Chemistry organic. Medical search

Organic chemistry methodology that mimics the modular nature of various biosynthetic processes. It uses highly reliable and selective reactions designed to "click" i.e., rapidly join small modular units together in high yield, without offensive byproducts. In combination with COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, it is used for the synthesis of new compounds and combinatorial libraries.

The specialty of ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.

The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.

Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs.

Pollution prevention through the design of effective chemical products that have low or no toxicity and use of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of living things.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The reactions, changes in structure and composition, the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds, and the associated energy changes.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

The study of the energy of electrons ejected from matter by the photoelectric effect, i.e., as a direct result of absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. As the energies of the electrons are characteristic of a specific element, the measurement of the energy of these electrons is a technique used to determine the chemical composition of surfaces.

A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.

The study of the chemical and physical phenomena of radioactive substances.

The process of finding chemicals for potential therapeutic use.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.

Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.

A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The interdisciplinary science that studies evolutionary biology, including the origin and evolution of the major elements required for life, their processing in the interstellar medium and in protostellar systems. This field also includes the study of chemical evolution and the subsequent interactions between evolving biota and planetary evolution as well as the field of biology that deals with the study of extraterrestrial life.

Chemical reactions effected by light.

Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.

Time period from 1701 through 1800 of the common era.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

The group of celestial bodies, including the EARTH, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. It includes eight planets, one minor planet, and 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as MINOR PLANETS (asteroids) and METEOROIDS. (From Academic American Encyclopedia, 1983)

Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.

Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions.

Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.

A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.

Materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. These include NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; and NANOWIRES.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The study of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and the toxic effects of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS on the ECOSYSTEM. The term was coined by Truhaut in 1969.

Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The reactions and interactions of atoms and molecules, the changes in their structure and composition, and associated energy changes.

Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.

A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a very sharp conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the surface of a sample. The tiny tunneling current that flows between the sample and the needle tip is measured, and from this are produced three-dimensional topographs. Due to the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples, thin metal coatings are deposited on the sample.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. In biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver.

A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Relating to the size of solids.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.

Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge, but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.

An interdisciplinary field in materials science, ENGINEERING, and BIOLOGY, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of compounds with an 8-carbon ring. They may be saturated or unsaturated.

The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid.

Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.

Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

The branch of medicine concerned with the application of NANOTECHNOLOGY to the prevention and treatment of disease. It involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and NANOSTRUCTURES. (From Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, vol 1, 1999).

Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.

Synthetic organic reactions that use reactions between unsaturated molecules to form cyclical products.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.

The study of those aspects of energy and matter in terms of elementary principles and laws. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.

Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.

Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.

Techniques used to synthesize chemicals using molecular substrates that are bound to a solid surface. Typically a series of reactions are conducted on the bound substrate that results in either the covalent attachment of specific moieties or the modification of existing function groups. These techniques offer an advantage to those involving solution reactions in that the substrate compound does not have to be isolated and purified between the reaction steps.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Hospital facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.

An abrupt high-current electric discharge that occurs in the ATMOSPHERE and that has a path length ranging from hundreds of feet to tens of miles. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.

A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table.

Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate).

Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.

Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.

Liquid water present beneath the surface of the earth.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.

A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Methods utilizing the principles of MICROFLUIDICS for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids.

Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.

Programs of study which span the traditional boundaries of academic scholarship.

Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.

Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Large members of the FALCONIFORMES order of birds, family Accipitridae, most especially the genera Aquila, Haliaeetus, Harpia, and Circaetus. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe.

The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

The chemical processes, enzymatic activities, and pathways of living things and related temporal, dimensional, qualitative, and quantitative concepts.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms.

The sciences dealing with processes observable in nature.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Elements of the lanthanoid series including atomic number 57 (LANTHANUM) through atomic number 71 (LUTETIUM).

Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds.

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.

Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

Elements with partially filled d orbitals. They constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.

The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.

An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.

Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Protein synthesis by native chemical ligation: expanded scope by using straightforward methodology. (1/290)

The total chemical synthesis of proteins has great potential for increasing our understanding of the molecular basis of protein function. The introduction of native chemical ligation techniques to join unprotected peptides next to a cysteine residue has greatly facilitated the synthesis of proteins of moderate size. Here, we describe a straightforward methodology that has enabled us to rapidly analyze the compatibility of the native chemical ligation strategy for X-Cys ligation sites, where X is any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. The simplified methodology avoids the necessity of specific amino acid thioester linkers or alkylation of C-terminal thioacid peptides. Experiments using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization MS analysis of combinatorial ligations of LYRAX-C-terminal thioester peptides to the peptide CRANK show that all 20 amino acids are suitable for ligation, with Val, Ile, and Pro representing less favorable choices because of slow ligation rates. To illustrate the method's utility, two 124-aa proteins were manually synthesized by using a three-step, four-piece ligation to yield a fully active human secretory phospholipase A(2) and a catalytically inactive analog. The combination of flexibility in design with general access because of simplified methodology broadens the applicability and versatility of chemical protein synthesis. (+info)

The missing organic molecules on Mars. (2/290)

GC-MS on the Viking 1976 Mars missions did not detect organic molecules on the Martian surface, even those expected from meteorite bombardment. This result suggested that the Martian regolith might hold a potent oxidant that converts all organic molecules to carbon dioxide rapidly relative to the rate at which they arrive. This conclusion is influencing the design of Mars missions. We reexamine this conclusion in light of what is known about the oxidation of organic compounds generally and the nature of organics likely to come to Mars via meteorite. We conclude that nonvolatile salts of benzenecarboxylic acids, and perhaps oxalic and acetic acid, should be metastable intermediates of meteoritic organics under oxidizing conditions. Salts of these organic acids would have been largely invisible to GC-MS. Experiments show that one of these, benzenehexacarboxylic acid (mellitic acid), is generated by oxidation of organic matter known to come to Mars, is rather stable to further oxidation, and would not have been easily detected by the Viking experiments. Approximately 2 kg of meteorite-derived mellitic acid may have been generated per m(2) of Martian surface over 3 billion years. How much remains depends on decomposition rates under Martian conditions. As available data do not require that the surface of Mars be very strongly oxidizing, some organic molecules might be found near the surface of Mars, perhaps in amounts sufficient to be a resource. Missions should seek these and recognize that these complicate the search for organics from entirely hypothetical Martian life. (+info)

DNA HOMO as a new landmark for nucleic acid properties. ab initio calculations and experimental mapping. (3/290)

Of the non-covalent binding forces in DNA-drug or DNA-protein interaction, electrostatic interaction, stacking interaction, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic effect have been well established. However, only a few HOMO-LUMO interaction in DNA have been reported. We examined the ab initio calculations of B-DNA duplex 5-mers. Based on the calculated results, we investigated the mapping of HOMO experimentally and found that DNA cleavage patterns with Co(II) and BPO (Benzoyl peroxide) were in good agreement with the ab initio calculation results. (+info)

A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor identified by high-throughput transcriptional screening of a compound library. (4/290)

Libraries of compounds are increasingly becoming commercially available for the use of individual academic laboratories. A high-throughput system based on a stably integrated transcriptional reporter was used to screen a library of random compounds to identify agents that conferred robust augmentation of a signal transduction pathway. A novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, termed scriptaid, conferred the greatest effect, a 12- to 18-fold augmentation. This facilitation of transcriptional events was generally applicable to exogenous gene constructs, including viral and cellular promoters, different cell lines and reporter genes, and stably integrated and transiently introduced sequences. Scriptaid did not interfere with a further induction provided by stimulation of the cognate signal transduction pathway (transforming growth factor beta/Smad4), which implied the functional independence of ligand-stimulated transcriptional activation and histone acetylation states in this system. Additional insights into this and other signal transduction systems are likely to be afforded through the application of compound screening technologies. (+info)

Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. (5/290)

Traditionally, access to structurally defined complex carbohydrates has been very laborious. Although recent advancements in solid-phase synthesis have made the construction of complex oligosaccharides less tedious, a high level of technical expertise is still necessary to obtain the desired structures. We describe the automated chemical synthesis of several oligosaccharides on a solid-phase synthesizer. A branched dodecasaccharide was synthesized through the use of glycosyl phosphate building blocks and an octenediol functionalized resin. The target oligosaccharide was readily obtained after cleavage from the solid support. Access to certain complex oligosaccharides now has become feasible in a fashion much like the construction of oligopeptides and oligonucleotides. (+info)

Selective permeation and organic extraction of recombinant green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) from Escherichia coli. (6/290)

BACKGROUND: Transformed cells of Escherichia coli DH5-alpha with pGFPuv, induced by IPTG (isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside), express the green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) during growth phases. E. coli subjected to the combination of selective permeation by freezing/thawing/sonication cycles followed by the three-phase partitioning extraction (TPP) method were compared to the direct application of TPP to the same culture of E. coli on releasing gfpuv from the over-expressing cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultures (37 degrees C/100 rpm/ 24 h; mu = 0.99 h(-1)-1.10 h(-1)) of transformed (pGFP) Escherichia coli DH5-alpha, expressing the green fluorescent protein (gfpuv, absorbance at 394 nm and emission at 509 nm) were sonicated in successive intervals of sonication (25 vibrations/pulse) to determine the maximum amount of gfpuv released from the cells. For selective permeation, the transformed previously frozen (-75 degrees C) cells were subjected to three freeze/thaw (-20 degrees C/ 0.83 degrees C/min) cycles interlaid by sonication (3 pulses/6 seconds/25 vibrations). The intracellular permeate with gfpuv in extraction buffer (TE) solution (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol beta-ME, 0.1 mM PMSF) was subjected to the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method with t-butanol and 1.6 M ammonium sulfate. Sonication efficiency was verified on the application to the cells previously treated by the TPP method. The intra-cell releases were mixed and eluted through methyl HIC column with a buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). RESULTS: The sonication maximum released amount obtained from the cells was 327.67 microg gfpuv/mL (20.73 microg gfpuv/mg total proteins-BSA), after 9 min of treatment. Through the selective permeation by three repeated freezing/thawing/sonication cycles applied to the cells, a close content of 241.19 microg gfpuv/mL (29.74 microg gfpuv/mg BSA) was obtained. The specific mass range of gfpuv released from the same cultures, by the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method, in relation to total proteins, was higher, between 107.28 microg/mg and 135.10 microg/mg. CONCLUSIONS: The selective permeation of gfpuv by freezing/thawing/sonication followed by TPP separation method was equivalent to the amount of gfpuv extracted from the cells directly by TPP; although selective permeation extracts showed better elution through the HIC column. (+info)

Teaching target-oriented and diversity-oriented organic synthesis at Harvard University. (7/290)

Diversity-oriented synthesis presents many formidable challenges to the practitioners of synthetic organic chemistry. Those challenges include the effective teaching of this new and evolving discipline to ensure that students are well positioned to begin exploring its full potential. Fortunately, the teaching of synthetic organic chemistry has a rich history in the context of target-oriented synthesis, and this precedent can serve as a strong foundation for meeting the challenges of teaching diversity-oriented synthesis. (+info)

Natural supramolecular building blocks. Wild-type cowpea mosaic virus. (8/290)

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) can be isolated in gram quantities, possesses a structure that is known to atomic resolution, and is quite stable. It is therefore of potential use as a molecular entity in synthesis, particularly as a building block on the nanochemical scale. CPMV was found to possess a lysine residue with enhanced reactivity in each asymmetric unit, and thus 60 such lysines per virus particle. The identity of this residue was established by a combination of acylation, protein digestion, and mass spectrometry. Under forcing conditions, up to four lysine residues per asymmetric unit can be addressed. In combination with engineered cysteine reactivity described in the accompanying paper, this provides a powerful platform for the alteration of the chemical and physical properties of CPMV particles. (+info)

Metal carbonyls in coordination chemistry are usually studied using infrared spectroscopy.. Organic and main group chemistry[ ... "Organic Syntheses.. ; Collective Volume, 2, p. 583. *^ Brauer, Georg (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 1 ... Priestley's late objections to the new system of chemistry," Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts [a.k.a. ... "Organic Syntheses.. ; Collective Volume, 5, p. 20. *^ a b Coleman, G. H.; Craig, David (1943). "p-Tolualdehyde". ...

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Organic chemistry[edit]. In organic chemistry 4-methoxyphenol is used as a polymerisation inhibitor (e.g. acrylates or styrene ... Mequinol, MeHQ or 4-methoxyphenol, is a phenol used in dermatology[1] and organic chemistry.[2] ... Current Organic Chemistry. 17 (10): 1108-1113. doi:10.2174/1385272811317100011.. *^ US 4933504A, Correale, Mariano; Pietro ... Hudnall, Phillip M. "Hydroquinone". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequinol

... is a term used in organic chemistry. The prefixes "cis" and "trans" are from Latin. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates ... Organic chemistry[edit]. When the substituent groups are oriented in the same direction, the diastereomer is referred to as cis ... Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). p. 111. ISBN 0-471-85472-7.. ... "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism

Organic chemistry research[edit]. Oleum is a harsh reagent, and is highly corrosive. One important use of oleum as a reagent is ... Urbanski, Tadeusz, Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965, Vol 2, pp 329. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleum

Organic chemistry[edit]. Deuterium oxide is often used as the source of deuterium for preparing specifically labelled ... Deuterium Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 84: 736-744. Bibcode:1960NYASA ... "The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 98 (3): 728-733. doi:10.1021/j100054a002. Retrieved 29 December 2014.. ... Kotz, John; Teichel, Paul; Townsend, John (2008). Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Volume 1 (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium_oxide

Organic chemistry[edit]. When the substituent groups are oriented in the same direction, the diastereomer is referred to as cis ... Cis-trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism, is a term used in organic chemistry. The ... Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). p. 111. ISBN 0-471-85472-7. .. ... "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis–trans_isomerism

Organic chemistry[edit]. Neutral methylene complexes undergo different chemical reactions depending on the pi character of the ... The correct prediction of this angle was an early success of ab initio quantum chemistry.[8]) However conversion to a linear ... Methylene (systematically named methylidene, and dihydridocarbon), also called carbene is an organic compound with the chemical ... Milan Lazár (1989), Free radicals in chemistry and biology. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5387-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_

Reagent in organic and organometallic chemistry[edit]. Triethylaluminium has niche uses as a precursor to other organoaluminium ... "Organic Syntheses.. ; Collective Volume, 6, p. 436. *^ TEA Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2006-11-14 at the Wayback ... Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. .. ... Krause, Michael J.; Orlandi, Frank; Saurage, Alfred T.; Zietz, Joseph R. (2000). "Aluminum Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylaluminium

Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2000). Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press. p. 1291. ... It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis. In many preparations of delicate organic compounds, some specific ... in practical terms in organic synthesis their use adds two synthetic steps (protection-deprotection sequence) to a chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_group

... are called organic compounds.[35] The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry[36] and their study in the ... "Organic Chemistry". Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group. 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.. ... "organic" in chemistry.[35] Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways ... "Chemistry: A Volatile History. 25:40 minutes in. BBC. BBC Four.. *^ "Hydrogen Basics - Production". Florida Solar Energy Center ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E949

Clayden; Greeves; Warren (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.. ... Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates ... Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group-an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They ... Wilhelm Heitmann, Günther Strehlke, Dieter Mayer "Ethers, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethers

Maitland, Jr Jones (1998). Organic Chemistry. W W Norton & Co Inc (Np). p. 139. ISBN 978-0-393-97378-5. .. .mw-parser-output ... Paltauf F (December 1994). "Ether lipids in biomembranes". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 74 (2): 101-39. doi:10.1016/0009- ... Brunmark A, Cadenas E (1989). "Redox and addition chemistry of quinoid compounds and its biological implications". Free Radical ... Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 106 (1): 1-29. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6. PMID 10878232.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

Jones, Jr., Maitland (2005). Organic Chemistry. New York: W.W Norton & Company. p. 715.. ... Since the compound is a suitable solvent for many organic molecules, it is often used to bind cosmetics and fragrances.[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_phthalate

Leffek, Kenneth T. (1996). Sir Christopher Ingold: A Major Prophet of Organic Chemistry. Nova Lion Press. ISBN 0-9680674-0-9.. ... Ingold, C. K. (1953). Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014- ... In 1924, Ingold moved to the University of Leeds where he spent six years as Professor of Organic Chemistry. He returned to ... Ingold is regarded as one of the chief pioneers of physical organic chemistry.[3][4][5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ingold

The alpha carbon (Cα) in organic molecules refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a ... The α-carbon is important for enol- and enolate-based carbonyl chemistry as well. Chemical transformations affected by the ... Organic molecules with more than one functional group can be a source of confusion. Generally the functional group responsible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon

Organic Chemistry. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008. Print.. External links[edit]. Look up monosaccharide in ... "Chemistry for Biologists. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 10 March 2017.. *^ Pigman, William Ward; Anet, E. F. L. J. ( ... "Chemistry for Biologists. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 10 March 2017.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style: ... The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 165-194.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosaccharide

Organic derivatives[edit]. Main article: Organoscandium chemistry. Scandium forms a series of organometallic compounds with ... Scandium triflate is sometimes used as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic chemistry. ... Scandium triflate is a catalytic Lewis acid used in organic chemistry.[50] ... a b Hammond, C. R. in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 85th ed., Section 4; The Elements. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-scandium_alloy

... in Organic Chemistry.[32][33] At the time, there were no institutions or facilities at which a PhD in chemistry could be done ... where he studied organic chemistry at the University of Sydney's School of Chemistry and from which he graduated with a ... "How the Cornforths started out in chemistry". University of Sydney, School of Chemistry. Retrieved 1 July 2017.. ... "Nobel Laureates - Chemistry". The University of Sydney.. *^ a b c "Notable Old Girls - History of St George Girls High School ...

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"Organic Syntheses.. ; Collective Volume, 5, p. 412. *^ Clayden; Greeves; Warren (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford University ... Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates ... Ethers (/ˈiːθər/) are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group-an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl ... Wilhelm Heitmann, Günther Strehlke, Dieter Mayer "Ethers, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyether

Jonathan Clayden (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 454]. ISBN 0198503474. OCLC 43338068. Coates, ... Streitwieser, Andrew; Heathcock, Clayton H.; Kosower, Edward M. (2017). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. New Delhi: Medtech ( ... Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2007 (3): 21. doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-21. PMC 1949821. PMID 17617903. Booker-Milburn, ... "Use of the Temporary Connection in Organic Synthesis". In Diederich, François; Stang, Peter J. (eds.). Templated Organic ...

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Organic chemistry. MTM. Schirmann, Jean-Pierre; Bourdauducq, Paul. "Hydrazine". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ... This white powder is soluble in alcohols and common organic solvents but is insoluble in water. It is often used as a foamer in ... As an azo initiator, radicals resulting from AIBN have multiple benefits over common organic peroxides. For example, they do ... Azobisisobutyronitrile (abbreviated AIBN) is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azobisisobutyronitrile

"University of Michigan Chemistry Newsletter" (PDF). University of Michigan Chemistry Newsletter. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ... Faizi, Darius (2016). "Oxyboration: Synthesis of Borylated Benzofurans". Organic Syntheses. 93: 228-244. doi:10.15227/orgsyn. ... Blum studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan. As evidenced by the 2000 Departmental newsletter, she ... Suzanne A. Blum (born 1978) is an American professor of organometallic chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Blum

doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.07.008 Jonathan Clayden; Nick Greeves; Stuart Warren (2012-03-15). Organic Chemistry. OUP Oxford ... In this regard, organomercury chemistry more closely resembles organopalladium chemistry and contrasts with organocadmium ... Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 2, p. 432 Logan, T. J. (1973). "Phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury". Organic Syntheses.; ... Cross coupling of organomercurials with organic halides is catalyzed by palladium, which provides a method for C-C bond ...

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The tert-butoxide species is itself useful as a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It is not as strong as ... Organic Chemistry. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495388579. Margaret-Ann Armour (2016-04-19). Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals ... doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)80154-0. Drury Caine "Potassium t-Butoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis John ... e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rp198.pub2. ISBN 0471936235. William S. Johnson ...

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"Organic Chemistry" 4th ed. 2005. Carey FA, Sundberg R (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A:Structure and Mechanisms. ... Organic Chemistry. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 246-248. Carey FA, Sundberg RJ (1990). Advanced Organic Chemistry.-Part ... Organic Chemistry Third Edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Barlett Publishers. p. 356. Sorrell TN (2005). Organic Chemistry Third ... is a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic ...

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Vollhardt; Shore (2009). Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co. Harmata, M.; Rashatasakhon, P. (2003), " ... The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 75 (12): 4095-4104, doi:10.1021/jo100443h Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William ... Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49 (24): 4674-4682, doi:10.1021/jo00198a018 Kanwar, S.; Trehan, S. (2005), "Acetate aldol ... The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62 (22): 7597-7604, doi:10.1021/jo970677d Hansen, Thomas; Lebedel, Ludivine; Remmerswaal, ...

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holds a B.S. degree from Bates College Anslyn, Eric V.; Dougherty, Dennis A. (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. ... Fox and Whiteshell, Marye Anne and James K. (2004). Organic Chemistry. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ... In chemistry, the college has played an important role in shaping ideas about inorganic chemistry and is considered the ... Wamser, Carl C. (May 5, 2003). "Biography of George S. Hammond". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 107 (18): 3149-3150. ...

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Nitromethane Organic chemistry Nucleophilic substitution Haynes, p. 3.382 Haynes, p. 5.20 Van Der Veken, B. J.; Maas, R.; ... Pavia, Donald L.; Lampman, Gary M.; Kriz, George S. (2004). Organic Chemistry. 2. Mason, Ohio: Thompson Custom Publishing. ISBN ... Methyl nitrite is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3ONO. It is a gas, and is the simplest alkyl nitrite. At ... 2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119. WebBook page for CH3NO2 Determination ...

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Whitmore, Frank C. (1951). Organic Chemistry. Dover Publications Inc. p. 256. "Synthetic Soap and Edible Fats". Chemical Age. ... Ihde, Aaron J. (1964). The Development of Modern Chemistry. Harper & Row. p. 683. Lazarus, George (1 June 1981). "Filbert can't ... "The Hydrogenation of Alkenes:Margarine Manufacture". Chemguide: Helping you to understand Chemistry. Retrieved 9 November 2009 ... Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_145. Baker Christopher G.J; ...

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B. S. Furnell in drugi (1989). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5. izdaja. New York: Longman/Wiley. ... J. March (1992). Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4. izdaja. Wiley, New York. Str. 723. ... H. J. Reich, J. H. Rigby, urednika (1999). Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Acidic and Basic Reagents. Wiley, New ... 2001). Inorganic Chemistry. (1 izd.). San Diego [etc.] : Academic Press ; Berlin ; New York : De Gruyter, cop. COBISS 24318981 ...

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Handbook of organic chemistry: Organic chemistry in general … ), 4th ed., (Heidelberg, (Germany): Karl Winter, 1848), volume 1 ... Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: ... Smith, Michael B. (2013). March's Advanced Organic Chemistry (7th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 314-315. ISBN 978-0-470-46259 ... Furniss, Brian; Hannaford, Antony; Smith, Peter; Tatchell, Austin (1996). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ...

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Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 279-376. ISBN 1-4058-5345-X. ... "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobelprize.org. 5 October 2005. *↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. ( ... Moss, G. P.; Smith, P. A. S.; Tavernier, D. (1995). "Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates ... Based on Structure (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67 (8-9): 1307-1375. doi:10.1351/pac199567081307. ...

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Benesch, R.; Benesch, R.E. (1967). "The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocyte on the allosteric properties of ... Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. doi:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1. ...

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"Binding of D-phenylalanine and D-tyrosine to carboxypeptidase A." Journal of Biological Chemistry 1989 Aug 5;264(22):12849-53. ... "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenüülalaniin

Although natural farming is considered a subset of organic farming, it differs greatly from conventional organic farming,[8] ... As a result, the chemistry of the soil changes. Biological decomposition accelerates and the microbiota mass increases at the ... allowing organic matter to be formed more easily and hence increasing the total organic carbon and nitrogen when compared to ... They obtain high quality[citation needed] natural or organic produce having medicinal values. Today still a small number of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_farming

1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8.. , p. D-166. ... Rowland RS, Taylor R (1996). "Intermolecular nonbonded contact distances in organic crystal structures: comparison with ... Huheey, James E.; Keiter, Ellen A.; Keiter, Richard L. (1997). Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity (4th ... "Intermolecular Nonbonded Contact Distances in Organic Crystal Structures: Comparison with Distances Expected from van der ...

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Organic Chemistry Frontiers. 1 (1): 15-33. doi:10.1039/c3qo00024a.. *^ Takimoto, C. H.; Calvo, E. (2008). "Chapter 3: ... Topics in Current Chemistry. 279. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 25-52. doi:10.1007/128_2007_130. ISBN 9783540728795.. ... Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016). "Africa's gift to the world". Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That ... Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (1): 134-142. doi:10.1021/jm801064y. PMID 19072542.. ...

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Charette, André B.; Barbay, J. Kent and He, Wei (2005) "Lithium Iodide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John ... Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6. ... in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_393. ...

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Instead, the isotope must be prepared first, then afterward, the chemistry to prepare any organic radiotracer (such as FDG) ... Dilworth, Jonathan R.; Pascu, Sofia I. (2018). "The chemistry of PET imaging with zirconium-89". Chemical Society Reviews. 47 ( ... While some imaging scans such as CT and MRI isolate organic anatomic changes in the body, PET and SPECT are capable of ... Organic radiotracer molecules that will contain a positron-emitting radioisotope cannot be synthesized first and then the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Tetradecanoic acid in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference ... Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1940). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (3rd ed.). New York: D. Van ... Royal Society of Chemistry. ശേഖരിച്ചത്: 17 June 2014.. *↑ G., Chuah T.; D., Rozanna; A., Salmiah; Y., Thomas Choong S.; M., ... 2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.. ...

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Holleman A. F.; Wiberg E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st изд.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.. ... Ghose, A.K.; Viswanadhan V.N. & Wendoloski, J.J. (1998). „Prediction of Hydrophobic (Lipophilic) Properties of Small Organic ... Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3. изд.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.. ... Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry. 4: 217-241. doi:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.. ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijum_arsenid

This short article about chemistry can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it. ... Organic compounds. Hidden categories: *Drugs not assigned an ATC code. *ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata ...

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for his novel and convincing work on prebiotic chemistry, in particular his solution to the central problem of nucleoside ... For his important contribution to the theory of organic evolution by his researches on variation and heredity. ...

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Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th изд.). New York: ... Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (I изд.). Oxford University Press. ... Katritzky A.R.; Pozharskii A.F. (2000). Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry (Second изд.). Academic Press. ISBN 0080429882.. ... Ghose, A.K.; Viswanadhan V.N. & Wendoloski, J.J. (1998). „Prediction of Hydrophobic (Lipophilic) Properties of Small Organic ...

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... chemistry, physics, and engineering. The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely ... "the reorganization of the organic." Stiegler, Bernard (2008). L'avenir du passé: Modernité de l'archéologie. La Découverte. p. ...

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The 3-X Mode: Convenient Route to 3-Oxazolines". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 61 (11): 3749-3752. doi:10.1021/jo9518866. ... European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2000 (12): 2257-2263. doi:10.1002/1099-0690(200006)2000:12,2257::AID-EJOC2257,3.0.CO;2-2 ... Greene, T. W. (1991). Protective groups in organic synthesis, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. pp. 265-266 & 433-436.. ... Wiley, Richard H.; Bennett, Leonard L. (1949). "The Chemistry of the Oxazolines". Chemical Reviews. 44 (3): 447-476. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazoline

... www.organic-chemistry.org/books/reviews/0198503466.shtm. *Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: ... Clayden Jonathan, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren, Peter Wothers (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University ... Katritzky A.R., Pozharskii A.F. (2000). Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0080429882. ... Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. doi:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1. ...

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The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 73 (7): 2607-20. doi:10.1021/jo702513w. PMID 18324831.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font- ... Phenol, an aa kent as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compoond wi the molecular formula C6H5OH. ...

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Organic Syntheses. 11: 30.. ; Collective Volume, 2, p. 150. *^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of ... "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The ... London: The Royal Institute of Chemistry.. *^ Ledgard, Jared (2006). A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. Lulu.com ... Brotherton, T. K.; Lynn, J. W. (1959). "The Synthesis And Chemistry Of Cyanogen". Chemical Reviews. 59 (5): 841-883. doi: ...

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"European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Submitted manuscript). 32 (9): 685-9. doi:10.1515/cclm. ... "Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder". Biological ...

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"Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications with Student Access Kit for Mastering General Chemistry (1st ed.). Prentice ... For example, lithium iodide (Li I) will dissolve in organic solvents, a property of most covalent compounds.[72] Lithium ... Royal Society of Chemistry. "Visual Elements: Group 1 - The Alkali Metals". Visual Elements. Royal Society of Chemistry. ... "Inorganic Chemistry" by Cotton and Wilkinson *^ a b c d e Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, ...

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Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 400 (8): 2555-63. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-4614-7. PMID 21229237.. ... "Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in ... Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (25): 10067-80. doi:10.1021/jf0712503. PMID 17997520.. ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (26): 27008-16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M403588200. PMID 15090535.. ...

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"Chemistry LibreTexts. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2020.. *^ Nave, Carl L. "Magnetic Properties of Solids". Hyper ... Diamagnetic materials are those that some people generally think of as non-magnetic, and include water, wood, most organic ... A simple rule of thumb is used in chemistry to determine whether a particle (atom, ion, or molecule) is paramagnetic or ...

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Activated Charcoal Review Sheet, USDA Organic Materials Review, February 2002. *^ Activated Carbon Petition, USDA Organic ... Analytical chemistry applications[edit]. Activated carbon, in 50% w/w combination with celite, is used as stationary phase in ... partial cracking and polymerization of the adsorbed organics. The final step aims to remove charred organic residue formed in ... Volatile organic compounds recovery (solvent recovery systems, SRU) from flexible packaging, converting, coating, and other ...

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Soil chemistry studies the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter ... Pages in category "Soil chemistry". The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total. This list may not reflect ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Soil_chemistry&oldid=547819471" ...

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Gulisija D, Crow JF (May 2007). "Inferring purging from pedigree data". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. ... Ramel, C (1998). "Biodiversity and intraspecific genetic variation". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 70 (11): 2079-2084. CiteSeerX ... International Journal of Organic Evolution. 59 (2): 317-23. doi:10.1554/04-128. PMID 15807418. S2CID 198156378.. ... International Journal of Organic Evolution. Oregon: Society for the Study of Evolution. 45 (3): 622-629. doi:10.1111/j.1558- ...

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... s are chemical compounds with the formula R3SiOM, where R is usually an organic group and M is usually a metal cation. ... Clemens Krempner "Role of Siloxides in Transition Metal Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis" Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 1689- ...

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have synthesized ZrB2 powders using the inorganic-organic precursors ZrOCl2•8H2O, boric acid and phenolic resin at 1500 °C.[45] ... 1993). "A polymer precursor route to metal borides". Chemistry of Materials. 5 (11): 1659-1668. doi:10.1021/cm00035a013.. ... 2006). "New Route to Synthesize Ultra‐Fine Zirconium Diboride Powders Using Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Precursors". Journal of ... Materials Chemistry and Physics. 122 (2-3): 470-473. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.03.028.. ...

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HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text. *Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal - Recent Abstracts ... Organic chemistry is the chemistry subdiscipline for the scientific study of structure, properties, and reactions of organic ... The study of organic chemistry overlaps organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer ... At Wikiversity, you can learn more and teach others about Organic chemistry at the Department of Organic chemistry. ...

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Organic Mesoscopic Chemistry focuses on organic molecular systems and outlines the most dynamic areas of research. The book ... As a result mesoscopic chemistry has become one of the most exciting areas of scientific research. ... demonstrates clearly that in the 21st Century mesoscopic chemistry will not only be central to the chemical sciences but will ... The combination of new laser and microscopical techniques has stimulated major advances in space-resolved chemistry in the ...

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Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a ... Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, one of the most important types of chemical reactions used in organic chemistry. ... Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important type of chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Schrock and ... Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a ...

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Given the dearth of new antibacterial drugs and the facile evolution of microbial resistance, some fear that we have entered the "post-antibiotic era." Our research focuses on both the development and application of new technologies to explore the mechanisms of bacterial growth and pathogenesis and the identification of potential therapeutic agents. We are particularly interested in generating tools for the study of two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs), which are commonly used by bacteria to couple environmental stimuli to adaptive responses through gene regulation. They contribute to many critical bacterial functions, including virulence, resistance mechanisms, and survival, making the TCS proteins potential drug targets. The high degree of homology in the ATP-binding site of histidine kinases, a critical player in TCSs, suggests that appropriately designed compounds could serve as probes for the global profiling of TCS activities. Progress towards this goal will be ...

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Organic chemistry is the chemistry subdiscipline for the scientific study of structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials (materials that contain carbon atoms ). (wikipedia.org)
Organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute the majority of known chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
The bonding patterns of carbon, with its valence of four-formal single, double, and triple bonds, plus structures with delocalized electrons-make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. (wikipedia.org)
[4] During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies of organic compounds were reported. (wikipedia.org)
We welcome studies that report important new work in the molecular design of supramolecular or macromolecular compounds or organic materials either with a strong component in organic synthesis or with novel organic structural features. (rsc.org)
Here, the authors show a folding cascade strategy to convert linear substrates into polycyclic compounds with multiple stereocentres by combining the reductive chemistry of SmI 2 with 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. (nature.com)
3. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry 1 1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry in whichcovalent carbon compounds and their reactions are studied.A wide variety of classes of compounds such as vitamins,drugs, natural and synthetic fibres, as well as carbohydrates,peptides, and fats consist of organic molecules. (slideshare.net)
All carbon compoundsexcept for a few inorganic carbon compounds are organic.Inorganic carbon compounds include the oxides of carbon, thebicarbonates and carbonates of metal ions, the metal cyanides,and a few others. (slideshare.net)
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containingcarbon the ability of carbon to form as many as 4 strong bondsto many other atoms, e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,halogens, sulphur, phosphorus ensures a virtual infinite numberof possible compounds the constituent atoms and their exactcombination determines the chemical and physical propertiesof compounds and hence, their suitability for applications. (slideshare.net)
Organic materials and compounds all contain carbon atoms. (le.ac.uk)
The study of all compounds that contain carbon is called organic chemistry. (factmonster.com)
The carbon industry is one of the largest and most important industries because so many products contain organic (carbon) compounds. (factmonster.com)
New medicines are made to treat specific illnesses by combining organic (carbon) compounds in new ways. (factmonster.com)
Paint pigments and the dyes that colour our clothes are mostly organic compounds. (factmonster.com)
All plastics are organic compounds, made from recycled plastic or from the products of coal, oil, and natural gas. (factmonster.com)
A discipline of chemistry which involved the study of the structure, reactions, compounds, et. (urbandictionary.com)
Learn Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature 1 will help you master the naming of organic compounds. (apple.com)
It features clear, concise, interactive lessons on how to name compounds with functional groups commonly encountered in a first semester organic chemistry course. (apple.com)
Organic chemistry revolves around study of carbon compounds that are the basic building blocks of living organisms. (excite.com)
Organic chemists create new compounds, and processes used in a varied set of applications, including the creation of new drugs or the development of synthetic seeds. (excite.com)
Reactivity of organic compounds and applications to synthesis. (uvm.edu)
The continuation of Chemistry 2319 with emphasis on structure-activity relationships, mechanisms, and synthesis of complex organic compounds. (trinity.edu)
Organic chemistry is a fundamental science dealing with the syntheses and reactions of organic compounds, the investigation of their properties and the relationship with their molecular structures, their interactions and functions. (kth.se)
The role of organic compounds and reactions in industrial processes is well recognized within a variety of established fields including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food chemicals and other types of fine chemicals as well as in bulk chemistry. (kth.se)
chemists use GC, TLC, and HPLC to identify organic compounds. (vernier.com)
Why is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon-containing compounds? (wikiquote.org)
During the second half of the nineteenth century, correct structural formulas were deduced for a wide variety of organic compounds. (wikiquote.org)
The present data collection is intended to serve as an aid in the interpretation of molecular spectra for the elucidation and confirmation of the structure of organic compounds. (wikiquote.org)
Students will gain expertise in the synthesis of a number of different organic compounds such as dyes, compounds that change colour with temperature and an antibiotic during the laboratory practicals which accompany this course. (abdn.ac.uk)
This course will cover analytical methods related to environmental chemistry, and the organic reactions and structures in synthetic compounds, as well as the use of spectroscopic methods to determine the structure of organic molecules. (abdn.ac.uk)
Be able to determine the structures of natural and synthetic organic compounds using modern spectroscopic techniques. (abdn.ac.uk)
[1] X Trustworthy Source American Chemical Society Scientific society for those involved with chemistry and publisher of several leading peer-reviewed scientific journals Go to source Most of the compounds studied in organic chemistry contain at least one carbon-hydrogen bond. (wikihow.com)
Introduces students to the basic principles of organic chemistry through study of the structure-function relationships of organic compounds, the chemistry of functional groups, and reactions of organic compounds. (edu.au)
The principles of laboratory techniques and methods used to manipulate and analyse organic compounds will be studied. (edu.au)
First they will be taught how to write correctly Lewis and Kekulé formulas and be introduced to important concepts regarding the chemical bonds, resonance, organic acids and bases, diversity and shape of molecules (with particular emphasis on stereochemistry), nomenclature of the main classes of compounds (including aromatic and heterocyclic substances). (unige.it)
The three-dimensional structure of organic compounds and a simple rationale (VSEPR). (unige.it)
All urban and rural water systems are required by federal law to monitor drinking water for regulated organic compounds to ensure the safety of all water users. (nmhealth.org)
We analyze for hundreds of organic compounds by the required EPA methodologies. (nmhealth.org)
Organic chemists study the compounds that contain the element carbon as a key ingredient. (stetson.edu)
Organic compounds are central to a wide range of industries (pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, coatings and more) and of fundamental importance for biochemistry, biotechnology and life sciences. (ncl.ac.uk)
1. Electrochemical Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds. (elsevier.com)
KEY TOPICS The book balances coverage of traditional topics with bioorganic chemistry, highlights mechanistic similarities, and ties synthesis and reactivity together-teaching the reactivity of a functional group and the synthesis of compounds obtained as a result of that reactivity.For the study of organic chemistry. (bartleby.com)
Particular consideration is given to breakthroughs in synthetic methodologies and new insights into organic reactions, compounds and mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. (wikipedia.org)
Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon-metal bonds. (wikipedia.org)
The latter half of the 19th century however witnessed systematic studies of organic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
page needed] A-values provide a quantitative basis for predicting the conformation of a substituted cyclohexane, an important class of cyclic organic compounds whose reactivity is strongly guided by conformational effects. (wikipedia.org)

The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products , drugs , and polymers , and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical ( in silico ) study. (wikipedia.org)
In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine , from inorganic starting materials (the salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate ), in what is now called the Wöhler synthesis . (wikipedia.org)
Organic synthesis, supramolecular chemistry, chemical biology and more. (rsc.org)
We welcome research that shows new or significantly improved protocols or methodologies in total synthesis, synthetic methodology or physical and theoretical organic chemistry as well as research that shows a significant advance in the organic chemistry or molecular design aspects of chemical biology, catalysis, supramolecular and macromolecular chemistry, theoretical chemistry, mechanism-oriented physical organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry or natural products. (rsc.org)
We welcome important research in all areas of organic synthesis, including studies on small organic molecules and biomolecules, and studies that report purely synthetic work without biological data. (rsc.org)
We welcome articles that report new and interesting syntheses of natural products (see Organic Synthesis guidelines above) or chemical studies of biosynthetic pathways. (rsc.org)
Giovanni Bottari handles synthetic organic chemistry, more specifically catalytic and non-catalytic methodologies and total synthesis contents. (nature.com)
Alcohols are very useful building blocks in organic synthesis, however C-H functionaliztion in presence of free -OH groups is highly challenging. (nature.com)
The research activities at the division of organic chemistry include selective synthesis, asymmetric catalysis, artificial photosynthesis. (kth.se)
Within the field of organic chemistry, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research is focused on the development of new synthesis routes for the production of biobased chemicals. (wur.nl)
Organic synthesis lectures will concentrate on chemistry of the carbonyl group, aromatic synthesis and pericyclic reactions. (abdn.ac.uk)
Organic chemistry will cover a range of reactive intermediates and syntheses required for modern organic synthesis. (abdn.ac.uk)
Describe reactions involving reactive intermediates in organic synthesis. (abdn.ac.uk)
The second semester of the organic chemistry course first examines in considerable detail the chemistry of the carbonyl group and some classic methods of organic synthesis. (amherst.edu)
The areas of research in the Department of Organic Chemistry include synthetic and mechanistic organic and organometallic chemistry, novel reactions for organic synthesis, bond activation by metal complexes, polymeric reagents and catalysis. (weizmann.ac.il)
Organic synthesis through free radical reactions. (weizmann.ac.il)
Synthesis, using classical and combinatorial chemistry methods and evaluation. (weizmann.ac.il)
Biocatalytic organic synthesis has proved to be a significant breakthrough in the area of polymer synthesis. (novozymes.com)
Electrochemical reactions make significant contributions to organic synthesis either in the laboratory or on an industrial scale. (elsevier.com)
Work in the Biomedical, Molecular and Analytical Chemistry research group revolves around the development of new synthetic methods and their application to the synthesis of natural and unnatural products. (reading.ac.uk)
AsianJOC is a sister journal of Chemistry-An Asian Journal and the European Journal of Organic Chemistry (EurJOC), and is the official journal of the Korean Society of Organic Synthesis (KSOS). (wiley-vch.de)
The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. (apress.com)

Organicchemists determine the structures of organic molecules, studytheir various reactions, and develop procedures for the synthesisof organic substances. (slideshare.net)
Organic molecules containboth carbon and hydrogen. (slideshare.net)
Organic chemistry defines life.Just as there are millions of different types of living organismson this planet, there are millions of different organic molecules,each with different chemical and physical properties. (slideshare.net)
In the early days of chemistry, organic molecules were thought to require a living source. (techdirt.com)
The student will then transition into stereoechemistry (the spatial arrangement of atoms) and spectroscopy (methods of identifying molecules) and will conclude the course by examining the four basic organic chemistry mechanisms. (merlot.org)
The book's four part treatment starts with the classification of organic molecules and physical properties of natural organic matter, halocarbons, phenols, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and surfactants. (oreilly.com)
An overview of remediation technologies and a discussion of the interactions that lead to physical properties that affect chemical distribution in the environment is also detailed, as are the important reaction classes of organic molecules, including substituent effects and structure and activity relationships found in Part Two and Three. (oreilly.com)
Identifying and explaining the relationships between isomers and conformers of organic molecules. (le.ac.uk)
It focuses on the reactions of organic molecules - showing why they are reactive, what the mechanisms of the reactions are and how surroundings may alter the reactivity. (worldcat.org)
We study organic chemistry because just about all of the molecules that make life -possible proteins , enzymes , vitamins , lipids , carbohydrates , and nucleic acids -contain carbon. (wikiquote.org)
Mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to structure determination of organic molecules will be covered. (abdn.ac.uk)
Elucidate the structure of organic molecules using NMR and MS data. (abdn.ac.uk)
The linkage process takes place on a lattice whose unit step length and overall geometry is designed to match typical architectures of organic molecules. (novozymes.com)
One bit of organic chemistry which has been in the news lately is "Nanotechnology" which is really just using organic molecules to build tiny mechanical devices. (stetson.edu)
In this updated and expanded 1986 edition the authors summarise those classes of reaction that best illustrate the types of photochemical behaviour commonly observed for simple organic molecules. (cambridge.org)
Students construct the names of organic molecules by dragging and dropping. (moodle.org)
Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Physical organic chemistry is the study of the relationship between structure and reactivity of organic molecules. (wikipedia.org)
More specifically, physical organic chemistry applies the experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of the structure of organic molecules and provides a theoretical framework that interprets how structure influences both mechanisms and rates of organic reactions. (wikipedia.org)

Emphasizing mechanisms and their common aspects as often as possible, this book shows students what organic chemistry is, how it works, and what it does in living systems and the physical world around us"-- Read more. (worldcat.org)
An Introduction to Organic Reactions and Their Mechanisms: Acids and Bases 4. (worldcat.org)
Ace Organic Chemistry Mechanisms with E.A.S.E. (apple.com)
Over recent years, modern investigations have clarified the mechanisms of important organic electrochemical reactions. (elsevier.com)
This book presents a logical development of reactions and mechanisms in organic electrochemistry at a level suited to research scientists and final year graduate students. (elsevier.com)
4. Which nuclide is a radioisotope used in the study of organic reaction mechanisms? (testprepreview.com)

Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide is focused on synthetic organic chemists involved in academic or industrial research. (academicinfo.net)
Medicinal Chemistry for Organic Chemists provides an entry-level introduction to the field of medicinal chemistry for advanced chemistry undergraduate students and post-graduates. (waterstones.com)
Written from the perspective of organic chemists, and in the language of chemists, this book provides the basic information required to understand the field of drug discovery. (waterstones.com)
Anyway, students are advised to integrate the lessons with consultation of any Organic Chemistry book for chemists (that can be borrowed in the library). (unige.it)
As an essential addition to the armory of synthetic organic chemists, electrochemical reactions give results not easily achieved by many other chemical routes. (elsevier.com)
It forms an excellent starting point from which synthetic organic chemists, in both academia and industry, can appreciate uses for electrochemical methods in their own work. (elsevier.com)
Synthetic organic chemists in academia and industry, electrochemists, research scientists and final year graduate chemistry students. (elsevier.com)
Recruited as an assistant professor of chemistry while only a graduate student at Harvard (he also got his undergraduate degree at Harvard), Perrin was a prodigy who not only caught the attention of Urey, but also the eyes of famed physical chemists Joseph Mayer and James Arnold, the first chair of UC San Diego's chemistry department. (ucsd.edu)
Physical organic chemists use theoretical and experimental approaches work to understand these foundational problems in organic chemistry, including classical and statistical thermodynamic calculations, quantum mechanical theory and computational chemistry, as well as experimental spectroscopy (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Physical organic chemists use both experimental and theoretical disciplines such as spectroscopy, spectrometry, crystallography, computational chemistry, and quantum theory to study both the rates of organic reactions and the relative chemical stability of the starting materials, transition states, and products. (wikipedia.org)
page needed] Chemists in this field work to understand the physical underpinnings of modern organic chemistry, and therefore physical organic chemistry has applications in specialized areas including polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, electrochemistry, and photochemistry. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Organic chemists use the tools of thermodynamics to study the bonding, stability, and energetics of chemical systems. (wikipedia.org)
page needed] The thermochemistry of reactive intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, and radicals-is also of interest to physical organic chemists. (wikipedia.org)
Physical organic chemists use conformational analysis to evaluate the various types of strain present in a molecule to predict reaction products. (wikipedia.org)

The study of organic chemistry overlaps organometallic chemistry and biochemistry , but also with medicinal chemistry , polymer chemistry , and materials science . (wikipedia.org)
You can also pursue a degree in a related subject such as biology, biochemistry or microbiology, given that you complete the minimum required coursework in organic chemistry. (excite.com)
And as you might expect from someone who exudes such passion for teaching and research, the trim and spry 74-year-old professor of chemistry and biochemistry has no plans to retire anytime soon. (ucsd.edu)
He is as much a teacher to his colleagues as he is to the students," says Seth Cohen, chair of the department of chemistry and biochemistry. (ucsd.edu)
The fact that year in and year out Charlie has had near perfect teaching records is astonishing," says Mark Thiemens, dean of the Division of Physical Sciences and a professor of chemistry and biochemistry. (ucsd.edu)

Organic Mesoscopic Chemistry focuses on organic molecular systems and outlines the most dynamic areas of research. (google.com)
This textbook introduces the perturbation molecular orbital (PMO) th,eory of organic chemistry. (springer.com)
Introductory courses in organic chemistry usually rely primarily on the valence bond description of molecular structure. (wikiquote.org)
Bioorganic chemistry includes the studies of plant antiviral agents, the molecular mechanism of action of rhodopsin, artificial ion carriers and molecular sensors. (weizmann.ac.il)
Computational chemistry deals with the prediction of molecular properties by first principles (ab initio) and semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations. (weizmann.ac.il)
A recurrent problem in organic chemistry is the generation of new molecular structures that conform to some predetermined set of structural constraints that are imposed in an endeavor to build certain required properties into the newly generated structure. (novozymes.com)
Molecular electric dipole moments, melting and boiling points, solubility in water and in organic solvents. (unige.it)
The concept of isomerism illustrates the fundamental importance of molecular structure and shape in organic chemistry. (scribd.com)
Professor Harwood is part of the Biomedical, Molecular and Analytical Chemistry research group. (reading.ac.uk)
Specific focal points of study include the rates of organic reactions, the relative chemical stabilities of the starting materials, reactive intermediates, transition states, and products of chemical reactions, and non-covalent aspects of solvation and molecular interactions that influence chemical reactivity. (wikipedia.org)

The European Journal of Organic Chemistry (2016 ISI Impact Factor 2.834) publishes Full Papers, Short Communications, and Microreviews from the entire spectrum of synthetic organic, bioorganic and physical-organic chemistry. (wiley-vch.de)
EurJOC is a sister journal of the Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry and is supported by the Asian Chemical Editorial Society (ACES). (wiley-vch.de)
The Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry (AsianJOC) publishes research articles and reviews covering all fields of organic chemistry, including synthetic methods (C-H activation, organocatalysis, etc.), bioorganic and physical-organic chemistry, and organic materials. (wiley-vch.de)

In this module, you'll delve back into the world of organic and inorganic chemistry gained during the previous year. (le.ac.uk)

Use an organic chemistry textbook to find out more about optical isomerism. (scribd.com)

We welcome studies that report significant synthetic or bioorganic research that is directed towards medicinal chemistry applications. (rsc.org)
Our sister journal, MedChemComm , is more suitable for articles that report significant research in core medicinal chemistry disciplines. (rsc.org)
Julia Eckhoff handles manuscripts on chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. (nature.com)
An example of this is the pharmacophore model, used in medicinal chemistry to guide de novo design or selection of suitable structures from compound databases. (novozymes.com)

Be sure to check out Learn Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature 2 to learn how to name other compound classes! (apple.com)
Learning organic chemistry nomenclature is not extremely difficult and most students acquire the basics quickly. (moodle.org)

The field therefore has applications to a wide variety of more specialized fields, including electro- and photochemistry, polymer and supramolecular chemistry, and bioorganic chemistry, enzymology, and chemical biology, as well as to commercial enterprises involving process chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science and nanotechnology, and pharmacology in drug discovery by design. (wikipedia.org)

A central theme of the authors' approach to organic chemistry is to emphasize the relationship between structure and reactivity. (worldcat.org)

This weekly seminar series brings national and international leaders in the diverse fields of fundamental and applied organic chemistry, including many aspects of chemical biology and drug design. (washington.edu)
These programs will provide you with a fundamental understanding of concepts related to this branch of chemistry. (excite.com)
Fundamental course in organic chemistry based upon the modern concepts of structure and mechanism of reactions. (upenn.edu)
The students will be provided with the fundamental knowledge of organic chemistry and of reactivity of monofunctional substances. (unige.it)
The Organic Chemistry section publishes significant fundamental and applied work across all branches of organic chemistry. (frontiersin.org)
Readers continue to turn to Klein's Organic Chemistry as a Second Language: First Semester Topics, 4th Edition because it enables them to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed. (issuu.com)

This textbook approaches organic chemistry from the ground up. (worldcat.org)
page needed] The term physical organic chemistry was itself coined by Louis Hammett in 1940 when he used the phrase as a title for his textbook. (wikipedia.org)

In the decade after this book first appeared in 1974, research involving organic photochemistry was prolific. (cambridge.org)

Oxidation of alcohols with organic oxidising agents. (ncl.ac.uk)

Beyond a description of chemical processes and the composition of elements, the study of chemistry delves into biomedicine, chemical physics, and the construction of complex materials, such as plastics and other long-chain polymers. (organic-chemistry-lab.com)
These biobased polymers are developed via polycondensation chemistry or radical polymerisation. (wur.nl)

In the first semester of organic chemistry, the student will cover the basics. (merlot.org)
As an organic chemistry instructor at the university level for more than 20 years, I can attest to a noticeably diminished student capacity to handle the subject with each passing semester. (acs.org)

Organic chemistry has always been, and continues to be, the branch of chemistry that best connects structure with properties. (wikiquote.org)

Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry , Sixth Edition (2011), Ch. 1 : Electronic Structure and Bonding · Acids and Bases. (wikiquote.org)
There are projects underway with the aims of developing synthetic approaches towards amino acids and peptides with an increasing emphasis on chemistry at the biological interface. (reading.ac.uk)

The laboratory experiments are designed to help you develop the necessary basic organic chemistry laboratory skills as well as provide an introduction to useful organic spectroscopic techniques. (google.com)
Understand the bases of spectroscopic techniques as applied to organic structure determination. (abdn.ac.uk)

5. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry 3below: Carbon forms 4 bonds Organic chemicals gets their diversity from many differentways carbon can bond to other atoms. (slideshare.net)
After having taken Organic Chemistry 1 and 2 at the University, I found that Organic Chemistry really is the knowledge of what atoms or atomic structures will do when encountering another set of atoms or atomic structures. (umich.edu)

You will gain a firm grounding in NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry which are vital analytical tools to determine if the correct organic molecule has been synthesised. (abdn.ac.uk)

In particular, sensors for species in artificial surroundings (for example, hydrophilic ions in organic solvents) will not typically be acceptable for publication. (rsc.org)
Ambient temperature ionic liquids are a new class of solvents that are nonvolatile and nonflammable and thus an interesting alternative to classical organic solvents. (novozymes.com)

S. Danishefsky, Foreword to A. Hassner and I. Namboothiri, Organic Syntheses Based on Name Reactions: A practical guide to 750 transformations Third Edition (2012). (wikiquote.org)

Unlike the policy in General Chemistry , it is the policy of the Organic Faculty NOT to assign specific problems in the text. (upenn.edu)
My suggestions to include at least a rudimentary introduction to organic chemistry in the preparatory general chemistry curricula have been met universally with stiff resistance. (acs.org)

Although Wöhler himself was cautious about claiming he had disproved vitalism, this was the first time a substance thought to be organic was synthesized in the laboratory without biological (organic) starting materials. (wikipedia.org)
Anyone with a curiosity about life and living things, and anyone who wants to be a part of the remarkable advances now occurring in medicine and the biological sciences , must first understand organic chemistry. (wikiquote.org)
Biological chemistry such as DNA/RNA and genome sequencing will be introduced. (abdn.ac.uk)

Careers in the field of chemistry range from applied science in industrial settings, to academic research and laboratory development. (organic-chemistry-lab.com)
Welcome to the University of Alberta Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Website! (google.com)
The information and videos on this website, in conjunction with laboratory lectures and help sessions, are intended to assist you in the learning of experimental organic chemistry. (google.com)
Advance laboratory exercises and experiments are designed to provide a realistic training in experimental chemistry and related topics. (excite.com)
Laboratory extractions for the semi-volatile organics tests can take nine to twelve hours to perform. (nmhealth.org)

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry ( OBC ) publishes original and high impact research and reviews in organic chemistry. (rsc.org)

While organic chemistry can be very difficult, you can make it easier with some basic strategies such as knowing the types of reactions and how they occur and using a 3D modeling kit to work out the chemical structures. (wikihow.com)

He is considered a great source of chemical knowledge, particularly in physical organic chemistry, which is a foundation for many other aspects of chemistry. (ucsd.edu)
It can be thought of as a subfield that bridges organic chemistry with physical chemistry. (wikipedia.org)

So the first step to enlightenment in organic chemistry is to realize the key role that functional groups play in simplifying the subject, and the second step is to learn the functional groups by name, structure, and formula. (wikiquote.org)

Are you sure you want to remove Introductory organic chemistry from your list? (openlibrary.org)
Ask any science major to name the toughest class they've had to complete in order to get into medical school or finish their undergraduate degree and, more than likely, the answer will be introductory organic chemistry. (ucsd.edu)
He is the iconic figurehead of introductory organic chemistry, the primary gatekeeper for students hoping to get into medical school-and, of course, that mustached chemist who bicycles through Revelle Plaza each morning to his office in Pacific Hall on his 1960s-era cruiser bike dressed in khakis, tweed sport coat and his signature sweater vest and tie. (ucsd.edu)
But as the first undergraduate classes began arriving at the campus and Perrin came back from a sabbatical to find his teaching schedule switched to the introductory organic chemistry course, his reputation as an undergraduate educator grew. (ucsd.edu)

Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. (britannica.com)
Such studies provide theoretical and practical frameworks to understand how changes in structure in solution or solid-state contexts impact reaction mechanism and rate for each organic reaction of interest. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, contemporary research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallics including the lanthanides , but especially the transition metals zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium. (wikipedia.org)

This course illustrates the basic principles of Organic Chemistry, introducing students to chemical language and methodology and allowing them to understand the chemical content of the following courses. (unige.it)

E. J. Corey , Foreword of Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry (2004) by Jie Jack Li. (wikiquote.org)

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs98

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment46

Phenomena and Processes67

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Protein synthesis by native chemical ligation: expanded scope by using straightforward methodology. (1/290)

The missing organic molecules on Mars. (2/290)

DNA HOMO as a new landmark for nucleic acid properties. ab initio calculations and experimental mapping. (3/290)

A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor identified by high-throughput transcriptional screening of a compound library. (4/290)

Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. (5/290)

Selective permeation and organic extraction of recombinant green fluorescent protein (gfpuv) from Escherichia coli. (6/290)

Teaching target-oriented and diversity-oriented organic synthesis at Harvard University. (7/290)

Natural supramolecular building blocks. Wild-type cowpea mosaic virus. (8/290)

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