Chemokine cxcl12. Medical search

A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR4 RECEPTORS. Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing.

A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR5 RECEPTORS.

A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTERFERON and is chemotactic for MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

A CXC chemokine that has stimulatory and chemotactic activities towards NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR1 RECEPTORS and CXCR2 RECEPTORS.

A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTERFERON. It is a chemotactic factor for activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

A CXC chemokine with specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS. It has growth factor activities and is implicated as a oncogenic factor in several tumor types.

An INTEFERON-inducible CXC chemokine that is specific for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

Chemokine receptors that are specific for CXC CHEMOKINES.

A CXC chemokine that is predominantly expressed in EPITHELIAL CELLS. It has specificity for the CXCR2 RECEPTORS and is involved in the recruitment and activation of NEUTROPHILS.

CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

CXCR receptors that are expressed on the surface of a number of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; NK CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and a subset of B-LYMPHOCYTES. The receptors are activated by CHEMOKINE CXCL9; CHEMOKINE CXCL10; and CHEMOKINE CXCL11.

Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

A CC-type chemokine that is a chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS; MONOCYTES; and LYMPHOCYTES. It is a potent and selective eosinophil chemotaxin that is stored in and released from PLATELETS and activated T-LYMPHOCYTES. Chemokine CCL5 is specific for CCR1 RECEPTORS; CCR3 RECEPTORS; and CCR5 RECEPTORS. The acronym RANTES refers to Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted.

CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13.

High-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and T-LYMPHOCYTES. These receptors also bind several other CXC CHEMOKINES.

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

A CXC chemokine that is synthesized by activated MONOCYTES and NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards TH2 CELLS and TC2 CELLS.

A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES; and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes.

A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It is synthesized by DENDRITIC CELLS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; KERATINOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards T LYMPHOCYTES and B LYMPHOCYTES.

A CX3C chemokine that is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of cells. The soluble form of chemokine CX3CL1 can be released from cell surface by proteolysis and act as a chemoattractant that may be involved in the extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. The membrane form of the protein may also play a role in cell adhesion.

Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.

Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

A CXC chemokine that is found in the alpha granules of PLATELETS. The protein has a molecular size of 7800 kDa and can occur as a monomer, a dimer or a tetramer depending upon its concentration in solution. Platelet factor 4 has a high affinity for HEPARIN and is often found complexed with GLYCOPROTEINS such as PROTEIN C.

A monocyte chemoattractant protein that has activity towards a broad variety of immune cell types. Chemokine CCL7 has specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS; CCR2 RECEPTORS; and CCR5 RECEPTORS.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR6 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; and B-LYMPHOCYTES.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A CC-type chemokine that is specific for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a potent chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS.

A CC-type chemokine secreted by activated MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CCR8 RECEPTORS.

The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. It is constitutively expressed in the skin and may play a role in T-CELL trafficking during cutaneous INFLAMMATION.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; BASOPHILS; and NK CELLS.

CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in MONOCYTES; tissue MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.

A monocyte chemoattractant protein that attracts MONOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTES; BASOPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS. Chemokine CCL8 has specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of MACROPHAGES, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including NEUTROPHILS; FIBROBLASTS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL17 and CHEMOKINE CCL22. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; MAST CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and NK CELLS.

High-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and BASOPHILS.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL11 and a variety of other CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; BASOPHILS; and MAST CELLS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL27. They may play a specialized role in the cutaneous homing of LYMPHOCYTES.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL1. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

Chemokines that are chemoattractants for monocytes. These CC chemokines (cysteines adjacent) number at least three including CHEMOKINE CCL2.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Group of chemokines with the first two cysteines separated by three amino acids. CX3C chemokines are chemotactic for natural killer cells, monocytes, and activated T-cells.

Chemical substances that attract or repel cells. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract LEUKOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; or other cells to the site of infection or insult.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL20. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. They are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different human groups; amorphic genes are common.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ECF-A, released mainly by mast cells.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Proteins that specifically inhibit the growth of new blood vessels (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGIC).

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

The passage of cells across the layer of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, i.e., the ENDOTHELIUM; or across the layer of EPITHELIAL CELLS, i.e. the EPITHELIUM.

Chemokine and chemokine receptor gene variants and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals. (1/2152)

Normal B-lymphocyte maturation and proliferation are regulated by chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), and genetic polymorphisms in chemokines and chemokine receptors modify progression of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Therefore, 746 HIV-1-infected persons were examined for associations of previously described stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) chemokine and CCR5 and CCR2 chemokine receptor gene variants with the risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The SDF1-3'A chemokine variant, which is carried by 37% of whites and 11% of blacks, was associated with approximate doubling of the NHL risk in heterozygotes and roughly a fourfold increase in homozygotes. After a median follow-up of 11.7 years, NHL developed in 6 (19%) of 30 SDF1-3'A/3'A homozygotes and 22 (10%) of 202 SDF1-+/3'A heterozygotes, compared with 24 (5%) of 514 wild-type subjects. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-protective chemokine receptor variant CCR5-triangle up32 was highly protective against NHL, whereas the AIDS-protective variant CCR2-64I had no significant effect. Racial differences in SDF1-3'A frequency may contribute to the lower risk of HIV-1-associated NHL in blacks compared with whites. SDF-1 genotyping of HIV-1-infected patients may identify subgroups warranting enhanced monitoring and targeted interventions to reduce the risk of NHL. (+info)

Identification of CXCR4 domains that support coreceptor and chemokine receptor functions. (2/2152)

The interaction of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) with its receptor CXCR4 is vital for cell trafficking during development, is capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilization of CXCR4 as a coreceptor, and has been implicated in delaying disease progression to AIDS in vivo. Because of the importance of this chemokine-chemokine receptor pair to both development and disease, we investigated the molecular basis of the interaction between CXCR4 and its ligands SDF-1 and HIV-1 envelope. Using CXCR4 chimeras and mutants, we determined that SDF-1 requires the CXCR4 amino terminus for binding and activates downstream signaling pathways by interacting with the second extracellular loop of CXCR4. SDF-1-mediated activation of CXCR4 required the Asp-Arg-Tyr motif in the second intracellular loop of CXCR4, was pertussis toxin sensitive, and did not require the distal C-terminal tail of CXCR4. Several CXCR4 mutants that were not capable of binding SDF-1 or signaling still supported HIV-1 infection, indicating that the ability of CXCR4 to function as a coreceptor is independent of its ability to signal. Direct binding studies using the X4 gp120s HXB, BH8, and MN demonstrated the ability of HIV-1 gp120 to bind directly and specifically to the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in a CD4-dependent manner, using a conformationally complex structure on CXCR4. Several CXCR4 variants that did not support binding of soluble gp120 could still function as viral coreceptors, indicating that detectable binding of monomeric gp120 is not always predictive of coreceptor function. (+info)

Distinct biological effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and stroma-derived factor-1alpha on CD34+ hemopoietic cells. (3/2152)

Chemokines are important regulators of both hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation and adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules. Here, we compared the biological effects of the CC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) with those of the CXC chemokine stroma-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) on immunomagnetically purified CD34+ cells from leukapheresis products (LP CD34+). In particular, studies on chemokine-induced alterations of LP CD34+ cell attachment to fibronectin-coated plastic surfaces, proliferation of these cells in colony-forming cell (CFC) assays and intracellular calcium mobilization were performed. MIP-1alpha but not SDF-1alpha was found to increase the adhesion of LP CD34+ cells to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. Both chemokines elicited growth-suppressive effects on LP CD34+ cells in CFC assays. While MIP-1alpha reduced the number of granulomonocytic (CFC-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) colonies to the same extent, SDF-1alpha showed a significantly greater inhibitory effect on CFC-GM than BFU-E. Finally, we demonstrated that SDF-1alpha but not MIP-1alpha triggers increases in intracellular calcium in LP CD34+ cells. The SDF-1alpha-induced calcium response was rapid and concentration-dependent, with a maximal stimulation observed at > or = 15 ng/ml. In conclusion, our data suggest distinct biological properties of SDF-1alpha and MIP-1alpha in terms of modulation of LP CD34+ cell adhesion to fibronectin and intracellular calcium levels. However, comparable growth-suppressive effects on HPC proliferation were observed, indicating that this feature may be independent of chemokine-induced calcium responses. (+info)

Opposite effects of SDF-1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. (4/2152)

The alpha-chemokine SDF-1 binds CXCR4, a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and inhibits viral entry mediated by this receptor. Since chemokines are potent chemoattractants and activators of leukocytes, we examined whether the stimulation of HIV target cells by SDF-1 affects the replication of virus with different tropisms. We observed that SDF-1 inhibited the entry of X4 strains and increased the infectivity of particles bearing either a CCR5-tropic HIV-1 envelope or a vesicular stomatitis virus G envelope. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of SDF-1 on X4 strains, which is at the level of entry, the stimulatory effect does not involve envelope-receptor interactions or proviral DNA synthesis. Rather, we observed an increased ability of Tat to transactivate the HIV-1 long terminal repeat in the presence of the chemokine. Therefore, the effects of SDF-1 on the HIV-1 life cycle can be multiple and opposite, including both an inhibition of viral entry and a stimulation of proviral gene expression. (+info)

Shared usage of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by primary and laboratory-adapted strains of feline immunodeficiency virus. (5/2152)

Strains of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) presently under investigation exhibit distinct patterns of in vitro tropism. In particular, the adaptation of FIV for propagation in Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells results in the selection of strains capable of forming syncytia with cell lines of diverse species origin. The infection of CrFK cells by CrFK-adapted strains appears to require the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and is inhibited by its natural ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha). Here we found that inhibitors of CXCR4-mediated infection by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), such as the bicyclam AMD3100 and short peptides derived from the amino-terminal region of SDF-1alpha, also blocked infection of CrFK by FIV. Nevertheless, we observed differences in the ranking order of the peptides as inhibitors of FIV and HIV-1 and showed that such differences are related to the species origin of CXCR4 and not that of the viral envelope. These results suggest that, although the envelope glycoproteins of FIV and HIV-1 are substantially divergent, FIV and HIV-1 interact with CXCR4 in a highly similar manner. We have also addressed the role of CXCR4 in the life cycle of primary isolates of FIV. Various CXCR4 ligands inhibited infection of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by primary FIV isolates in a concentration-dependent manner. These ligands also blocked the viral transduction of feline PBMC by pseudotyped viral particles when infection was mediated by the envelope glycoprotein of a primary FIV isolate but not by the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, indicating that they act at an envelope-mediated step and presumably at viral entry. These findings strongly suggest that primary and CrFK-adapted strains of FIV, despite disparate in vitro tropisms, share usage of CXCR4. (+info)

The CC chemokine receptor-7 ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta are potent chemoattractants for in vitro- and in vivo-derived dendritic cells. (6/2152)

Dendritic cell migration to secondary lymphoid tissues is critical for Ag presentation to T cells necessary to elicit an immune response. Despite the importance of dendritic cell trafficking in immunity, at present little is understood about the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. Using a novel transwell chemotaxis assay system, we demonstrate that the CC chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 beta are selective chemoattractants for MHC class IIhigh B7-2high bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at a potency 1000-fold higher than their known activity on naive T cells. Furthermore, these chemokines stimulate the chemotaxis of freshly isolated lymph node dendritic cells, as well as the egress of skin dendritic cells ex vivo. Because these chemokines are expressed in lymphoid organs and 6Ckine has been localized to high endothelial venules and lymphatic endothelium, we propose that they may play an important role in the homing of dendritic cells to lymphoid tissues. (+info)

B cell antigen receptor engagement inhibits stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha chemotaxis and promotes protein kinase C (PKC)-induced internalization of CXCR4. (7/2152)

The entry of B lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs is a critical step in the development of an immune response, providing a site for repertoire shaping, antigen-induced activation and selection. These events are controlled by signals generated through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and are associated with changes in the migration properties of B cells in response to chemokine gradients. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha is thought to be one of the driving forces during those processes, as it is produced inside secondary lymphoid organs and induces B lymphocyte migration that arrests upon BCR engagement. The signaling pathway that mediates this arrest was genetically dissected using B cells deficient in specific BCR-coupled signaling components. BCR-induced inhibition of SDF-1alpha chemotaxis was dependent on Syk, BLNK, Btk, and phospholipase C (Plc)gamma2 but independent of Ca2+ mobilization, suggesting that the target of BCR stimulation was a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent substrate. This target was identified as the SDF-1alpha receptor, CXCR4, which undergoes PKC- dependent internalization upon BCR stimulation. Mutation of the internalization motif SSXXIL in the COOH terminus of CXCR4 resulted in B cells that constitutively expressed this receptor upon BCR engagement. These studies suggest that one pathway by which BCR stimulation results in inhibition of SDF-1alpha migration is through PKC-dependent downregulation of CXCR4. (+info)

Down-regulation of CXCR4 by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7. (8/2152)

Recent studies have demonstrated that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 interact with HIV-1 and alter the expression of various surface molecules and functions of T lymphocytes. The present study was undertaken to clarify whether coreceptors for HIV-1, CXCR4 and CCR5, are necessary for HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection. Although CXCR4 and CCR5 appeared not to be the coreceptors for these viruses, marked down-regulation of CXCR4, but not CCR5, was detected in HHV-6 variant A (HHV-6A)-, HHV-6 variant B (HHV-6B)-, and HHV-7-infected cells. Down-regulation of CXCR4 resulted in impairment of chemotaxis and a decreased level of elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in response to stromal cell-derived factor-1. Northern blot analysis of mRNAs extracted from HHV-6A-, HHV-6B-, and HHV-7-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes demonstrated a markedly decreased level of CXCR4 gene transcription, but the posttranscriptional stability of CXCR4 mRNA was not significantly altered. These data demonstrate that unlike HIV-1, HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections do not require expression of CXCR4 or CCR5, whereas marked down-regulation of CXCR4 is induced by these viruses, suggesting that HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections may render CD4+ T lymphocytes resistant to T lymphocyte-tropic HIV-1 infection. (+info)

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1 also called CXCL12), a molecule endowed with ... CXCL12 (over-)expressing cancers might not sense the CXCL12 gradient released from the metastasis target tissues since the ... However, in breast cancer where SDF1/CXCL12 is also expressed by the cancer cells themselves along with CXCR4, CXCL12 ... "Clinical importance and therapeutic implications of the pivotal CXCL12-CXCR4 (chemokine ligand-receptor) interaction in cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR4

Production of CXCL12, a chemokine, is regulated by mir-126. POU3F1, a factor required for the activation of the transcription ... CXCL12 binds the receptor CXCR4 actively counteracting apoptosis and recruiting progenitor cells to the site of injury. mir-126 ... mir-126 is also released with in these bodies are upon absorption in a neighbouring cell induce the CXCL12 dependant vascular ... "Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection". Sci Signal. 2 (100): ra81. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-126

As well CXCL12 (SDF-1) constitutively produced in the bone marrow promotes proliferation of progenitor B cells in the bone ... C4-CC chemokines), but a small number of CC chemokines possess six cysteines (C6-CC chemokines). C6-CC chemokines include CCL1 ... The third group of chemokines is known as the C chemokines (or γ chemokines), and is unlike all other chemokines in that it has ... CCL1 for the ligand 1 of the CC-family of chemokines, and CCR1 for its respective receptor. The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine

Her publications include: Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer ... "Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer". Cancer Research. 62 (20): 5930- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Wilson_(scientist)

NOX-A12 targets CXCL12 (C-X-C Chemokine Ligand 12), a key chemokine protein. Favorable results were reported in October 2018 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxxon_Pharma

"Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer." Cancer research 62, no. 20 (2002 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Scott_(academic)

NOX-A12 acts as antagonist for CXCL12/SDF-1, a chemokine involved in tumor growth. While the high-selectivity and tight-binding ... February 2014). "The Spiegelmer NOX-A12, a novel CXCL12 inhibitor, interferes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell motility ... and C-X-C Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL2). An example of an RNA aptamer therapy includes Pegaptanib (aka Macugen ® ), the only FDA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_therapeutics

Like other chemokines, CXCL12 is involved with cell migration that contributes to inflammation. In regards to the CNS, CXCL12 ... The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in ... The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening ... "Entrez Gene: CXCL12 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1)". "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromal_cell-derived_factor_1

It is now classified as a chemokine receptor able to bind the chemokines CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCL11. The protein is also a ... Atypical chemokine receptor 3 also known as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) and G-protein coupled receptor 159 (GPR159 ... "The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological ... "The role of CXCR7/RDC1 as a chemokine receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 in prostate cancer". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACKR3

CXCR4 (also known as fusin) is the receptor for a chemokine known as CXCL12 (or SDF-1) and, as with CCR5, is utilized by HIV-1 ... CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine ... However, CXCR6 is more closely related in structure to CC chemokine receptors than to other CXC chemokine receptors. ACKR3 was ... "The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXC_chemokine_receptors

2005). "Identification of genes differentially expressed in T cells following stimulation with the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_elongation_regulator_1

In a preclinical PDA mouse model, FAP+ CAFs produced the chemokine CXCL12, which is bound by PDA cancer cells. Because FAP+ ... For instance, inhibiting chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) and granulocyte ... One such mechanism is the release of cell-type specific chemokines. Another is the TME's capacity to posttranslationally alter ... They can also exclude them via biosynthesis of CXCL12. Conditionally depleting these cells from the stroma of an ectopic, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_microenvironment

Still, they can perform complex functions including chemokine-production (in CD1c+ myeloid DCs), cross-presentation (in CD141+ ... CXCL12". J. Exp. Med. 198 (5): 823-30. doi:10.1084/jem.20020437. PMC 2194187. PMID 12953097. Liu YJ (2005). "IPC: professional ... "The Inducible CXCR3 Ligands Control Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Responsiveness to the Constitutive Chemokine Stromal Cell- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell

L-RNA aptamers have been obtained for the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12, the complement components C5a and ghrelin. They are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Ribonucleic_acid_aptamer

"The Rap GTPases regulate B cell migration toward the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12): Potential role for Rap2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Gold

In the invasive edge of pancreatic carcinoma, a subset of CD133+CXCR4+ (receptor for CXCL12 chemokine also known as a SDF1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_stem_cell

Involvement of chemokines, such as SDF1 (CXCL12), the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the transforming growth factor β (TGF ... such as CXCR4 and CXCR7 chemokine receptors, in the "leader" cells. The growth factors and chemokines produced by stromal cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_(cancer)

The specific chemokines involved with each of these two processes is known: CXCL12 is related to migration and differentiation ... Still much is to be researched in this field, as certain chemokines like CXCR2 plays a role in inflammation and repair but in ... It has also been shown that chemokines are involved in guiding immune cells to sites of axon lesions to facilitate inflammation ... So then, chemokines are directly involved with both migration and differentiation of OPCs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remyelination

Copper homeostasis protein cutC homolog CXCL12: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF-1, scyb12 DDX50: DExD-box helicase 50 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_10

Lathia JD.Chemokine CXCL12 in neurodegenerative diseases: an SOS signal for stem cell-based repair.Trends Neurosci. 2012 Oct;35 ... The role of the chemokines in migration of stem cells was demonstrated in 1997 when it was discovered that bone marrow stem ... Aiuti, A.; Webb, I. J.; Bleul, C.; Springer, T.; Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C. (January 6, 1997). "The chemokine SDF-1 is a ... Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha/CXC chemokine receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Imitola

... intravascular accumulations of the malignant B-cells fail to express key CXC chemokine receptor proteins particularly CxcL12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_lymphomas

While the engraftment of HSCs at these sites are still being elucidated, the interaction between the chemokine CXCL12 expressed ... 2011). "Loss of Cxcl12/Sdf-1 in adult mice decreases the quiescent state of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and alters the ... These cells secrete high levels of CXCL12 and closely associate with sympathetic nerves that influence cytokine-induced ... 1999). "Embryonic expression and function of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4". Developmental Biology. 213 (2): 442- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_niche

... is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD20

CXCL8 and CXCL12 with roughly equal potency of 10μM, but not migration induced by other non-chemokine chemoattractants such as ... Ala4 in CCL2 is also present in CCL3 but the corresponding residue is Leu in CXCL8 and Ile in CXCL12. Inclusion of Leu at ... Peptide 3' is a 12-amino acid linear peptide corresponding to amino acids 51 to 62 of mature human chemokine CCL2. It is formed ... NR58-3.14.3 also inhibits the recruitment of leukocytes (macrophages, T cells, B cells) due to the chemokine CCL2 in rat skin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NR58-3.14.3

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) signaling via its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is also involved ... CXCL12, FGF2, and GDNF all communicate via a network to mediate SSC functions. Spermatogonial stem cells are the precursors to ... in regulation of SSC fate decisions.CXCL12 is found in Sertoli cells in the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonial_stem_cell

... has also been reported to reduce chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell chemotaxis towards the chemokines CXCL12 and ... and chemokine-controlled adhesion and migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Blood. 119 (11): 2590-2594. doi:10.1182/blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrutinib

TGFβ or stem cell factor and chemokines CCL25, CXCL12 or CCRL1 etc. Essential part of T cell development forms process called ... chemokine receptor which recognizes chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, that are largely produced by mTECs in the medulla, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells

... -dependent chemotaxis has been reported in response to the chemokines CXCL12/SDF-1 in T lymphocytes, CXCL13/BLC in B ... 2007). "DOCK2 is required for chemokine-promoted human T lymphocyte adhesion under shear stress mediated by the integrin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock2

Ways include chemokine CCL2 nitration, which traps T cells in the stroma. Tumor vasculature helps tumors preferentially recruit ... mediated T cell trapping and CXCL12-regulated T cell exclusion. The first FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody was a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy

This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. It ... 2004). "CCL19 and CXCL12 trigger in vitro chemotaxis of human mantle cell lymphoma B cells". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (3): 964-71. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ... 2000). "Macrophage-derived chemokine and EBI1-ligand chemokine attract human thymocytes in different stage of development and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL19

In Klein's first author paper in development in 2001, she reported that the chemokine CXC12 and its receptor CXCR4 are ... IL-1R1 signaling regulates CXCL12-mediated T cell localization and fate within the central nervous system during West Nile ... CXCL12 limits inflammation by localizing mononuclear infiltrates to the perivascular space during experimental autoimmune ... In 2002, Klein helped discover that deficiency in Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) decreased monocyte recruitment to the CNS which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_S._Klein

... is one of only a few diseases directly and primarily caused by an aberrant chemokine, making its molecular ... July 2008). "CXCR4 dimerization and beta-arrestin-mediated signaling account for the enhanced chemotaxis to CXCL12 in WHIM ... WHIM syndrome results from autosomal dominant mutations in the gene for the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, resulting in a carboxy- ... 2011). "AMD3100 is a potent antagonist at CXCR4(R334X), a hyperfunctional mutant chemokine receptor and cause of WHIM syndrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHIM_syndrome

... and other chemokines to stimulate angiogenesis and thus the growth of a tumour. CAFs produce a number of proteins that are ... fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer-associated_fibroblast

Knight, James C (2012). "Nuclear (PET/SPECT) and optical imaging probes targeting the CXCR4 chemokine receptor". MedChemComm. 3 ... Blocking the receptor stops the receptor's ligand, CXCL12, from binding which prevents downstream effects. CXCR4 antagonists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR4_antagonist

Release of chemokines allow for the activation of adhesion molecules on the lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting in an ... Another protein involved is CXCL12, which is found also in brain biopsies of inflammatory elements, and which could be related ... March 2008). "Pathological Expression of CXCL12 at the Blood-Brain Barrier Correlates with Severity of Multiple Sclerosis". Am ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis

In contrast to these homeostatic functions, increased expression of CXCL12 in general, or of a specific CXCL12 … ... CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine that traditionally has been classified as a homeostatic chemokine. It contributes to physiological ... CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine that traditionally has been classified as a homeostatic chemokine. It contributes to physiological ... Truncation of CXCL12 by CD26 reduces its CXC chemokine receptor 4- and atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent activity on ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30396776/

The chemokine CXCL12 mediates the anti-amyloidogenic action of painless human nerve growth factor Simona Capsoni 1 2 , ... The chemokine CXCL12 mediates the anti-amyloidogenic action of painless human nerve growth factor Simona Capsoni et al. Brain. ... We further established that the rescuing effect by hNGFp is mediated by CXCL12, as pharmacological inhibition of CXCL12 ... modulating inflammatory proteins such as the soluble TNFα receptor II and the chemokine CXCL12. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?holding=alzped&term=28031222

... BIBLIOGRAPHIC THERAPEUTIC ... Chemokine C-X-C Motif Ligand 12/Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 alpha (CXCL12/SDF1 alpha) ... We further established that the rescuing effect by hNGFp is mediated by CXCL12, as pharmacological inhibition of CXCL12 ... alzped.nia.nih.gov/chemokine-cxcl12-mediates-anti ... such as the soluble TNFa receptor II and the chemokine CXCL12. ...

https://alzped.nia.nih.gov/node/6616/printable/print

Cxcl12 evolution - subfunctionalization of a ligand through altered interaction with the chemokine receptor. * Boldajipour, ... In several vertebrates, PGC migration is guided by Cxcl12, a member of the chemokine superfamily. Interestingly, two distinct ... Chemokine Evolution Germ cell Zebrafish English The active migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from their site of ... We find that a single amino acid exchange switches the relative affinity of the Cxcl12 ligands for one of the duplicated Cxcr4 ...

https://susi.usi.ch/usi/documents/318805

... to an α-chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) gradient. Accordingly, LL-3 … ... Chemokine CXCL12 * Cxcl12 protein, mouse * Receptors, CXCR4 * Receptors, Cell Surface * Receptors, Formyl Peptide ... to an α-chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) gradient. Accordingly, LL-37 is upregulated in irradiated BM cells and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21931324/?dopt=Abstract

Bone marrow-derived cells or C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) treatment improve thin endometrium in a mouse model. Biology of ... Bone marrow-derived cells or C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) treatment improve thin endometrium in a mouse model. In: Biology ... Bone marrow-derived cells or C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) treatment improve thin endometrium in a mouse model. / Yi, Kyong ... Dive into the research topics of Bone marrow-derived cells or C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) treatment improve thin ...

https://pure.korea.ac.kr/en/publications/bone-marrow-derived-cells-or-c-x-c-motif-chemokine-12-cxcl12-trea

Bone marrow sections from CXCL12/GFP knock-in mice, pIpC-treated CXCL12/GFP/MxCre/CXCR4f/wt, and CXCL12/GFP/MxCre/CXCR4f/null ... We have shown that CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling is essential for the development of pDCs. Lin−Sca-1+c-kit+Flt3lo primitive ... CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12; also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]/pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor [PBSF ... Development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in bone marrow stromal cell niches requires CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling ...

https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/110/13/4153/103233/Development-of-plasmacytoid-dendritic-cells-in

Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism; Chemokines/metabolism; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism; Embryoid ... Exposure of hPGCLCs to CXCL12/SDF1 induced cell migration genes and antiapoptosis genes. Thus, our study shows that ... Whereas all hPGCLCs strongly expressed the CXCR4 chemotaxis receptor, its ligand CXCL12/SDF1 was not significantly expressed in ... hPGCLCs resemble the early-stage PGCs randomly migrating in the midline region of human embryos before initiation of the CXCL12 ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3458118

The role of CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12-CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 signalling in the migration of neural stem cells ... Epithelial chemokine CXCL14 synergizes with CXCL12. Collins PJ; McCully ML; Martínez-Muñoz L; Santiago C; Wheeldon J; ... The chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL14 differentially regulate connective tissue markers during limb development.. Nassari S; Blavet ... 3. Expression of CXCL12 and CXCL14 during eye development in chick and mouse.. Ojeda AF; Munjaal RP; Lwigale PY. Gene Expr ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=21038449&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

... patients with meningoradiculoneuritis had higher levels of B-cell chemoattractants CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 and ... Cytokine and Chemokine Determinations. We assessed the levels of 17 mediators associated with innate (CC motif chemokine ligand ... Cerar T, Ogrinc K, Lotric-Furlan S, Kobal J, Levicnik-Stezinar S, Strle F, et al. Diagnostic value of cytokines and chemokines ... 143 pg/mL; p,0.001) which recruit CD4+ T cells, as well as B-cell chemoattractants CXCL12 (median 1,541 vs. 820 pg/mL; p,0.001 ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-1831_article

In addition, the chemokine CXCL-12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed in the subventricular zone and regulate migration and ... Chemokine CXCL-12 is considered an indispensable chemoattractant for neuronal migration and axonal path finding in the ... For example, chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 regulate the release of several neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, and ... As a family of G-protein coupled receptor systems, binding of chemokines to chemokine receptors triggers a cascade of signaling ...

http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-11-064.html

The CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine pathway: a novel axis regulates lymphangiogenesis.. Zhuo W; Jia L; Song N; Lu XA; Ding Y; Wang X; ... Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 expression are associated with perineural invasion of prostate cancer.. Zhang S; Qi L; ... The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases. ... Effects of chemokine receptor and its ligand on migration of ovarian cancer cells].. Li F; Zhu HS; Han ZQ; Chen G; Gao QL; Jia ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=16756721&mod=related&page=2&proj=

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-11-064.html

CXC chemokines that signal through the CXCR4 receptor. SDF-1α and β chemoattract B and ... SDF-1α and β are stromal-derived, CXC chemokines that signal through the CXCR4 receptor. SDF-1α and β chemoattract B and T ... SDF-1α and β contain the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CXC chemokines. The mature SDF-1α protein is the ... Chemokines form nanoparticles with DNA and can superinduce TLR-driven immune inflammation. ...

https://www.peprotech.com/gb/recombinant-murine-sdf-1-cxcl12-2

Smooth Muscle Specific Ablation of CXCL12 in Mice Downregulates CXCR7 Associated with Defective Coronary Arteries and Cardiac ... atypical chemokine receptor 3. Names. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7. G-protein coupled receptor RDC1 homolog. chemokine (C-X- ... Ackr3 atypical chemokine receptor 3 [Mus musculus] Ackr3 atypical chemokine receptor 3 [Mus musculus]. Gene ID:12778 ... Predicted to enable chemokine binding activity; chemokine receptor activity; and scavenger receptor activity. Acts upstream of ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/12778

Much attention has been placed on chemokines, such as CCL4 and CXCL12, and their respective chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4 ... Widespread pathologic damage may occur via indirect cellular responses with the secretion of chemokines, proinflammatory ... chemokines, or neurotoxic substances. [9, 10, 11] By initiating feedback loops, virotoxins may amplify their toxicity and cause ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1166894-overview

Recent advances in CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists and nano-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14.. * ... Overexpressed on various cancers, upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) portends a dismal prognosis1,2 but ... C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4-targeted radioligand therapy in patients with advanced T-cell lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 2022;64:34 ... We aimed to evaluate the interobserver agreement rates in patients scanned with C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)- ...

https://journals.lww.com/nuclearmed/Fulltext/2023/06000/Interobserver_Agreement_Rates_on_C_X_C_Motif.3.aspx?context=FeaturedArticles&collectionId=2

... nerves release a protein called CXCL12 which attracts growing nerve fibers and keeps them trapped in place. This prevents the ... The chemokine CXCL12 is chemoattractive toward axonal growth cones in an inhibitory environment, and these effects are entirely ... This molecule is a so-called chemokine known as CXCL12.. "The protein actually promotes the growth of axons and attracts ... Notably, 8% of naïve RGCs express CXCL12 and transport the chemokine along their axons in the nerve. Thus, axotomy causes its ...

https://neurosciencenews.com/nerve-healing-cxcl12-18461/

... in the tumor microenvironment highly expressed PD-1 and were recruited partly through tumor generation of the chemokine CXCL12 ... Several microglia-related molecules, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the complement system, cytokines, chemokines, ...

https://www.jci.org/127/9

Human CXCL12 / SDF-1 beta protein (351-FS) is manufactured by R&D Systems, over 97% purity. Reproducible results in bioactivity ... family of chemokines (1, 2). Feline CXCL12( beta ) is synthesized as a 93 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 21 aa ... Background: CXCL12/SDF-1 beta. CXCL12, also known as SCYB12, PBSF and SDF-1 beta, is an 8.3 kDa, heparin-binding member of the ... Home / CXCL12/SDF-1 beta / Recombinant Human/Feline CXCL12/SDF-1 beta (aa 22-93) ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/products/recombinant-human-feline-cxcl12-sdf-1-beta-aa-22-93_351-fs

2008; CXCL12 CHEMOKINE (now CHEMOKINE CXCL12) was indexed under CHEMOKINES, CXC 1993-2007; STROMAL CELL-DERIVED FACTOR-1BETA ... Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing.. Entry Term(s). CXCL12 Chemokine Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) ... Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing.. Terms. Chemokine CXCL12 Preferred Term Term UI T687177. Date ... Chemokine CXCL12 Preferred Concept UI. M0219484. Registry Number. 0. Scope Note. A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T- ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D054377

Differential expression of CXC chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL12 in term and pre-term neonates and their mothers. Am. J. Reprod. ... Expression of IP-10 chemokine is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured hepatocytes. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol ...

https://www.gfmer.ch/SRH-Course-2015/participants/Zohreh-Ghorashi.htm

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), also called chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), is a chemotactic factor for T ... The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes ... The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases ... The role of CXCR7/RDC1 as a chemokine receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 in prostate cancer ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article/19/10/2598/67978/High-Levels-of-Expression-of-Human-Stromal-Cell

... which is due to autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the CXCL12 chemokine receptor and HIV coreceptor known as ... chemokine) system which directs the migration, adhesion, activation, and function of leukocytes. We focus on WHIMS (Warts, ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/david-h-mcdermott-md

Understanding CXCL12: An inflammatory chemokine discovered by GWAS of myocardial infarction. Nehal Mehta, NHLBI. FARE Award ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/festival13/symposia-25842.html

... is a Single protocol of the Early Detection Research Network. ... or urine measures of CXCL5 and CXCL12. Specific Aim 2. Determine whether serum, plasma, or urine levels of CXCL5 and CXCL12 ... Chemokine Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Lead Investigator. Macoska, Jill - University of Massachusetts Boston Coordinating ... For all ELISAs, a standard curve is generated with the provided standards and utilized to calculate the quantity of chemokine ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/protocols/318-chemokine-prostate-cancer-biomarkers/

... encoding C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12) [21]. In the present study, the RNA-Seq analysis revealed that hypoxia but not CSE ... strongly suppressed CXCL12 levels in KC02-44D cells, and that CSE induced the expression of not only hypoxia-responsive genes ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/1/48

The binding of chemokine receptor CXCR4 to stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1 or CXCL12) is an important interaction between a ...

https://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/protocoldetails.aspx?id=14-I-0020&query=

... and perivascular BMSCs support the self-renewal of HSCs by secreting the cytokines chemokine stromal cell-derived factor CXCL12 ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00694/full

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 promote glioma stem cell-mediated VEGF production and tumour angiogenesis via PI3K/ ... Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ... CCL27-CCR10 and CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine ligand-receptor mRNA expression ratio: new predictive factors of tumor progression in ... the orphan chemokine receptor G protein-coupled receptor-2 (GPR-2, CCR10) binds the skin-associated chemokine CCL27 (CTACK/ALP/ ...

https://www.oncotarget.com/article/2134/text/

Was found that hNGFp acts on glial cells, modulating inflammatory proteins such as the soluble TNFa receptor II and the chemokine CXCL12. (nih.gov)
We further established that the rescuing effect by hNGFp is mediated by CXCL12, as pharmacological inhibition of CXCL12 receptor CXCR4 occludes most of hNGFp effects. (nih.gov)
Whereas all hPGCLCs strongly expressed the CXCR4 chemotaxis receptor, its ligand CXCL12/SDF1 was not significantly expressed in the whole EBs. (nih.gov)
25. The importance of the CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine ligand-receptor interaction in prostate cancer metastasis. (nih.gov)
The researchers worked out this effect when they specifically eliminated the receptor for CXCL12, called CXCR4, in the retinal nerve cells, rendering them blind to this protein. (neurosciencenews.com)
It is still unknown why some of these nerve cells make CXCL12 and others make the receptor," says Fischer. (neurosciencenews.com)
These new findings open the opportunity to develop pharmacological approaches aimed at disrupting the interaction of CXCL12 and its receptor on the nerve fibers, to free them from their captivity at the site of injury," concludes Fischer. (neurosciencenews.com)
We focus on WHIMS (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis Syndrome) which is due to autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the CXCL12 chemokine receptor and HIV coreceptor known as CXCR4. (nih.gov)
Here we report that the chemokine receptor CCR10 is highly expressed in human glioblastoma compared with control brain tissue. (oncotarget.com)
The binding of chemokine receptor CXCR4 to stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1 or CXCL12) is an important interaction between a hematopoietic progenitor cell and its marrow environment. (nih.gov)
Previous studies have shown that increased levels of chemokine receptor CXCR7 are associated with the increased invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. (elsevier.com)
Rgs1 is an essential regulator of T-cell migration within lymphoid tissue, by modulating chemokine receptor activation. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. (cusabio.com)
Also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3, which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. (cusabio.com)
Her thesis project focuses on the study of chemokine receptor conformations. (comfuturo.es)
Chemokine receptors form oligomers on the cell surface, dynamic structures that are critical for the function of these mediators and are regulated by receptor levels and the presence of ligands. (comfuturo.es)
Atypical chemokine receptor that controls chemokine levels and localization via high-affinity chemokine binding that is uncoupled from classic ligand-driven signal transduction cascades, resulting instead in chemokine sequestration, degradation, or transcytosis. (nih.gov)
Also known as interceptor (internalizing receptor) or chemokine-scavenging receptor or chemokine decoy receptor. (nih.gov)
Acts as a receptor for chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12/SDF1. (nih.gov)
Plerixafor: A chemokine receptor-4 antagonist for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation after high-dose chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND: Studies relating certain chemokine and chemokine receptor gene alleles with the outcome of HIV-1 infection have yielded inconsistent results. (nih.gov)

The chemokine receptors Cxcr4a and Cxcr4b are expressed in lymphatic endothelium, whereas chemokine ligands Cxcl12a and Cxcl12b are expressed in adjacent tissues along which the developing lymphatics align. (nih.gov)
27. A prognostic model comprising pT stage, N status, and the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 powerfully predicts outcome in neoadjuvant resistant rectal cancer patients. (nih.gov)
Tumor cell invasion share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokines and their receptors. (oncotarget.com)
Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. (oncotarget.com)
There have been 19 distinct chemokine receptors in mammals. (oncotarget.com)
Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) ions (calcium signaling). (oncotarget.com)
Of these receptors, CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play a determining role in the homeostasis of the organism and several inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. (comfuturo.es)

When stratified by specific clinical manifestation, patients with meningoradiculoneuritis had higher levels of B-cell chemoattractants CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 and CXCL13 and T-cell-associated mediators CXCL9, CXCL10, and interleukin 17, compared with those without radicular pain. (cdc.gov)
35. Epigenetic changes of CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 as prognostic factors for sporadic breast cancer. (nih.gov)
Chemokine binding does not activate G-protein-mediated signal transduction but instead induces beta-arrestin recruitment, leading to ligand internalization and activation of MAPK signaling pathway. (nih.gov)

The present study was to assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of MMP-2, MMP-9 and chemokine (CXCL-12/SDF1-3') in the north Indian population. (who.int)

A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES . (nih.gov)
The focus of our program is currently on the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of various primary immunodeficiencies especially as related to the chemotactic cytokine (chemokine) system which directs the migration, adhesion, activation, and function of leukocytes. (nih.gov)
Purinergic stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells potentiates their chemotactic response to CXCL12 and increases the homing capacity and production of proinflammatory cytokines. (unibo.it)
ATP potentiated the chemotactic response of hMSCs to the chemokine CXCL12, and increased their spontaneous migration. (unibo.it)

and notably high expression of a set of chemokines that would favour neutrophil and monocyte recruitment including CXCL2, CCL2, CXCL12, CXCL1, CXCL6, CCL28. (garvan.org.au)
DNA damage) in the neuronal retina, which is accompanied by a low-grade chronic inflammation, para-inflammation, characterized by upregulated expression of chemokines (CCL2, CXCL12, and CX3CL1) and complement components (C4 and CFH), and microglial activation. (qub.ac.uk)
The upregulation of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 and complement C4 lasted for more than 160 days, whereas the expression of CX3CL1 and CFH was upregulated for 2 weeks. (qub.ac.uk)

Stromal-Cell Derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α) (CXCL12) attracts lymphocytes and plays important roles in embryogenesis and angiogenesis with implications in tumor metastasis. (chemotactics.com)

In addition to their primary role in mediating neuroinflammation, neuroimmune factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and MHC, are essential for a variety of normal brain functions. (nih.gov)

At the site of injury, nerves release a protein called CXCL12 which attracts growing nerve fibers and keeps them trapped in place. (neurosciencenews.com)

22. The role of the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the progression and metastasis of bone sarcomas (Review). (nih.gov)
23. CXCL12 and CXCR4, but not CXCR7, are primarily expressed by the stroma in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
31. Biological/pathological functions of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axes in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. (nih.gov)
32. CXCR4/CXCL12/CXCR7 axis is functional in neuroendocrine tumors and signals on mTOR. (nih.gov)
this study shows an essential role of CXCR7, together with CXCR4, in the control of normal and malignant hematopoietic cell migration and homing induced by CXCL12. (cusabio.com)

Additionally, claudin-low tumors express high levels of the chemokine CXCL12, and its inhibition may decrease Treg infiltration into the tumor. (unc.edu)

Preliminary data from our laboratory demonstrates a potential utility for CXCL5 and CXCL12 as biomarkers to distinguish between patients at high-risk versus low-risk for harboring prostate malignancies. (nih.gov)
Assess the robustness of serum, plasma, or urine measures of CXCL5 and CXCL12. (nih.gov)
The results of these assays will determine whether statistically significant associations between disease status in the prostate (no disease, BPH, PCa with or without concomitant BPH) and serum, plasma, or urine protein levels for CXCL5 and/or CXCL12 are observed among patients with low but detectable serum PSA. (nih.gov)
Conversely, if no statistically significant associations between disease status in the prostate and serum, plasma, or urine protein levels for CXCL5 and/or CXCL12 are observed, then we will conclude that these proteins do not comprise suitable biomarkers for disease status in the prostate, and that further studies are not warranted. (nih.gov)

37. CXCL14-CXCR4 and CXCL12-CXCR4 Axes May Play Important Roles in the Unique Invasion Process of Endometrioid Carcinoma With MELF-Pattern Myoinvasion. (nih.gov)

This molecule is a so-called chemokine known as CXCL12. (neurosciencenews.com)

Required for regulation of CXCR4 protein levels in migrating interneurons, thereby adapting their chemokine responsiveness. (nih.gov)

The image on the left is immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded Human breast cancer tissue using CSB-PA185715(CXCL12 Antibody) at dilution 1/40, on the right is treated with synthetic peptide. (cusabio.com)

Serum, plasma, or urine chemokine levels are assessed using 50 ul frozen specimen per sandwich ELISA in duplicate using the appropriate commercially-available capture antibodies, detection antibodies, and standard ELISA reagents (R&D Systems), as we have described previously (15, 17, 18). (nih.gov)

These NF- kappaB activated islets not only expressed the same chemokine profile observed in human islets, but also struggled to maintain normoglycemia post transplantation. (garvan.org.au)

In further experiments, the Bochum-based researchers showed that knocking out CXCL12 in retinal nerve cells so that it could no longer be released at the injury site equally improved axonal regeneration into the optic nerve. (neurosciencenews.com)
CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated entrapment of axons at the injury site compromises optic nerve regeneration " by Dietmar Fischer et al. (neurosciencenews.com)
Here, we show that a chemoattractive CXCL12/CXCR4-dependent mechanism prevents the extension of growth-stimulated axons into the distal nerve. (neurosciencenews.com)

CXCL12 rs18011157 polymorph?sm in patients w?th non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Is it associated with poor outcome? (cdc.gov)
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and chemokines play a detrimental role in the host response to JE disease, aetiology, and disease outcome. (who.int)

Loss- and gain-of-function studies in zebrafish demonstrate that chemokine signaling orchestrates the stepwise assembly of the trunk lymphatic network. (nih.gov)

CXCL12 is abundantly expressed in the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the incidence of RA observed in murine models of the pathology is much lower in mice with CXCR4-deficient T cells. (comfuturo.es)

CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism in patients with breast cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (cdc.gov)

Here, we show that chemokine signaling provides critical guidance cues directing early trunk lymphatic network assembly and patterning. (nih.gov)

In addition to this increased or differential transcription of CXCL12, also upregulation of its receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) contributes to the onset or progression of diseases. (nih.gov)
We previously reported the discovery of a CXCL12-mimetic cyclic peptide (2) as a selective CXCR4 antagonist showing promising in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. (nih.gov)
We further established that the rescuing effect by hNGFp is mediated by CXCL12, as pharmacological inhibition of CXCL12 receptor CXCR4 occludes most of hNGFp effects. (nih.gov)
Whereas all hPGCLCs strongly expressed the CXCR4 chemotaxis receptor, its ligand CXCL12/SDF1 was not significantly expressed in the whole EBs. (nih.gov)
22. The role of the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the progression and metastasis of bone sarcomas (Review). (nih.gov)
23. CXCL12 and CXCR4, but not CXCR7, are primarily expressed by the stroma in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
25. The importance of the CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine ligand-receptor interaction in prostate cancer metastasis. (nih.gov)
27. A prognostic model comprising pT stage, N status, and the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 powerfully predicts outcome in neoadjuvant resistant rectal cancer patients. (nih.gov)
31. Biological/pathological functions of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axes in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. (nih.gov)
32. CXCR4/CXCL12/CXCR7 axis is functional in neuroendocrine tumors and signals on mTOR. (nih.gov)
35. Epigenetic changes of CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 as prognostic factors for sporadic breast cancer. (nih.gov)
37. CXCL14-CXCR4 and CXCL12-CXCR4 Axes May Play Important Roles in the Unique Invasion Process of Endometrioid Carcinoma With MELF-Pattern Myoinvasion. (nih.gov)
CXCL12 binds to a receptor called CXCR4 on the surface of these stem cells. (nih.gov)
Using computational methods, the researchers optimized the part of CXCL12 that initially binds CXCR4. (nih.gov)
We focus on WHIMS (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis Syndrome) which is due to autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the CXCL12 chemokine receptor and HIV coreceptor known as CXCR4. (nih.gov)
The binding of chemokine receptor CXCR4 to stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1 or CXCL12) is an important interaction between a hematopoietic progenitor cell and its marrow environment. (nih.gov)
CXCR4-CXCL12-CXCR7, TLR2-TLR4, and PD-1/PD-L1 in colorectal cancer liver metastases from neoadjuvant-treated patients. (cdc.gov)

Was found that hNGFp acts on glial cells, modulating inflammatory proteins such as the soluble TNFa receptor II and the chemokine CXCL12. (nih.gov)
Prognostic and Predictive Role of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients. (cdc.gov)

[ 59 ] With such multidimensional properties, understanding the prognostic significance of chemokines is complex. (medscape.com)

For instance, a high pretreatment expression of chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 in DLBCL is associated with shorter PFS and OS in comparison with low CCL4/CCL3 expression. (medscape.com)

Chemokines are proteins that help leucocyte migration to sites of tissue damage, inflammation and proliferation. (medscape.com)
But chemokines also cause inflammation, and long-term inflammation in the brain and body can cause more harm than good. (nih.gov)
A research team led by Dr. Evan Snyder from the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute tested whether they could engineer a natural chemokine to attract stem cells without causing inflammation. (nih.gov)

Moreover, posttranslational modification of CXCL12 during disease progression, through interaction with locally produced molecules or enzymes, also affects CXCL12 activity, adding further complexity. (nih.gov)

Serum, plasma, or urine chemokine levels are assessed using 50 ul frozen specimen per sandwich ELISA in duplicate using the appropriate commercially-available capture antibodies, detection antibodies, and standard ELISA reagents (R&D Systems), as we have described previously (15, 17, 18). (nih.gov)

Results from this Phase III study and many other ongoing Phase II studies could offer more information about the role of chemokine inhibitors as a class of drugs in treating T-cell lymphomas. (medscape.com)
In addition to their primary role in mediating neuroinflammation, neuroimmune factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and MHC, are essential for a variety of normal brain functions. (nih.gov)

Based on preclinical data, histone decetylase inhibitors and BTK inhibitors have been identified as potential agents that can suppress chemokine activity. (medscape.com)

In contrast to these homeostatic functions, increased expression of CXCL12 in general, or of a specific CXCL12 splicing variant has been demonstrated in various pathologies. (nih.gov)

They altered a chemokine called CXCL12, which can draw neural stem cells to sites of injury or disease in the brain and central nervous system. (nih.gov)

Anatomy23

Organisms5

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Chemokine and chemokine receptor gene variants and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals. (1/2152)

Identification of CXCR4 domains that support coreceptor and chemokine receptor functions. (2/2152)

Distinct biological effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and stroma-derived factor-1alpha on CD34+ hemopoietic cells. (3/2152)

Opposite effects of SDF-1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. (4/2152)

Shared usage of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by primary and laboratory-adapted strains of feline immunodeficiency virus. (5/2152)

The CC chemokine receptor-7 ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta are potent chemoattractants for in vitro- and in vivo-derived dendritic cells. (6/2152)

B cell antigen receptor engagement inhibits stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha chemotaxis and promotes protein kinase C (PKC)-induced internalization of CXCR4. (7/2152)

Down-regulation of CXCR4 by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7. (8/2152)

No images available that match "chemokine cxcl12"

Chemokine CXCL12

Chemokine CXCL13

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Receptors, Chemokine

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Chemokines, CC

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