Click Chemistry
Chemistry, Clinical
Chemistry, Organic
Clinical Chemistry Tests
Chemistry
Chemistry, Analytic
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques
Alkynes
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Molecular Structure
Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic
Green Chemistry Technology
Organic Chemistry Phenomena
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Chemistry, Physical
Evolution, Chemical
Surface Properties
Cyclization
Biochemistry
Models, Chemical
Models, Molecular
Oxidation-Reduction
Catalysis
Cosmic Dust
Drug Design
Extraterrestrial Environment
Stereoisomerism
Biogenesis
Atmosphere
Organic Chemistry Processes
Organic Chemicals
Polymers
Astronomy
Quantum Theory
Water
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Copper
Adsorption
Carbonates
Nanotechnology
Indicators and Reagents
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Enzymes
Gases
Biological Products
Coordination Complexes
Quality Control
Organometallic Compounds
Biocompatible Materials
Structure-Activity Relationship
Exobiology
Nanoparticles
Mass Spectrometry
Biology
Solar System
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic
Small Molecule Libraries
Amines
Metals
Fullerenes
Ligands
Silanes
Nanostructures
Crystallography, X-Ray
Chemical Phenomena
Molecular Sequence Data
Ecotoxicology
Dendrimers
Carbon
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Palladium
Peptides
Chemical Processes
Biosensing Techniques
Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling
Electrons
Thermodynamics
Metal Nanoparticles
Gold
Proteins
Fluorescent Dyes
DNA
Oxygen
Binding Sites
Electrochemistry
Alkenes
Sulfur Compounds
Elements
Molecular Probes
Biomimetics
Iron
Spectrum Analysis
Wettability
Meteoroids
Agrochemicals
Volcanic Eruptions
Ions
Protein Conformation
Biological Science Disciplines
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Physicochemical Phenomena
Nanomedicine
Cycloaddition Reaction
Cross-Linking Reagents
Materials Testing
Physics
Environmental Pollution
Clinical Laboratory Techniques
Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Heterocyclic Compounds
Silicon
Protein Binding
Glass
Polyethylene Glycols
Lightning
Silicon Dioxide
Halogens
Evolution, Planetary
Drug Delivery Systems
Oligonucleotides
Amino Acid Sequence
Temperature
Solutions
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Chemistry, Inorganic
Acid Rain
Nucleic Acids
Catalytic Domain
Spectrum Analysis, Raman
Calcium Carbonate
Brain Chemistry
Hydrogen Bonding
Nucleic Acid Probes
Protons
Hydrogen
Saturn
Microscopy, Atomic Force
Models, Biological
Bromine
Anions
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques
Free Radicals
Interdisciplinary Studies
Earth (Planet)
Electrolytes
Eagles
Microfluidics
Cations
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Computer Simulation
Substrate Specificity
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Biochemical Phenomena
Isotope Labeling
Carboxylic Acids
Lanthanoid Series Elements
Phosphorus
Polystyrenes
Alpha Particles
Organophosphorus Compounds
Transition Elements
Biocatalysis
Alkylation
Graphite
Cycloparaffins
In-vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine mycoses of a new formulation of deoxycholate-amphotericin B obtained by mild heating. (1/2621)
Heat-induced 'superaggregation' of deoxycholate-amphotericin B (AmB-DOC, Fungizone) was shown previously to reduce the in-vitro toxicity of this antifungal agent. We compared AmB-DOC with the formulation obtained by heating the commercial form (Fungizone, Bristol Myers Squibb, Paris, France) for 20 min at 70 degrees C, in the treatment of murine infections. An improvement of antifungal activity was obtained with heated AmB-DOC formulations due to a lower toxicity which allowed the administration of higher drug doses than those achievable with the commercial preparation. Single intravenous injections of heated AmB-DOC solutions were demonstrated to be two-fold less toxic than unheated ones to healthy mice. For mice infected with Candida albicans, the maximum tolerated dose was higher with heated than with unheated AmB-DOC solutions. In the model of murine candidiasis, following a single dose of heated AmB-DOC 0.5 mg/kg, 85% of mice survived for 3 weeks, whereas at this dose the immediate toxicity of the standard formulation in infected mice restricted the therapeutic efficacy to 25% survival. Both formulations were equally effective in increasing the survival time for murine cryptococcal pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Injection of heated AmB-DOC solutions at a dose two-fold higher than the maximal tolerated dose observed with the unheated preparation (1.2 mg/kg) increased the survival time by a factor of 1.4 in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. These results indicate that mild heat treatment of AmB-DOC solutions could provide a simple and economical method to improve the therapeutic index of this antifungal agent by reducing its toxicity on mammalian cells. (+info)A study of local anaesthetics. Part 148. Influence of auxiliary substances on the surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII. (2/2621)
The influence of auxiliary substances of the polyol group (glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol) and of their concentration (5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight) upon surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII, viz., N-[2-(2-propoxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)-ethyl] piperidinium chloride was studied. The substances were applied as hydrogel humectants. It was found that their influence on the surface tension, distribution coefficient and pharmaceutical availability from solutions of the potential drug VII depended on the type as well as concentration of the auxiliary substance. From the viewpoints of use in formulations of the drug form, sorbitol used at 5 and 10% concentrations represented the optimum. (+info)Comparison of immunity generated by nucleic acid-, MF59-, and ISCOM-formulated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccines in Rhesus macaques: evidence for viral clearance. (3/2621)
The kinetics of T-helper immune responses generated in 16 mature outbred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) within a 10-month period by three different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine strategies were compared. Immune responses to monomeric recombinant gp120SF2 (rgp120) when the protein was expressed in vivo by DNA immunization or when it was delivered as a subunit protein vaccine formulated either with the MF59 adjuvant or by incorporation into immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) were compared. Virus-neutralizing antibodies (NA) against HIV-1SF2 reached similar titers in the two rgp120SF2 protein-immunized groups, but the responses showed different kinetics, while NA were delayed and their levels were low in the DNA-immunized animals. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) T-helper (type 1-like) responses were detected in the DNA-immunized group, but only after the fourth immunization, and the rgp120/MF59 group generated both IFN-gamma and interleukin-4 (IL-4) (type 2-like) responses that appeared after the third immunization. In contrast, rgp120/ISCOM-immunized animals rapidly developed marked IL-2, IFN-gamma (type 1-like), and IL-4 responses that peaked after the second immunization. To determine which type of immune responses correlated with protection from infection, all animals were challenged intravenously with 50 50% infective doses of a rhesus cell-propagated, in vivo-titrated stock of a chimeric simian immunodeficiency virus-HIVSF13 construct. Protection was observed in the two groups receiving the rgp120 subunit vaccines. Half of the animals in the ISCOM group were completely protected from infection. In other subunit vaccinees there was evidence by multiple assays that virus detected at 2 weeks postchallenge was effectively cleared. Early induction of potent type 1- as well as type 2-like T-helper responses induced the most-effective immunity. (+info)Low-oestrogen oral contraceptives.(4/2621)
(+info)A new strategy for treating nets. Part 1: formulation and dosage. (5/2621)
The conventional dosages of pyrethroid insecticides on mosquito nets assume that nets will be retreated at 6-12 month intervals. However, dosage should be related to washing of nets; if nets are only washed once or twice a year, their dosage requirements will be different to those which are washed fortnightly. A 'low-dose, frequent-wash' retreatment system might be technically more appropriate and more affordable where nets are washed frequently, as they are in Dar es Salaam. Moreover, for use as a domestic insecticide, water-based formulations of pyrethroid are preferable to the more commonly used emulsifiable concentrates (ECs). This paper reports laboratory evaluations of three formulations (ECs, Flowable, CS) of three pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin). Insecticidal activity was tested using serial bioassays at a range of dosages using Anopheles gambiae. The water-based formulations were no less effective than the ECs, even at the lowest dosages. Nets treated with 3 mg/m2 and then repeatedly washed and retreated after each wash with either 3 mg/m2 or 1 mg/m2 were subjected to gas chromatography analysis. This showed that the amounts of pyrethroid in the nets accumulated rapidly over the first few wash-retreatment cycles and then remained fairly stable over subsequent cycles. These nets gave consistently high bioassay mortalities throughout the experiment, while the mortality declined rapidly after several washes with the nets that were treated at 3 mg/m2 but not retreated. Experimental huts were used to compare the effectiveness of these 2 net retreatment regimes and nets which were not retreated. All nets caused high mortality rates amongst Anopheles females, but had negligible effects on culicines; either in killing them or in preventing feeding. Therefore use of a high 'loading' dose for initial treatment with lower 'maintenance' doses for retreatment may be preferable to ensure that net users promptly perceive the benefits of the insecticide against culicines. (+info)A double-blind, randomized, multicentre, crossover study to prove equivalence of pancreatin minimicrospheres versus microspheres in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. (6/2621)
BACKGROUND: Modern pancreatin preparations consist of enteric-coated microspheres to protect the enzymes from gastric acid. There are, however, no clinical trials comparing different sizes of pancreatin microspheres with regard to fat excretion and fat intake. AIM: To prove both equivalent efficacy and safety of conventional pancreatin microspheres and smaller pancreatin minimicrospheres in patients with exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, crossover trial, patients with a stool fat excretion of > 7.5 g/day during a placebo period were randomly assigned either to the minimicrosphere/microsphere treatment sequence or vice versa. The primary end-point was the coefficient of fat absorption, which was calculated from fat excretion and fat intake during the course of a standardized diet. Stool weight, clinical symptoms and the safety of the preparations were also evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients entered the study, of whom 23 fulfilled the criteria for the crossover period. In the per protocol analysis (n=18), the 90% confidence intervals for the coefficient of fat absorption of both crossover periods lay entirely within the equivalence range (P=0.02). The intention-to-treat analysis revealed similar results, but the equivalence range was slightly missed (P=0.07). Similar results were obtained for the secondary parameters and the reported adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatin minimicrospheres have been shown to be equally effective as microspheres in improving the coefficient of fat absorption in patients with exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. (+info)Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of OROS and immediate-release amitriptyline. (7/2621)
AIMS: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline following OROS and IR treatments, and to correlate them with anticholinergic side-effects. METHODS: The pharmacokinetics and safety of amitriptyline following administration of an osmotic controlled release tablet (OROS and an immediate release (IR) tablet were evaluated in 14 healthy subjects. In this randomized, open label, three-way crossover feasibility study, the subjects received a single 75 mg OROS tablet, three 25 mg IR tablets administered every 8 h, or 3x25 mg IR tablets administered at nighttime. In each treatment arm serial blood samples were collected for a period of 84 h after dosing. The plasma samples were analysed by gas chromatography for amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Anticholinergic effects such as saliva output, visual acuity, and subject-rated drowsiness and dry mouth were measured on a continuous scale during each treatment period. RESULTS: Following dosing with OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride), the mean maximal plasma amitriptyline concentration Cmax (15.3 ng ml-1 ) was lower and the mean tmax (25.7 h) was longer than that associated with the equivalent IR dose administered at nighttime (26.8 ng ml-1 and 6.3 h, respectively). The bioavailability of amitriptyline following OROS dosing was 95% relative to IR every 8 h dosing, and 89% relative to IR nighttime dosing. The metabolite-to-drug ratios after the three treatment periods were similar, suggesting no change in metabolism between treatments. The relationships between plasma amitriptyline concentration and anticholinergic effects (e.g. reduced saliva weight, dry mouth, and drowsiness) were similar with all three treatments. Of the anticholinergic effects, only decreased saliva weight and dry mouth correlated well with plasma amitriptyline concentrations; drowsiness did not. There was no apparent correlation between anticholinergic effects and the plasma nortriptyline concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of OROS (amitriptyline hydrochloride) was similar to that of the IR treatments and the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline after OROS dosing may decrease the incidence of anticholinergic effects compared with that seen with nighttime dosing of the IR formulation. Therefore, this controlled-release formulation of amitriptyline may be appropriate for single daily administration. (+info)The pharmacology of gene therapy. (8/2621)
The objective for human gene therapy is to express exogenous DNA at a site in vivo for long enough, and at sufficient levels to produce a therapeutic response. The obstacles to this objective are numerous and include the formulation or packaging of the DNA, in vivo delivery, penetration of biological barriers, DNA elimination within the cell and from the tissue compartments of the whole body, control of product expression and overt toxicity. The current challenge is to resolve each of these obstacles to produce a practical and efficient gene therapy. In doing so, it is vital to understand the disposition of DNA vectors in vivo, and to know how conventional medicines may be used to modulate this disposition and to enhance the therapeutic effect of these vectors. Many of the general concepts of human gene therapy have been reviewed extensively in the literature. This review discusses some of the pharmacological aspects of gene delivery and the fate of vectors in vivo, and then highlights how drugs are being used to modulate gene therapy. (+info)Examples of neglected diseases include:
1. Dengue fever: A mosquito-borne viral disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in urban slums and other areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.
2. Chagas disease: A parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected triatomine bug. It affects millions of people in Latin America and can cause serious heart and gastrointestinal complications.
3. Leishmaniasis: A parasitic disease caused by several species of the Leishmania parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly. It affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
4. Onchocerciasis (river blindness): A parasitic disease caused by the Onchocerca volvulus parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blackfly. It affects millions of people in Africa and can cause blindness, skin lesions, and other serious complications.
5. Schistosomiasis: A parasitic disease caused by the Schistosoma parasite, which is transmitted through contact with contaminated water. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
6. Lymphatic filariasis: A parasitic disease caused by the Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in Africa and Asia, and can cause severe swelling of the limbs and other serious complications.
7. Chagas disease: A parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected triatomine bug. It affects millions of people in Latin America and can cause heart failure, digestive problems, and other serious complications.
These diseases are often chronic and debilitating, and can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected. In addition to the physical symptoms, they can also cause social and economic burdens, such as lost productivity and reduced income.
In terms of public health, these diseases pose a significant challenge for healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries where resources may be limited. They require sustained efforts to control and eliminate, including disease surveillance, vector control, and treatment.
In addition, these diseases are often interconnected with other health issues, such as poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to healthcare. Therefore, addressing these diseases requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the social and economic factors that contribute to their spread.
Overall, the impact of these diseases on public health is significant, and sustained efforts are needed to control and eliminate them.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
The definition of DILI has been revised several times over the years, but the most recent definition was published in 2013 by the International Consortium for DILI Research (ICDCR). According to this definition, DILI is defined as:
"A clinically significant alteration in liver function that is caused by a medication or other exogenous substance, and is not related to underlying liver disease. The alteration may be biochemical, morphological, or both, and may be acute or chronic."
The ICDCR definition includes several key features of DILI, including:
1. Clinically significant alteration in liver function: This means that the liver damage must be severe enough to cause symptoms or signs of liver dysfunction, such as jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
2. Caused by a medication or other exogenous substance: DILI is triggered by exposure to certain drugs or substances that are not related to underlying liver disease.
3. Not related to underlying liver disease: This means that the liver damage must not be caused by an underlying condition such as hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver disease, or other genetic or metabolic disorders.
4. May be acute or chronic: DILI can occur as a sudden and severe injury (acute DILI) or as a slower and more insidious process (chronic DILI).
The ICDCR definition provides a standardized way of defining and diagnosing DILI, which is important for clinicians and researchers to better understand the cause of liver damage in patients who are taking medications. It also helps to identify the drugs or substances that are most likely to cause liver injury and to develop strategies for preventing or treating DILI.
Dental deposits refer to the accumulation of plaque, tartar, and other substances on the teeth and dental restorations. These deposits can lead to various oral health problems, such as tooth decay, gum disease, and bad breath. Dental deposits can be removed through regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings.
Types of Dental Deposits:
There are several types of dental deposits that can accumulate on the teeth and dental restorations, including:
1. Plaque: A sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and can lead to tooth decay and gum disease.
2. Tartar (calculus): A hard, yellowish deposit that forms on the teeth and dental restorations, made up of mineralized plaque.
3. Stains: Discoloration of the teeth due to various factors such as smoking, coffee, tea, or certain medications.
4. Biofilm: A complex community of microorganisms that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth and dental restorations, which can contribute to the development of periodontal disease.
Effects of Dental Deposits:
Dental deposits can have a significant impact on oral health if left untreated. Some of the effects of dental deposits include:
1. Tooth Decay: The accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth can lead to tooth decay, which can cause pain, sensitivity, and potentially lead to tooth loss.
2. Gum Disease: Plaque and tartar can also contribute to the development of gum disease, which can cause inflammation, bleeding, and receding gums.
3. Bad Breath: Dental deposits can cause bad breath (halitosis), which can be embarrassing and affect an individual's self-confidence.
4. Tooth Discoloration: Stains on the teeth can cause discoloration, which can make the teeth appear yellow or brown.
5. Increased Risk of Dental Caries: Dental deposits can provide a conducive environment for the growth of cariogenic bacteria, which can increase the risk of dental caries.
6. Difficulty Chewing and Speaking: Advanced periodontal disease can cause teeth to become loose or fall out, making it difficult to chew and speak properly.
7. Self-Esteem Issues: Poor oral health can affect an individual's self-esteem and confidence, which can impact their overall quality of life.
8. Systemic Diseases: There is evidence that suggests a link between periodontal disease and systemic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease.
Prevention of Dental Deposits:
Preventing dental deposits is essential for maintaining good oral health. Some ways to prevent dental deposits include:
1. Brushing and Flossing: Regular brushing and flossing can help remove plaque and tartar from the teeth, reducing the risk of dental deposits.
2. Dietary Changes: Avoiding sugary and starchy foods, drinking plenty of water, and consuming a balanced diet can help prevent the formation of dental deposits.
3. Professional Cleaning: Regular professional cleaning by a dentist or hygienist can remove tartar and plaque that is difficult to remove with brushing and flossing alone.
4. Fluoride Treatment: Fluoride treatment can help strengthen teeth and prevent the formation of dental deposits.
5. Salivary Substitutes: For individuals with dry mouth, salivary substitutes can help stimulate saliva production and reduce the risk of dental deposits.
6. Oral Rinses: Using an oral rinse can help remove plaque and bacteria from the teeth and gums.
7. Tobacco Cessation: Quitting tobacco use can help improve oral health and reduce the risk of dental deposits.
8. Regular Dental Check-Ups: Regular dental check-ups can help identify early signs of dental deposits and prevent more serious problems from developing.
Shellfish poisoning, also known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is a type of foodborne illness caused by consuming shellfish that have ingested toxins produced by certain types of algae. These toxins can accumulate in the tissues of the shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of shellfish poisoning can vary in severity and may include:
* Tingling or numbness in the mouth and extremities
* Weakness, fatigue, and dizziness
* Headaches, nausea, and vomiting
* Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and constipation
* In severe cases, paralysis, respiratory failure, and even death
Causes:
Shellfish poisoning is caused by consuming shellfish that have ingested toxins produced by certain types of algae, including the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense and the diatom Cyclotella sp. These toxins can accumulate in the tissues of the shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of shellfish poisoning is based on a combination of symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect elevated levels of the toxins in the body, as well as tests to assess liver function and nerve damage. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the extent of any nerve damage.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for shellfish poisoning, but supportive care may be provided to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include fluids, electrolyte replacement, and medication to control nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.
Prevention:
The best way to prevent shellfish poisoning is to avoid consuming shellfish that may be contaminated with toxins. This can be achieved by only consuming shellfish from reputable sources, such as licensed fisheries or restaurants, and by following local health advisories regarding the safety of shellfish consumption. It is also important to properly store and cook shellfish to reduce the risk of contamination.
Conclusion:
Shellfish poisoning can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, but with prompt diagnosis and appropriate supportive care, most individuals can recover fully. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of shellfish poisoning, individuals can take steps to protect their health and avoid this potentially dangerous condition.
1. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects the central nervous system and is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through bites.
2. Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs, raccoons, and other carnivorous animals, causing symptoms such as seizures, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Parvo: A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms and dehydration.
4. Heartworm: A parasitic infection caused by a worm that infects the heart and blood vessels of animals, particularly dogs and cats.
5. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): A viral disease that weakens the immune system of cats, making them more susceptible to other infections and diseases.
6. Avian influenza: A type of flu that affects birds, including chickens and other domesticated fowl, as well as wild birds.
7. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that can affect a wide range of animals, including cattle, pigs, and dogs.
8. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection that can affect a wide range of animals, including dogs, cats, and wildlife, and can cause symptoms such as fever, kidney failure, and death.
9. Lyme disease: A bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, primarily affecting dogs and humans.
10. Fungal infections: Fungal infections can affect a wide range of animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock, and can cause symptoms such as skin lesions, respiratory problems, and death.
Animal diseases can have a significant impact on animal health and welfare, as well as human health and the economy. They can also be transmitted between animals and humans, making it important to monitor and control animal disease outbreaks to prevent their spread.
Vaccination is an effective way to prevent animal diseases in pets and livestock. Regular vaccinations can help protect against common diseases such as distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, and rabies, among others. Vaccines can be administered orally, through injection, or through a nasal spray.
Preventative care is key in avoiding animal disease outbreaks. Some of the best ways to prevent animal diseases include:
1. Regular vaccinations: Keeping pets and livestock up to date on their vaccinations can help protect against common diseases.
2. Proper sanitation and hygiene: Keeping living areas clean and free of waste can help prevent the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
3. Avoiding contact with wild animals: Wild animals can carry a wide range of diseases that can be transmitted to domesticated animals, so it's best to avoid contact with them whenever possible.
4. Proper nutrition: Providing pets and livestock with a balanced diet can help keep their immune systems strong and better able to fight off disease.
5. Monitoring for signs of illness: Regularly monitoring pets and livestock for signs of illness, such as fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, can help identify and treat diseases early on.
6. Quarantine and isolation: Isolating animals that are showing signs of illness can help prevent the spread of disease to other animals and humans.
7. Proper disposal of animal waste: Properly disposing of animal waste can help prevent the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
8. Avoiding overcrowding: Overcrowding can contribute to the spread of disease, so it's important to provide adequate living space for pets and livestock.
9. Regular veterinary care: Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help identify and treat diseases early on, and also provide guidance on how to prevent animal diseases.
10. Emergency preparedness: Having an emergency plan in place for natural disasters or other unexpected events can help protect pets and livestock from disease outbreaks.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Example sentences:
1. The patient developed a foreign-body reaction after receiving a defective hip implant, resulting in severe pain and swelling.
2. The transplanted liver was rejected by the recipient's immune system, causing a foreign-body reaction that led to its failure.
3. The use of a certain drug was associated with a high risk of foreign-body reactions, leading to its withdrawal from the market.
The exact cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In people with vitiligo, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, leading to a loss of skin pigmentation. The disease can also be triggered by physical or emotional stress, sun exposure, and certain medications.
The symptoms of vitiligo can vary in severity and progression. They may include:
1. White patches on the skin, which can appear suddenly or gradually over time.
2. Loss of skin pigmentation in specific areas, such as the face, hands, or limbs.
3. Thinning or loss of hair on affected areas.
4. Premature whitening or graying of the hair.
5. Itching, pain, or sensitivity in the affected areas.
6. Emotional distress and reduced quality of life due to the visible appearance of the disease.
There is no cure for vitiligo, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down its progression. These may include:
1. Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
2. Topical immunomodulators to suppress the immune system and promote skin repigmentation.
3. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy to slow down the progression of the disease and improve skin appearance.
4. Psoralen photochemotherapy to promote skin repigmentation and reduce inflammation.
5. Surgical skin grafting or blister grafting to cover small areas of depigmentation.
6. Camouflage makeup to cover the affected areas and improve self-esteem.
In addition to these treatments, it is essential for patients with vitiligo to protect their skin from the sun by using broad-spectrum sunscreens, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help improve the quality of life for patients with vitiligo. However, the emotional and psychological impact of the disease should not be underestimated, and patients may require long-term support and counseling to cope with the challenges of living with this condition.
There are several different types of weight gain, including:
1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:
1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.
Causes of weight gain:
1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.
Treatment options for obesity:
1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.
Clinical pharmaceutical chemistry
University of Florida pharmaceutical chemistry distance education program
Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Astex Pharmaceuticals
Ironwood Pharmaceuticals
Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
List of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes
Pharmaceutical bioinformatics
Sirtris Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical industry
Animal products in pharmaceuticals
Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
Janssen Pharmaceuticals
Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli
Phio Pharmaceuticals
Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
China Pharmaceutical University
Selective androgen receptor modulator
Sodium calcium edetate
Voacanga grandifolia
Caroverine
Salbutamol
Vismia
Hygrophorus agathosmus
Arsenic trioxide
Carvone
Aspirin
Salicylic acid
List of food additives
Phage display
Artemisia cina
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs
Armando Bukele Kattán
Saratov State Medical University
Robert Fludd
Metabolism
Leslie Z. Benet
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
Surface water
Fruit salt
Bacillus virus phi29
Herbert Boyer
Elagolix
Richard Yost
Guido Donegani
Polar organic chemical integrative sampler
Voltage-gated ion channel
Pemoline
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
Dabur Research Foundation
Racemization
CYP2B6
List of Old Bedford Modernians
Plate reader
Daniel Hanbury
Orlistat
Browsing by Subject "Chemistry, Pharmaceutical"
Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Biotechnological Drugs 2021/2022 - University of Bologna
Sr. Scientist, Analytical Chemistry job with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2718769
Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Ontario Tech University - StudyinCanada.com!
Pharmaceutical Chemistry PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships in Edinburgh
What is the future of Covid-19 pharmaceuticals? | Business | Chemistry World
Nobel Prize: How click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry are transforming the pharmaceutical and material industries -...
IMU Pharmaceutical Chemistry Degree Accredited by Royal Society of Chemistry - International Medical University Malaysia
Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry | Citations Report
University of the Punjab - Allama-Iqbal- Pharmacy - Ph.D. Pharmacy in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Subjects: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Past Conference Photo Gallery of 4th Pharmaceutical Chemistry Conference | Conference Series
Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences: Medicinal Chemistry (Master 2012-2013) - Studiegids - Universiteit Leiden
SRI RAMACHANDRA : Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Ambulatory care clinic timings
Characterization and purification of Algerian natural bentonite for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications | BMC Chemistry |...
Results of search for 'su:{Chemistry, Pharmaceutical.}'
›
WHO HQ Library catalog
Pharmaceutical Chemistry - SPSP
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Teruna Siahaan | Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Niger Delta University
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry · UCSF
Pharmaceutical jobs: Chemistry | Pharmajob.ca
OFLOXACIN - ofloxacin tablet, USP film coated Nivagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Chemistry BSc (Hons) Undergraduate Course | Nottingham Trent University
MUG Directory: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry | S Chand Publishing
For Students - Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
CDC - Abbreviations for Journal Titles - NIOSH Publications and Products
Quality Control and Planning Engineers | Career profile | UCAS
Toxicology3
- Part B shall provide analytical chemistry evaluations of bulk drug substances and dosage formulations intended for use elsewhere in animal efficacy models, pharmacology and toxicology studies, pharmaceutical dosage form manufacture, and clinical trials. (nih.gov)
- Experience: Full Professor (Senior lecturer) of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay (UdelaR). (cdc.gov)
- To help accomplish this, the program provides access to consultants with extensive biopharma experience and CRO resources for a variety of activities including medicinal chemistry, manufacturing and formulation, DMPK, GLP toxicology and Phase I clinical testing. (nih.gov)
Sciences9
- To be considered you must have a MS degree +6 years experience or a PhD in Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, or a closely related field, with 2+ years of experience in mass spectrometry-based analysis of proteins and/or other biological molecules (e.g., oligonucleotides, mRNA, lipid nanoparticles, viral vectors). (biospace.com)
- 8 January 2014 - The 3-year Bachelor of Science (Hons) Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the International Medical University was accredited by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) , the world's leading chemistry community and professional body, advancing excellence in the chemical sciences. (imu.edu.my)
- Medicinal Chemistry is a specialisation of the Master's programme Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences (BPS). (universiteitleiden.nl)
- Attending two lecture series of BPS is mandatory in the MSc programme of Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences (BPS). (universiteitleiden.nl)
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences [electronic resource]. (who.int)
- by European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. (who.int)
- Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. (who.int)
- We explore fundamental biological mechanisms and molecules of therapeutic relevance for better health, empowered by novel technologies at the interface of chemistry, physics, and computational sciences. (ucsf.edu)
- Engage with real-life examples of how chemistry works, and understand the influence of social, economic or environmental factors on the way chemical sciences operate. (ntu.ac.uk)
Medicinal5
- The MSc programme Medicinal Chemistry (drug design and molecular modelling) trains for junior drug researchers, and prepares students for a career in medicinal chemistry. (universiteitleiden.nl)
- Medicinal chemistry : the role of organic chemistry in drug research / edited by C. R. Ganellin and S. M. Roberts. (who.int)
- Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry / editor-in-chief, James A. Bristol. (who.int)
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry. (who.int)
- Through module options in Year Two and Three you can personalise your learning in the areas of materials, environment and medicinal chemistry. (ntu.ac.uk)
Pharmacology1
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry combines the study of drug discovery and development, pharmacology, analytical techniques, and drug chemistry. (studyincanada.com)
Hons1
- Commenting on this accreditation, Prof Yeoh Peng Nam, Acting Dean, School of Pharmacy said, "We are pleased to announce the accreditation of our 3-year Bachelor of Science (Hons) Pharmaceutical Chemistry degree by the RSC. (imu.edu.my)
Laboratory1
- The department also provides guidelines, good laboratory practices while performing Qualitative and quantitave analysis as per the curriculum, so that student can apply analytical skill in developing good commercial quality pharmaceutical product. (adcbp.in)
Graduates3
- There are many career options for graduates with a PhD in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. (findaphd.com)
- Royal Society of Chemistry We work closely with industry and we know what they want from graduates. (ntu.ac.uk)
- For example, industry want chemistry graduates that can problem solve and communicate their findings clearly. (ntu.ac.uk)
Faculty1
- You will apply knowledge gained from course material, hands-on lab experiences and faculty research to the pharmaceutical industry. (studyincanada.com)
Preparations1
- No guidelines or procedures, describing the detection or identification of a targeted plant or herb in pharmaceutical preparations or dietary supplements, can be found. (nih.gov)
Medical and pharmaceutical1
- important medical and pharmaceutical terms are given in appendices. (schandpublishing.com)
Royal Society o1
- Mr Toby Underwood, Accreditation Manager of the Royal Society of Chemistry said: "The Royal Society of Chemistry is proud to further expand its accreditation activities in Malaysia. (imu.edu.my)
Proteins1
- Application of innovative biotechnologies to the pharmaceutical industry: Vaccines, Proteins, Oligonucleotides. (unibo.it)
Substances2
Laboratories1
- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are two commonly used coupling reagents in protein synthesis resulting in exposure of individuals in chemical and pharmaceutical industries as well as research laboratories involved in protein synthesis and recombinant DNA techniques. (cdc.gov)
Theoretical1
- Learn the fundamental concepts of theoretical and practical chemistry as well as aspects such as inorganic complexation reactions, indicator theory and acid-base systems. (ntu.ac.uk)
Analytical4
- Sr. Scientist, Analytical Chemistry job with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (biospace.com)
- Regeneron Pharmaceutical's Analytical Chemistry Group is seeking a highly motivated Sr. Scientist to join our group. (biospace.com)
- In the chemistry department various equipment's are provided to develop analytical skills in the students. (adcbp.in)
- The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), NIH has requirements to establish formulations and clinical trial materials for AIDS therapeutics and establish analytical chemistry evaluation of AIDS therapeutics. (nih.gov)
University5
- You could take up a postdoctoral position at a university or pharmaceutical company, or you might decide to apply your scientific knowledge through roles in regulatory affairs. (findaphd.com)
- This 3.5-year funded PhD opportunity will be a collaborative project with Vapourtec Ltd in the Lee, Vilela and Mota research groups at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Flow Chemistry and Machine Learning. (findaphd.com)
- The University is the first university in Malaysia that provides an undergraduate training in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. (imu.edu.my)
- A Textbook as per syllabus of JawaharLal Nehru Technological University,Hyderabad.The book provides a complete and comprehensive material on various topics of pharmaceutical chemistry. (schandpublishing.com)
- 1 Institute of Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr. (nih.gov)
20222
- The 2022 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to scientists Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless for their development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry. (buffalo.edu)
- Carolyn Bertozzi is one of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in chemistry. (buffalo.edu)
Biology4
- Articles published in Journal of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry have been cited by esteemed scholars and scientists all around the world. (imedpub.com)
- Journal of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry has got h-index 2, which means every article in Journal of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry has got 2 average citations. (imedpub.com)
- Following are the list of articles that have cited the articles published in Journal of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry . (imedpub.com)
- His group studies information with new computational methods, at the intersection of biology, medicine and chemistry. (nih.gov)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Chemistry, Pharmaceutical. (who.int)
Organic1
- Learn about the bonding and structure in organic molecules and functional group chemistry, with an emphasis on reactivity and mechanism. (ntu.ac.uk)
Reactions2
- These bioorthogonal reactions, or reactions that happen "parallel" to the chemical environment of the cell, can occur in cells without perturbing their normal chemistry. (buffalo.edu)
- In an interview, Carolyn Bertozzi stated that the next steps for bioorthogonal chemistry are to find new reactions and applications for it. (buffalo.edu)
Research7
- PhD students in Pharmaceutical Chemistry research a range of chemical compounds and their impact on human health. (findaphd.com)
- With a PhD in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, you'll have the opportunity to build your own unique research portfolio. (findaphd.com)
- You'll take part in research rotations to gain expertise in certain areas of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. (findaphd.com)
- Some PhDs in Pharmaceutical Chemistry may ask you to express an interest in certain research areas. (findaphd.com)
- In the UK, PhDs in Pharmaceutical Chemistry can be funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC), which provides a tuition fee waiver and a living cost stipend. (findaphd.com)
- We asked chemistry PhD candidate Heyang (Peter) Zhang of the Lin Lab at UB to talk about how these techniques figure in his own research and how they have transformed his field and other industries. (buffalo.edu)
- Research in Chemistry and Geosciences and National Agency for Research and Innovation (ANII) in Uruguay. (cdc.gov)
Subject2
- The minimum entry requirement for a PhD in Pharmaceutical Chemistry is usually a 2:1 undergraduate degree in a relevant subject, although a Masters may occasionally be required. (findaphd.com)
- Chemistry is a practical subject and we know there's just no substitute for doing it yourself. (ntu.ac.uk)
Biological1
- These include biological chemistry of drugs, polymeric materials and environmental issues. (ntu.ac.uk)
Researchers2
- By combining an azide with a cyclooctyne, bioorthogonal chemistry allows researchers to join molecules quickly together without disturbing the rest of the cell. (buffalo.edu)
- Researchers won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for their work with GFP. (nih.gov)
Aids1
- Pharmaceutical Aids 5. (schandpublishing.com)
Molecules2
- Click chemistry joins molecules together by reacting an azide with a cyclooctyne. (buffalo.edu)
- Click chemistry, as the name suggests, is a way of building molecules like snapping Lego blocks together. (buffalo.edu)
Fate1
- The occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. (nih.gov)
Students2
- Membership with this society will improve the visibility and recognition of the IMU pharmaceutical chemistry degree and improve the students' chances to go for higher education and obtain employment overseas. (imu.edu.my)
- IMU welcomed its first cohort of pharmaceutical chemistry students in 2008. (imu.edu.my)
Individuals1
- Individuals interested in this specialization will apply directly to Pharmaceutical Chemistry through the Ontario Universities' Application Centre using application code DSW. (studyincanada.com)
Degree2
- The Pharmaceutical Chemistry degree is completed in three years (6 semesters), and is undertaken entirely at IMU. (imu.edu.my)
- Upon completion of the degree, you can enter the workforce and begin your career as a pharmaceutical chemist. (imu.edu.my)
Results1
- Our project work ranges from analyses and clean-up strategies of contaminated sites, to development of sustainable product designs, to interpreting and advising on test design and results in pharmaceuticals. (nih.gov)
Study1
- What's it like to study a PhD in Pharmaceutical Chemistry? (findaphd.com)
Program2
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a specialization in our Chemistry program . (studyincanada.com)
- Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) Program. (nih.gov)
Areas1
- You can choose to continue studying these areas of chemistry in your final year project to deepen your knowledge further. (ntu.ac.uk)
Work2
- How does click and bioorthogonal chemistry work? (buffalo.edu)
- How do you use this chemistry in your work? (buffalo.edu)
Industries1
- Today, it is widely used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. (nih.gov)
Years1
- Most PhD programmes in Pharmaceutical Chemistry last 3-4 years. (findaphd.com)