Chemokine ccl19. Medical search

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. It is constitutively expressed in the skin and may play a role in T-CELL trafficking during cutaneous INFLAMMATION.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards TH2 CELLS and TC2 CELLS.

A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It is synthesized by DENDRITIC CELLS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; KERATINOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards T LYMPHOCYTES and B LYMPHOCYTES.

A CC-type chemokine that is a chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS; MONOCYTES; and LYMPHOCYTES. It is a potent and selective eosinophil chemotaxin that is stored in and released from PLATELETS and activated T-LYMPHOCYTES. Chemokine CCL5 is specific for CCR1 RECEPTORS; CCR3 RECEPTORS; and CCR5 RECEPTORS. The acronym RANTES refers to Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR6 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; and B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A CC-type chemokine secreted by activated MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CCR8 RECEPTORS.

Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES; and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes.

A monocyte chemoattractant protein that has activity towards a broad variety of immune cell types. Chemokine CCL7 has specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS; CCR2 RECEPTORS; and CCR5 RECEPTORS.

Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL27. They may play a specialized role in the cutaneous homing of LYMPHOCYTES.

A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes.

A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR4 RECEPTORS. Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing.

CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in MONOCYTES; tissue MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS.

A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTERFERON and is chemotactic for MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

A monocyte chemoattractant protein that attracts MONOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTES; BASOPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS. Chemokine CCL8 has specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS.

Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; BASOPHILS; and NK CELLS.

A CC-type chemokine that is specific for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a potent chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL1. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES.

A CXC chemokine with specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS. It has growth factor activities and is implicated as a oncogenic factor in several tumor types.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL17 and CHEMOKINE CCL22. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; MAST CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and NK CELLS.

Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

A CX3C chemokine that is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of cells. The soluble form of chemokine CX3CL1 can be released from cell surface by proteolysis and act as a chemoattractant that may be involved in the extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. The membrane form of the protein may also play a role in cell adhesion.

Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of MACROPHAGES, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including NEUTROPHILS; FIBROBLASTS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL11 and a variety of other CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; BASOPHILS; and MAST CELLS.

An INTEFERON-inducible CXC chemokine that is specific for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A CXC chemokine that is synthesized by activated MONOCYTES and NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS.

A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR5 RECEPTORS.

CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTERFERON. It is a chemotactic factor for activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

A CXC chemokine that has stimulatory and chemotactic activities towards NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR1 RECEPTORS and CXCR2 RECEPTORS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

A CXC chemokine that is predominantly expressed in EPITHELIAL CELLS. It has specificity for the CXCR2 RECEPTORS and is involved in the recruitment and activation of NEUTROPHILS.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

CXCR receptors that are expressed on the surface of a number of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; NK CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and a subset of B-LYMPHOCYTES. The receptors are activated by CHEMOKINE CXCL9; CHEMOKINE CXCL10; and CHEMOKINE CXCL11.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

High-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and T-LYMPHOCYTES. These receptors also bind several other CXC CHEMOKINES.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Chemokines that are chemoattractants for monocytes. These CC chemokines (cysteines adjacent) number at least three including CHEMOKINE CCL2.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL20. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

High-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and BASOPHILS.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Chemokine receptors that are specific for CXC CHEMOKINES.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Group of chemokines with the first two cysteines separated by three amino acids. CX3C chemokines are chemotactic for natural killer cells, monocytes, and activated T-cells.

CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Chemical substances that attract or repel cells. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract LEUKOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; or other cells to the site of infection or insult.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. They are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages.

Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different human groups; amorphic genes are common.

Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ECF-A, released mainly by mast cells.

The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A CXC chemokine that is found in the alpha granules of PLATELETS. The protein has a molecular size of 7800 kDa and can occur as a monomer, a dimer or a tetramer depending upon its concentration in solution. Platelet factor 4 has a high affinity for HEPARIN and is often found complexed with GLYCOPROTEINS such as PROTEIN C.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

Expression and cellular localization of the CC chemokines PARC and ELC in human atherosclerotic plaques. (1/256)

Local immune responses are thought to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Histological studies have shown that human atherosclerotic lesions contain T lymphocytes throughout all stages of development, many of which are in an activated state. A number of novel CC chemokines have been described recently, which are potent chemoattractants for lymphocytes: PARC (pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine), ELC (EBI1-ligand chemokine), LARC (liver and activation-regulated chemokine), and SLC (secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine). Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, we have found gene expression for PARC and ELC but not for LARC or SLC in human atherosclerotic plaques. Immunohistochemical staining of serial plaque sections with specific cell markers revealed highly different expression patterns of PARC and ELC. PARC mRNA was restricted to CD68+ macrophages (n = 14 of 18), whereas ELC mRNA was widely expressed by macrophages and intimal smooth muscle cells (SMC) in nearly all of the lesions examined (n = 12 of 14). ELC mRNA was also found to be expressed in the medial SMC wall of highly calcified plaques (n = 4). Very low levels of ELC mRNA expression could also be detected in normal mammary arteries but no mRNA expression for PARC was detected in these vessels (n = 4). In vitro, ELC mRNA was found to be up-regulated in aortic SMC stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-a and interferon-gamma but not in SMC stimulated with serum. Both PARC and ELC mRNA were expressed by monocyte-derived macrophages but not monocytes. The expression patterns of PARC and ELC mRNA in human atherosclerotic lesions suggest a potential role for these two recently described CC chemokines in attracting T lymphocytes into atherosclerotic lesions. (+info)

The CC chemokine receptor-7 ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta are potent chemoattractants for in vitro- and in vivo-derived dendritic cells. (2/256)

Dendritic cell migration to secondary lymphoid tissues is critical for Ag presentation to T cells necessary to elicit an immune response. Despite the importance of dendritic cell trafficking in immunity, at present little is understood about the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. Using a novel transwell chemotaxis assay system, we demonstrate that the CC chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 beta are selective chemoattractants for MHC class IIhigh B7-2high bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at a potency 1000-fold higher than their known activity on naive T cells. Furthermore, these chemokines stimulate the chemotaxis of freshly isolated lymph node dendritic cells, as well as the egress of skin dendritic cells ex vivo. Because these chemokines are expressed in lymphoid organs and 6Ckine has been localized to high endothelial venules and lymphatic endothelium, we propose that they may play an important role in the homing of dendritic cells to lymphoid tissues. (+info)

Chemokine Up-regulation and activated T cell attraction by maturing dendritic cells. (3/256)

Langerhans' cells migrating from contact-sensitized skin were found to up-regulate expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) during maturation into lymph node dendritic cells (DCs). Naive T cells did not migrate toward MDC, but antigen-specific T cells rapidly acquired MDC responsiveness in vivo after a subcutaneous injection of antigen. In chemotaxis assays, maturing DCs attracted activated T cells more strongly than naive T cells. These studies identified chemokine up-regulation as part of the Langerhans' cell maturation program to immunogenic T cell-zone DC. Preferential recruitment of activated T cells may be a mechanism used by maturing DCs to promote encounters with antigen-specific T cells. (+info)

Cutting edge: developmental switches in chemokine responses during T cell maturation. (4/256)

We show that developmental transitions during thymocyte maturation are associated with dramatic changes in chemotactic responses to chemokines. Macrophage-derived chemokine, a chemokine expressed in the thymic medulla, attracts thymocytes only during a brief window of development, between the late cortical and early medullary stages. All medullary phenotypes (CD4 or CD8 single positive) but not immature thymocytes respond to the medullary stroma-expressed (and secondary lymphoid tissue-associated) chemokines secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta. The appearance of these responses is associated with the phenotypic stage of cortex to medulla migration and with up-regulation of mRNA for the receptors CCR4 (for macrophage-derived chemokine and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) and CCR7 (for secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta). In contrast, most immature and medullary thymocytes migrate to thymus-expressed chemokine, an ability that is lost only with up-regulation of the peripheral homing receptor L-selectin during the latest stages of thymocyte maturation associated with export to the periphery. Developmental switches in chemokine responses may help regulate critical migratory events during T cell development. (+info)

Differential responsiveness to constitutive vs. inducible chemokines of immature and mature mouse dendritic cells. (5/256)

Upon exposure to immune or inflammatory stimuli, dendritic cells (DC) migrate from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs, where they present antigen. The molecular basis for the peculiar trafficking properties of DC is largely unknown. In this study, mouse DC were generated from CD34+ bone marrow precursors and cultured with granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and Flt3 ligand for 9 days. Chemokines active on immature DC include MIP1alpha, RANTES, MIP1beta, MCP-1, MCP-3, and the constitutively expressed SDF1, MDC, and ELC. TNF-alpha-induced DC maturation caused reduction of migration to inducible chemokines (MIP1alpha, RANTES, MIP1beta, MCP-1, and MCP-3) and increased migration to SDF1, MDC, and ELC. Similar results were obtained by CD40 ligation or culture in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. TNF-alpha down-regulated CC chemokine receptor (CCR)1, CCR2, and CCR5 and up-regulated CCR7 mRNA levels, in agreement with functional data. This study shows that selective responsiveness of mature and immature DC to inducible vs. constitutively produced chemokines can contribute to the regulated trafficking of DC. (+info)

In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. (6/256)

Migration of antigen-activated CD4 T cells to B cell areas of lymphoid tissues is important for mounting T cell-dependent antibody responses. Here we show that CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)5, the receptor for B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), is upregulated on antigen-specific CD4 T cells in vivo when animals are immunized under conditions that promote T cell migration to follicles. In situ hybridization of secondary follicles for BLC showed high expression in mantle zones and low expression in germinal centers. When tested directly ex vivo, CXCR5(hi) T cells exhibited a vigorous chemotactic response to BLC. At the same time, the CXCR5(hi) cells showed reduced responsiveness to the T zone chemokines, Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 (EBI-1) ligand chemokine (ELC) and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC). After adoptive transfer, CXCR5(hi) CD4 T cells did not migrate to follicles, indicating that additional changes may occur after immunization that help direct T cells to follicles. To further explore whether T cells could acquire an intrinsic ability to migrate to follicles, CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative (DN) T cells from MRL-lpr mice were studied. These T cells normally accumulate within follicles of MRL-lpr mice. Upon transfer to wild-type recipients, DN T cells migrated to follicle proximal regions in all secondary lymphoid tissues. Taken together, our findings indicate that reprogramming of responsiveness to constitutively expressed lymphoid tissue chemokines plays an important role in T cell migration to the B cell compartment of lymphoid tissues. (+info)

Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta enhances IL-10 production by activated human peripheral blood monocytes and T cells. (7/256)

We report that the addition of human macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta (MIP-3 beta) to cultures of human PBMCs that have been activated with LPS or PHA results in a significant enhancement of IL-10 production. This effect was concentration-dependent, with optimal MIP-3 beta concentrations inducing more than a 5-fold induction of IL-10 from LPS-stimulated PBMCs and a 2- to 3-fold induction of IL-10 from PHA-stimulated PBMCs. In contrast, no significant effect on IL-10 production was observed when 6Ckine, the other reported ligand for human CCR7, or other CC chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta were added to LPS- or PHA-stimulated PBMCs. Similar results were observed using activated purified human peripheral blood monocytes or T cells. Addition of MIP-3 beta to nonactivated PBMCs had no effect on cytokine production. Enhancement of IL-10 production by MIP-3beta correlated with the inhibition of IL-12 p40 and TNF-alpha production by monocytes and with the impairment of IFN-gamma production by T cells, which was reversed by addition of anti-IL-10 Abs to the cultures. The ability of MIP-3 beta to augment IL-10 production correlated with CCR7 mRNA expression and stimulation of intracellular calcium mobilization in both monocytes and T cells. These data indicate that MIP-3 beta acts directly on human monocytes and T cells and suggest that this chemokine is unique among ligands binding to CC receptors due to its ability to modulate inflammatory activity via the enhanced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. (+info)

uPA/uPAR system is active in immature dendritic cells derived from CD14+CD34+ precursors and is down-regulated upon maturation. (8/256)

We recently described a subset of peripheral CD14+CD34+ cells able to migrate across endothelial cell monolayers and differentiate into immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DC). In this paper we show that immature DC derived from CD14+CD34+ precursors are also capable of reverse transendothelial migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) invasion using the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). We found that these cells respond to macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, enhancing their ability to invade ECM and supporting the idea that immature DC are selectively recruited at the site of inflammation to expand the pool of APCs. Interestingly, MIP-1alpha was also capable of preventing the decreased matrix invasion observed by blocking uPAR, suggesting that the uPA/uPAR system and MIP-1alpha cooperate in driving immature DC migration through the subendothelial matrix. Upon exposure to maturating stimuli, such as TNF-alpha, CD14+CD34+-derived DC enhance their APC function and decrease the capacity of invading ECM; these changes are accompanied by altered expression and function of uPAR. Moreover, mature DC shift their sensitivity from MIP-1alpha to MIP-3beta, enhancing their transendothelial migration capability in response to the latter chemokine. Our data support the hypothesis that bloodborne DC can move through ECM toward the site of pathogen entry where they differentiate into fully mature APCs with their motility and function regulated by microenvironmental stimuli, including MIP-1alpha, MIP-3beta, and TNF-alpha. (+info)

There are two chemokines in the MIP-3 group. MIP-3α (CCL20) and MIP-3β (CCL19). MIP-3α is binding to receptor CCR6. CCL20 is ... MIP-3β (CCL19) is produced by stromal cells in T-cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs and binds to CCR7 receptor through ... Chemokine Czaplewski LG, McKeating J, Craven CJ, Higgins LD, Appay V, Brown A, et al. (June 1999). "Identification of amino ... Yan Y, Chen R, Wang X, Hu K, Huang L, Lu M, Hu Q (2019-10-01). "CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage_inflammatory_protein

2006). "The chemokine receptor CCX-CKR mediates effective scavenging of CCL19 in vitro". Eur. J. Immunol. 36 (7): 1904-16. doi: ... This receptor has been shown to bind dendritic cell- and T cell-activated chemokines including CCL19/ELC, CCL21/SLC, and CCL25/ ... 2000). "Cutting edge: identification of a novel chemokine receptor that binds dendritic cell- and T cell-active chemokines ... C-C chemokine receptor type 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCRL1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCRL1

FRCs express chemokines such as CCL21 and CCL19 which assist the movement of T cells and dendritic cells with CCR7 receptors. ... For example, Naive T cells express the CCR7 receptor for the chemokine CCL21. and B cells exhibit CXCR5 receptors for chemokine ... FDCs produce chemokine CXCL13 which promotes migration of B lymphocytes to the primary B cell follicle. B lymphocytes need a ... The lymph carries chemokines (molecular chemical messengers) and antigens to the lymph node. At the lymph node, the lymph ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node_stromal_cell

... two pro-inflammatory chemokines viz., chemokine ligand 9 (also termed chemokine ligand 10) and chemokine 19 (CCL19), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2

... chemokine receptor which recognizes chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, that are largely produced by mTECs in the medulla, and ... TGFβ or stem cell factor and chemokines CCL25, CXCL12 or CCRL1 etc. Essential part of T cell development forms process called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells

Cantuzumab ravtansine Cathelicidin CC chemokine receptors CCBP2 CCL1 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13 CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18 CCL19 CCL2 ... Breakthrough infection Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies Bursa of Fabricius C-C chemokine receptor type 6 C-C chemokine ... CD4 CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity CD74 CD94/NKG2 Cell-mediated immunity CELSR1 Central tolerance Chemokine Chemokine ... CR6261 CroFab Cross-presentation Cross-reactivity Cryptic self epitopes Cryptotope CX3CL1 CX3CR1 CXC chemokine receptors CXCL1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_immunology_articles

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as ... CCL20 and MIP-3beta/CCL19". European Journal of Immunology. 31 (7): 1981-8. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7. 3.0.CO;2-X. PMID ... Campbell JD, Stinson MJ, Simons FE, Rector ES, HayGlass KT (July 2001). "In vivo stability of human chemokine and chemokine ... Shields PL, Morland CM, Salmon M, Qin S, Hubscher SG, Adams DH (December 1999). "Chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL9

... -dependent chemotaxis has been reported in response to the chemokines CXCL12/SDF-1 in T lymphocytes, CXCL13/BLC in B ... lymphocytes and CCL19/ELC in thymocytes (immature lymphocytes) emigrating from the thymus as well as CCL21/SLC in ex vivo ... 2007). "DOCK2 is required for chemokine-promoted human T lymphocyte adhesion under shear stress mediated by the integrin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock2

Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 (expressed within lymph nodes and on ... C4-CC chemokines), but a small number of CC chemokines possess six cysteines (C6-CC chemokines). C6-CC chemokines include CCL1 ... The third group of chemokines is known as the C chemokines (or γ chemokines), and is unlike all other chemokines in that it has ... CCL1 for the ligand 1 of the CC-family of chemokines, and CCR1 for its respective receptor. The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene. This gene is one of several ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ... This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. It ... "Entrez Gene: CCL19 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19". Yoshida R, Imai T, Hieshima K, Kusuda J, Baba M, Kitaura M, Nishimura M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL19

Its ligands include the related chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, (previously called ELC and SLC). CCR8 is associated with Th2 ... This molecule was originally designated CCR11 due to its ability to bind several CC chemokines (including CCL19, CCL21 and ... The CC chemokine receptors all work by activating the G protein Gi. CCR1 was the first CC chemokine receptor identified and ... CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_chemokine_receptors

Two ligands have been identified for this receptor: the chemokines (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19/ELC) and (C-C motif) ligand 21 ... "Macrophage-derived chemokine and EBI1-ligand chemokine attract human thymocytes in different stage of development and are ... "Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine EBI1-ligand chemokine that is a specific functional ligand for EBI1, CCR7". The ... identification of a novel chemokine receptor that binds dendritic cell- and T cell-active chemokines including ELC, SLC, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_7

chemokine receptor activity. • receptor activity. • protein binding. • C-C chemokine receptor activity. • C-C chemokine binding ... Chemokine receptor 6 also known as CCR6 is a CC chemokine receptor protein which in humans is encoded by the CCR6 gene.[5] CCR6 ... "Entrez Gene: CCR6 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6".. *^ Wang K, Zhang H, Kugathasan S, Annese V, Bradfield JP, Russell RK, ... "Chemokine Receptors: CCR6". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_6

Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 (expressed within lymph nodes and on ... C chemokinesEdit. The third group of chemokines is known as the C chemokines (or γ chemokines), and is unlike all other ... C4-CC chemokines), but a small number of CC chemokines possess six cysteines (C6-CC chemokines). C6-CC chemokines include CCL1 ... CC chemokinesEdit. The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (amino acids), near their amino ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokines

This chemokine-induced latency model has been used in a comprehensive comparison of in vitro models for evaluating latency ... "CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 increase permissiveness of resting memory CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection: a novel model of HIV-1 ... "Establishment of HIV-1 latency in resting CD4+ T cells depends on chemokine-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton". ... cells contribute to the ongoing HIV reservoir and that HIV DNA is preferentially found in CD4 T cells expressing the chemokine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lewin

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The functions of CCL18 have ... CCL19, and CCL17 by dendritic cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and regulation by Fc gamma receptors". Ann. Rheum ... It was previously known as Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), dendritic cell (DC)-chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), ... Chemokines are classed as a special type of cytokine that is involved in immune cell trafficking. CCL18 in particular has some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL18

CCL19 · CCL20 · CCL21 · CCL22 · CCL23 · CCL24 · CCL25 · CCL26 · CCL27 · CCL28 ... Chemokine. CCL. CCL1 · CCL2 · CCL3 · CCL4 · CCL5 · CCL6 · CCL7 · CCL8 · CCL9 · CCL11 · CCL12 · CCL13 · CCL14 · CCL15 · CCL16 · ...

https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/साँचा:Cytokines

positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production. • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity. • positive ... positive regulation of chemokine production. • cellular extravasation. • negative regulation of lipid storage. • negative ... positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process. • epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

... s are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte.[1] They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signaling between its cells. Lymphokines have many roles, including the attraction of other immune cells, including macrophages and other lymphocytes, to an infected site and their subsequent activation to prepare them to mount an immune response. Circulating lymphocytes can detect a very small concentration of lymphokine and then move up the concentration gradient towards where the immune response is required. Lymphokines aid B cells to produce antibodies. Important lymphokines secreted by the T helper cell include:[2] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine

... binds to the death receptors DR4 (TRAIL-RI) and DR5 (TRAIL-RII). The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. Caspase-8 activates downstream effector caspases including procaspase-3, -6, and -7, leading to activation of specific kinases.[11] TRAIL also binds the receptors DcR1 and DcR2, which do not contain a cytoplasmic domain (DcR1) or contain a truncated death domain (DcR2). DcR1 functions as a TRAIL-neutralizing decoy-receptor. The cytoplasmic domain of DcR2 is functional and activates NFkappaB. In cells expressing DcR2, TRAIL binding therefore activates NFkappaB, leading to transcription of genes known to antagonize the death signaling pathway and/or to promote inflammation. Application of engineered ligands that have variable affinity for different death (DR4 and DR5) and decoy receptors (DCR1 and DCR2) may allow selective targeting of cancer cells by controlling activation of Type 1/Type 2 pathways of cell death and single cell fluctuations. Luminescent iridium complex-peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAIL

... (IL-24) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL24 gene. IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control in cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. This cytokine is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells[5] and acts on non-haematopoietic tissues such as skin, lung and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, arthritis, psoriasis and cancer.[6][7][8] Several studies have shown that cell death occurs in cancer cells/cell lines following exposure to IL-24.[9][10] The gene for IL-24 is located on chromosome 1 in humans.[11] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_24

... as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD154

positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process. • regulation of insulin secretion. • extrinsic apoptotic signaling ... Copeland KF (2006). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actimmune

... is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine.[3] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes). For the circulatory system and bone marrow in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid tissue, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein molecules. However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism. While growth factor implies a positive effect on cell division, cytokine is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF, others have an inhibitory effect on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

chemokine activity. • cytokine activity. • heparin binding. • protein binding. • CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding. ... C-X-C motif chemokine 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T- ... "Entrez Gene: CXCL11 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11".. *^ a b Cole KE, Strick CA, Paradis TJ, Ogborne KT, Loetscher M, Gladue ... This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL11

Interferon alfa 2b is an antiviral or antineoplastic drug, that was originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich. It was developed at Biogen, and ultimately marketed by Schering-Plough under the tradename Intron-A. It has been used for a wide range of indications, including viral infections and cancers. This drug is approved around the world for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis B, hairy cell leukemia, Behçet's disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, follicular lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, mastocytosis and malignant melanoma. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron_A

4-1BB is a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor belonging to the TNF superfamily, expressed on activated T Lymphocytes.[1] 4-1BBL (4-1BB ligand) is found on APCs (antigen presenting cells) and binds to 4-1BB. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-1BB_ligand

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. Protein structure modeling indicated that this cytokine may contain a 12-stranded beta-trefoil structure that is conserved between IL1A (IL-A alpha) and IL1B (IL-1 beta). This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.[8]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL36B

C-X-C chemokine receptor activity. • interleukin-8 binding. • G-protein coupled receptor activity. • chemokine receptor ... This name and the corresponding gene symbol IL8RA have been replaced by the HGNC approved name C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 ... "Chemokine Receptors: CXCR1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... chemokine-mediated signaling pathway. • interleukin-8-mediated signaling pathway. • neutrophil degranulation. • chemotaxis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_alpha

Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived chemokine and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in autistic children, J ... CCl19, CCL21, CCL22, CC25, CXCL7, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL16. ... Kabelitz D, Wesch D., Features and functions of gamma delta T lymphocytes: focus on chemokines and their receptors. ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkelund

https://et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tüümus

Binds to chemokine receptor CCR7. Recombinant CCL19 shows potent chemotactic activity for T-cells and B-cells but not for ... Binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4 and mediates the recruitment of beta-arrestin (ARRB1/2) to ACKR4. ... IPR039809 Chemokine_b/g/d. IPR000827 Chemokine_CC_CS. IPR034133 Chemokine_CC_DCCL. IPR001811 Chemokine_IL8-like_dom. IPR036048 ... IPR039809 Chemokine_b/g/d. IPR000827 Chemokine_CC_CS. IPR034133 Chemokine_CC_DCCL. IPR001811 Chemokine_IL8-like_dom. IPR036048 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q99731

Results The chemokines, CCL18, CCL19 and CXCL13, were upregulated in dcSSc skin, and CCL18 in lcSSc skin. Expression of CCL19 ... Conclusions CCL18, CCL19 and CXCL13-chemoattractants for macrophage and T cell recruitment-were three of six chemokines with ... Global chemokine expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc): CCL19 expression correlates with vascular inflammation in SSc skin ... Global chemokine expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc): CCL19 expression correlates with vascular inflammation in SSc skin ...

http://ard.bmj.com/content/73/10/1864

C-C motif chemokine 19; CC chemokine ligand 19; CK beta-11; EBI1 ligand chemokine; EBI1-ligand chemokine; beta chemokine exodus ... MIP-3B specifically binds to chemokine receptor CCR7. Recombinant CCL19 shows potent chemotactic activity for T-cells and B- ... chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19; SCYA19, small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys Cys), member 19; beta chemokine exodus 3; CK ... beta-chemokine exodus-3; epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine; exodus-3; macrophage inflammatory protein 3 ...

https://www.creative-biogene.com/symbolsearch_ccl19.html

Recombinant human CCL19 protein, fused to T7-tag at N-terminus, was expressed inE.coliand purifed by conventional ... CCL19 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine ... small inducible cytokine A19; exodus-3; CK beta-11; EBI1-ligand chemokine ; CC chemokine ligand 19; beta chemokine exodus-3; ... Recombinant Human Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 19, T7-tagged. Download Datasheet See All CCL19 Products. Bring this labeled ...

https://www.creativebiomart.net/description_1_7.htm

MIP-3B specifically binds to chemokine receptor CCR7. Recombinant CCL19 shows potent chemotactic activity for T-cells and B- ... MIP-3B specifically binds to chemokine receptor CCR7. ... CCL19-110H. Human CCL19. Human. +Inquiry. CCL19-161H. ... CCL19-4399M. Recombinant Monkey CCL19 Protein. Yeast. Monkey. +Inquiry. CCL19-154H. Recombinant Human Chemokine (C-C motif) ... Ccl19-682R. Recombinant Rat Ccl19. E. coli. Rat. +Inquiry. Ccl19-723R. Recombinant Rat Ccl19 protein, His-tagged. E. coli. Rat ...

https://www.creativebiomart.net/symbolsearch_CCL19.htm

... M. A ...

https://www.growkudos.com/publications/10.1189%25252Fjlb.2mr0815-380r/reader

What is CC chemokine ligand 19? Meaning of CC chemokine ligand 19 medical term. What does CC chemokine ligand 19 mean? ... Looking for online definition of CC chemokine ligand 19 in the Medical Dictionary? CC chemokine ligand 19 explanation free. ... CCL19. (redirected from CC chemokine ligand 19) CCL19. A gene on chromosome 9p13 that encodes a CC-type cytokine, which is ... CCL19 binds CCR7, and may play a role in normal lymphocyte recirculation and homing, in trafficking of T cells in the thymus, ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CC+chemokine+ligand+19

CCR10 chemokine receptor binding (ortholog); CCR7 chemokine receptor binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN activation of JUN kinase ... ENCODES a protein that exhibits CCR chemokine receptor binding (ortholog); ... CCL19 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 19). NCBI. Ortholog. Mus musculus (house mouse):. Ccl19 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19). ... Canis lupus familiaris (dog) : CCL19 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 19) Sus scrofa (pig) : CCL19 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 19) ...

https://crrd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/gene/main.html?id=12737586

Compare chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19, pseudogene 2 ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, ... chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19, pseudogene 2 ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a well-established ... Your search returned 4 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19, pseudogene 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 1 supplier. ...

https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110627/soids/2-2320818/ELISA_Kit/ELISA_chemokine_C-C_motif_ligand_19_pseudogene_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_6

Lack of p110δ activity in these cell populations correlated with lower LTβR, CCL19 and CCL21 mRNA levels; these molecules ... Chemokines Is the Subject Area "Chemokines" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0072960

This review will focus on recent murine and human studies that use chemokines as therapeutic anti-cancer vaccine adjuvants. ... Recent discoveries in the many biological roles of chemokines in tumor immunology allow their exploitation in enhancing ... This knowledge, combined with advances in gene therapy and virology, allows researchers to employ chemokines as potential ... The choice of chemokines varies from homeostatic (e.g., CCL19 and CCL21) to inflammatory (e.g., CCL3 and CCL5). The major ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/1/4/444/htm

For example, CCL21 (CC chemokine ligand 21) and CCL19 (CC chemokine ligand 19) recruit antigen-presenting dendritic cells and ... increases the affinity for chemokine ligands and may contribute to receptor ligand bias. Chemokine sulfotyrosine (sY) binding ... For many chemokine receptors, N-terminal posttranslational modifications, particularly the sulfation of tyrosine residues, ... naïve T-cells to the lymph nodes and are thought to play a role in lymph node metastasis of CCR7 (CC chemokine receptor 7)- ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1857

Immune-Regulatory Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in Vascular Disease. The chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 bind the receptor CCR7 to ... Chemokine-Like Functions of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. *Immune-Regulatory Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in Vascular ... Chemokine-Like Functions of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. *Immune-Regulatory Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in Vascular ... The Chemokine CXCL10 and the T Cell Connection. CXCL10 or IP-10 (IFN-γ-induced protein of 10 kDa) is a T cell chemokine and ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/28/11/1897.long

All wild-type chemokines were obtained from PeproTech (London, U.K.). 125I-labeled CCL19 ([125I]-CCL19) was from Perkin Elmer ( ... A model for chemokine cooperativity. (A) In the absence of cooperative chemokines, CCL19/CCL21 binds to its seven-transmembrane ... Next, a panel of chemokines was tested for their ability to cooperate with CCL19 in activation of CCX-CKR. Several chemokines ... B) In the presence of cooperative chemokines, CCL19/CCL21 is competed from the GAGs, raising the free concentration of CCL19, ...

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/192/8/3908

CCL19, MPIF-1/CCL23, NAP-2/CXCL7, MSP,i,α,/i,, OPN, PARC/CCL18, PF4, SDF-1/CXCL12, TARC/CCL17, TECK/CCL25, and TSLP. ,i,Results ... which allows the simultaneous determination of 40 chemokines per sample. The sets consist of the following chemokines: 6Ckine/ ... i,Conclusion.,/i, On the basis of our findings, it seems that the chemokines may play role in the pathogenesis of preterm labor ... The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of selected chemokines in sera of patients with premature birth without ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2014/185758/

The amplitude and kinetics of chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced Ca2+ influx were associated with chemokine receptor 7 ... The amplitude and kinetics of chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced Ca2+ influx were associated with chemokine receptor 7 ... The amplitude and kinetics of chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced Ca2+ influx were associated with chemokine receptor 7 ... The amplitude and kinetics of chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced Ca2+ influx were associated with chemokine receptor 7 ...

https://creighton.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/intermediate-conductance-calcium-activated-potassium-channel-kca3

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokines

MECY2MAG-73K Simultaneously analyze multiple cytokine and chemokine biomarkers with Bead-Based Multiplex Assays using the ... MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel II, ... MIP-3β/CCL19. TARC/CCL17. TIMP-1 Features and Benefits Design ... Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Panel II Standard, 1 vial, lyophilized. Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Panel II Quality Control 1, 1 vial, ... Panel Type: MAGNETIC Cytokines/Chemokines The MILLIPLEX. MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel II, contains all the ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/mm/mecy2mag73k?lang=en®ion=US

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL19

362506 Ccl19; C-C motif chemokine 19 precursor 298006 Ccl21; C-C motif chemokine 21 precursor 25542 Ccl3; C-C motif chemokine 3 ... 362506 Ccl19; C-C motif chemokine 19 precursor 29538 Ccl20; C-C motif chemokine 20 precursor 298006 Ccl21; C-C motif chemokine ... 362506 Ccl19; C-C motif chemokine 19 precursor 29538 Ccl20; C-C motif chemokine 20 precursor 298006 Ccl21; C-C motif chemokine ... K05514 CCL1; C-C motif chemokine 1 K13072 CCL25; C-C motif chemokine 25 K05512 CCL19; C-C motif chemokine 19 K16062 CCL21; C-C ...

https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?rno00001+116637

0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (Ccl19 protein, mouse); 0 (Chemokine CCL19); 0 (Chemokine CCL21); 0 (Chemokine CXCL13); 0 (Cxcl13 ... Quimiocina CCL19/gen tica. Quimiocina CCL19/inmunolog a. Quimiocina CCL21/gen tica. Quimiocina CCL21/inmunolog a. Quimiocina ... signaling pathways and is not correlated to an alteration of CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL13 chemokine mRNA expression. Our results ... This phenomenon has been linked to reduced chemokine secretion by stromal cells. spp. are the causative agent of brucellosis, a ...

http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=MEDLINE&lang=e&nextAction=lnk&isisFrom=1&count=10&exprSearch=estreptomicina

Full arrows indicate the cross-talk between cells mediated by cytokines and chemokines. CCR7 ligands: CCL-19 (ELC) and CCL21 ( ... Chemokine Receptors on Blood and NK-Cells. Conventional and NK-cells present in the normal PB have different CKR repertoires ( ... 3.1.2. Chemokine Receptors on Conventional NK-Cells. In contrast to NK-cells, the majority of the NK-cells are CXCR1/CXCR2− and ... and the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and/or CCR5 (Figure 2): CD16+ CCR5/CXCR3− (or simply ), CD16+/− CCR5/CXCR3+ (or simply ), and ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2015/839684/

CCL19, CCL21, CCL22; the CXC chemokines CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12; and CX3CL1. This set represented all chemokines present ... Generally, CC chemokines potently attract monocytes, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, whereas CXC chemokines are ... Differences between our study and previous studies, chemokine function, and chemokine levels are summarized in Table 4. Before ... The concentrations of IL-6 and the following chemokines were measured: the chemokine-like macrophage migration inhibitory ...

https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2126872

CCL19,. It promotes the recycling. -. CCL19 may serve an inhibitory. (158). CCL21. of immature T cells,. role in the invasive ... Among the four types of chemokines, there are two highly homologous XC chemokines: XC motif chemokine ligand 1 (XCL1) and XCL2 ... Chemokine receptors. Chemokines. Functions. Signaling pathways. Role in HCC. (Refs.). CXCR1. CXCL6,. Chemotactic neutrophils. - ... ACKR4 primarily scavenges CC motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), CCL21 and CCL25 (15,16). Therefore, chemokines and their ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2020.7906?text=fulltext

The chemokine CCL5 and CCL19 are reported to bind to CCRL2. Like Duffy antigen for chemokine receptor (DARC), D6 and CCX-CKR, ... A. CCRL2 is reported to bind chemokines, such as CCL5 and CCL19. Internalization of these chemokines potentially reduces local ... Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), also known as ChemR23, and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) are 7- ... Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2); two multifunctional receptors with ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21056554?dopt=Abstract

Signals mediated by the chemokine receptor CCR7 were absolutely required for the directional migration of both DCs and T cells ... Yanagawa, Y. & Onoe, K. CCL19 induces rapid dendritic extension of murine dendritic cells. Blood 100, 1948-1956 (2002). ... The CC chemokine thymus-derived chemotactic agent 4 (TCA-4, secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine, 6Ckine, exodus-2) triggers ... Saeki, H., Moore, A.M., Brown, M.J. & Hwang, S.T. Cutting edge: secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ni.2085?error=cookies_not_supported&code=f1157e71-835f-4437-8827-09510d17a6da

CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR-7) is expressed on mature dendritic cells and T-cells. Its ligands, CCL-19 (MIP-3beta) and CCL-21 ... CCL-19(7-77)), and identify the first analogue of CCL-19 (Ac-[Nle(72)]CCL-19(8-77)) that acts as a functional antagonist in ... Determinants of high-affinity binding and receptor activation in the N-terminus of CCL-19 (MIP-3 beta).. Ott TR1, Lio FM, ... For most chemokines, the N-terminal domain preceding the first two conserved cysteines is involved in stabilizing the active ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035637

CCL19. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19. NM_006274. Gene Info. CCL21. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21. NM_002989. Gene Info. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4. NM_002984. Gene Info. CCL4L1. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4-like 1. NM_207007. NM_001001435. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3. NM_002983. Gene Info. CCL4. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24. NM_002991. Gene Info. CCL26. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26. NM_006072. Gene Info. CCL3. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. NM_002985. Gene Info. CCND1. ...

https://cgap.nci.nih.gov/Genes/GoGeneQuery?PAGE=1&ORG=Hs&GOID=0009966

CCL19. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19. NM_006274. Gene Info. CCL2. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. NM_002982. Gene Info. ... Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21. NM_002989. Gene Info. CCR2. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2. NM_001123041. NM_001123396. Gene ... Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2. AK292685. Gene Info. CD14. CD14 molecule. NM_001174104. NM_000591. NM_001040021. NM_001174105 ...

https://cgap.nci.nih.gov/Genes/GoGeneQuery?PAGE=1&ORG=Hs&GOID=0060627

To date, there are more than 50 chemokines and 18 chemokine receptors identified [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
Most chemokines bind to more than one receptor, while most receptors also display overlapping ligand specificity [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
For many chemokine receptors, N-terminal posttranslational modifications, particularly the sulfation of tyrosine residues, increases the affinity for chemokine ligands and may contribute to receptor ligand bias. (mdpi.com)
In this update, we will highlight these recent developments, in particular the identification of components regulating the transcriptional machinery of the proatherogenic chemokine CCL5, distinct roles of its receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in plaque formation and immunobalance, and differential site- and stage-specific effects of T cell-activating chemokines and their receptors, eg, CXCL10 and CXCR3. (ahajournals.org)
The contribution of the transmembrane chemokines CX 3 CL1 and CXCL16 with their respective receptors CX 3 CR1 and CXCR6 in the recruitment of T cell and monocyte subsets and shear-mediated plaque modulation will be discussed. (ahajournals.org)
1,2 By signaling through G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, chemokines govern a variety of cell responses including cell activation and transmigration in leukocytes, as well as in nonhematopoietic cells. (ahajournals.org)
The role of the CC chemokine ligand-5 (CCL5/RANTES) and its receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in atherosclerosis have been addressed in a number of studies. (ahajournals.org)
Chemokines comprise a family of secreted proteins that activate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and thereby control the migration of leukocytes during inflammation or immune surveillance. (jimmunol.org)
The chemokine family encompasses nearly 50 members, which are classified based on the relative position of their conserved N-terminal cysteine residues (CC, CXC, CX 3 C, and C). Chemokines elicit intracellular responses via G protein-coupled receptors. (jimmunol.org)
Upon ligand binding, chemokine receptors activate G proteins of the Gα i family, leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclases and mobilization of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores. (jimmunol.org)
Furthermore, activated chemokine receptors bind to the scaffolding protein β-arrestin ( 1 - 3 ). (jimmunol.org)
All of these proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein -linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors , that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells. (wikipedia.org)
For most chemokines, the N-terminal domain preceding the first two conserved cysteines is involved in stabilizing the active conformation of its cognate receptors. (nih.gov)
Studies of chemokine receptors (CKR) in natural killer- (NK-) cells have already been published, but only a few gave detailed information on its differential expression on blood NK-cell subsets. (hindawi.com)
It has been found that chemokines and their receptors serve a pivotal role in HCC progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
Thus, chemokines and their receptors directly or indirectly shape the tumor cell microenvironment, and regulate the biological behavior of the tumor. (spandidos-publications.com)
Exosomes containing chemokines or expressing receptors for chemokines may improve chemotaxis to HCC and may thus be exploited for targeted drug delivery. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chemokines bind to a variety of different receptors, which belong to the G-protein-binding receptor family, and there are ~23 types of chemokine receptors that have been discovered ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Chemokines and their receptors were initially thought to allow for an interaction between immune cells and the inflammatory sites ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
After binding to the receptors, chemokines primarily serve a role in migration of leukocytes, such as monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells (DCs) ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), also known as ChemR23, and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) are 7-transmembrane receptors that were cloned in the late 1990s based on their homology to known G-protein-coupled receptors. (nih.gov)
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) and their receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. (ispub.com)
Among other homeostatic chemokine receptors include: CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR5, which are important as part of the cell addresses for tissue-specific homing of leukocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Chemokines receptors are seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors that allow cells to migrate towards increasing chemokine gradients. (biolegend.com)
Specific chemokine receptors are often required to gain entry (or exit) from certain organs and tissues like the thymus and bone marrow. (biolegend.com)
Chemokine signals are transduced by G-protein coupled receptors, which dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (wikipathways.org)
Chemotaxis has been the function of chemokine receptors most extensively studied in DCs ( 12 ). (jimmunol.org)
In this regard, in the immature DCs, it has been shown that the chemotaxis was mediated by inflammatory chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CXCR1, and CXCR2, which guide these cells to inflammatory sites ( 12 ). (jimmunol.org)
Plays an important role in controlling the migration of immune and cancer cells that express chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9, by reducing the availability of CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 through internalization. (uniprot.org)
When two chemokine receptors in the brain interact, leukemic cells (stained green) creep out of a small vein in the membrane covering the brain of a mouse and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. (eurekalert.org)
Chemokines and their cognate receptors have been shown to play key roles in health, and in a broad spectrum of diseases. (gla.ac.uk)
After their secretion, chemokines can be controlled by proteases and interactions with atypical chemokine receptors that structurally resemble conventional chemokine receptors but cannot couple to the signaling pathways that they use. (gla.ac.uk)
Instead, they are thought to degrade, transport or buffer extracellular chemokines to regulate their access to cells bearing conventional chemokine receptors. (gla.ac.uk)
Post-translational regulation of these chemokines is important because their interactions with cognate, conventional receptors CCR7 and CCR9, are critical for the development and functioning of the immune system. (gla.ac.uk)
They regulate trafficking of various cells through binding to chemokine receptors, which are also structurally related and contain seven transmembrane domain coupled to a G protein ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The expression of activation markers and of chemokine receptors on T cells homing to the nervous system (NS) may help define their functional state. (prohealth.com)
7 , 8 Clinical studies have correlated the involvement of chemokine receptors with nodal homing of B-cell non-Hodgkin (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma. (bloodjournal.org)
9 , 10 Conversely, lack of the major lymph node (LN) addressins, foremost the homeostatic chemokine receptors CXCR5 and CCR7, may predispose those tumor cells for extranodal dissemination instead. (bloodjournal.org)
The binding of STAP-2 to BCR-ABL also influenced the expression levels of chemokine receptors, such as CXCR4 and CCR7. (sigmaaldrich.com)
For decades, chemokines and their receptors have received a great deal of attention for their multiple roles in controlling leukocyte functions during inflammation and immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemokine and chemokine receptors could have played an important role in tumor angiogenesis and distant metastasis. (cancerindex.org)
The mechanism of inflammation, expression and function of chemokines and chemokine receptors in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. (cancerindex.org)
The purpose of present study is to detect differential expression and function of chemokines and chemokine receptors (CCRs) in BPH and PCa. (cancerindex.org)
Lymphocyte trafficking is orchestrated by chemokine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors that enable homing and egress from secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). (aacrjournals.org)
Lymphocyte homing is regulated by chemokine receptors that respond to stromal ligands ( 1, 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Receptor-ligand promiscuity is a hallmark of the inflammatory CC-chemokine/receptor system, where most ligands bind more than one receptor and most receptors bind more than one ligand. (aspetjournals.org)
Pharmacologic mechanisms that may in part account for these differences are difficult to assess on primary cells and in in vivo systems because of the presence of alternative receptors and the confounding variety of regulatory mechanisms of the chemokine response. (aspetjournals.org)
For example, binding preferences and activity of a given chemokine are modulated by proteoglycan binding, protease processing, and oligomerization of chemokines as well as chemokine receptors, adding several layers of complexity. (aspetjournals.org)
Knowledge about intrinsically different effects of different chemokines on the same receptor should help to better direct drug developing efforts targeting chemokine receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
Click on one of the chemokine subfamilies shown in the Explore Pathways box below to see the specific chemokines that belong to each group, their receptors, and the different immune cell types that have been shown to express the chemokine receptors. (rndsystems.com)
CD197, like other chemokine receptors, has seven-transmembrane spanning domains and signals via G proteins. (miltenyibiotec.com)
During evolution, homologs of human chemokine receptors were integrated into the HHV genomes. (aspetjournals.org)
In addition to binding endogenous chemokines, these viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) have acquired the ability to signal in a constitutive manner. (aspetjournals.org)
Furthermore, cross-talk or heterodimerization with endogenous chemokine receptors represent other ways for vGPCRs to modify intracellular signaling and cellular functions. (aspetjournals.org)
These viral GPCRs (vGPCRs) show considerable homology to chemokine receptors, which are essential in the development of the hematopoietic system and regulation of cellular homeostasis ( Mackay, 2001 ). (aspetjournals.org)
In addition, chemokine receptors play a prominent role in cancer development (e.g., by inducing cellular proliferation or by modifying cellular migration patterns), resulting in cancer metastasis ( Balkwill, 2004 ). (aspetjournals.org)
The EBV-encoded BILF1 receptor presents limited homology to chemokine receptors, with highest homology to CXCR4. (aspetjournals.org)
When the interaction between the two chemokine receptors is inhibited, there is no infiltration of the brain by green-stained leukemic cells. (medicalxpress.com)

Binds to chemokine receptor CCR7. (uniprot.org)
It elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. (creativebiomart.net)
CCL19 binds CCR7, and may play a role in normal lymphocyte recirculation and homing, in trafficking of T cells in the thymus, and in T-cell and B-cell migration to secondary lymphoid tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
For example, CCL21 (CC chemokine ligand 21) and CCL19 (CC chemokine ligand 19) recruit antigen-presenting dendritic cells and naïve T-cells to the lymph nodes and are thought to play a role in lymph node metastasis of CCR7 (CC chemokine receptor 7)-expressing cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Signals mediated by the chemokine receptor CCR7 were absolutely required for the directional migration of both DCs and T cells into the T cell zone but were dispensable for the parenchymal entry of lymph-derived T cells and dendrite probing of DCs. (nature.com)
Saeki, H., Moore, A.M., Brown, M.J. & Hwang, S.T. Cutting edge: secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) participate in the emigration pathway of mature dendritic cells from the skin to regional lymph nodes. (nature.com)
Bromley, S.K., Thomas, S.Y. & Luster, A.D. Chemokine receptor CCR7 guides T cell exit from peripheral tissues and entry into afferent lymphatics. (nature.com)
Chemokine receptor CCR7 required for T lymphocyte exit from peripheral tissues. (nature.com)
Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 (expressed within lymph nodes and on lymphatic endothelial cells) and their receptor CCR7 (expressed on cells destined for homing in cells to these organs). (wikipedia.org)
Poi fermano il bloccaggio dell'antigene mentre upregulating la loro espressione delle molecole quali CD86, CD80 ed il ricevitore CCR7 di chemokine. (news-medical.net)
Hjortø GM, Larsen O, Steen A, Daugvilaite V, Berg C, Fares S, Hansen M, Ali S and Rosenkilde MM (2017) Corrigendum: Differential CCR7 Targeting in Dendritic Cells by Three Naturally Occurring CC-Chemokines. (frontiersin.org)
In this regard, during maturation is up-regulated the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 that guides the migratory DCs to the nodes ( 6 , 7 , 8 ). (jimmunol.org)
CCR7 has two ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, that are highly expressed by stromal cells in the T cell-rich lymph node areas ( 7 , 8 ). (jimmunol.org)
CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), the selective receptor for SLC and ELC, is present on the bulk of resting T cells in peripheral blood and mature dendritic cells and mediates rapid adhesion to integrin ligands and chemotactic migration ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 6 )( 7 ). (rupress.org)
The chemokine receptor CCR7 drives leukocyte migration into and within lymph nodes (LNs). (imperial.ac.uk)
CCR7-dependent navigation is determined by the distribution of extracellular CCL19 and CCL21, which form concentration gradients at specific microanatomical locations. (imperial.ac.uk)
In this article, we have incorporated multiple biochemical processes describing the CCL19-CCL21-CCR7-ACKR4 network into our model of LN fluid flow to establish a computational model to investigate intranodal chemokine gradients. (imperial.ac.uk)
Parameter variation analysis indicates that the directionality of these gradients is robust, but their magnitude is sensitive to these key parameters: chemokine production, diffusivity, matrix binding site availability, and CCR7 abundance. (imperial.ac.uk)
The work in this thesis primarily explores the importance of CCRL1 in regulating CCR7 ligands, but also considers the impact of protease-mediated 'clipping' on the function of CCL21 and other extended chemokines. (gla.ac.uk)
Further experiments demonstrated that, as expected, DC arrival at lymph nodes draining inflamed skin was heavily dependent on CCR7 in the models being used, and that increased levels of bioavailable CCL19 and CCL21 accompanied CCRL1 deficiency in inflamed skin. (gla.ac.uk)
Although some leukocytes were found to express very low levels of eGFP in CCRL1+/gfp, the data suggested that CCRL1-mediated scavenging of CCL19 by keratinocytes and LECs facilitates CCR7-driven DC migration from resting and inflamed skin. (gla.ac.uk)
Chemokine C receptor 7 (CCR7) expression is important for lymphocyte homing to tissues. (aacrjournals.org)
To study CCR7 signaling, CD8 + T cells were stimulated with CCR7 ligands, chemokine C ligands 19 or 21. (aacrjournals.org)
Chemokine C receptor 7 (CCR7) is involved in homing of mononuclear cells to secondary lymphoid tissues ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
There are two ligands for CCR7: chemokine C ligands (CCL) 19 and CCL21 ( 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Applying the genetically tractable Eμ-Myc transgenic mouse model, we show that the chemokine receptor CCR7 regulates Eμ-Myc lymphoma homing to lymph nodes and distinctive microanatomic sites of the spleen. (bloodjournal.org)
In addition, STAP-2 cooperated with BCR-ABL to induce the production of CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In in vitro chemotactic assays, DC migrated in response to CCL19, a chemokine signaling via CCR7. (aacrjournals.org)
CCR7 (CC chemokine receptor type 7), also known as CD197, binds CCL19 and CCL21. (fluidigm.com)
A number of recent studies have speculated that the C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7), plays important roles in immune-cell trafficking in various tissue compartments during inflammation and in immune surveillance. (biomedcentral.com)
Using computational modeling and microfluidics-based approaches, recent studies have explored leukocyte migration behavior in response to CCR7 ligands in a complex chemokine environment existing with other coexisting chemokine fields. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic, subclinical inflammation is a hallmark of and detrimental consequence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In the periphery, inflammatory stimuli upregulate the CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 signaling axis, promote increased recruitment and retention of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) in affected tissues, and in turn accelerate the progression of inflammatory diseases. (arvojournals.org)
The expression of CCR7, CCL19 and CCL21 was also analyzed using specific antibodies. (arvojournals.org)
Basal levels of CCR7, CCL19 and CCL21 were higher both in retinal tissues and in PBL lysates obtained from KO compared to WT animals in the absence of diabetes. (arvojournals.org)
CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 expression and immune cell infiltration into retina increased in all groups (WT and KO) in association with STZ diabetes. (arvojournals.org)
Our study suggests that HCAR2/GPR109A functions as an essential regulator of retinal immunity and tolerance in part by controlling the CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 axis. (arvojournals.org)
Finally, CCR7 up-regulation in DCs exposed to LPS as well as migration toward CCL19/MIP-3β were strongly impaired. (bloodjournal.org)
CCR7 (C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 7) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Clone 4B12 reacts with CD197 (CCR7), a chemokine receptor for chemokines CCL19 and CCL21. (miltenyibiotec.com)
CCR7 was already known as a key player in normal lymphocyte migration and as a binding partner of two chemokines named CCL19 and CCL21. (medicalxpress.com)
CCL19 and CCL21 are also ligands for CCR7 and are crucial for the induction of antigen specific immunity and tolerance, whereas CCL25 is the sole ligand for CCR9 and is involved in the recruitment of immune effector cells to the small intestine. (gla.ac.uk)
CCX-CKR also does not become desensitised to chemokine binding and therefore is proposed to act as a scavenger receptor that can regulate the activity of CCR7 and CCR9 by affecting the availability of their ligands in vivo. (gla.ac.uk)

While a function of chemokines is to regulate lymphocyte trafficking, the view that chemokines act simply as "chemotactic cytokines" has evolved to include the many critical roles they play in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Chemokines belong to a large group of structurally related and secretable, largely basic, chemotactic cytokines, which can be divided into 4 families (CC, CXC, CX 3 C, XC) based on the position of the first 2 cysteine residues. (ahajournals.org)
Chemokines are a family of small molecular weight cytokines, which are involved in leukocytes stimulation and chemotactic gradient determining. (hindawi.com)
Chemokines (Greek -kinos , movement) are a family of small cytokines , or signaling proteins secreted by cells . (wikipedia.org)
A generic term, "cytokines" includes myokines (produced by muscle cells), lymphokines (produced by activated Th cells), interleukins (acting as mediators between T cells) and chemokines (responsible for T-cell migration). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, acting via G proteins in the cell surface. (ispub.com)
Chemokines are a class of cytokines that induce chemotaxis (migration) of target cells. (biolegend.com)
Once at the site of injury, immune cells can react by releasing additional cytokines and chemokines, bringing more cells into the fold. (biolegend.com)
Chemokines are a family of small cytokines , or proteins secreted by cells . (wikidoc.org)
Chemokines are small cytokines, or signaling proteins, secreted by cells. (wikipathways.org)
Upon exposure to MVA-gag, MDDCs produced cytokines and chemokines and maintained their capacity to migrate to a gradient of CCL19. (curehunter.com)
The coordinated migration of cells into and within tissues is mediated by chemokines, a family of small chemotactic cytokines that are potent inducers of cellular movement. (gla.ac.uk)
Magnetic bead-based assays for the detection and measurement of 46 mouse cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. (bio-rad.com)
Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects on cytokines and chemokines were also assessed. (aacrjournals.org)
In patients with CLL, pilaralisib significantly reduced plasma levels of several cytokines and chemokines involved in B-cell trafficking. (aacrjournals.org)
We conclude that autocrine production of MIF by ovarian cancer cells stimulates other cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic factors that may promote colonization of the peritoneum and neovascularization of tumor deposits. (aacrjournals.org)
Chemokines belong to a class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes . (biology-online.org)

The chemokine receptor CCR2, which has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune, and cardiovascular conditions, binds several natural chemokine ligands. (aspetjournals.org)
However, the description of the nonredundant pharmacology of ligands to a given receptor in defined in vitro systems and in the absence of most of the confounding in vivo mechanisms is of prime interest for drug development, which has indeed been hampered by the complexity of the chemokine system. (aspetjournals.org)
A gene on chromosome 3p21 that encodes a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, whose ligands include macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) alpha, regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted protein (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3) and myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1 (MPIF-1). (thefreedictionary.com)
At the time of starting my project, there were no published reports describing the biological function of CCX-CKR in vivo and the principal aim of my thesis was to characterise the immune system of the recently generated CCX-CKR KO mouse with particular focus on the intestinal immune compartment where all three of the chemokine ligands are expressed. (gla.ac.uk)
As the CCX-CKR ligands CCL19 and CCL21 are involved in the development of all adaptive immune responses, and together with the other CCX-CKR ligand, CCL25, orchestrate immune responses to antigen encountered in the gut, I next investigated the development of antigen specific immunity and tolerance in CCX-CKR KO mice. (gla.ac.uk)

CCL19 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC). (creativebiomart.net)
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine (ELC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta (MIP-3-beta). (wikipedia.org)
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel II, MECY2MAG-73K Simultaneously analyze multiple cytokine and chemokine biomarkers with Bead-Based Multiplex Assays using the Luminex technology, in mouse serum, plasma and cell culture samples. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These include chemokines (CK), such as MIP-1 α (macrophage inflammatory proteins-1 alpha, CCL3) and MIP-1 β (CCL4), RANTES (regulated activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, CCL5), and ATAC (activation-induced, T cell derived, and chemokine-related cytokine, CXCL1). (hindawi.com)
Interleukin (IL)-6, a multifunctional cytokine with regulatory functions in wound healing, and several chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). (arvojournals.org)
Chemokines are a class of small molecular proteins with similar structures, functions and chemotactic properties, and their molecular weights are ~10 kDa, and chemokines represent the largest member of the cytokine family ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
B. Similar to chemerin, resolvin E1 down-regulates cytokine/chemokine production in macrophages by reducing the activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB. (nih.gov)
PLA-p24 captured by MDDCs from HIV-1 individuals induced a slight degree of MDDC maturation, cytokine and chemokine secretion and migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and highly increased HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation compared with p24 alone. (curehunter.com)
After complete maturation induction of PLA-p24-pulsed MDDCs, maximal migration towards a gradient of CCL19 chemokine and induction of HIV-specific T-cell proliferation (two-fold higher for CD4(+) than CD8(+)) and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ and IL-2) in the co -culture were observed. (curehunter.com)
Magnetic bead-based assays for detecting 46 mouse cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor biomarkers. (bio-rad.com)
The expression of CCL19 is strongly regulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and is restricted to lymph nodes, thymus, appendix, and spleen. (miltenyibiotec.com)

Some inflammatory chemokines have proven essential in memory T cell generation [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
Inflammatory chemokines function mainly as chemoattractants for leukocytes , recruiting monocytes , neutrophils and other effector cells from the blood to sites of infection or tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
Certain inflammatory chemokines activate cells to initiate an immune response or promote wound healing . (wikipedia.org)
Inflammatory: inflammatory chemokines are produced in high concentrations during infection or injury and determine the migration of inflammatory leukocytes into the damaged area. (wikipedia.org)
These chemokines also have a more diverse range of functions compared to inflammatory chemokines. (biolegend.com)
In the event of infection, injury, or tissue damage, inflammatory chemokines are often released to address the problem. (biolegend.com)
Many inflammatory chemokines attract a wide variety of cells in both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. (biolegend.com)
In addition, several typical inflammatory chemokines are upregulated in inflamed rather than resting LNs, which may reflect an enhanced T cell activation status. (rupress.org)

High zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 also enhanced the migration potential towards CCL19/CXCL12 gradients in vitro . (haematologica.org)
CXCL10, CXCL12, and CCL19 were increased in the CSF of individuals with neuroinflammation. (prohealth.com)
Differing activities of homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in lymphocyte and dendritic cell recruitment and lymphoid neogenesis. (springer.com)
Altered epithelial cells and fibroblasts, particularly in fibroblastic foci, frankly expressed all chemokines (CCL19, CCL20, CCL22, and CXCL12) susceptible to favor the recruitment of immune cells. (nih.gov)

The chemokine CCL5 and CCL19 are reported to bind to CCRL2. (nih.gov)
Like Duffy antigen for chemokine receptor (DARC), D6 and CCX-CKR, CCRL2 does not signal, but it constitutively recycles, potentially reducing local concentration of CCL5 and CCL19 and subsequent immune responses. (nih.gov)
A. CCRL2 is reported to bind chemokines, such as CCL5 and CCL19. (nih.gov)
Loss of RUNX3 expression promotes cancer-associated bone destruction by regulating CCL5, CCL19 and CXCL11 in non-small cell lung cancer. (abnova.com)
Microarrays showed that simultaneous TNFR-1/LTβR activation resulted in elevated mRNA encoding leukocyte homeostatic chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, and CX3CL1. (ahajournals.org)

CCRL1, a member of the atypical chemokine receptor family, binds to CCL19, CCL21 and CCL25 and is proposed to be a scavenger of these chemokines. (gla.ac.uk)
CCX-CKR is an atypical chemokine receptor for the homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and CCL25. (gla.ac.uk)

For example, in addition to chemotaxis, chemokines modulate lymphocyte development, priming and effector function [ 2 ] and play a critical role in immune surveillance. (mdpi.com)
Chemokines are 8- to 12-kDa-sized secreted proteins that mediate the directed migration (chemotaxis) of leukocytes. (jimmunol.org)
Chemokine receptor activation mediates leukocyte chemotaxis toward lymphoid organs or sites of inflammation along a chemokine gradient that is established by binding of chemokines to membrane-tethered and extracellular matrix-associated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) ( 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, the potential application of chemokines in chemotaxis of exosomes as drug vehicles is discussed. (spandidos-publications.com)
While some chemotaxis is induced by inflammation or damaged cells, other chemokines function in homeostasis. (biolegend.com)
In a chemotaxis assay of human dendritic cells in response to macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta (MIP-3beta)/CCL19, adenosine caused a delay in transmigration. (nih.gov)
Their physiologic role has not been established except that chemotaxis of immune cells as well as other cell types to secondary lymphoid tissues is dependent on CCL19 and CCL21 production by endothelial cells. (aacrjournals.org)

Chemokines are secreted proteins that direct the migration of immune cells and are involved in numerous disease states. (mdpi.com)
In this study, we have used GAG binding-deficient chemokine mutants and cell-based functional (migration) assays to demonstrate that chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive binding of chemokines to GAGs. (jimmunol.org)
The role of ion channels is largely unknown in chemokine-induced migration in nonexcitable cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). (elsevier.com)
Here, we examined the role of intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) and chloride channel (CLC3) in lymphatic chemokine-induced migration of DCs. (elsevier.com)
Blockade of KCa3.1, low Cl - in the medium, and low dose of 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) impaired CCL19/CCL21-induced Ca 2+ influx, cell volume change, and DC migration. (elsevier.com)
In conclusion, KCa3.1 and CLC3 are critical in human DC migration by synergistically regulating membrane potential, chemokine-induced Ca 2+ influx, and cell volume. (elsevier.com)
Shao, Z, Gaurav, R & Agrawal, DK 2015, ' Intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 and chloride channel modulate chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced migration of dendritic cells ', Translational Research , vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 89-102. (elsevier.com)
Agrawal, Devendra K. / Intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 and chloride channel modulate chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced migration of dendritic cells . (elsevier.com)
Some chemokines are considered pro- inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection , while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development . (wikipedia.org)
The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Chemokines such as MIP-3β/CCL19 are important factors in the mechanism of cell migration and pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemokines are functionally divided into two groups: Homeostatic: are constitutively produced in certain tissues and are responsible for basal leukocyte migration. (wikipedia.org)
The main function of chemokines is to manage the migration of leukocytes (homing) in the respective anatomical locations in inflammatory and homeostatic processes. (wikipedia.org)
A major rol of chemokines is to act as chemoattractants in guiding migration of cells. (wikipathways.org)
Chemokines comprise a large family of structurally related chemoattractant proteins that regulate the composition of cellular infiltrates at sites of inflammation or, alternatively, the physiological leukocyte migration during hematopoiesis, antigen sampling in secondary lymphoid tissues, and immune surveillance ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 5 )( 6 ). (rupress.org)
Expression of a number of molecules involved in dendritic cell migration (CCR5, MIP-3beta/CCL19, and MDR-1) was reduced. (nih.gov)
I hypothesised that dysregulation of CCL19 rather than CCL21 may be particularly significant because of its greater diffusivity, and strikingly, inflammation-driven DC migration defects observed in CCRL1 deficient mice were completely reversed by genetic deletion of CCL19 in the same animals. (gla.ac.uk)
Identical experiments performed in the human system, using monocyte blood derived-DC cultured in presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF showed similar ability to secrete angiogenic factors and increased migration in response to CCL19 of matured DC stimulated with angiogenic factors, such as PGE 2 . (aacrjournals.org)
Homeostatic chemokines are chemokines that are responsible for basal leukocyte migration. (biology-online.org)

Binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4 and mediates the recruitment of beta-arrestin (ARRB1/2) to ACKR4. (uniprot.org)

Results The chemokines, CCL18, CCL19 and CXCL13, were upregulated in dcSSc skin, and CCL18 in lcSSc skin. (bmj.com)
Conclusions CCL18, CCL19 and CXCL13-chemoattractants for macrophage and T cell recruitment-were three of six chemokines with the highest expression in dcSSc skin. (bmj.com)
Mechanistically, Q-PCR analysis of lung homogenates revealed a strongly diminished production of CXCL13, a B cell-attracting chemokine, in Il1r −/− mice during the early innate phase of IAV infection. (frontiersin.org)
Importantly, SMC acquired features of lymphoid tissue organizers, which control tertiary lymphoid organogenesis in autoimmune diseases through hyperinduction of CCL7, CCL9, CXCL13, CCL19, CXCL16, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. (ahajournals.org)
14 In addition, medial SMC underlying intimal plaques became activated and expressed the lymphorganogenic chemokines CXCL13 (B-lymphocyte chemoattractant) and CCL21 (secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine). (ahajournals.org)
CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 13 and CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 19 mRNA in total lung and CXCL13 protein level in BALF increased upon CS exposure in WT, but not in LTα -/- mice. (ersjournals.com)
In vitro lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) stimulation induced CXCL13 and CCL19 mRNA in WT lung fibroblasts. (ersjournals.com)
In this murine model of COPD, CS induces pulmonary expression of lymphoid chemokines CXCL13 and CCL19 in a LTαβ-LTβR-dependent fashion. (ersjournals.com)
The LTαβ-LTβR pathway is crucial in lymphoid organ development and triggers the expression of lymphoid chemokines, such as CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12, CXCL13, CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 19 and CCL21 13 , 14 . (ersjournals.com)

Objective To characterise global chemokine expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin in order to better understand the relationship between chemokine expression and vascular inflammation in this disease. (bmj.com)
We tested correlations between the most regulated chemokines and vascular inflammation and macrophage recruitment. (bmj.com)
Expression of CCL19 in dcSSc skin correlated with markers of vascular inflammation and macrophage recruitment. (bmj.com)
Induction of CCL19 in macrophages but not structural cells indicates a role for skin-resident or recruited immune cells in perivascular inflammation. (bmj.com)
This study demonstrates that CCL19 is a sensitive marker for the perivascular inflammation and immune cell recruitment seen in dcSSc skin disease. (bmj.com)
Chemokines can be located in different vascular cell types, eg, endothelial cells (ECs) but also inflammatory cells and can be detected within atherosclerotic lesions, where they function as messengers to direct leukocytes to sites of inflammation but may also control homeostasis and other activities of emigrated cells. (ahajournals.org)
This mechanistic explanation of chemokine cooperativity provides insight into chemokine gradient formation in the context of inflammation, in which multiple chemokines are secreted simultaneously. (jimmunol.org)
For instance, CCL20 is also associated with inflammation since it can act as pro-inflammatory chemokine as well. (biology-online.org)
We examined cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary lymphoid neogenesis and inflammation in vivo in LTα knockout (LTα -/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice and studied the expression of lymphoid chemokines by lung fibroblasts in vitro . (ersjournals.com)
Little is known about what causes PTLDS or how to treat it, and while studies have shown that people with PTLDS have elevated markers of inflammation--such as the chemokine CCL19 --in their bloodstreams, it has not been clear where that inflammation may be occurring. (eurekalert.org)

Leukocyte traffic through secondary lymphoid tissues is finely tuned by chemokines. (rupress.org)

Tonsillar CXCR5 + T cells do not respond to other chemokines present in secondary lymphoid tissues, including secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC), EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). (rupress.org)
Clone REA597 recognizes the human CCL19 antigen, which is also known as MIP-3β or ELC (EBI1-ligand chemokine). (miltenyibiotec.com)

Atypical chemokine receptor that controls chemokine levels and localization via high-affinity chemokine binding that is uncoupled from classic ligand-driven signal transduction cascades, resulting instead in chemokine sequestration, degradation, or transcytosis. (uniprot.org)
It is activated by chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are scavenged by the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4. (imperial.ac.uk)

Proteins are classified as chemokines according to shared structural characteristics such as small size (they are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in size), and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. (wikidoc.org)
Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. (wikidoc.org)
Typical chemokine proteins are produced as pro-peptides , beginning with a signal peptide of approximately 20 amino acids that gets cleaved from the active (mature) portion of the molecule during the process of its secretion from the cell. (wikidoc.org)
TNFR-1/LTβR cross-talk resulted in augmented secretion of lymphorganogenic chemokine proteins. (ahajournals.org)

Methods We investigated chemokine mRNA expression in the skin through quantitative PCR analysis comparing patients with diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc) or limited cutaneous (lcSSc) disease with healthy controls. (bmj.com)
CCL19 expression was examined in human primary immune cells treated with innate immune activators. (bmj.com)
In vitro studies on human primary cells demonstrated that CCL19 expression was induced after toll-like receptor activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and separated populations of CD14 monocytes. (bmj.com)
Increased CCL19 expression in the skin suggests a role for CCL19 in the recruitment of immune cells to the peripheral tissue. (bmj.com)
Since the role of chemokines in atherosclerotic vascular disease has been reviewed in this journal, significant progress has been accomplished in defining the regulation of chemokine expression and function in atherosclerosis. (ahajournals.org)
The amplitude and kinetics of chemokine ligand (CCL19/CCL21)-induced Ca2+ influx were associated with chemokine receptor 7 expression levels, extracellular-free Ca2+ and Cl-, and independent of extracellular K+. (elsevier.com)
We have studied the functional properties of a human T cell subset marked by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5). (rupress.org)
The two chemokines are produced within T zone areas but are absent in B cell follicles, and their expression is dependent on TNF and/or lymphotoxin (LT)α/β ( 4 )( 6 )( 7 ). (rupress.org)
The roles for chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in induction of humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity were investigated using plt mutant mice, which lack expression of CCL19 and CCL21-ser in their lymphoid organs. (nii.ac.jp)
Despite compelling data correlating homeostatic chemokine receptor expression and human lymphoma pathogenesis, genetic models that either mimic lymphoma dissemination or dissect a crosstalk of lymphoma and stromal cells are missing. (bloodjournal.org)
Objectives We aimed to assess the expression of the CCL24 chemokine in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to evaluate the possible pathogenic implications of the CCL24/CCR3 axis using both in vitro and in vivo models. (bmj.com)
Neoplastic Cells of Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Small/Medium-sized Pleomorphic T-cell Lymphoma Lack the Expression of Follicular T-helper Cell Defining Chemokine Receptor CXCR5. (cancerindex.org)
The Differential Expression and Function of the Inflammatory Chemokine Receptor CXCR5 in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. (cancerindex.org)
Moreover, we studied in vitro the expression of lymphoid chemokines by lung fibroblasts under baseline conditions and upon stimulation with agonistic LTβR antibody (Ab) and/or cigarette smoke extract (CSE). (ersjournals.com)
2003) Characterization of CC-chemokine receptor 7 expression on murine T cells in lymphoid tissues. (miltenyibiotec.com)
To characterize the distribution of DCs in fibrotic lung, and to analyze the expression of the main chemokines known to regulate DC recruitment. (nih.gov)
Alt C, Laschinger M, Engelhardt B (2002) Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood-brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (springer.com)

Recombinant CCL19 shows potent chemotactic activity for T-cells and B-cells but not for granulocytes and monocytes. (uniprot.org)
1997). "Cloning and characterization of a specific receptor for the novel CC chemokine MIP-3alpha from lung dendritic cells" . (wikipedia.org)
1997). "CCR6, a CC chemokine receptor that interacts with macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha and is highly expressed in human dendritic cells" . (wikipedia.org)
Recent discoveries in the many biological roles of chemokines in tumor immunology allow their exploitation in enhancing recruitment of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and effector cells to appropriate anatomical sites. (mdpi.com)
On the other hand, the chemokine system also plays a crucial role in the induction of antitumor immune responses and optimal effector function regulation of immune cells [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
Chemokines released by infected or damaged cells form a concentration gradient. (wikipedia.org)
Attracted cells move through the gradient towards the higher concentration of chemokine. (wikipedia.org)
Cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration towards the source of the chemokine. (wikipedia.org)
Some chemokines control cells of the immune system during processes of immune surveillance, such as directing lymphocytes to the lymph nodes so they can screen for invasion of pathogens by interacting with antigen-presenting cells residing in these tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Other chemokines are inflammatory and are released from a wide variety of cells in response to bacterial infection, viruses and agents that cause physical damage such as silica or the urate crystals that occur in gout . (wikipedia.org)
CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR-7) is expressed on mature dendritic cells and T-cells. (nih.gov)
Luther, S.A., Tang, H.L., Hyman, P.L., Farr, A.G. & Cyster, J.G. Coexpression of the chemokines ELC and SLC by T zone stromal cells and deletion of the ELC gene in the plt/plt mouse. (nature.com)
These are known as homeostatic chemokines and are produced and secreted without any need to stimulate their source cells. (wikipedia.org)
Attracted cells move toward areas of higher concentrations of the chemokine. (biolegend.com)
Due to their function of targeting cells to specific organs, homeostatic chemokines can also be involved in cancer and metastasis. (biolegend.com)
Upon sensing the inflammatory chemokine, cells will extravasate from the blood vessel and follow the gradient to its source. (biolegend.com)
In addition, CCL19 is expressed by mature DCs and is presented on the luminal side of the HEV cells ( 7 , 8 ). (jimmunol.org)
Memory but not naive T cells from tonsils are CXCR5 + and migrate in response to the B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), which is selectively expressed by reticular cells and blood vessels within B cell follicles. (rupress.org)
Peripheral blood CXCR5 + T cells also belong to the CD4 + memory T cell subset but, in contrast to tonsillar cells, are in a resting state and migrate weakly to chemokines. (rupress.org)
The outcome of these defensive mechanisms relies on the finely tuned traffic of T and B cells as well as antigen-presenting cells, suggesting that chemokines may be involved in the recruitment and proper positioning of leukocytes within these compartments. (rupress.org)
The present invention provides a means of inhibiting the growth and metastasis of cancer cells by administering anti-chemokine antibodies. (google.com)
These cells are recruited into the CSF by inducible chemokines. (prohealth.com)
Human immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells were fixed and permeabilized followed by intracellular staining with Anti-CCL19 (MIP-3β) antibodies or with the corresponding REA Control (I) antibodies (left peak). (miltenyibiotec.com)
Coexpression of the chemokines ELC and SLC by T zone stromal cells and deletion of the ELC gene in the plt/plt mouse. (springer.com)

CCL18, also known as alternative macrophage activation-associated CC chemokine (AMAC)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-4, and dendritic cell chemokine (DC-CK1), is a novel CC chemokine that is highly homologous to MIP-1 alpha (61% amino acid (aa) sequence identity). (rndsystems.com)

Chemokines are a group of related chemoattractant peptides that are essential regulators of the immune system, both during homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. (mdpi.com)
On one hand, the chemokine network is used by tumors to evade immune surveillance, resist apoptosis, and metastasize. (mdpi.com)
Chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response, tumor immune response, proliferation, invasion and metastasis via modulation of various signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Internalization of these chemokines potentially reduces local concentration of these chemokines without CCRL2 activation, resulting in reduced immune responses. (nih.gov)
The ability of chemokines to convey remarkably versatile but context-specific signals identifies them as powerful modulators of immune responses generated in response to diverse pathogenic or non-infectious insults. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, agonism of HCAR2/GPR109A balances uncontrolled immune cell recruitment by blocking this single chemokine-receptor interaction as an 'entry' signal, and may open the way for promising, future pharmacological targeting in DR. (arvojournals.org)

One chemokine that could be involved in the pathogenesis of an inflammatory reaction and is a compelling candidate for future modulation is (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19), also known as MIP-3β (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein- 3 beta). (biomedcentral.com)

Conclusion- SMC may participate in the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in atherosclerosis by upregulation of lymphorganogenic chemokines involved in T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, and macrophage/dendritic cell attraction. (ahajournals.org)

This gene encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that belongs to the CXC chemokine receptor family. (cancerindex.org)

In the context of cancer, the chemokine-chemokine receptor system plays paradoxical roles. (mdpi.com)
In the present review, the literature on the multifactorial roles of exosomes in HCC from PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase were obtained, with a specific focus on the functions and mechanisms of chemokines in HCC. (spandidos-publications.com)
It has been found that chemokine networks may serve pivotal roles in inducing organ-specific metastasis ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

These findings indicate that CCL19 and CCL21 induce prompt antibody responses to antigen, and regulate T cell responses in vivo. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Altered antibody production andhelper T cell function in mice lacking chemokines CCL19 and CCL21-Ser. (nii.ac.jp)
Using ab271285 in conjunction with an appropriate capture antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2 - 0.4 ng/well of recombinant human MIP-3 beta/CCL19. (abcam.com)

The considerable leap in insight over recent years leads us to anticipate further advances in comprehending the role of chemokines in atherosclerosis, allowing targeted interventions for its prevention and therapy. (ahajournals.org)

Homeostatic chemokines are constitutively expressed in particular organs or tissues. (biolegend.com)

Chemokine receptor 6 also known as CCR6 is a CC chemokine receptor protein which in humans is encoded by the CCR6 gene . (wikipedia.org)
This knowledge, combined with advances in gene therapy and virology, allows researchers to employ chemokines as potential vaccine adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The gene for CCL19 is located on human chromosome 9. (wikipedia.org)
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G-protein coupled receptor activity and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 binding . (genecards.org)

To date, >50 chemokines have been found, which can be divided into four families: CXC, CX3C, CC and XC, according to the different positions of the conserved N‑terminal cysteine residues. (spandidos-publications.com)
50 chemokines have been identified, which can be divided into four families: CXC, CX3C, CC and XC, based on the different positions of the conserved N-terminal cysteine residues ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
All chemokines share a typical Greek key structure that is stabilised by disulphide bonds between conserved cysteine residues. (wikidoc.org)
Intramolecular disulphide bonds typically join the first to third, and the second to fourth cysteine residues, numbered as they appear in the protein sequence of the chemokine. (wikidoc.org)

Your search returned 4 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19, pseudogene 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 1 supplier. (biocompare.com)
CCL19 (Human) ELISA Kit is an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative measurement of human CCL19. (abnova.com)

Bhattacharyya BJ, Banisadr G, Jung H, Ren D, Cronshaw DG, Zou Y, Miller RJ (2008) The chemokines stromal cell-derived factor-1 regulates GABAergic inputs to neuronal progenitors in the postnatal dentate gyrus. (springer.com)

This suggested CCRL1 regulates chemokine to prevent DCs from becoming disorientated in the skin and failing to efficiently egress this tissue. (gla.ac.uk)

This pathway was inferred from Mus musculus pathway "Chemokine signaling pathway", WP2292 revision 89521, with a 91.0% conversion rate. (wikipathways.org)

CCL19 is expressed abundantly in thymus and lymph nodes, with moderate levels in trachea and colon and low levels in stomach, small intestine, lung, kidney and spleen. (wikipedia.org)
The model indicates that lymph flow shapes intranodal CCL21 gradients, and that CCL19 is functionally important at the boundary between B cell follicles and the T cell area. (imperial.ac.uk)
It also predicts that ACKR4 in LNs prevents CCL19/CCL21 accumulation in efferent lymph, but does not control intranodal gradients. (imperial.ac.uk)
CCL19 is expressed abundantly in thymusand lymph nodes, with moderate levels in tracheaand colonand low levels in stomach, small intestine, lung, kidneyand spleen. (prospecbio.com)

Recombinant human CCL19 protein, fused to T7-tag at N-terminus, was expressed in E.coli and purifed by conventional chromatography, after refolding of the isolated inclusion bodies in a renaturation buffer.MW = 10.4 kDa (93aa). (creativebiomart.net)
This review will focus on recent murine and human studies that use chemokines as therapeutic anti-cancer vaccine adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
WB: Recombinant human MIP-3 beta/CCL19. (abcam.com)
When used in conjunction with compatible secondary reagents, the detection limit for recombinant Human MIP-3 beta/CCL19 is 1.5 - 3.0 ng/lane, under either reducing or non-reducing conditions. (abcam.com)

It is possible to identify the particular chemokines which are over-expressed in the tumor using methods of the invention and administer antibodies against that over-expressed chemokine. (google.com)

The positional information required for such migratory behavior is governed by the binding of chemokines to membrane-tethered glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which establishes a chemokine concentration gradient. (jimmunol.org)
To assess the concentration of chemokines in the blood serum, we used a multiplex method, which allows the simultaneous determination of 40 chemokines per sample. (hindawi.com)
The increase of the chemokines concentration could be associated not only with infection but also with the mechanism of labor [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
CSF cell counts of untreated SRMA and MUO patients were significantly positively correlated with the CCL19 CSF concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
IVDD patients also had elevated CCL19 concentration compared to controls, but values were considerably lower than in inflammatory CNS diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemokines work through concentration gradients. (biolegend.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms5

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs68

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Expression and cellular localization of the CC chemokines PARC and ELC in human atherosclerotic plaques. (1/256)

The CC chemokine receptor-7 ligands 6Ckine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta are potent chemoattractants for in vitro- and in vivo-derived dendritic cells. (2/256)

Chemokine Up-regulation and activated T cell attraction by maturing dendritic cells. (3/256)

Cutting edge: developmental switches in chemokine responses during T cell maturation. (4/256)

Differential responsiveness to constitutive vs. inducible chemokines of immature and mature mouse dendritic cells. (5/256)

In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. (6/256)

Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta enhances IL-10 production by activated human peripheral blood monocytes and T cells. (7/256)

uPA/uPAR system is active in immature dendritic cells derived from CD14+CD34+ precursors and is down-regulated upon maturation. (8/256)

Chemokine CCL27

Chemokine CCL21

Chemokine CCL22

Chemokine CCL17

Chemokine CCL2

Chemokine CCL19

Chemokine CCL5

Chemokine CCL20

Chemokine CCL1

Chemokines, CC

Receptors, Chemokine

Chemokine CCL3

Chemokine CCL7

Chemokines

Receptors, CCR10

Chemokine CCL4

Chemokine CXCL12

Receptors, CCR1

Chemokine CXCL10

Chemokine CCL8

Receptors, CCR

Receptors, CCR2

Chemokine CCL11

Chemokine CCL24

Receptors, CCR7

Receptors, CCR8

Chemokine CXCL1

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte

Receptors, CCR4

Chemokines, CXC

Chemokine CX3CL1

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins

Receptors, CCR5

Receptors, CCR3

Chemokine CXCL9

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Cell Movement

Chemokine CXCL2

Chemokine CXCL13

Receptors, CXCR4

Chemokine CXCL11

Chemotaxis

Chemokine CXCL6

Cells, Cultured

Dendritic Cells

Chemokine CXCL5

Cytokines

Mice, Knockout

Receptors, CXCR3

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Monocytes

Macrophages

Gene Expression Regulation

RNA, Messenger

T-Lymphocytes

Inflammation

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Flow Cytometry

Receptors, Interleukin-8B

Signal Transduction

Dermatitis, Atopic

Cell Line

Up-Regulation

Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins

Disease Models, Animal

Skin

Mice, Transgenic

Interleukin-8

Ligands

Receptors, CCR6

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Receptors, Interleukin-8A

Lymph Nodes

Receptors, CXCR

Cell Line, Tumor

NF-kappa B

Carbon Tetrachloride

Immunohistochemistry

Receptors, Cytokine