Click Chemistry: Organic chemistry methodology that mimics the modular nature of various biosynthetic processes. It uses highly reliable and selective reactions designed to "click" i.e., rapidly join small modular units together in high yield, without offensive byproducts. In combination with COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, it is used for the synthesis of new compounds and combinatorial libraries.Chemistry, Clinical: The specialty of ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.Chemistry, Organic: The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Clinical Chemistry Tests: Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chemistry, Analytic: The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.Blood Chemical Analysis: An examination of chemicals in the blood.Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.Nobel PrizeMolecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic: Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs.Green Chemistry Technology: Pollution prevention through the design of effective chemical products that have low or no toxicity and use of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.Organic Chemistry Phenomena: The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.Chemistry Techniques, Analytical: Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.Chemistry, Physical: The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.Evolution, Chemical: Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Cyclization: Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.Biochemistry: The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of living things.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Cosmic Dust: Finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Extraterrestrial Environment: The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Organic Chemistry Processes: The reactions, changes in structure and composition, the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds, and the associated energy changes.Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).Astronomy: The science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Quantum Theory: The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Photoelectron Spectroscopy: The study of the energy of electrons ejected from matter by the photoelectric effect, i.e., as a direct result of absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. As the energies of the electrons are characteristic of a specific element, the measurement of the energy of these electrons is a technique used to determine the chemical composition of surfaces.Copper: A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.Adsorption: The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.History, 19th Century: Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Nanotechnology: The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.Radiochemistry: The study of the chemical and physical phenomena of radioactive substances.Drug Discovery: The process of finding chemicals for potential therapeutic use.Indicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.Gases: The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Biological Products: Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.Coordination Complexes: Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.Quality Control: A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Organometallic Compounds: A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Biocompatible Materials: Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Exobiology: The interdisciplinary science that studies evolutionary biology, including the origin and evolution of the major elements required for life, their processing in the interstellar medium and in protostellar systems. This field also includes the study of chemical evolution and the subsequent interactions between evolving biota and planetary evolution as well as the field of biology that deals with the study of extraterrestrial life.Photochemical Processes: Chemical reactions effected by light.Nanoparticles: Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.History, 18th Century: Time period from 1701 through 1800 of the common era.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Autoanalysis: Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Biology: One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.Solar System: The group of celestial bodies, including the EARTH, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. It includes eight planets, one minor planet, and 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as MINOR PLANETS (asteroids) and METEOROIDS. (From Academic American Encyclopedia, 1983)Hydrocarbons, Cyclic: Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.Small Molecule Libraries: Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions.Hematologic Tests: Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.Amines: A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Metals: Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Silanes: Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.Nanostructures: Materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. These include NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; and NANOWIRES.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)History, 20th Century: Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Ecotoxicology: The study of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and the toxic effects of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS on the ECOSYSTEM. The term was coined by Truhaut in 1969.Dendrimers: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Chemical Processes: The reactions and interactions of atoms and molecules, the changes in their structure and composition, and associated energy changes.Biosensing Techniques: Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling: A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a very sharp conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the surface of a sample. The tiny tunneling current that flows between the sample and the needle tip is measured, and from this are produced three-dimensional topographs. Due to the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples, thin metal coatings are deposited on the sample.Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Metal Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. In biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver.Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.PhotochemistryFluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.Particle Size: Relating to the size of solids.Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.Elements: Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge, but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.Biomimetics: An interdisciplinary field in materials science, ENGINEERING, and BIOLOGY, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS.Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Spectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cyclooctanes: A group of compounds with an 8-carbon ring. They may be saturated or unsaturated.Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid.Meteoroids: Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.Volcanic Eruptions: The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.Physicochemical Phenomena: The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Nanomedicine: The branch of medicine concerned with the application of NANOTECHNOLOGY to the prevention and treatment of disease. It involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and NANOSTRUCTURES. (From Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, vol 1, 1999).Laboratories: Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.Cycloaddition Reaction: Synthetic organic reactions that use reactions between unsaturated molecules to form cyclical products.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.Physics: The study of those aspects of energy and matter in terms of elementary principles and laws. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Environmental Pollution: Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.History, 21st Century: Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.Clinical Laboratory Techniques: Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques: Techniques used to synthesize chemicals using molecular substrates that are bound to a solid surface. Typically a series of reactions are conducted on the bound substrate that results in either the covalent attachment of specific moieties or the modification of existing function groups. These techniques offer an advantage to those involving solution reactions in that the substrate compound does not have to be isolated and purified between the reaction steps.Hydrocarbons, FluorinatedBenzene DerivativesChromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Heterocyclic Compounds: Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Glass: Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.Laboratories, Hospital: Hospital facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.Lightning: An abrupt high-current electric discharge that occurs in the ATMOSPHERE and that has a path length ranging from hundreds of feet to tens of miles. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Silicon Dioxide: Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.Halogens: A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table.Evolution, Planetary: Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Oligonucleotides: Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Blood Urea Nitrogen: The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Chemistry, Inorganic: A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate).Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.Nucleic Acids: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.Spectrum Analysis, Raman: Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.IminesNitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.Groundwater: Liquid water present beneath the surface of the earth.Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.Microscopy, Atomic Force: A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.Microfluidic Analytical Techniques: Methods utilizing the principles of MICROFLUIDICS for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids.Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.Interdisciplinary Studies: Programs of study which span the traditional boundaries of academic scholarship.Ferric Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.Earth (Planet): Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Eagles: Large members of the FALCONIFORMES order of birds, family Accipitridae, most especially the genera Aquila, Haliaeetus, Harpia, and Circaetus. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe.Microfluidics: The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.KetonesCations: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.Biochemical Phenomena: The chemical processes, enzymatic activities, and pathways of living things and related temporal, dimensional, qualitative, and quantitative concepts.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Macrocyclic Compounds: Cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms.Natural Science Disciplines: The sciences dealing with processes observable in nature.Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.Lanthanoid Series Elements: Elements of the lanthanoid series including atomic number 57 (LANTHANUM) through atomic number 71 (LUTETIUM).Halogenation: Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds.Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.Polystyrenes: Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.HydrocarbonsAlpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.Organophosphorus Compounds: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.Transition Elements: Elements with partially filled d orbitals. They constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements.Biocatalysis: The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.
In-vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine mycoses of a new formulation of deoxycholate-amphotericin B obtained by mild heating. (1/2621)
Heat-induced 'superaggregation' of deoxycholate-amphotericin B (AmB-DOC, Fungizone) was shown previously to reduce the in-vitro toxicity of this antifungal agent. We compared AmB-DOC with the formulation obtained by heating the commercial form (Fungizone, Bristol Myers Squibb, Paris, France) for 20 min at 70 degrees C, in the treatment of murine infections. An improvement of antifungal activity was obtained with heated AmB-DOC formulations due to a lower toxicity which allowed the administration of higher drug doses than those achievable with the commercial preparation. Single intravenous injections of heated AmB-DOC solutions were demonstrated to be two-fold less toxic than unheated ones to healthy mice. For mice infected with Candida albicans, the maximum tolerated dose was higher with heated than with unheated AmB-DOC solutions. In the model of murine candidiasis, following a single dose of heated AmB-DOC 0.5 mg/kg, 85% of mice survived for 3 weeks, whereas at this dose the immediate toxicity of the standard formulation in infected mice restricted the therapeutic efficacy to 25% survival. Both formulations were equally effective in increasing the survival time for murine cryptococcal pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Injection of heated AmB-DOC solutions at a dose two-fold higher than the maximal tolerated dose observed with the unheated preparation (1.2 mg/kg) increased the survival time by a factor of 1.4 in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. These results indicate that mild heat treatment of AmB-DOC solutions could provide a simple and economical method to improve the therapeutic index of this antifungal agent by reducing its toxicity on mammalian cells. (+info)A study of local anaesthetics. Part 148. Influence of auxiliary substances on the surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII. (2/2621)
The influence of auxiliary substances of the polyol group (glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol) and of their concentration (5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight) upon surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII, viz., N-[2-(2-propoxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)-ethyl] piperidinium chloride was studied. The substances were applied as hydrogel humectants. It was found that their influence on the surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII depended on the type as well as concentration of the auxiliary substance. From the viewpoints of use in formulations of the drug form, sorbitol used at 5 and 10% concentrations represented the optimum. (+info)Comparison of immunity generated by nucleic acid-, MF59-, and ISCOM-formulated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccines in Rhesus macaques: evidence for viral clearance. (3/2621)
The kinetics of T-helper immune responses generated in 16 mature outbred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) within a 10-month period by three different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine strategies were compared. Immune responses to monomeric recombinant gp120SF2 (rgp120) when the protein was expressed in vivo by DNA immunization or when it was delivered as a subunit protein vaccine formulated either with the MF59 adjuvant or by incorporation into immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) were compared. Virus-neutralizing antibodies (NA) against HIV-1SF2 reached similar titers in the two rgp120SF2 protein-immunized groups, but the responses showed different kinetics, while NA were delayed and their levels were low in the DNA-immunized animals. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) T-helper (type 1-like) responses were detected in the DNA-immunized group, but only after the fourth immunization, and the rgp120/MF59 group generated both IFN-gamma and interleukin-4 (IL-4) (type 2-like) responses that appeared after the third immunization. In contrast, rgp120/ISCOM-immunized animals rapidly developed marked IL-2, IFN-gamma (type 1-like), and IL-4 responses that peaked after the second immunization. To determine which type of immune responses correlated with protection from infection, all animals were challenged intravenously with 50 50% infective doses of a rhesus cell-propagated, in vivo-titrated stock of a chimeric simian immunodeficiency virus-HIVSF13 construct. Protection was observed in the two groups receiving the rgp120 subunit vaccines. Half of the animals in the ISCOM group were completely protected from infection. In other subunit vaccinees there was evidence by multiple assays that virus detected at 2 weeks postchallenge was effectively cleared. Early induction of potent type 1- as well as type 2-like T-helper responses induced the most-effective immunity. (+info)Low-oestrogen oral contraceptives.(4/2621)
(+info)A new strategy for treating nets. Part 1: formulation and dosage. (5/2621)
The conventional dosages of pyrethroid insecticides on mosquito nets assume that nets will be retreated at 6-12 month intervals. However, dosage should be related to washing of nets; if nets are only washed once or twice a year, their dosage requirements will be different to those which are washed fortnightly. A 'low-dose, frequent-wash' retreatment system might be technically more appropriate and more affordable where nets are washed frequently, as they are in Dar es Salaam. Moreover, for use as a domestic insecticide, water-based formulations of pyrethroid are preferable to the more commonly used emulsifiable concentrates (ECs). This paper reports laboratory evaluations of three formulations (ECs, Flowable, CS) of three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin). Insecticidal activity was tested using serial bioassays at a range of dosages using Anopheles gambiae. The water-based formulations were no less effective than the ECs, even at the lowest dosages. Nets treated with 3 mg/m2 and then repeatedly washed and retreated after each wash with either 3 mg/m2 or 1 mg/m2 were subjected to gas chromatography analysis. This showed that the amounts of pyrethroid in the nets accumulated rapidly over the first few wash-retreatment cycles and then remained fairly stable over subsequent cycles. These nets gave consistently high bioassay mortalities throughout the experiment, while the mortality declined rapidly after several washes with the nets that were treated at 3 mg/m2 but not retreated. Experimental huts were used to compare the effectiveness of these 2 net retreatment regimes and nets which were not retreated. All nets caused high mortality rates amongst Anopheles females, but had negligible effects on culicines; either in killing them or in preventing feeding. Therefore use of a high 'loading' dose for initial treatment with lower 'maintenance' doses for retreatment may be preferable to ensure that net users promptly perceive the benefits of the insecticide against culicines. (+info)A double-blind, randomized, multicentre, crossover study to prove equivalence of pancreatin minimicrospheres versus microspheres in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. (6/2621)
BACKGROUND: Modern pancreatin preparations consist of enteric-coated microspheres to protect the enzymes from gastric acid. There are, however, no clinical trials comparing different sizes of pancreatin microspheres with regard to fat excretion and fat intake. AIM: To prove both equivalent efficacy and safety of conventional pancreatin microspheres and smaller pancreatin minimicrospheres in patients with exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, crossover trial, patients with a stool fat excretion of > 7.5 g/day during a placebo period were randomly assigned either to the minimicrosphere/microsphere treatment sequence or vice versa. The primary end-point was the coefficient of fat absorption, which was calculated from fat excretion and fat intake during the course of a standardized diet. Stool weight, clinical symptoms and the safety of the preparations were also evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients entered the study, of whom 23 fulfilled the criteria for the crossover period. In the per protocol analysis (n=18), the 90% confidence intervals for the coefficient of fat absorption of both crossover periods lay entirely within the equivalence range (P=0.02). The intention-to-treat analysis revealed similar results, but the equivalence range was slightly missed (P=0.07). Similar results were obtained for the secondary parameters and the reported adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatin minimicrospheres have been shown to be equally effective as microspheres in improving the coefficient of fat absorption in patients with exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. (+info)Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (7/2621)
AIMS: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline following OROS and IR treatments, and to correlate them with anticholinergic side-effects. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics and safety of amitriptyline following administration of an osmotic controlled release tablet (OROS and an immediate release (IR) tablet were evaluated in 14 healthy subjects. In this randomized, open label, three-way crossover feasibility study, the subjects received a single 75 mg OROS tablet, three 25 mg IR tablets administered every 8 h, or 3x25 mg IR tablets administered at nighttime. In each treatment arm serial blood samples were collected for a period of 84 h after dosing. The plasma samples were analysed by gas chromatography for amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Anticholinergic effects such as saliva output, visual acuity, and subject-rated drowsiness and dry mouth were measured on a continuous scale during each treatment period. RESULTS: Following dosing with OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride), the mean maximal plasma amitriptyline concentration Cmax (15.3 ng ml-1 ) was lower and the mean tmax (25.7 h) was longer than that associated with the equivalent IR dose administered at nighttime (26.8 ng ml-1 and 6.3 h, respectively). The bioavailability of amitriptyline following OROS dosing was 95% relative to IR every 8 h dosing, and 89% relative to IR nighttime dosing. The metabolite-to-drug ratios after the three treatment periods were similar, suggesting no change in metabolism between treatments. The relationships between plasma amitriptyline concentration and anticholinergic effects (e.g. reduced saliva weight, dry mouth, and drowsiness) were similar with all three treatments. Of the anticholinergic effects, only decreased saliva weight and dry mouth correlated well with plasma amitriptyline concentrations; drowsiness did not. There was no apparent correlation between anticholinergic effects and the plasma nortriptyline concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride) was similar to that of the IR treatments and the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline after OROS dosing may decrease the incidence of anticholinergic effects compared with that seen with nighttime dosing of the IR formulation. Therefore, this controlled-release formulation of amitriptyline may be appropriate for single daily administration. (+info)The pharmacology of gene therapy. (8/2621)
The objective for human gene therapy is to express exogenous DNA at a site in vivo for long enough, and at sufficient levels to produce a therapeutic response. The obstacles to this objective are numerous and include the formulation or packaging of the DNA, in vivo delivery, penetration of biological barriers, DNA elimination within the cell and from the tissue compartments of the whole body, control of product expression and overt toxicity. The current challenge is to resolve each of these obstacles to produce a practical and efficient gene therapy. In doing so, it is vital to understand the disposition of DNA vectors in vivo, and to know how conventional medicines may be used to modulate this disposition and to enhance the therapeutic effect of these vectors. Many of the general concepts of human gene therapy have been reviewed extensively in the literature. This review discusses some of the pharmacological aspects of gene delivery and the fate of vectors in vivo, and then highlights how drugs are being used to modulate gene therapy. (+info)
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International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use - S1:...Barber, Jill; Rostron, Chris (2013-07-25). Pharmaceutical Chemistry. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199655304.. ... Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 328. ISBN 9780854043620.. *^ Knoll, Wolfgang; Advincula, Rigoberto C. (2013-02-12). Functional ... Sangster, J. (1997-05-28). Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN ... Gilbert, John C.; Martin, Stephen F. (2010-01-19). Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach. Cengage ...
Stahl M, Bouw R, Jackson A, Pay V (June 2002). "Human microdialysis". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 3 (2): 165-78. doi: ... Olson RJ, Justice JB (2002). "Quantitative microdialysis under transient conditions". Analytical Chemistry. 65 (8): 1017-1022. ... Trac Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 24 (4): 324-333. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2004.10.004.. ... pharmaceuticals) to determine their distribution within the body. The microdialysis technique requires the insertion of a small ...
Khaunina, R. A.; Lapin, I. P. (1976). "Fenibut, a new tranquilizer". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 10 (12): 1703-1705. doi: ... Chemistry[edit]. Phenibut is a synthetic aromatic amino acid. It is a chiral molecule and thus has two potential configurations ... Phenibut is used in Russia, Ukraine, and Latvia as a pharmaceutical drug to treat anxiety and to improve sleep (e.g., in the ... Froestl W (2010). "Chemistry and pharmacology of GABAB receptor ligands". Adv. Pharmacol. Advances in Pharmacology. 58: 19-62. ...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 33 (4): 177-187. doi:10.1007/BF02509934. Mirzoian RS, Gan'shina TS (1989). "[The new ... The rights to the drug belong to the Russian pharmaceutical company NPK ECHO ("НПК ЭХО"). It is not approved for sale in the ... Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 32 (10): 4089-95. doi:10.1248/cpb.32.4089. PMID 6529802. "FDA sends five warning letters over ...
"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 38 (1): 441-442. doi:10.1023/B:PHAC.0000048907.58847.c6. ISSN 0091-150X. Retrieved 2009-06-14 ... "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European journal of clinical pharmacology. 64 (5): 553- ... Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (11): 3699-704. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.022. PMID 15862999.. ... Bulgarian pharmaceutical company Sopharma sells glaucine in tablet form, where a single dose contains 40 mg and the half-life ...
"The Pharmaceutical Journal. 273 (7330): 900-902. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008.. ... Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their ... Pharmaceutical medicine is the medical scientific discipline concerned with the discovery, development, evaluation, ...
"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 118 (10): 2670-2682. doi:10.1021/jp412600e. ISSN 1520-6106. PMC 3983342. PMID 24506488.. ... Current Pharmaceutical Design. 11 (28): 3597-3611. doi:10.2174/138161205774580796.. ... A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (1): 585-90. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... A range of CPP-nucleic acid complexes have been synthesized through different chemistries that are either stable or cleavable ...
Pharmaceutical manufacturing[edit]. The continuous manner and the effective drying effect enable the integration of ... Hutmacher, Dietmar W.; Dalton, Paul D. (2011). "Melt Electrospinning". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 6: 44-56. doi:10.1002/asia. ... Small changes in the surface chemistry of the fibers were also observed depending upon the polarity of the electric field ... Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 102 (2): 508 (www.fiberpharma.co.nf). doi:10.1002/jps.23374.. ...
Ahluwalia, V. K.; Goyal, Madhuri (1 January 2000). A Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Narosa. p. 110. ISBN 978-81-7319-159-6. ... Ohannesian, Lena; Streeter, Anthony (9 November 2001). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis. CRC Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8247- ... which leads to changes in the bonding or chemistry of the molecule. At the lower end of the visible light spectrum, EMR becomes ...
"The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (31): 27103-10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.252502. PMC 3149303. PMID 21659507.. ... Nadanaciva, Sashi; Will, Yvonne (2011). "New Insights in Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity". Current Pharmaceutical Design. ... "The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (43): 29773-83. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.032144. PMC 2785608. PMID 19635800.. ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (43): 32724-7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607135200. PMID 16950771.. ...
Huffman JW (2005). "CB2 receptor ligands". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (7): 641-9. doi:10.2174/1389557054368844. ... Huffman JW (2000). "The search for selective ligands for the CB2 receptor". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 6 (13): 1323-37. doi ...
Huffman, J. W. (2005). "CB2 receptor ligands". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (7): 641-649. doi:10.2174/ ... Huffman, J. W. (2000). "The search for selective ligands for the CB2 receptor". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 6 (13): 1323- ...
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1999. 7(12): p. 2905-2914.. * (EN) Chin, C.N., J.W. Murphy, J.W. Huffman, and D.A. Kendall, ... Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2000. 6(13): p. 1323-1337.. * (EN) Baker, D., G. Pryce, J.L. Croxford, P. Brown, R.G. Pertwee, J ... Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2001. 9(11): p. 2863-2870.. * (EN) Huffman, J.W., J.Z. Lu, D. Dai, A. Kitaygorodskiy, J.L. ... Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2000. 8(2): p. 439-447.. * (EN) Huffman, J.W., The search for selective ligands for the CB2 ...
Zumdahl, Chemistry, 4th Edition.. *Ebbing, D.D., & Gammon, S. D. (2005). General chemistry (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton ... Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 92-94. ISBN 978-3-906390-58-1.. ... Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., & Kriz, G.S. (2004). Organic chemistry volume 1: Organic chemistry 351. Mason, OH: Cenage Learning ... a b c d Oxtoby, D. W; Gillis, H.P., Butler, L. J. (2015).Principles of Modern Chemistry, Brooks Cole. p. 617. ISBN 978- ...
ISBN 978-0-470-84339-0. Stey, Thomas; Stalke, Dietmar (2009). "Lead structures in lithium organic chemistry". PATAI'S Chemistry ... This reactivity is widely applied in the industrial syntheses of pharmaceutical compounds. An example is the Merck and Dupont ... Jemmis, E.D.; Gopakumar, G. (2009). "Theoretical studies in organolithium chemistry". PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups. ... Computational chemistry supports these assignments. The relative electronegativities of carbon and lithium suggests that the C- ...
Organic chemistry was regarded at that time as the chemistry of substances that plants and animals are composed of. It was a ... Beekman AM, Barrow RA (2014). "Fungal metabolites as pharmaceuticals". Aust J Chem. 67 (6): 827-843. doi:10.1071/ch13639. Dang ... Natural products chemistry is a distinct area of chemical research which was important in the history of chemistry, the ... including organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, ethnobotany, traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. Other ...
Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 2: 31-45. doi:10.1021/jm50008a003. PMID 14406754.. .mw-parser-output cite. ...
Peter J. Dunn; Andrew Wells; Michael T. Williams (2 February 2010). Green Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry. John Wiley ... 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone is an important pharmaceutical compound with anti-androgenic and blood-pressure-regulating activity ... Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals. Wiley. pp. 250-. ISBN 978-3-527-69396-2. Kishan Gopal Ramawat; Jean-Michel Mérillon (16 ...
Chemistry: general, medical, and pharmaceutical - Google Books. Books.google.com. p. 460. Archived from the original on 29 ... Antifungals, also known as an antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection ...
Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31 (12): 2187-2193. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.2187. Rescigno A, Casañola-Martin GM, Sanjust E, Zucca P, ... Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (4): 207-18. doi:10.1080/14756360210000010923. PMID 12530473. Sollai, ...
Beekman, Andrew M.; Barrow, Russell A. (2014). "Fungal Metabolites as Pharmaceuticals". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 67 (6 ... Chemistry[edit]. Like all ergopeptides, bromocriptine is a cyclol; two peptide groups of its tripeptide moiety are crosslinked ...
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-03.. *^ The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale. ... Kapoor L (1995). Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and pharmacology. United States: CRC Press. p. 164. ISBN 1-56024-923-4.. ... London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924. *^ "International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV ... The second is to produce opium for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry.[4] The third is to produce other alkaloids, ...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The institute also offers Ph.D. and bachelor's degrees in Biochemistry, Botany, Biotechnology, ... Genetics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Physics, among others. ""About Us" at ARIBASAshok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated ...
Barber, Jill; Rostron, Chris (2013-07-25). Pharmaceutical Chemistry. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199655304. Sangster, J. (1997-05-28 ... Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 328. ISBN 9780854043620. Knoll, Wolfgang; Advincula, Rigoberto C. (2013-02-12). Functional ... Gilbert, John C.; Martin, Stephen F. (2010-01-19). Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach. Cengage ... Miscibility gap Emulsion Heteroazeotrope ITIES Multiphasic liquid Wade, Leroy G. Organic Chemistry. Pearson Education. p. 412. ...
ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0. David G. Watson (9 February 2011). Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1061-. ISBN ... Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 414-. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5. Francisco Lopez- ... 0-7020-4850-X. David Healy (1 June 2004). Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical Industry ...
Lara Marks (2010). Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. Yale University Press. pp. 74, 76. ISBN 978-0-300- ... William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2935-. ISBN ... Chemistry[edit]. See also: List of progestogens and List of androgens/anabolic steroids ...
Royal Pharmaceutical Society. * Royal Society UK. * Royal Society of Chemistry. * Sabinet. * Sage Stats ...
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25 (1): 58-63. doi:10.1248/bpb.25.58. Christensen, LP (2009). "Ginsenosides chemistry, ... Shibata, S (Dec 2001). "Chemistry and Cancer Preventing Activities of Ginseng Saponins and Some Related Triterpenoid Compounds ...
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Nobel Prize in2019Biochemistry2018Society of Environmental Toxicology and ChemistryChemicalJournal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and PharmacologyInorganicField of pharmaceutical chemistryUndergraduatePharmacyChemists are involvedMolecularHeterocyclic chemistryFormulationsToxicologyBachelor'sGreen ChemistryMoleculesMedicinal Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrugPharmacodynamicsOpportunity to specialiseFacultyMaster'sStudentsDepartmentComputationalIndustryDegreeAspectsBioconjugate ChemistryMajorsSynthetic organic chemistryContentMChemUniversity of Flor
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002 is being shared between scientists in two important fields: mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). (nobelprize.org)
- Examples are Harold Urey's discovery of deuterium (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934) and the discovery of the fullerenes, "carbon footballs" that gave Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley the Nobel Chemistry Prize in 1996. (nobelprize.org)
- Join us in London, March 2019 , as we discuss the latest developments in the field of Drug Discovery Chemistry . (smi-online.co.uk)
- Combining chemistry with biochemistry, this course will give you a grounding in pharmaceutical chemistry and the skills needed to work in the field. (mdx.ac.uk)
- Broad understanding of biological functions in diseases and how drugs work will be developed from year 1 with biochemistry, followed by pharmaceutical chemistry in year 2, pharmacology and toxicology in year 3 as well as a dedicated module on drug discovery. (mdx.ac.uk)
- An honours degree (2:2 or above) or equivalent overseas qualification in chemistry, biochemistry or a closely related subject. (prospects.ac.uk)
- The MSc in Pharmaceutical Science and Medicinal Chemistry is your opportunity to specialise in this fascinating and vitally important field that focuses on the biochemistry, pharmacology, design, analysis and delivery of pharmaceutical substances, including the development of safe and effective drugs. (prospects.ac.uk)
- Graduates will be Chemists who have specialised in Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry and are familiar with Fundamental Biochemistry. (hw.ac.uk)
- Transfer to Chemistry with Biochemistry is available up to the beginning of Year 3. (hw.ac.uk)
- Core Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry courses, along with Cell Biology and Biochemistry. (hw.ac.uk)
- FASTtrack: Chemistry of Drugs is an accessible introduction to organic chemistry, elementary medicinal chemistry, and biochemistry. (pharmpress.com)
- Your first two years in the pharmaceutical chemistry program will involve the same sequence of introductory courses that are required of physical and biochemistry students. (sjfc.edu)
- Molecular pharmaceutics is a scientific journal which covers the research on the drug delivery and drug delivery systems which includes physical and pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry,biophysics and cellular biology. (omicsonline.org)
- Bruce H. Lipshutz, professor in the chemistry and biochemistry department of the University of California at Santa Barbara, California, developed an approach to increase reaction efficiency and enhance catalytic activity and thereby reduce the use of organic solvents used in certain chemical reactions (1). (blogspot.com)
- Drozdov, V. 2018-06-01 00:00:00 The composite Y14/siUTR, a complex consisting of cationic lipopeptide Y14 as an excipient and pharmaceutical substance of small interfering RNAtargeted against the UTR region of hepatitis C virus (siUTR), was investigated. (deepdyve.com)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry the study of drug design to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and synthesis of new drug molecules ( Medicinal Chemistry 2018 ). (pharmaceuticalconferences.com)
- Our students really enjoy studying Chemistry with us and we were extremely proud to be voted top 10 in the UK for Student Satisfaction in Chemistry (National Student Survey 2018). (ntu.ac.uk)
- Published on behalf of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is multidisciplinary in scope and publishes papers describing original experimental or theoretical work that significantly advances understanding in the area of environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry and hazard or risk assessment. (setac.org)
- Co-crystallization has attracted a lot of attention in the pharmaceutical industry because it can alter the solubility of a drug without changing its chemical makeup. (popularmechanics.com)
- A BSc in pharmaceutical chemistry prepares you for a range of opportunities in pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnology companies. (mdx.ac.uk)
- The pharmaceutical industry is a major component of the chemical industry. (hw.ac.uk)
- In clinical pharmaceutical chemistry the aim is to understand biological transformations and processes associated with chemical entities inside the human body, and how those processes can be influenced with changes in chemical structures. (wikipedia.org)
- The aim of clinical pharmaceutical chemistry is in addition to manage and manipulate clinical effects of different chemical structures, as well as to manage phenomena recognized in first-in-human studies. (wikipedia.org)
- Pharmaceutical Substances presents the chemical structure and synthetic route of any API including intermediates. (thieme.de)
- Physical chemistry courses focus on the study of small particles with an emphasis on the role of physics in chemical reactions. (study.com)
- Students study thermodynamics, quantum chemistry and chemical kinetics among other areas of research. (study.com)
- Depending on the "radioactive lantern" (gamma or particle emitter) used for radiolabelling of the respective tracer molecule, the field of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry can contribute to the set-up of an " in vivo theranostic" approach especially in tumour patients by offering tailor-made (radio)chemical entities labelled either with a diagnostic or a therapeutic radionuclide. (mdpi.com)
- Bachelor of Technology in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology is a four year full time undergraduate program which includes study of chemical, pharmacological, technological aspects of medicine related science. (indiastudychannel.com)
- This course mainly focus on study of manufacture of drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemical engineering and computation. (indiastudychannel.com)
- From our offices in the UK and Germany we directly advise pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnological companies throughout the world. (dyoung.com)
- The book discusses the chemistry of important pharmaceutical organic compounds, covering their nomenclature, chemical structure, uses, and physical and chemical properties. (sapnaonline.com)
- Leonard R. MacGillivray, professor in the chemistry department at the University of Iowa, developed a method to control chemical reactivity in the organic solid state. (blogspot.com)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects of drugs. (pharmaceuticalconferences.com)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry consists of many different forms of chemical and drug development. (copybook.com)
- Heterocyclic chemistry is the chemical discipline involving the manufacture, study and applications of heterocyclic compounds. (copybook.com)
- Surface chemistry is the investigation of chemical processes occurring on molecular surfaces, or at the interface between two substances. (copybook.com)
- In particular, pharmaceutical chemistry in its most common guideline focusing on small molecules / organic entities encompasses synthetic organic chemistry and aspects of natural product chemistry and computational chemistry in close combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology, together with the goal of discovery and drug development of new different therapeutic agents. (annualcongress.com)
- In addition, the chemical generation of new epitopes (neo-epitopes) on pharmaceutical proteins may contribute to immunogenicity. (ku.edu)
- After his PhD, he was immediately appointed as Young Researcher of the EU funded project 'Insect Chemical Ecology' (INCHECO) to explore the biochemical interactions between plants and insects (2001-2004, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Italy) gaining a wide experience in phytochemical analysis. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Develop the concepts introduced in Year One and learn about structural chemistry in relation to chemical behaviour, functionality, reactivity and identification of inorganic molecules. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Manuscripts are received with the understanding that they are submitted solely to Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, and that none of the material contained in the manuscript has been published previously or is under consideration for publication elsewhere, excluding abstracts. (pulsus.com)
- Advanced Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry, with courses in Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry as well as Principles of Drug Discovery and Development. (hw.ac.uk)
- Along with advanced lectures in Inorganic, Organic, Physical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, special chemistry topics are taken. (hw.ac.uk)
- Inorganic chemistry covers all other compounds that do not contain carbon. (study.com)
- In addition to the fundamentals of inorganic chemistry, graduate students may learn sustainable methods and how to use it for the betterment of the environment. (study.com)
- Learn about: Inorganic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry. (emagister.in)
- Learn the fundamental concepts of theoretical and practical chemistry as well as aspects such as inorganic complexation reactions, indicator theory and acid-base systems. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
- This article covers options for online graduate degrees in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. (study.com)
- The field of pharmaceutical chemistry is unique and it involves vast areas of expertise. (chemistryconferences.org)
- To be admitted into the program students must have a Bachelor's degree in chemistry or a related field, a sealed official undergraduate transcript, two letter of recommendation, and there may be other requirements. (brighthub.com)
- Master of Chemistry (MChem) undergraduate courses (4 year or 5 year sandwich) prepare students for research work in industry or PhD research. (lboro.ac.uk)
- UC Davis pharmaceutical chemistry graduate Manuel Munoz '13 worked in a Department of Chemistry lab as an undergraduate research assistant, preparing a liquid solution for his intern project on cancer research. (ucdavis.edu)
- An introduction to pharmaceutical chemistry for undergraduate pharmacy, chemistry and medicinal chemistry students. (iberlibro.com)
- An undergraduate degree in pharmaceutical chemistry gives you an excellent advantage should you choose to pursue an advanced degree in the field by enrolling in the Wegmans School of Pharmacy at St. John Fisher College. (sjfc.edu)
- Originally, I wanted to go to pharmacy school, which is probably the goal for many pharmaceutical chemistry majors at UC Davis," she says. (ucdavis.edu)
- Many undergraduates opt for pharmaceutical chemistry because they plan to apply to pharmacy, medical, dental or other professional schools focused on health. (ucdavis.edu)
- an essential read for pharmacy students and, indeed, all science students who wish to consider careers in the Pharmaceutical industry. (iberlibro.com)
- An essential chemistry textbook which supports the integrated pharmacy education and helps the students to grasp the principles of pharmaceutical chemistry and how they are applied in pharmacy. (iberlibro.com)
- this is an excellent resource for pharmacy students taking pharmaceutical chemistry and for individuals who intend to pursue a career in the pharmaceutical industry. (iberlibro.com)
- FASTtrack: Chemistry of Drugs focuses on what you really need to know in order to pass your pharmacy exams. (pharmpress.com)
- The certificate in pharmaceutical chemistry is provided by the UF College of Pharmacy. (wikipedia.org)
- The student will be expected to appreciate the relevance of chemistry to pharmacy practice. (edu.gh)
- Pharmaceutical chemists are involved in the business of developing drugs to combat diseases and pain. (ehow.co.uk)
- Pharmaceutical chemists are involved with the research and development process of new patient care drugs. (study.com)
- and comprehend the role chemistry plays in determining the molecular basis of drug action. (edu.au)
- Pharmaceutical or Medicinal Chemistry is the understanding of the molecular cause and treatment of diseases. (hw.ac.uk)
- Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) realised in the en-vogue hybrid technologies PET/CT, SPECT/CT and PET/MRI represent the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging technologies in nuclear medicine which are used to follow the trace of the administered radiopharmaceutical noninvasively thereby in vivo visualising and assessing biological processes at the subcellular and molecular level in a highly sensitive manner. (mdpi.com)
- Fluorine chemistry is an expanding area of research that is attracting international interest, due to the impact of fluorine in drug discovery and in clinical and molecular imaging (e.g. (foyles.co.uk)
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Techniques Molecular Biology SEMESTER - IV Medicinal Chemistry-I Medicinal Chemistry-II Natural Products Basics of Microbiology. (emagister.in)
- We have the expertise and equipment to cover the full range of organic reactions, with an emphasis on heterocyclic chemistry, catalytic reactions, asymmetric reactions and high-pressure reactions and hydrogenations. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
- They are Sonochemistry, Heterocyclic chemistry, Organometallic chemistry and Surface chemistry. (copybook.com)
- Appreciation of physical chemistry concepts, ability to derive reaction rates, determine the order of reactions and apply these concepts to drug stability in pharmaceutical formulations and other relevant pharmaceutical systems. (edu.gh)
- Here, a simple conductometric titration in aqueous medium is described for the losartan analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. (edu.pl)
- The exceptions are pharmaceutics and a choice of two classes covering topics such as vaccinology, drug delivery, pharmaceutical biotechnology, and forensic toxicology. (sjfc.edu)
- The effect of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern on the environment will be addressed in a special issue of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C). Much progress has been made in the recent years on the topic and this special issue will illustrate the state of the science. (setac.org)
- Entry level positions normally require a bachelor's degree in chemistry, with advanced degrees necessary for some organisations and for further career development. (ehow.co.uk)
- Join the vanguard of professionals dedicated to the creation and administration of groundbreaking, lifesaving drugs when you attain your bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry from St. John Fisher College. (sjfc.edu)
- Several entries considered in the 2009 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards, an annual recognition by the US Environmental Protection Agency, provide approaches in green chemistry with applications to the pharmaceutical industry (1). (blogspot.com)
- Solazyme, Inc. was selected as the 2014 winner of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the Greener Synthetic Pathways category. (epa.gov)
- QD Vision, Inc. was selected as the 2014 winners of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the Greener Reaction Conditions category. (epa.gov)
- Amyris was selected as the 2014 winner of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the Small Business category. (epa.gov)
- Professor Shannon S. Stahl of the University of Wisconsin-Madison was selected as the 2014 winner of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the Academic category. (epa.gov)
- Codexis, Inc. and Professor Yi Tang of University of California, Los Angeles were selected together as the 2012 winner of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in the Greener Synthetic Pathways category. (epa.gov)
- Essentials of Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a chemistry introduction that covers all of the core material necessary to provide an understanding of the basic chemistry of drug molecules. (iberlibro.com)
- Learn about the bonding and structure in organic molecules and functional group chemistry, with an emphasis on reactivity and mechanism. (ntu.ac.uk)
- the candidate should have a master or engineer degree (or equivalent) in the field of organic/synthetic or medicinal/pharmaceutical chemistry. (eurpepsoc.com)
- We are here to help you regarding any problem related to Medicinal & Pharmaceutical chemistry. (onlineorganicchemistrytutor.com)
- Specialised computational skills related to chemistry and drug discovery are developed in year 3 through the computational chemistry module and in year 4 through cheminformatics (MSci only). (mdx.ac.uk)
- We've prepared a set of application notes showing how data from Reaxys and Reaxys Medicinal Chemistry can empower drug discovery. (elsevier.com)
- A career in pharmaceutical chemistry may include employment opportunities with private or government laboratories like those at the National Institutes of Health or the Food and Drug Administration. (ehow.co.uk)
- Jobs with pharmaceutical companies typically involve working on a drug development team, or in quality control, sales, or production--all to help prevent, cure, or control diseases and conditions. (ehow.co.uk)
- SMi group's 3rd annual Drug Discovery Chemistry conference aims to discuss emerging techniques, potential drug targets, and advances in the drug discovery field that are driving the pharmaceutical industry into a new era of medicines and therapeutics. (smi-online.co.uk)
- Network with industry experts, gain insight into the latest technological developments and how these are being utilised within the pharmaceutical industry, discuss the potential of novel drug modalities, the use of AI in drug discovery and the latest medicinal chemistry techniques and how these can be brought into the commercial market. (smi-online.co.uk)
- Discuss latest advances in medicinal chemistry techniques and how these can be implemented in the commercial space of drug discovery. (smi-online.co.uk)
- The curriculum is centered in the Department of Chemistry, providing students with an in-depth understanding of how drugs work, how drugs are made and the ethical issues surrounding drug development. (ucdavis.edu)
- Typically clinical pharmaceutical chemistry has an important role in discovery, design and manipulation of new drug entities, and is vital especially in early clinical studies (such as Phase I studies). (wikipedia.org)
- The 4th edition includes new chapters on Chromatographic Methods of Analysis, and Medicinal Chemistry - The Science of Drug Design. (iberlibro.com)
- This fourth edition has been revised and updated to include new chapters on: · chromatographic methods of analysis · medicinal chemistry: the science of rational drug design. (iberlibro.com)
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) is requesting comment on the draft standardized Pharmaceutical Quality/Chemistry Manufacturing and Control (PQ/CMC) data elements and terminologies for the electronic submission of PQ/CMC data. (federalregister.gov)
- This application note describes the use of a PATROL UPLC Process Analysis System in the manufacture of 160kg of an intermediate pharmaceutical drug substance using a continuous flow process. (waters.com)
- Activities span the entire pharmaceutical production chain between Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients manufacturing and drug product formulation. (eurpepsoc.com)
- Pharmaceutical chemists evaluate the bioactivity of drugs and drug metabolites . (chemistryconferences.org)
- Drug discovery is the core of pharmaceutical chemistry. (annualcongress.com)
- Medicinal chemistry also deals with new drug discovery and development. (onlineorganicchemistrytutor.com)
- Learn about: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Medicinal Chemistry. (emagister.in)
- The course is really flexible, giving you the opportunity to specialise in pharmaceutical chemistry, materials chemistry or environmental chemistry in your second year. (ntu.ac.uk)
- The candidate is expected to complement the given expertise at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and at the Faculty. (academics.com)
- Master's in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. (study.com)
- If you're interested in getting your pharmaceutical chemistry graduate degree online, there are master's degree programs available. (study.com)
- UF currently offers one Master of Science (MS) program, one Professional Science Master's (PSM), and one graduate certificate in pharmaceutical chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
- MS in Pharmaceutical Chemistry PSM (Professional Science Master's) in Pharmaceutical Chemistry Pharmaceutical Chemistry The pharmaceutical chemistry master's degree program consists of 32 credits offered entirely online with the exception of a three-day final cumulative examination held on campus. (wikipedia.org)
- Saint Joseph College offers a Master of science in chemistry and students can concentrate in medicinal chemistry. (brighthub.com)
- Past students on our chemistry degree courses have secured placements at pharmaceutical companies including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Procter & Gamble. (reading.ac.uk)
- However, this major is about much more than treating illness - many paths are open to students who pursue a degree in pharmaceutical chemistry . (ucdavis.edu)
- Typically students in clinical pharmaceutical chemistry use the same curriculum as medical students, but specialize in medicinal and organic chemistry after and during the theoretical/early clinical studies. (wikipedia.org)
- The University of Florida's (UF) online pharmaceutical chemistry distance education programs cater to working professionals and students who have completed their Bachelor of Science degrees. (wikipedia.org)
- This course helps students to learn the steps required for discovering, designing and developing the products in pharmaceutical industry. (indiastudychannel.com)
- Students will be exposed to the Chemistry of Biologically important macromolecules and their interactions. (edu.gh)
- The Master in Business Administration with a specialization in Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management is ideal for students who are interested in entering a new field and for experienced professionals seeking a degree that will build upon their existing knowledge and skills. (emagister.in)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry course to its students. (emagister.in)
- The program offers students the opportunity to develop knowledge of medicinal chemistry that can be applied to a practice-oriented career in the pharmaceutical industry. (northeastern.edu)
- Many of our students also go on to complete the BSc (Hons) Chemistry course after successfully completing the foundation degree qualification. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Maybe that's why it's the most popular major of four offered by the UC Davis Department of Chemistry . (ucdavis.edu)
- T.V. RajanBabu, professor in the chemistry department at Ohio State University, and his team discovered a new codimerization of ethylene and various functionalized vinylarenes, 1,3-dienes, and strained alkenes (i.e., asymmetric hydrovinylation). (blogspot.com)
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry offers M. Pharm. (jamiahamdard.edu)
- The Department also offers a doctorate degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. (jamiahamdard.edu)
- Divided into four broad themes, you'll cover all aspects of chemistry including core chemistry knowledge, practical skills, pharmaceutical knowledge, and numeracy and computational skills. (mdx.ac.uk)
- Computational chemistry for the prediction of the bioactivity of complex mixtures of natural products and food supplements. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Borrowing a trick from the pharmaceutical industry , scientists led by chemist Adam Matzger of the University of Michigan have combined the powerful explosive CL-20 with the standard high melting-point explosive (HMX) used by the military to create a hybrid explosive that could be better than either-with as much oomph as HMX, but not as delicate and prone to accidental detonation as CL-20. (popularmechanics.com)
- Industry experts lecture on pharmaceutical technology, regulatory issues and the industry in Ireland. (ucc.ie)
- We have many industry links with pharmaceutical companies based in the Thames Valley and beyond. (reading.ac.uk)
- To understand and learn the recent trends in pharmaceutical Chemisty an industry academia interaction we are organizing national seminar on recent trends in pharmaceutical chemistry at krishna university machilipatnam andhra pradesh india under the aegies of andhra pradesh state council of higer education and AP pollution control board during 30-31st january 2011. (chemistry2011.org)
- The establishment of standardized pharmaceutical quality data elements and terminologies will provide opportunities for FDA and industry to transform PQ/CMC submission data into a readily useable electronic format. (federalregister.gov)
- Those who possess a degree in pharmaceutical chemistry put themselves in a position for a variety of career opportunities. (brighthub.com)
- Our new Pharmaceutical Chemistry degree has been developed together with our industrial partners to produce high quality graduates for the pharmaceutical sector - an area that already employs 67,000 people in the UK, and contributes £30.4bn to the national economy per year. (reading.ac.uk)
- A degree in pharmaceutical chemistry opens the door to several exciting career opportunities. (sjfc.edu)
- If you choose to study for a BSc or MChem degree in Chemistry with Forensic Science you will gain a good understanding of the applications of chemistry across the forensic science field. (le.ac.uk)
- Why do a foundation chemistry degree? (ntu.ac.uk)
- See how the FdSc Chemistry degree helped Chris and Ryan progress into a successful career, and how it is similar to BSc Chemistry. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Pharmaceutical chemistry focuses on the quality aspects of medicines and aims to ensure the adequacy of the purposes of the medicines. (annualcongress.com)
- You will have the opportunity to learn about scientific investigations and the legal system alongside the fundamentally important aspects of chemistry. (le.ac.uk)
- The Master of Science in Medicinal Chemistry integrates aspects of contemporary medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, emphasizing topics most relevant to therapeutics design, discovery, and action. (northeastern.edu)
- What do majors do in pharmaceutical chemistry? (ucdavis.edu)
- Our majors can develop careers in manufacturing firms that focus on chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and oil and gas. (ucdavis.edu)
- Learn more advanced concepts in synthetic organic chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms and reactivity as well as advanced structural analysis through organic spectroscopic techniques. (ntu.ac.uk)
- It consists of 36 credits, 27 credits focused on the technical pharmaceutical chemistry content from UF and 9 credits focused on the professional business content from Webber International University. (wikipedia.org)
- MChem Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides you with the opportunity to study chemistry as a major subject along with subjects allied to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. (lboro.ac.uk)
- On the MChem course you will discover how chemistry is applied to criminal investigations and the role of science in providing substantial evidence for the Criminal Justice System. (le.ac.uk)
- The University of Florida offers a Master of science in pharmaceutical chemistry online. (brighthub.com)
- University of Florida, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Online. (wikipedia.org)
- University of Florida, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Distance Education Programs - Program Benefits. (wikipedia.org)
- UF Pharmaceutical Chemistry Online Graduate Program - University of Florida pharmaceutical chemistry website. (wikipedia.org)