up can improve outcomes, while awareness of risk factors and symptoms is essential in reducing the burden of this disease. A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, radiologists, pathologists, and oncologists is necessary for optimal management of patients with testicular neoplasms.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

Types of Esophageal Neoplasms:

1. Barrett's Esophagus: This is a precancerous condition that occurs when the cells lining the esophagus undergo abnormal changes, increasing the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of esophageal cancer, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. It originates in the glands that line the esophagus.
3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type of cancer accounts for about 20% of all esophageal cancers and originates in the squamous cells that line the esophagus.
4. Other rare types: Other rare types of esophageal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Long-standing GERD can lead to the development of Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
2. Obesity: Excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.
3. Diet: A diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
4. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for esophageal cancer.
5. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer.
6. Family history: Having a family history of esophageal cancer or other cancers may increase an individual's risk.
7. Age: The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
8. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as achalasia, may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing): This is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer, and can be caused by a narrowing or blockage of the esophagus due to the tumor.
2. Chest pain or discomfort: Pain in the chest or upper back can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
3. Weight loss: Losing weight without trying can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
4. Coughing or hoarseness: If the tumor is obstructing the airway, it can cause coughing or hoarseness.
5. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.
6. Diagnosis: A diagnosis of esophageal cancer is typically made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging tests (such as CT scans), and biopsies.

Treatment Options:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for esophageal cancer, and can involve removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue, or removing the entire esophagus and replacing it with a section of stomach or intestine.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells, and is often used in combination with surgery to treat esophageal cancer.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells, and can be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy drugs are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, and can be used in combination with other treatments.

Prognosis and Survival Rate:

1. The prognosis for esophageal cancer is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20%.
2. Factors that can improve the prognosis include early detection, small tumor size, and absence of spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
3. The overall survival rate for esophageal cancer has not improved much over the past few decades, but advances in treatment have led to a slight increase in survival time for some patients.

Lifestyle Changes and Prevention:

1. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for esophageal cancer, so avoiding them can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
2. Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help protect against esophageal cancer.
3. Managing obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for esophageal cancer, so maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
4. Reducing exposure to pollutants: Exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants, such as pesticides and asbestos, has been linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Avoiding these substances can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.
5. Getting regular screening: Regular screening for Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition that can develop in people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can help detect and treat esophageal cancer early, when it is most treatable.

Current Research and Future Directions:

1. Targeted therapies: Researchers are working on developing targeted therapies that can specifically target the genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer cells. These therapies may be more effective and have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
2. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, which uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, is being studied as a potential treatment for esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on developing vaccines and other immunotherapies that can help the body recognize and attack cancer cells.
3. Precision medicine: With the help of advanced genomics and precision medicine, researchers are working to identify specific genetic mutations that drive the growth of esophageal cancer in each patient. This information can be used to develop personalized treatment plans that are tailored to the individual patient's needs.
4. Early detection: Researchers are working on developing new methods for early detection of esophageal cancer, such as using machine learning algorithms to analyze medical images and detect signs of cancer at an early stage.
5. Lifestyle modifications: Studies have shown that lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet, can help reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Researchers are working on understanding the specific mechanisms by which these modifications can help prevent the disease.

In conclusion, esophageal cancer is a complex and aggressive disease that is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, with advances in technology, research, and treatment options, there is hope for improving outcomes for patients with this disease. By understanding the risk factors, early detection methods, and current treatments, as well as ongoing research and future directions, we can work towards a future where esophageal cancer is more manageable and less deadly.

Examples of neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal include:

1. Testicular cancer: This type of cancer develops in the cells of the testes and is most common in young men between the ages of 20 and 35.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer develops in the cells of the ovaries and is most common in older women.
3. Embryonal carcinoma: This type of cancer develops in the cells that form the embryo during fetal development. It is rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
4. Teratocarcinoma: This type of cancer develops in the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. It is rare and tends to affect women who have abnormal pregnancies.

Neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal are typically treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the location and severity of the cancer. The prognosis for these types of cancers is generally good if they are detected early and treated appropriately. However, if they are not diagnosed and treated promptly, they can spread to other parts of the body and be more difficult to treat.

There are several types of osteosarcomas, including:

1. High-grade osteosarcoma: This is the most common type of osteosarcoma and tends to grow quickly.
2. Low-grade osteosarcoma: This type of osteosarcoma grows more slowly than high-grade osteosarcoma.
3. Chondrosarcoma: This is a type of osteosarcoma that arises in the cartilage cells of the bone.
4. Ewing's family of tumors: These are rare types of osteosarcoma that can occur in any bone of the body.

The exact cause of osteosarcoma is not known, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:

1. Previous radiation exposure
2. Paget's disease of bone
3. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (a genetic disorder that increases the risk of certain types of cancer)
4. Familial retinoblastoma (a rare inherited condition)
5. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as herbicides and industrial chemicals.

Symptoms of osteosarcoma may include:

1. Pain in the affected bone, which may be worse at night or with activity
2. Swelling and redness around the affected area
3. Limited mobility or stiffness in the affected limb
4. A visible lump or mass on the affected bone
5. Fractures or breaks in the affected bone

If osteosarcoma is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These may include:

1. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans
2. Biopsy, in which a sample of tissue is removed from the affected bone and examined under a microscope for cancer cells
3. Blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain enzymes that are produced by osteosarcoma cells
4. Bone scans to look for areas of increased activity or metabolism in the bones.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Myeloid leukemia can be classified into several subtypes based on the type of cell involved and the degree of maturity of the abnormal cells. The most common types of myeloid leukemia include:

1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This is the most aggressive form of myeloid leukemia, characterized by a rapid progression of immature cells that do not mature or differentiate into normal cells. AML can be further divided into several subtypes based on the presence of certain genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.
2. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This is a slower-growing form of myeloid leukemia, characterized by the presence of a genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome. CML is typically treated with targeted therapies or bone marrow transplantation.
3. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of immature blood cells in the bone marrow. MDS can progress to AML if left untreated.
4. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML): This is a rare form of myeloid leukemia that is characterized by the accumulation of immature monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. CMML can be treated with chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.

The symptoms of myeloid leukemia can vary depending on the subtype and severity of the disease. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options for myeloid leukemia can include chemotherapy, targeted therapies, bone marrow transplantation, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for myeloid leukemia varies depending on the subtype of the disease and the patient's overall health. With current treatments, many patients with myeloid leukemia can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.

Entamoebiasis is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, where the parasite is ingested from contaminated food or water. Risk factors for developing entamoebiasis include poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and poor hygiene practices.

The diagnosis of entamoebiasis typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests such as stool samples, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole, which can effectively cure the infection.

Prevention measures for entamoebiasis include avoiding contaminated food and water, practicing good hygiene and sanitation, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are infected with the parasite. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent entamoebiasis, but they are not yet widely available.

Entamoebiasis is a significant public health problem in many developing countries, where it is a leading cause of gastrointestinal illness and death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with Entamoeba histolytica each year, resulting in an estimated 4-8% mortality rate.

In summary, entamoebiasis is a serious gastrointestinal disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, which can lead to severe complications and death if left untreated. Prevention measures include avoiding contaminated food and water, practicing good hygiene and sanitation, and developing vaccines to prevent infection.

Germinomas are rare and account for only about 1% to 3% of all germ cell tumors. They are more common in children and young adults, and the median age at diagnosis is around 10 to 20 years. These tumors tend to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms in their early stages.

The signs and symptoms of germinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. In general, they may include:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Swelling or lump in the abdomen
* Vaginal bleeding or discharge in females
* Painful urination or scrotal swelling in males
* Fatigue or fever

If a germinoma is suspected, imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy may also be performed to examine the tumor cells under a microscope.

Treatment for germinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissues. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended to ensure that all cancerous cells are eliminated. The prognosis for germinoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of around 90% for children and young adults. However, the tumor can recur in some cases, so follow-up care is important.

In summary, germinoma is a rare type of tumor that originates from germ cells in the reproductive system. It can be benign or malignant and tends to grow slowly, causing abdominal pain, swelling, or other symptoms. Treatment typically involves surgery and may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy, with a good prognosis for most patients.

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant pancreatic neoplasm and accounts for approximately 85% of all pancreatic cancers. It originates in the glandular tissue of the pancreas and has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are less common but more treatable than pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas and can produce excess hormones that cause a variety of symptoms, such as diabetes or high blood sugar. PNETs are classified into two main types: functional and non-functional. Functional PNETs produce excess hormones and are more aggressive than non-functional tumors.

Other rare types of pancreatic neoplasms include acinar cell carcinoma, ampullary cancer, and oncocytic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors are less common than pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PNETs but can be equally aggressive and difficult to treat.

The symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but they often include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, endoscopic ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment options for pancreatic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Prognosis for patients with pancreatic neoplasms is generally poor, especially for those with advanced stages of disease. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Research into the causes and mechanisms of pancreatic neoplasms is ongoing, with a focus on developing new and more effective treatments for these devastating diseases.




Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

There are several subtypes of MDS, each with distinct clinical features and prognosis. The most common subtype is refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), followed by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of MDS is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors. Risk factors for developing MDS include exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, age over 60, and a history of previous cancer treatment.

Symptoms of MDS can vary depending on the specific subtype and severity of the disorder, but may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding, and easy bruising. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment for MDS depends on the specific subtype and severity of the disorder, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Options may include supportive care, such as blood transfusions and antibiotics, or more intensive therapies like chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, or gene therapy.

Overall, myelodysplastic syndromes are a complex and heterogeneous group of disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life and survival. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic accuracy, developing more effective treatments, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for patients with MDS.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the biliary tract, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

There are several types of biliary tract neoplasms, including:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the bile ducts. It can occur in the liver or outside the liver.
2. Gallbladder cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the gallbladder and is relatively rare.
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which means it originates in the liver rather than spreading from another part of the body.
4. Bile duct cancer: This type of cancer occurs in the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

Biliary tract neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weight loss, fatigue, and itching. These symptoms can be non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis of biliary tract neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for biliary tract neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

DLBCL is characterized by the rapid growth of malignant B cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. These cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The disease is often aggressive and can progress quickly without treatment.

The symptoms of DLBCL vary depending on the location and extent of the disease, but they may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Itching

The diagnosis of DLBCL is based on a combination of physical examination findings, imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsy results. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, immunotherapy or targeted therapy. The prognosis for DLBCL has improved significantly over the past few decades, with overall survival rates ranging from 60% to 80%, depending on the stage and other factors.

The symptoms of aspergillosis depend on the location and severity of the infection. In the lungs, it may cause coughing, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In the sinuses, it can cause headaches, facial pain, and nasal congestion. In the brain, it can cause seizures, confusion, and weakness.

Aspergillosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of Aspergillus fungi.

Treatment of aspergillosis depends on the severity and location of the infection. In mild cases, treatment may involve antifungal medications and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and pain management. In severe cases, treatment may require hospitalization and intravenous antifungal medications.

Preventive measures for aspergillosis include avoiding exposure to dusty or damp environments, managing chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed.

Aspergillosis can be a serious condition, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs. In severe cases, aspergillosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and organ damage.

In conclusion, aspergillosis is a common fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, and it can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Examples of soft tissue neoplasms include:

1. Lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat cells.
2. Fibroma: a benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue.
3. Leiomyoma: a benign tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue.
4. Synovial sarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the soft tissues surrounding joints.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises in the skeletal muscles.
6. Neurofibroma: a benign tumor that arises in the nerve tissue.

Soft tissue neoplasms can occur in various parts of the body, including the extremities (arms and legs), trunk, and head and neck. They can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsy.

Treatment for soft tissue neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may not require treatment, while malignant tumors may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Examples of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial include:

* Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from glandular tissue. Examples include colon adenomas and prostate adenomas.
* Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue. Examples include breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma.
* Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue. Examples include soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma.

The diagnosis of neoplasms, glandular and epithelial is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for these types of neoplasms depend on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Overall, the term "neoplasms, glandular and epithelial" refers to a wide range of tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial tissue, and can be either benign or malignant. These types of neoplasms are common and can affect many different parts of the body.

The term anticipatory vomiting is used to describe the phenomenon where an individual experiences nausea and vomiting before undergoing a medical procedure, taking medication, or experiencing certain types of stimuli. The exact cause of anticipatory vomiting is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the activation of the brain's fear and anxiety centers.

Anticipatory vomiting can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Previous negative experiences: Individuals who have experienced negative events or procedures in the past may anticipate similar experiences in the future and exhibit symptoms of anticipatory vomiting.
2. Fear and anxiety: The anticipation of a potentially unpleasant experience can cause individuals to feel anxious and fearful, which can lead to nausea and vomiting.
3. Conditioning: Classical conditioning, a psychological phenomenon where an individual learns to associate certain stimuli with negative outcomes, can contribute to the development of anticipatory vomiting.
4. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as migraines or motion sickness, can trigger anticipatory vomiting.
5. Medications: Some medications can cause nausea and vomiting as a side effect, which can lead to anticipatory vomiting in individuals who anticipate taking these medications.

The diagnosis of anticipatory vomiting typically involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for anticipatory vomiting may include:

1. Anti-anxiety medication: Medications such as benzodiazepines or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can help reduce anxiety and alleviate symptoms of anticipatory vomiting.
2. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to anticipatory vomiting.
3. Relaxation techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness meditation can help individuals manage anxiety and reduce the likelihood of anticipatory vomiting.
4. Desensitization therapy: This type of therapy involves gradually exposing individuals to the feared situation or stimulus in a controlled and safe environment to help them become desensitized to their fears.
5. Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding triggers for anticipatory vomiting, such as certain situations or medications, can help manage symptoms.

In summary, anticipatory vomiting is a condition where individuals experience nausea and vomiting in anticipation of a potentially unpleasant experience. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including psychological and medical conditions, and treated with a combination of medications, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Symptoms of fungemia may include fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis is typically made by drawing blood cultures and performing microbiological tests to identify the presence of fungal organisms in the blood. Treatment typically involves administration of antifungal medications, which can be given intravenously or orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition.

In some cases, fungemia can lead to complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and death. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these outcomes.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

The symptoms of mesothelioma can vary depending on the location of the cancer, but they may include:

* Shortness of breath or pain in the chest (for pleural mesothelioma)
* Abdominal pain or swelling (for peritoneal mesothelioma)
* Fatigue or fever (for pericardial mesothelioma)
* Weight loss and night sweats

There is no cure for mesothelioma, but treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for mesothelioma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of about 5% to 10%. However, the outlook can vary depending on the type of mesothelioma, the stage of the cancer, and the patient's overall health.

Asbestos exposure is the primary risk factor for developing mesothelioma, and it is important to avoid exposure to asbestos in any form. This can be done by avoiding old buildings and products that contain asbestos, wearing protective clothing and equipment when working with asbestos, and following proper safety protocols when handling asbestos-containing materials.

In summary, mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that develops in the lining of the heart or abdomen due to exposure to asbestos. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and the prognosis is generally poor. However, with proper medical care and avoidance of asbestos exposure, patients with mesothelioma may have a better chance of survival.

A residual neoplasm is a remaining portion of a tumor that may persist after primary treatment. This can occur when the treatment does not completely remove all of the cancer cells or if some cancer cells are resistant to the treatment. Residual neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

It is important to note that a residual neoplasm does not necessarily mean that the cancer has come back. In some cases, a residual neoplasm may be present from the start and may not grow or change over time.

Residual neoplasms can be managed with additional treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the type of cancer, the size and location of the residual neoplasm, and other factors.

It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider regularly to monitor the residual neoplasm and ensure that it is not growing or causing any symptoms.

Benign CNS neoplasms include:

1. Meningiomas: These are the most common type of benign CNS tumor, arising from the meninges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).
2. Acoustic neuromas: These tumors arise from the nerve cells that connect the inner ear to the brain.
3. Pineal gland tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the remnants of the embryonic pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms including headaches, vision loss, and hormonal imbalances.

Malignant CNS neoplasms include:

1. Gliomas: These are the most common type of malignant CNS tumor and arise from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and medulloblastomas.
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can occur in the CNS.
3. Melanomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the skin and can spread to other parts of the body, including the CNS.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the CNS from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors, with five-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Lymphomas and melanomas have better prognoses, with five-year survival rates of up to 80%. Metastatic tumors have a more guarded prognosis, with five-year survival rates depending on the primary site of the cancer.

In summary, central nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths of tissue in the brain and spinal cord that can cause a variety of symptoms and can be benign or malignant. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment, but in general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors.

Most nasopharyngeal neoplasms are rare and tend to affect children and young adults more frequently than older adults. The most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include:

1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): This is the most common type of malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm and tends to affect young adults in Southeast Asia more frequently than other populations.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the nasopharynx and salivary glands.
3. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in another part of the body (usually the head and neck) and spreads to the nasopharynx.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the nasopharynx.
5. Benign tumors: These include benign growths such as papillomas, fibromas, and meningiomas.

Symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but may include:

* Difficulty swallowing
* Nosebleeds
* Headaches
* Facial pain or numbness
* Trouble breathing through the nose
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the nose and throat), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).

Treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules on cancer cells

Prognosis for nasopharyngeal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor but in general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Retroperitoneal neoplasms can occur in various locations, including the kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, spleen, and small intestine. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and difficulty urinating or passing stool.

The diagnosis of retroperitoneal neoplasms is based on a combination of imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope.

Treatment options for retroperitoneal neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing the tumor and any affected surrounding tissue or organs. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used to shrink the tumor before surgery or to kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery.

Some common types of retroperitoneal neoplasms include:

1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a type of kidney cancer that originates in the cells that line the renal tubules.
2. Adrenocortical carcinoma: a type of cancer that arises in the adrenal gland.
3. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: tumors that arise in the pancreas and produce excess hormones.
4. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): a type of cancer that originates in the liver cells.
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): tumors that arise in the digestive system, usually in the stomach or small intestine.
6. Soft tissue sarcomas: tumors that arise in the soft tissues of the body, such as the muscles, fat, and connective tissue.
7. Retroperitoneal fibrosis: a condition where the tissue in the retroperitoneum becomes scarred and thickened.
8. Metastatic tumors: tumors that have spread to the retroperitoneum from another part of the body, such as the lung, breast, or colon.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other types of retroperitoneal neoplasms not mentioned here. If you suspect you may have a retroperitoneal neoplasm, it is important to consult with a qualified medical professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several subtypes of lymphoma, B-cell, including:

1. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): This is the most common type of B-cell lymphoma and typically affects older adults.
2. Follicular lymphoma: This type of lymphoma grows slowly and often does not require treatment for several years.
3. Marginal zone lymphoma: This type of lymphoma develops in the marginal zone of the spleen or other lymphoid tissues.
4. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal cells that can be identified under a microscope.

The symptoms of lymphoma, B-cell can vary depending on the subtype and the location of the tumor. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Treatment for lymphoma, B-cell usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be recommended.

Prognosis for lymphoma, B-cell depends on the subtype and the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with early-stage disease, but the cancer can be more difficult to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Prevention of lymphoma, B-cell is not possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not known. However, avoiding exposure to certain risk factors, such as viral infections and pesticides, may help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Early detection and treatment can also improve outcomes for patients with lymphoma, B-cell.

Lymphoma, B-cell is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can be treated with chemotherapy and other therapies. The prognosis varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease at diagnosis. Prevention is not possible, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth and behavior vary depending on the type of cancer. Malignant tumors can invade the surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, causing serious complications and potentially life-threatening consequences.

The risk factors for developing urinary bladder neoplasms include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, recurrent bladder infections, and a family history of bladder cancer. The symptoms of these tumors can include blood in the urine, pain during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cystoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the bladder to visualize the tumor.

Treatment options for urinary bladder neoplasms depend on the type of cancer, stage, and location of the tumor. Treatment may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for patients with urinary bladder neoplasms.

Benign pleural neoplasms include:

1. Pleomorphic adenoma: A rare, slow-growing tumor that usually occurs in the soft tissues of the chest wall.
2. Pneumoschisis: A condition where there is a tear or separation in the membrane that lines the lung, which can cause air to leak into the pleural space and create a benign tumor.
3. Pleural plaques: Calcified deposits that form in the pleura as a result of inflammation or injury.

Malignant pleural neoplasms include:

1. Mesothelioma: A rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the pleura, usually caused by exposure to asbestos.
2. Lung cancer: Cancer that spreads to the pleura from another part of the body, such as the lungs.
3. Metastatic tumors: Tumors that have spread to the pleura from another part of the body, such as the breast or colon.

Pleural neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options for pleural neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the rectum, which is the lower part of the digestive system. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Rectal Neoplasms:

There are several types of rectal neoplasms, including:

1. Adenoma: A benign growth that is usually found in the colon and rectum. It is a common precursor to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the rectum. It is the most common type of rectal cancer.
3. Rectal adenocarcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the glandular cells lining the rectum.
4. Rectal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of carcinoma that originates in the squamous cells lining the rectum.
5. Rectal melanoma: A rare type of carcinoma that originates in the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) of the rectum.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact causes of rectal neoplasms are not known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing these growths. These include:

1. Age: The risk of developing rectal neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.
2. Family history: Having a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
3. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at higher risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
4. Diet: A diet high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.
5. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity may also increase the risk of developing rectal neoplasms.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of rectal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blood in the stool
2. Changes in bowel movements (such as diarrhea or constipation)
3. Abdominal pain or discomfort
4. Weakness and fatigue
5. Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

To diagnose rectal neoplasms, a doctor may perform several tests, including:

1. Digital rectal exam (DRE): A doctor will insert a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for any abnormalities.
2. Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the anus and into the rectum to examine the inside of the rectum and colon for polyps or other abnormalities.
3. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the growth and determine its location and size.
4. Biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed from the rectum and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment:

The treatment of rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. Some common treatments include:

1. Polypectomy: Removal of polyps through a colonoscopy or surgery.
2. Local excision: Surgical removal of the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.
3. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams are used to kill cancer cells.
4. Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells.
5. Immunotherapy: A treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for rectal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and stage of the growth. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. However, some types of rectal neoplasms can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and may have a poorer prognosis.

Prevention:

There is no sure way to prevent rectal neoplasms, but there are several screening tests that can help detect them early, including:

1. Colonoscopy: A test in which a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine for polyps or cancer.
2. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): A test that checks for blood in the stool.
3. Flexible sigmoidoscopy: A test similar to a colonoscopy, but only examines the lower part of the colon and rectum.
4. Digital rectal exam (DRE): An examination of the rectum using a gloved finger to feel for any abnormalities.

It is important to talk to your doctor about your risk for rectal neoplasms and any screening tests that may be appropriate for you. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for these types of growths.

Seminoma is a rare tumor that develops in the male reproductive organs, specifically in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. It is the most common type of germ cell tumor (GCT) and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are relatively slow-growing and have a good prognosis if detected early, with a high survival rate. Treatment for seminoma usually involves the removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Seminoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the testicles of males, specifically in the seminiferous tubules. It is the most common form of germ cell tumor (GCT) and usually affects young men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a good prognosis if detected early, with a high survival rate. Treatment for seminoma involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy), followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare type of cancer that affects men in their reproductive years, typically between 20-40. It originates from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the testicles and accounts for about one-third of all testicular cancers. Seminomas are usually slow-growing and have a relatively high survival rate if detected early. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected testicle, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Seminoma is a rare form of cancer that develops in the testicles of males, making up about one-third of all testicular cancers. It originates from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a good prognosis if detected early, with a high survival rate. Treatment involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy), followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is an uncommon form of cancer that develops in the testicles of males, making up about one-third of all testicular cancers. It originates from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a relatively high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy), followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare form of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and most commonly affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a good prognosis if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is an uncommon form of cancer that develops in the testicles of males, accounting for approximately one-third of all testicular cancers. It originates from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare and slow-growing form of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops from the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and most commonly affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas have a good prognosis if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is an uncommon type of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and most commonly affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare and slow-growing type of testicular cancer that accounts for about one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. If detected early, seminomas have a good prognosis with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is an uncommon type of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and most commonly affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare form of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a good prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of about 95% if detected early. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare and slow-growing type of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas have a high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare form of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas are slow-growing and have a good prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of about 95% if detected early. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Seminoma is a rare and slow-growing type of testicular cancer that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases. It develops in the cells responsible for producing sperm within the seminiferous tubules and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. Seminomas have a high survival rate if detected early, with a five-year survival rate of about 95%. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Testicular cancer is rare and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. There are two main types: seminoma and non-seminoma. Seminoma is a slow-growing form that accounts for approximately one-third of all cases and has a good prognosis with early detection and treatment. Non-seminoma is more aggressive and makes up about 70% of cases, with a five-year survival rate of about 95% if detected early. Treatment options include surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.

Testicular cancer is relatively rare and typically affects men between 20-40 years old. There are two main types: seminoma and non-seminoma, with seminoma being slow-growing and accounting for approximately one-third of all cases. Non-seminoma is more aggressive, making up about 70% of cases, and has a five-year survival rate of about 95% if detected early. Treatment options include surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy) followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of the cancer.




Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

SCLC typically starts in the bronchi of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the brain, liver, and bones. It is often found in later stages and is associated with a poorer prognosis than non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

There are two main types of SCLC:

1. Limited-stage SCLC: This type of SCLC is limited to one lung and has not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Extensive-stage SCLC: This type of SCLC has spread beyond one lung and may have spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms of SCLC include:

* Coughing
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Weight loss
* Fatigue

Diagnosis of SCLC is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for SCLC include:

1. Chemotherapy: This is the primary treatment for SCLC and may be used alone or in combination with radiation therapy.
2. Radiation therapy: This may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy to treat SCLC.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be possible to remove the tumor and affected tissue.
4. Clinical trials: These may be available for patients with SCLC to access new and innovative treatments.

Overall, SCLC is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

Mediastinal neoplasms are tumors or abnormal growths that occur in the mediastinum, which is the area between the lungs in the chest cavity. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Mediastinal Neoplasms
------------------------------

There are several types of mediastinal neoplasms, including:

1. Thymoma: A tumor that originates in the thymus gland.
2. Thymic carcinoma: A malignant tumor that originates in the thymus gland.
3. Lymphoma: Cancer of the immune system that can occur in the mediastinum.
4. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that originate from germ cells, which are cells that form eggs or sperm.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors: Tumors that originate from cells of the nervous system and produce hormones.
6. Mesothelioma: A type of cancer that occurs in the lining of the chest cavity.
7. Metastatic tumors: Tumors that have spread to the mediastinum from another part of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

Symptoms of Mediastinal Neoplasms
------------------------------

The symptoms of mediastinal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:

1. Chest pain or discomfort
2. Shortness of breath
3. Coughing
4. Fatigue
5. Weight loss
6. Swelling in the neck or face
7. Pain in the shoulders or arms
8. Coughing up blood
9. Hoarseness or difficulty swallowing

Diagnosis and Treatment of Mediastinal Neoplasms
-----------------------------------------------

The diagnosis of mediastinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for mediastinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options can include:

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor may be possible for some types of mediastinal neoplasms.
2. Radiation therapy: High-energy beams can be used to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Drugs can be used to kill cancer cells.
4. Targeted therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.
5. Immunotherapy: A type of treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.

Prognosis for Mediastinal Neoplasms
---------------------------------

The prognosis for mediastinal neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is good for benign tumors, while the prognosis is guarded for malignant tumors. Factors that can affect the prognosis include:

1. Tumor size and location
2. Type of tumor
3. Extent of cancer spread
4. Patient's age and overall health
5. Response to treatment

Lifestyle Changes for Patients with Mediastinal Neoplasms
---------------------------------------------------

Patients with mediastinal neoplasms may need to make lifestyle changes to help manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. These can include:

1. Eating a healthy diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Avoiding smoking and alcohol
4. Managing stress
5. Getting enough rest and sleep
6. Attending follow-up appointments with the doctor

Conclusion
----------

Mediastinal neoplasms are tumors that occur in the mediastinum, a region of the chest between the lungs. They can be benign or malignant, and their symptoms and treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. If you have been diagnosed with a mediastinal neoplasm, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment and manage any symptoms you may be experiencing. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, many patients with mediastinal neoplasms can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

The tumor develops from immature cells in the cerebellum called granule cells, and it can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the brain. Medulloblastoma is usually diagnosed in the early stages, and treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

There are several subtypes of medulloblastoma, including:

* Winged-helix transcription factor (WHCT) medulloblastoma
* Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma
* Group 3 medulloblastoma
* Group 4 medulloblastoma

Each subtype has a different genetic profile and may require different treatment approaches.

Medulloblastoma is a rare cancer, but it is the most common type of pediatric brain cancer. With current treatments, the prognosis for medulloblastoma is generally good, especially for children who are diagnosed early and receive appropriate treatment. However, the cancer can recur in some cases, and ongoing research is focused on improving treatment outcomes and finding new, less toxic therapies for this disease.

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Fermented wheat germ extract reduces chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients. J Pediatric Hematol ... Fermented wheat germ extract induces apoptosis and downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in tumor ...
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Klastersky, Jean A. (2014), "Prevention of Febrile Neutropenia", Febrile Neutropenia, Tarporley: Springer Healthcare Ltd., pp. ... Whilst they can be a product of external factors like exogenous pyrogens, they can also be induced by internal factors like ... This kind of fever is more commonly seen in people receiving immune-suppressing chemotherapy than in apparently healthy people ... 2001). Textbook of febrile neutropenia. Martin Dunitz. ISBN 978-1-84184-033-8. OCLC 48195937. Grunau BE, Wiens MO, Brubacher JR ...
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... has been studied as an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients when Gram ... Long-term use of linezolid has also been associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, a progressive and enduring ... del Pino BM (23 February 2010). "Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy". NCI Cancer Bulletin. 7 (4): 6. Archived from the ... Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN include thalidomide, the epothilones such as ixabepilone, the vinca alkaloids ...
... febrile neutropenia, pyrexia, hemorrhage (bleeding), stomatitis, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, drug hypersensitivity, ... ISBN 978-0-470-11710-1. Kidd JG (December 1953). "Regression of transplanted lymphomas induced in vivo by means of normal ... as a component of a multiagent chemotherapy regimen. Pegaspargase was previously approved in February 1994 for the treatment of ...
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Pegfilgrastim for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in patients with solid tumors. Lambertini M, ... Supportive therapies in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia and appropriate use of granulocyte colony- ... Cost-effectiveness of pegfilgrastim versus filgrastim for prevention of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in patients ... in Primary Prophylaxis of Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia: An Observational Cohort Study. Al-Rabayah AA, Al Mashni O, ...
Febrile neutropenia † 1 1/82 (1.22%) 0/40 (0.00%) Leukocytosis † 1 1/82 (1.22%) 0/40 (0.00%) ... Avatrombopag for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Adults With Active Non-Hematological Cancers. The ... Avatrombopag for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with non-haematological malignancies: an international, ... Percentage of Subjects Who do Not Require Platelet Transfusion, Dose Reduction in Chemotherapy by 15%, or Chemotherapy Delay by ...
Prescribing pattern of antimicrobial agents to patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia at SQU Hospital. / Al ... Prescribing pattern of antimicrobial agents to patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia at SQU Hospital. Basic ... Prescribing pattern of antimicrobial agents to patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia at SQU Hospital. In: ... Prescribing pattern of antimicrobial agents to patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia at SQU Hospital. ...
Chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: about 200 episodes. Clinical, microbiological and therapeutic characteristics].. ... High-risk febrile neutropenia in Auckland 2003-2004: the influence of the microbiology laboratory on patient treatment and the ... 8. Febrile neutropenia in paediatric peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, in -vitro sensitivity data and clinical ... 4. Cefepime monotherapy for treatment of febrile neutropenia in children.. Ariffin H; Ai CL; Lee CL; Abdullah WA. J Paediatr ...
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia. publications Timeline , Most Recent This graph shows the total number of publications ... "Febrile Neutropenia" by people in this website by year, and whether "Febrile Neutropenia" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Febrile Neutropenia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Use of MASCC score in the inpatient management of febrile neutropenia: a single-center retrospective study. Support Care Cancer ...
Intensive short-term chemotherapy regimen induces high remission rate (over 90%) and event-free survival both in children and ... Febrile neutropenia * Postchemotherapy thrombocytopenia and the tendency to bleed with minimal trauma ... 2] Like EBV, Plasmodium falciparum malaria is thought to contribute to eBL by inducing the expression of activation-induced ... In general, 3 chemotherapy approaches are available for Burkitt lymphoma, as follows:. * Intensive, short-duration regimens ...
Eflapegrastim (Rolvedon) for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Add to Cart. Eflapegrastim-xnst ((Rolvedon ... for use in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy for first-line treatment of locally advanced or... ...
Neutropenia [C15.378.553.546.184.564] * Febrile Neutropenia [C15.378.553.546.184.564.750] * Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Preferred Term Term UI T834769. Date12/21/2012. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2014) ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Preferred Concept UI. M0579828. Scope Note. FEVER accompanied by a significant ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia. Tree Number(s). C15.378.553.546.184.564.750.500. Unique ID. D064146. RDF Unique ...
Evaluating the total costs of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: results from a pilot study with community oncology ... 9. Estimating resource use and cost of prophylactic management of neutropenia with filgrastim.. Annemans L; Van Overbeke N; ...
In a quasiexperimental study conducted to evaluate the impact of a Protective Environment implementation, febrile neutropenia ( ... Effectiveness of a Protective Environment implementation for cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia on fever and ... Effectiveness of a Protective Environment implementation for cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia on fever and ... were reduced in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Our study highlights the potential success of a set of ...
... of antibiotics with and without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia ... Evaluation of risk prediction criteria for episodes of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. ... This child began cancer chemotherapy 36 months before the febrile event.. Four patients appeared to have reactivated HHV-6B ... β-Herpesviruses in Febrile Children with Cancer On This Page CME Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion CME ...
Febrile Neutropenia, Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia, Drug-Induced Febrile Neutropenias, Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Entry term(s). Chemotherapy Induced Febrile Neutropenia Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Neutropenia, Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia, Drug-Induced Febrile Neutropenias, Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenias. Drug Induced Febrile Neutropenia. Drug-Induced Febrile Neutropenia. Drug-Induced ...
Neutropenia [C15.378.243.750.184.564] * Febrile Neutropenia [C15.378.243.750.184.564.750] * Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Neutropenia [C15.378.553.546.184.564] * Febrile Neutropenia [C15.378.553.546.184.564.750] * Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Preferred Term Term UI T834769. Date12/21/2012. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2014) ... Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Preferred Concept UI. M0579828. Scope Note. FEVER accompanied by a significant ...
... reduce the severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Currently, the use of G-CSF prophylactic treatment to ... Assessing febrile neutropenia outcomes in patients receiving primary versus secondary prop Assessing febrile neutropenia ... Neutropenia Febril/inducido químicamente; Neutropenia Febril/epidemiología; Neutropenia Febril/prevención & control; Humanos; ... regardless of risk factors in order to decrease episodes of neutropenia and chemotherapy dose delays. ...
... for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in ... for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in ...
109/liter or less experienced febrile neutropenia (30% versus 10%, P = 0.04) and received at least 85% of the planned dose ... in the first cycle of chemotherapy is an effective predictor of subsequent neutropenic events. This study was designed to ... Reduction by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell ... Neutropenic complications, defined as febrile neutropenia, severe neutropenia, or dose delay or reduction due to neutropenia, ...
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia. Dandruff. Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Febrile Neutropenia. Fetal ...
Although the goal of chemotherapy in veterinary patients is to extend the patients life without harsh side effects, side ... Febrile neutropenia is a chemotherapy-related emergency. These patients may or may not exhibit clinical signs such as lethargy ... This drug has been shown to be safe and effective for controlling chemotherapy-induced anorexia.4,5 It works by mimicking the ... Prevention of chemotherapy-induced side effects falls on the shoulders of the veterinary oncology team, beginning with ...
Association between Breast Cancer Polygenic Risk Score and Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia: Null Results. Cancers 2022 ...
Eflapegrastim (Rolvedon) for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia Add to Cart. Eflapegrastim-xnst ((Rolvedon ... for use in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy for first-line treatment of locally advanced or... ...
Maher DW: Filgrastim in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann ... is indicated to reduce the duration of neutropenia and neutropenia-related clinical sequelae (e.g.‚ febrile neutropenia in ... Compared with the placebo, Neupogen reduced the median number of days of neutropenia and the time to resolution of febrile ... use of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor in patients with cancer who are at risk for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. ...
Clinical factors predicting the return visit in chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in emergency department ... The impact of Omicron wave on pediatric febrile seizure. p-32. Pediatrics. 김선우. 가천의대 Epidemiologic features according to age ...
... occurs following myelosuppressive chemotherapy and is associated with morbidity, mortality, costs, and chemotherapy reductions ... in reducing FN incidence in adults undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumours or lymphoma. G-CSFs were compared with no primary ... Primary prophylaxis with G-CSFs significantly reduces FN incidence in adults undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumours or ... stimulate neutrophil production and may reduce FN incidence when given prophylactically following chemotherapy. A systematic ...
Tomašević Z. An emerging etiological agent of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: Acinetobacter as a cause of sporadic ... Journal of Chemotherapy, 8(4); 304-309, 1996. *S. Jelić, Z. Nikolić-Tomašević, V. Kovčin, N. Milanović, Z. Tomašević, V. ... Chemotherapy of spinal tumors. Privredni pregled 2001. *Tomašević Z. et al. National Guidelines for malignant diseases (breast ... Jelic S, Bosnjak S, Milanović N, Tomašević Z, Jovanović V. Aggresssive chemotherapy with G-CSF support for the so-called " ...
Neutropenia Febril. Neutropenia Febril Induzida por Quimioterapia. Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia. Neutropenia Febril ... Chemically-Induced Disorders. Trastornos Químicamente Inducidos. Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a ... Neutropenia Febril. Febrile Neutropenia. ...
Effect of Nigella sativa seed administration on prevention of febrile neutropenia during chemotherapy among children with brain ... The effect of nigella sativa oil on the prevention of phlebitis induced by chemotherapy: a clinical trial. Biomedicine (Taipei ... Cannabigerol (CBG) attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity elicited by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Pain ... Al Majed, A. A., Daba, M. H., Asiri, Y. A., Al Shabanah, O. A., Mostafa, A. A., and El Kashef, H. A. Thymoquinone-induced ...
  • Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious side-effect of myelosuppressive chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • Febrile neutropenia (FN) occurs following myelosuppressive chemotherapy and is associated with morbidity, mortality, costs, and chemotherapy reductions and delays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 9. Estimating resource use and cost of prophylactic management of neutropenia with filgrastim. (nih.gov)
  • This information can be used to target high-risk patients for prophylactic treatment with filgrastim (recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in chemotherapy cycles 2 to 6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of G-CSFs (pegfilgrastim, filgrastim or lenograstim) in reducing FN incidence in adults undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumours or lymphoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They also support the use of dose-dense and dose-intense chemotherapy regimens found to be beneficial in some patients. (touchoncology.com)
  • Assessing febrile neutropenia outcomes in patients receiving primary versus secondary prophylactic G-CSF treatment therapy with intermediate neutropenic risk chemotherapy regimens. (bvsalud.org)
  • Currently, the use of G-CSF prophylactic treatment to prevent neutropenia and its complications varies widely in clinical practice with no standardization for intermediate- risk chemotherapy regimens. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to assess neutropenic outcomes in patients receiving intermediate- risk chemotherapy regimens who receive primary versus secondary prophylactic G-CSFs. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of patients who received intermediate risk chemotherapy regimens and at least one dose of G-CSF therapy . (bvsalud.org)
  • This retrospective, cohort study determined that patients receiving intermediate risk chemotherapy regimens should receive primary prophylaxis, regardless of risk factors in order to decrease episodes of neutropenia and chemotherapy dose delays. (bvsalud.org)
  • These papers were based on retrospective chart analyses and therefore require further validation in additional chemotherapy regimens and patient populations before the model can be prospectively implemented. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neutropenia is the major dose-limiting toxicity of many chemotherapy regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common and serious complication of cytotoxic chemotherapy. (touchoncology.com)
  • The Panel also recommends performing diagnostic molecular testing in asymptomatic patients prior to procedures that require anesthesia and before initiating cytotoxic chemotherapy and long-acting biologic therapy ( BIII ) . (nih.gov)
  • It may also be feasible to lower the dose or frequency of therapy to control the incidence of asymptomatic neutropenia and FN. (touchoncology.com)
  • There is no data on the incidence or management of febrile neutropenia (FN) in cancer patients treated by chemotherapy in Oman. (elsevier.com)
  • 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. (eortc.org)
  • Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) stimulate neutrophil production and may reduce FN incidence when given prophylactically following chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary prophylaxis with G-CSFs significantly reduces FN incidence in adults undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumours or lymphoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G-CSFs have been shown to reduce the incidence of FN when used as prophylaxis following chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G-CSFs may be administered as primary prophylaxis (in every chemotherapy cycle from cycle 1) or as secondary prophylaxis (in all remaining cycles following a neutropenic event such as FN or prolonged severe neutropenia). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7. Outpatient treatment of fever and neutropenia for low risk pediatric cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin as continuation treatment of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • Robinson PD, Lehrnbecher T, Phillips R, Dupuis LL, Sung L. Strategies for Empiric Management of Pediatric Fever and Neutropenia in Patients With Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Recipients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. (umassmed.edu)
  • While much of pediatric hematology and oncology is the realm of subspecialists, febrile neutropenia is a presentation every doctor should know about. (tomwademd.net)
  • Moreover, in the systemic use of chemotherapy, myelosuppression and its subsequent complications are the most common dose-limiting toxicities. (touchoncology.com)
  • 6. The identification of febrile, neutropenic children with neoplastic disease at low risk for bacteremia and complications of sepsis. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Risk index for predicting complications and prognosis in Thai patients with neutropenia and fever. (nih.gov)
  • Neutropenic complications can negatively affect the course of chemotherapy, leading to dose delays or decreases to reduce a patient's risk of developing febrile neutropenia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability to improve predictions of which patients are at risk for neutropenic complications might help to reduce the morbidity due to febrile neutropenia and increase the likelihood of delivering full chemotherapy dose on time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the higher risk of complications, treatment recommendations may be more aggressive for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia than other patients with febrile neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Risk factors associated with complications in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in emergency department. (netlify.app)
  • 2. Treatment of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer who require hospitalization: a prospective randomized study comparing imipenem and cefepime. (nih.gov)
  • 15. A European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-International Antimicrobial Therapy Group Study of secondary infections in febrile, neutropenic patients with cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Clinical guidelines for the management of neutropenic patients with unexplained fever in Japan: validation by the Japan Febrile Neutropenia Study Group. (nih.gov)
  • 18. An evidence-based evaluation of important aspects of empirical antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. (nih.gov)
  • It is intended as a guide for the use of antimicrobial agents in managing patients with cancer who experience chemotherapy … View febrile neutropenia idsa.pdf from AA 1IDSA GUIDELINES 2002 Guidelines for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer Walter T. … Lynn JJ, Chen KF, Weng YM, Chiu TF. (netlify.app)
  • Next, Neutrophil production can be suppressed by bone marrow suppression from malignancy, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, aplastic anemia or chemotherapy. (tomwademd.net)
  • PDF) FEBRILE neutropenia in children treated for malignancy The complete guide - is 21 dec 2017 cancer precautions. (netlify.app)
  • Background: Neutropenia is the most significant risk factor for infection in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, especially hematological malignancies. (elsevier.com)
  • Moxifloxacin is more effective than tosufloxacin in reducing chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in patients with hematological malignancies. (twmu.ac.jp)
  • FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY . (nih.gov)
  • Listeners will learn about the differential diagnosis, considerations for history and physical examination, and the initial investigations and management for a child presenting with fever and neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Upon entering the room Hakim's parents quickly tell you that he is being treated with outpatient chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and that his oncology team told the family to go to emergency immediately if he develops a fever. (tomwademd.net)
  • Febrile The most recent IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and management of III Drug-induced hyperglycemia Drug-induced neutropenia Drug-induced fever Opioids Neutropenic Fever - REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog. (netlify.app)
  • Y. A clinical guide to autoinflammatory diseases: familial Mediterranean fever This updated joint American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guideline provides direction on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with cancer. (netlify.app)
  • This document updates and expands the initial Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Fever and Neutropenia Guideline that. (netlify.app)
  • The recommendations contained in this guideline are a consensus of the Alberta Provincial Tumour Teams and are a This document updates and expands the initial Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Fever and Neutropenia Guideline that was published in 1997 and first updated in 2002. (netlify.app)
  • More than one third (35%) had severe neutropenia (ANC≤100 cells/ mm3). (elsevier.com)
  • Febrile neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of more than 1.0 × 10 9 /liter with a temperature of more than 100.6°F, is the most severe neutropenic complication and can cause prolonged hospitalization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L represents severe neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) 38 Granulocytdefekter Svår medfödd neutropeni (Severe congenital neutropenia det system som den amerikanska infektionsläkarföreningen (IDSA) använder. (netlify.app)
  • It impairs the immune system, placing the cancer patient at risk of infection and is a key contributor to chemotherapy-associated morbidity and mortality. (touchoncology.com)
  • 2 Indeed, FN is a major contributor to chemotherapy-associated morbidity and mortality. (touchoncology.com)
  • With more and more children on immunosuppressive therapy for cancer, autoimmune disease and transplants, febrile neutropenia can present in emergency departments anywhere, and rapid recognition, investigation and therapy can significantly reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. (tomwademd.net)
  • Infection is often a life-threatening complication of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and it is also considered an oncologic emergency. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1 In general, neutropenia severely impairs the immune system and places cancer patients at a high risk of developing major infections. (touchoncology.com)
  • 1. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcome of patients with febrile neutropenia who present in shock: need for better strategies. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Panipenem versus cefepime as empirical monotherapy in adult cancer patients with febrile neutropenia: a prospective randomized trial. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Cefepime plus amikacin as an initial empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia in paediatric cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Feasibility of withholding antibiotics in selected febrile neutropenic cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Bacteraemia in febrile neutropenic cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • In a quasiexperimental study conducted to evaluate the impact of a Protective Environment implementation, febrile neutropenia ( P = .009), overall mortality ( P = .001), and 30-day adjusted mortality ( P = .02) were reduced in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. (ajicjournal.org)
  • Infection-control interventions for cancer patients after chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (ajicjournal.org)
  • The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: a multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients. (ajicjournal.org)
  • 16. Evaluating the total costs of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: results from a pilot study with community oncology cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • The secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients who experienced delays in chemotherapy doses, the number of chemotherapy dose reductions , and the number of subsequent treatment delays . (bvsalud.org)
  • 10.5% of patients in the primary group versus 54.3% of patients in the secondary group experienced chemotherapy dose delays (p (bvsalud.org)
  • A significantly higher percentage of our patients with a low first-cycle nadir ANC of 0.25 × 10 9 /liter or less experienced febrile neutropenia (30% versus 10%, P = 0.04) and received at least 85% of the planned dose intensity (55% versus 32%, P = 0.05). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the goal of chemotherapy in veterinary patients is to extend the life of the patient without the harsh side effects seen in human oncology patients, side effects still occur regardless of the precautions taken. (todaysveterinarynurse.com)
  • Phase I study of cellular therapy using ex vivo expanded NK cell from autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells combined with rituximab-containing chemotherapy for relapsed CD20-positive malignant lymphoma patients. (twmu.ac.jp)
  • It revealed promising antitumor activity, including in patients [with] PD-L1 tumor CPS less than 5, [and] induced intertumoral increases in PD-L1 expression and CD8 eight cells. (onclive.com)
  • Patients with profound neutropenia, platelet count of less than 50,000 and sepsis were more likely to die (P=0.048, OR=7).Conclusion: The result of this study showed that absolute neutrophil count of less than 100/mm3, platelet count of less than 50,000/mm3 and a diagnosis of sepsis were factors affecting outcome patients with febrile neutropenia. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4) List the appropriate investigations and recognize appropriate empiric therapy for patients with febrile neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Patients on chemotherapy are at an especially high risk of serious infection. (tomwademd.net)
  • What is Febrile Neutropenia (FN)?How to approach a patient with FN?What Antimicrobials shall you offer to the patient?Drawn and Narrated by: Fady Hennawy,Hae 2020-01-22 · This index available on MDCalc helps risk stratify patients who are at low risk for poor outcome with febrile neutropenia. (netlify.app)
  • Bacter- represents the average of decayed, missing and filled teeth in emia during neutropenia in patients undergoing HCT is often a given studied population.17 The dmft index was used to positive for Viridans streptococci, a common bacteria in odonto- evaluate patients with primary dentition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its value cussions of local infection during the neutropenia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neutropenia can be classified as acquired or congenital. (tomwademd.net)
  • Congenital causes of neutropenia are rare genetic disorders that lead to chronic or recurrent neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce the severity and duration of chemotherapy -induced neutropenia . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this article, an up-to-date review of the use of G-CSF for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced FN is provided. (touchoncology.com)
  • During hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, the recipient is exposed to combinations of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy that result in destruction of endogenous HSC thereby creating space in the bone marrow niche for donor cells to engraft [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main limitation of radiotherapy (RT) in lung cancer treatment is the radiation-induced lung disease (RILD), with 15% of mortality. (ersjournals.com)
  • Neutropenia is often avoidable and this would reduce hospital admissions, antibiotic usage and the need for dose reductions and delays in chemotherapy administration. (touchoncology.com)
  • There were no statistically significant differences in chemotherapy dose reductions or in the average number of FN risk factors between groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • This was a Phase 3, randomized, double- blind, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and and safety of avatrombopag in subjects with chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia and non active non-hematologic cancers. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • 4. Cefepime monotherapy for treatment of febrile neutropenia in children. (nih.gov)
  • Use of MASCC score in the inpatient management of febrile neutropenia: a single-center retrospective study. (umassmed.edu)
  • 8. Febrile neutropenia in paediatric peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, in -vitro sensitivity data and clinical response to empirical antibiotic therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Febrile Neutropenia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared CSF plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adults and children. (nih.gov)
  • Main Results: A total of 107 febrile neutropenia episodes were analyzed. (elsevier.com)
  • 13. [Chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: about 200 episodes. (nih.gov)
  • clinicians should consider the indication for chemotherapy, the goals of care, and the patient's history of tolerance to the treatment ( BIII ) . (nih.gov)
  • The nadir value of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in the first cycle of chemotherapy is an effective predictor of subsequent neutropenic events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this podcast, I link to and excerpt from PedsCases ' Febrile Neutropenia , by Chris.Novak, Apr 07, 2017. (tomwademd.net)
  • 11. Evolving concepts of management of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Compliance with a critical pathway for the management of febrile neutropenia and impact on clinical outcomes. (ajicjournal.org)
  • Section 2 - High Risk Febrile Neutropenia Patient Management vancomycin IV according to Antibiotic Guidelines, Version 15, 2014. (netlify.app)
  • Febrile Neutropenia in New guidelines for the clinical management of febrile Febrile neutropenia Foto. (netlify.app)
  • Clinical trials have addressed the question of whether the addition of a CSF to antibiotics could improve outcomes in individuals diagnosed with febrile neutropenia. (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding G-CSF or GM-CSF to standard treatment (antibiotics) when treating chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in individuals diagnosed with cancer. (nih.gov)
  • This podcast outlines an approach to febrile neutropenia in children. (tomwademd.net)
  • 2) List the common causes of neutropenia in children. (tomwademd.net)
  • 60 mg of Investigational product administered orally once daily for 5 days prior to chemotherapy and 5 days following chemotherapy treatment. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • 10. High-risk febrile neutropenia in Auckland 2003-2004: the influence of the microbiology laboratory on patient treatment and the use of pathogen-specific therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Gastrointestinal side effects can occur acutely (during or immediately after treatment) or anywhere from 3 to 5 days post chemotherapy, sometimes as long as 7 to 14 days after (e.g., vinca-alkaloid-induced ileus). (todaysveterinarynurse.com)
  • Association between Breast Cancer Polygenic Risk Score and Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia: Null Results. (cdc.gov)
  • Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary disorder, highly related to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death ( 1 ), characterized by a type 1 (coved type) ST-segment elevation ≥2 mm followed by a negative T-wave in ≥1 of the right precordial leads V1 to V2 on the electrocardiogram (ECG) ( 2 ), which can occur spontaneously or after pharmacologically induced. (frontiersin.org)
  • You recognize that Hakim is at risk for febrile neutropenia. (tomwademd.net)
  • Chemotherapy agents can compromise the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, and increase the risk of bacteria entering the bloodstream. (tomwademd.net)
  • Risk of febrile neutropenia (FN) should be systematically assessed (in consultation with infectious disease specialists as needed), including. (netlify.app)
  • Febrile neutropenia is a frequent adverse event experienced by people with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy, and is a potentially life-threatening situation. (nih.gov)
  • Effective use of these drugs by physicians early in the chemotherapy schedule may lead to fewer adverse events and improved survival. (touchoncology.com)