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An investigation into the binding of the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one to DNA in vitro. (1/7085)
After metabolic activation the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-[3H]methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one binds to DNA in vitro, and this binding is prevented by 7,8-benzoflavone. Radioactivity cannot be removed from the DNA with organic solvents or by chromatography on Sephadex G-50, even after heat denaturation of the DNA. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields radioactive fractions, which elute from a column of Sephadex LH-20 immediately after the natural nucleosides. At least two species of reactive metabolites are involved in this bending, those with a half-life of a few hr and others with greater stability. After extraction from the aqueous incubation mixture, they could be detected in discrete polar fractions from separations of the complex metabolite mixture by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their ability to bind to DNA decreased with time at ambient temperature, and they were rapidly deactivated by acid. 7,8-Benzolflavone acted by suppressing the formation of polar metabolites derived from enzymatic oxidation of the aromatic double bonds. The inhibitor had no effect on the enzymes hydroxylating saturated carbon; hence it is unlikely that metabolism of the methyl group is important in conversion of this carcinogen to its proximate form, although the presence of the 11-methyl group is essential for carcinogenic activity in this series. (+info)The interaction of rhodium(II) carboxylates with enzymes. (2/7085)
The effect of rhodium(II) acetate, propionate, and methoxyacetate on the activity of 17 enzymes was evaluated. The enzymes were preincubated with the rhodium(II) complexes in order to detect irreversible inhibition. All enzymes that have essential sulfhydryl groups in or near their active site were found to be irreversibly inhibited. Those enzymes without essential sulfhydryl groups were not affected. In each case, the rate of inactivation closely paralleled the observed toxicity and antitumor activity of rhodium(II) carboxylates; that is, rhodium(II) propionate greater than rhodium(II) acetate greater than rhodium(II) methoxyacetate. In addition, those enzymes that have been demonstrated to be most sensitive to established sulfhydryl inhibitors, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were also most sensitive to rhodium(II) carboxylate inactivation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurements made during the titration of rhodium(II) acetate with cysteine showed that breakdown of the carboxylate cage occurred as a result of reaction with this sulfhydryl-containing amino acid. (+info)Glycopeptides from the surgace of human neuroblastoma cells. (3/7085)
Glycopeptides suggesting a complex oligosaccharide composition are present on the surface of cells from human neuroblastoma tumors and several cell lines derived from the tumors. The glycopeptides, labeled with radioactive L-fucose, were removed from the cell surface with trypsin, digested with Pronase, and examined by chromatography on Sephadex G-50. Human skin fibroblasts, brain cells, and a fibroblast line derived from neuroblastoma tumor tissue show less complex glycopeptides. Although some differences exist between the cell lines and the primary tumor cells, the similarities between these human tumors and animal tumors examined previously are striking. (+info)The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (4/7085)
1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history. (+info)Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (5/7085)
1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined. (+info)Carbon 13 NMR study of nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with selected amino acids and of related reactions. (6/7085)
Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with glycine, alanine, valine, serine, and with several other model compounds. Isotopically enriched amino acids were employed so that low concentrations could be utilized while still allowing relatively rapid acquisition of spectral data. The results for alanine and serine are particularly noteworthy in that alanine is deaminated to pyruvate and pyruvate is aminated to alanine, but contrary to the enzymatic reactions of various serine dehydratases wherein serine is converted to pyruvate, the nonenzymatic reaction utilizing serine results in hydroxypruvate rather than pyruvate formation. In the reverse reaction, hydroxypyruvate is aminated to serine but very inefficiently relative to the amination of pyruvate to alanine. The experimental results have been formulated into a proposed reaction mechanism for deamination of amino acids by pyridoxal-P. (+info)Herpetic keratitis. Proctor Lecture. (7/7085)
Although much needs to be learned about the serious clinical problem of herpes infection of the cornea, we have come a long way. We now have effective topical antiviral drugs. We have animal models which, with a high degree of reliability, clearly predict the effect to be expected clinically in man, as well as the toxicity. We have systemically active drugs and the potential of getting highly active, potent, completely selective drugs, with the possibility that perhaps the source of viral reinfection can be eradicated. The biology of recurrent herpes and stromal disease is gradually being understood, and this understanding may result in new and better therapy of this devastating clinical disease. (+info)Crystal structure of the FMN-binding domain of human cytochrome P450 reductase at 1.93 A resolution. (8/7085)
The crystal structure of the FMN-binding domain of human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R-FMN), a key component in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, has been determined to 1.93 A resolution and shown to be very similar both to the global fold in solution (Barsukov I et al., 1997, J Biomol NMR 10:63-75) and to the corresponding domain in the 2.6 A crystal structure of intact rat P450R (Wang M et al., 1997, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 94:8411-8416). The crystal structure of P450R-FMN reported here confirms the overall similarity of its alpha-beta-alpha architecture to that of the bacterial flavodoxins, but reveals differences in the position, number, and length of the helices relative to the central beta-sheet. The marked similarity between P450R-FMN and flavodoxins in the interactions between the FMN and the protein, indicate a striking evolutionary conservation of the FMN binding site. The P450R-FMN molecule has an unusual surface charge distribution, leading to a very strong dipole, which may be involved in docking cytochrome P450 into place for electron transfer near the FMN. Several acidic residues near the FMN are identified by mutagenesis experiments to be important for electron transfer to P4502D6 and to cytochrome c, a clear indication of the part of the molecular surface that is likely to be involved in substrate binding. Somewhat different parts are found to be involved in binding cytochrome P450 and cytochrome c. (+info)Examples of neglected diseases include:
1. Dengue fever: A mosquito-borne viral disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in urban slums and other areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.
2. Chagas disease: A parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected triatomine bug. It affects millions of people in Latin America and can cause serious heart and gastrointestinal complications.
3. Leishmaniasis: A parasitic disease caused by several species of the Leishmania parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly. It affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
4. Onchocerciasis (river blindness): A parasitic disease caused by the Onchocerca volvulus parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blackfly. It affects millions of people in Africa and can cause blindness, skin lesions, and other serious complications.
5. Schistosomiasis: A parasitic disease caused by the Schistosoma parasite, which is transmitted through contact with contaminated water. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
6. Lymphatic filariasis: A parasitic disease caused by the Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in Africa and Asia, and can cause severe swelling of the limbs and other serious complications.
7. Chagas disease: A parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected triatomine bug. It affects millions of people in Latin America and can cause heart failure, digestive problems, and other serious complications.
These diseases are often chronic and debilitating, and can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected. In addition to the physical symptoms, they can also cause social and economic burdens, such as lost productivity and reduced income.
In terms of public health, these diseases pose a significant challenge for healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries where resources may be limited. They require sustained efforts to control and eliminate, including disease surveillance, vector control, and treatment.
In addition, these diseases are often interconnected with other health issues, such as poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to healthcare. Therefore, addressing these diseases requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the social and economic factors that contribute to their spread.
Overall, the impact of these diseases on public health is significant, and sustained efforts are needed to control and eliminate them.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
The definition of DILI has been revised several times over the years, but the most recent definition was published in 2013 by the International Consortium for DILI Research (ICDCR). According to this definition, DILI is defined as:
"A clinically significant alteration in liver function that is caused by a medication or other exogenous substance, and is not related to underlying liver disease. The alteration may be biochemical, morphological, or both, and may be acute or chronic."
The ICDCR definition includes several key features of DILI, including:
1. Clinically significant alteration in liver function: This means that the liver damage must be severe enough to cause symptoms or signs of liver dysfunction, such as jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain.
2. Caused by a medication or other exogenous substance: DILI is triggered by exposure to certain drugs or substances that are not related to underlying liver disease.
3. Not related to underlying liver disease: This means that the liver damage must not be caused by an underlying condition such as hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver disease, or other genetic or metabolic disorders.
4. May be acute or chronic: DILI can occur as a sudden and severe injury (acute DILI) or as a slower and more insidious process (chronic DILI).
The ICDCR definition provides a standardized way of defining and diagnosing DILI, which is important for clinicians and researchers to better understand the cause of liver damage in patients who are taking medications. It also helps to identify the drugs or substances that are most likely to cause liver injury and to develop strategies for preventing or treating DILI.
Dental deposits refer to the accumulation of plaque, tartar, and other substances on the teeth and dental restorations. These deposits can lead to various oral health problems, such as tooth decay, gum disease, and bad breath. Dental deposits can be removed through regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings.
Types of Dental Deposits:
There are several types of dental deposits that can accumulate on the teeth and dental restorations, including:
1. Plaque: A sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and can lead to tooth decay and gum disease.
2. Tartar (calculus): A hard, yellowish deposit that forms on the teeth and dental restorations, made up of mineralized plaque.
3. Stains: Discoloration of the teeth due to various factors such as smoking, coffee, tea, or certain medications.
4. Biofilm: A complex community of microorganisms that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth and dental restorations, which can contribute to the development of periodontal disease.
Effects of Dental Deposits:
Dental deposits can have a significant impact on oral health if left untreated. Some of the effects of dental deposits include:
1. Tooth Decay: The accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth can lead to tooth decay, which can cause pain, sensitivity, and potentially lead to tooth loss.
2. Gum Disease: Plaque and tartar can also contribute to the development of gum disease, which can cause inflammation, bleeding, and receding gums.
3. Bad Breath: Dental deposits can cause bad breath (halitosis), which can be embarrassing and affect an individual's self-confidence.
4. Tooth Discoloration: Stains on the teeth can cause discoloration, which can make the teeth appear yellow or brown.
5. Increased Risk of Dental Caries: Dental deposits can provide a conducive environment for the growth of cariogenic bacteria, which can increase the risk of dental caries.
6. Difficulty Chewing and Speaking: Advanced periodontal disease can cause teeth to become loose or fall out, making it difficult to chew and speak properly.
7. Self-Esteem Issues: Poor oral health can affect an individual's self-esteem and confidence, which can impact their overall quality of life.
8. Systemic Diseases: There is evidence that suggests a link between periodontal disease and systemic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease.
Prevention of Dental Deposits:
Preventing dental deposits is essential for maintaining good oral health. Some ways to prevent dental deposits include:
1. Brushing and Flossing: Regular brushing and flossing can help remove plaque and tartar from the teeth, reducing the risk of dental deposits.
2. Dietary Changes: Avoiding sugary and starchy foods, drinking plenty of water, and consuming a balanced diet can help prevent the formation of dental deposits.
3. Professional Cleaning: Regular professional cleaning by a dentist or hygienist can remove tartar and plaque that is difficult to remove with brushing and flossing alone.
4. Fluoride Treatment: Fluoride treatment can help strengthen teeth and prevent the formation of dental deposits.
5. Salivary Substitutes: For individuals with dry mouth, salivary substitutes can help stimulate saliva production and reduce the risk of dental deposits.
6. Oral Rinses: Using an oral rinse can help remove plaque and bacteria from the teeth and gums.
7. Tobacco Cessation: Quitting tobacco use can help improve oral health and reduce the risk of dental deposits.
8. Regular Dental Check-Ups: Regular dental check-ups can help identify early signs of dental deposits and prevent more serious problems from developing.
Shellfish poisoning, also known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is a type of foodborne illness caused by consuming shellfish that have ingested toxins produced by certain types of algae. These toxins can accumulate in the tissues of the shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of shellfish poisoning can vary in severity and may include:
* Tingling or numbness in the mouth and extremities
* Weakness, fatigue, and dizziness
* Headaches, nausea, and vomiting
* Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and constipation
* In severe cases, paralysis, respiratory failure, and even death
Causes:
Shellfish poisoning is caused by consuming shellfish that have ingested toxins produced by certain types of algae, including the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense and the diatom Cyclotella sp. These toxins can accumulate in the tissues of the shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of shellfish poisoning is based on a combination of symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect elevated levels of the toxins in the body, as well as tests to assess liver function and nerve damage. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the extent of any nerve damage.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for shellfish poisoning, but supportive care may be provided to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include fluids, electrolyte replacement, and medication to control nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.
Prevention:
The best way to prevent shellfish poisoning is to avoid consuming shellfish that may be contaminated with toxins. This can be achieved by only consuming shellfish from reputable sources, such as licensed fisheries or restaurants, and by following local health advisories regarding the safety of shellfish consumption. It is also important to properly store and cook shellfish to reduce the risk of contamination.
Conclusion:
Shellfish poisoning can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, but with prompt diagnosis and appropriate supportive care, most individuals can recover fully. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of shellfish poisoning, individuals can take steps to protect their health and avoid this potentially dangerous condition.
1. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects the central nervous system and is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through bites.
2. Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs, raccoons, and other carnivorous animals, causing symptoms such as seizures, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Parvo: A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms and dehydration.
4. Heartworm: A parasitic infection caused by a worm that infects the heart and blood vessels of animals, particularly dogs and cats.
5. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): A viral disease that weakens the immune system of cats, making them more susceptible to other infections and diseases.
6. Avian influenza: A type of flu that affects birds, including chickens and other domesticated fowl, as well as wild birds.
7. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that can affect a wide range of animals, including cattle, pigs, and dogs.
8. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection that can affect a wide range of animals, including dogs, cats, and wildlife, and can cause symptoms such as fever, kidney failure, and death.
9. Lyme disease: A bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, primarily affecting dogs and humans.
10. Fungal infections: Fungal infections can affect a wide range of animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock, and can cause symptoms such as skin lesions, respiratory problems, and death.
Animal diseases can have a significant impact on animal health and welfare, as well as human health and the economy. They can also be transmitted between animals and humans, making it important to monitor and control animal disease outbreaks to prevent their spread.
Vaccination is an effective way to prevent animal diseases in pets and livestock. Regular vaccinations can help protect against common diseases such as distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, and rabies, among others. Vaccines can be administered orally, through injection, or through a nasal spray.
Preventative care is key in avoiding animal disease outbreaks. Some of the best ways to prevent animal diseases include:
1. Regular vaccinations: Keeping pets and livestock up to date on their vaccinations can help protect against common diseases.
2. Proper sanitation and hygiene: Keeping living areas clean and free of waste can help prevent the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
3. Avoiding contact with wild animals: Wild animals can carry a wide range of diseases that can be transmitted to domesticated animals, so it's best to avoid contact with them whenever possible.
4. Proper nutrition: Providing pets and livestock with a balanced diet can help keep their immune systems strong and better able to fight off disease.
5. Monitoring for signs of illness: Regularly monitoring pets and livestock for signs of illness, such as fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, can help identify and treat diseases early on.
6. Quarantine and isolation: Isolating animals that are showing signs of illness can help prevent the spread of disease to other animals and humans.
7. Proper disposal of animal waste: Properly disposing of animal waste can help prevent the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
8. Avoiding overcrowding: Overcrowding can contribute to the spread of disease, so it's important to provide adequate living space for pets and livestock.
9. Regular veterinary care: Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help identify and treat diseases early on, and also provide guidance on how to prevent animal diseases.
10. Emergency preparedness: Having an emergency plan in place for natural disasters or other unexpected events can help protect pets and livestock from disease outbreaks.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Example sentences:
1. The patient developed a foreign-body reaction after receiving a defective hip implant, resulting in severe pain and swelling.
2. The transplanted liver was rejected by the recipient's immune system, causing a foreign-body reaction that led to its failure.
3. The use of a certain drug was associated with a high risk of foreign-body reactions, leading to its withdrawal from the market.
The exact cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In people with vitiligo, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, leading to a loss of skin pigmentation. The disease can also be triggered by physical or emotional stress, sun exposure, and certain medications.
The symptoms of vitiligo can vary in severity and progression. They may include:
1. White patches on the skin, which can appear suddenly or gradually over time.
2. Loss of skin pigmentation in specific areas, such as the face, hands, or limbs.
3. Thinning or loss of hair on affected areas.
4. Premature whitening or graying of the hair.
5. Itching, pain, or sensitivity in the affected areas.
6. Emotional distress and reduced quality of life due to the visible appearance of the disease.
There is no cure for vitiligo, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down its progression. These may include:
1. Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
2. Topical immunomodulators to suppress the immune system and promote skin repigmentation.
3. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy to slow down the progression of the disease and improve skin appearance.
4. Psoralen photochemotherapy to promote skin repigmentation and reduce inflammation.
5. Surgical skin grafting or blister grafting to cover small areas of depigmentation.
6. Camouflage makeup to cover the affected areas and improve self-esteem.
In addition to these treatments, it is essential for patients with vitiligo to protect their skin from the sun by using broad-spectrum sunscreens, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help improve the quality of life for patients with vitiligo. However, the emotional and psychological impact of the disease should not be underestimated, and patients may require long-term support and counseling to cope with the challenges of living with this condition.
There are several different types of weight gain, including:
1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:
1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.
Causes of weight gain:
1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.
Treatment options for obesity:
1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.
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Biochemistry1
- Applicants must have satisfactorily completed a minimum of 30 semester hours in undergraduate and/or graduate level chemistry or biochemistry courses prior to admission into the program to meet certification eligibility requirements by the American Board of Clinical Chemistry. (nih.gov)
20191
- MIAMI, Aug. 01, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Chemistry , a 120-person firm twice-named a "Small Agency of the Year" by Ad Age (2018, 2016), has acquired a significant stake in Pinta , a full-service agency focused on cross-cultural marketing. (globenewswire.com)
Organic Chemistry5
- Fundamentals of contemporary organic chemistry, including skeletal and electronic structure, stereochemistry, and reactions of important functional groups. (bu.edu)
- Laboratory includes training in basic organic chemistry skills, such as extraction, reaction performance, spectroscopy interpretation and chromatography. (bu.edu)
- This is where synthetic organic chemistry comes to the rescue. (newscientist.com)
- By considering the frequent handling of volatile organic compounds in practical organic chemistry courses, we took a number of measures to keep the indoor organic vapour level to a minimum for the sake of students' health. (edu.hk)
- The Organic Chemistry Laboratory is spacious and equipped with 6 newly installed fume cupboards. (edu.hk)
Laboratory5
- Introduction to laboratory methods in general chemistry. (csufresno.edu)
- Introductory laboratory study of the properties and chemistry of carbon containing compounds and biological molecules. (csufresno.edu)
- The laboratory provides basic services in hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis. (nih.gov)
- The NIH Department of Laboratory Medicine Clinical Chemistry Fellowship is a two-year postdoctoral training program accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. (nih.gov)
- Qualified candidates must have an MD and/or PhD. Preference is given to individuals who are approximately two years (but no more than six years) beyond the doctoral degree, and who have obtained training in laboratory medicine, clinical medicine, or clinical chemistry. (nih.gov)
Nobel Prize in1
- The 2012 Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded to National Institutes of Health grantees Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D., of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. (nih.gov)
General Chemistry1
- The first three months of the fellowship are devoted to rotations through various Clinical Chemistry sections: general chemistry, special chemistry, immunoassays, electrophoresis, urinalysis, therapeutic drug monitoring, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
CHEM1
- Congratulations to Dr Paul McGonigal and Dr Yulong Sun of Durham Chemistry on their study in the prestigious journal Chem. (dur.ac.uk)
Medicinal chemistry5
- Medicinal chemistry leads and potential drugs from the literature are widely used as chemical tools for studying biological functions. (nih.gov)
- CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY INTERFACE PREDOCTORAL TRAINING NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 12, March 27, 1992 PA: PA-92-63 P.T. 44 Keywords: Biomedical Research Training Chemistry, Organic Medicinal Chemistry Chemical Synthesis National Institute of General Medical Sciences PURPOSE The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) announces a new predoctoral institutional training grant program directed towards training at the interface of the scientific disciplines of chemistry and biology. (nih.gov)
- The purpose of the new program is to promote interdisciplinary training and, especially, to encourage greater participation of faculty in chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry departments in the predoctoral training efforts of the NIGMS. (nih.gov)
- On the chemistry side, the mechanistic/synthetic focus of the program would most likely be relevant to the fields of bio-organic, bio-inorganic, bio-analytical, and medicinal chemistry. (nih.gov)
- The lab aims to use medicinal chemistry and chemical biology approaches to design, synthesize and biologically characterize novel druggable tools for select GPCRs and enzymatic drug targets implicated in pain, inflammatory and fibrotic disorders. (nih.gov)
Faculty2
- Michael Schulz, assistant professor of chemistry within the Virginia Tech College of Science , has received a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award. (eurekalert.org)
- Hyperbranched polymers are tree-like 3D macromolecules that have very different viscosity characteristics when compared to linear polymers," said Schulz, a faculty member with the Department of Chemistry since 2017. (eurekalert.org)
School of Chemistry4
- The research carried out within the School of Chemistry is diverse and encompasses both fundamental and applied themes. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- The School of Chemistry has developed a particular strength in Heterogeneous Catalysis and Surface Science, with a research group dedicated to this exciting area of study. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Each year the School of Chemistry welcomes applicants who have secured funding from external sponsors, or who are self-funded. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- In the latest Research Excellence Framework (REF, the UK system for assessing research quality), the School of Chemistry was judged very positively. (le.ac.uk)
Analytical1
- Introduction to principles and methods of analytical chemistry. (csufresno.edu)
Clinical chemistry9
- The Clinical Chemistry Branch (CCB) develops and improves methods for assessing disease status associated with and the risk for selected chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hormonal disorders. (cdc.gov)
- The Clinical Pathology Group consists of the hematology and clinical chemistry laboratories and is currently staffed by two full-time NIEHS medical technologists and one on-site contract employee. (nih.gov)
- Over time, considerable efforts regarding acquisition of equipment, upgrading standard operating procedures, developing historical data bases for control animals and implementing appropriate data management, quality control, quality assurance, and proficiency testing programs have been made to ensure that these laboratories continue to provide high quality hematology and clinical chemistry analyses. (nih.gov)
- The training emphasizes the clinical aspects of clinical chemistry, with active participation by the fellows through on-call rotations. (nih.gov)
- Fellows are eligible to take the American Board of Clinical Chemistry qualifying examinations upon completion of the fellowship. (nih.gov)
- Please view the Commission on the Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry website for more information about Clinical Chemistry fellowships. (nih.gov)
- Fellows are then expected to handle inquiries to the Clinical Chemistry Service from physicians and are encouraged to attend patient rounds. (nih.gov)
- During the first three months of the program, fellows discuss the research and service responsibilities of each Clinical Chemistry senior staff member. (nih.gov)
- Fellows are also responsible for developing one or two methods for implementation by the Clinical Chemistry Service. (nih.gov)
Graduate students1
- This award is for underrepresented groups in chemistry including third year chemistry graduate students (minimum) or postdocs. (dur.ac.uk)
Biological2
- Available research topics closely mirror the particular research interests of individual staff members, which fall broadly into biological and organic, inorganic, physical, and theoretical and computational chemistries. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Providing probes since 2006, the Chemistry and Synthesis Center (formerly known as Imaging Probe Development Center, IPDC) has provided molecular imaging probes for biological research within the NIH Intramural community and their collaborators. (nih.gov)
Synthetic1
- This program differs from existing NIGMS training programs in its focus on mechanistic and synthetic aspects of the chemistry-biology interface. (nih.gov)
Department2
- We would appreciate it if you could forward the following invitation to chemistry teachers within your department. (mail-archive.com)
- The Department of Chemistry offers a full-service fabrication Machine Shop on the second floor of the GeoChem building. (brown.edu)
Toxicology2
- Chemistry is the foundation of toxicology, which is why chemistry support services are vital to NTP's mission of providing world-class and cutting-edge toxicology research. (nih.gov)
- Chemistry Specifications documents describe the requirements for chemistry activities performed to support NTP toxicology research, as well as include detailed information for Chemistry Services Contractors. (nih.gov)
Content2
- Chemistry has strong roots in creative advertising, digital marketing, public relations and social media, while Pinta's core competencies have traditionally been content creation, influencer marketing, and below-the-line communications. (globenewswire.com)
- Urine chemistry is a group of one or more tests done to check the chemical content of a urine sample. (medlineplus.gov)
Biotechnology1
- The diminishing pool of scientists trained in chemistry is considered a problem of considerable urgency by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. (nih.gov)
Approaches1
- This report identifies gaps in current research and understanding of indoor chemistry and new approaches that can be applied to measure, manage, and limit chemical exposures. (nih.gov)
Principles1
- Fundamental principles of chemistry such as chemical bonding and structure, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, oxidation-reductions, and states of matter. (csufresno.edu)
Participation1
- However, their participation in NIGMS predoctoral training programs has not been at a level commensurate with the support of chemistry research by the NIGMS. (nih.gov)
Undergraduate1
- Our executives are current York students who have taken chemistry courses and can answers questions from undergraduate students during our office hours. (yorku.ca)
Building1
- Feel free to drop by during our office hours in Room 206 of the Chemistry Building! (yorku.ca)
Students2
- As part of the Chemistry (PhD/MPhil) programme, students can conduct their research within this group. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- The Chemistry Society is a resource for students taking chemistry regardless of what their major is. (yorku.ca)
Introduction1
- Introduction & redox chemistry / T. Moody and D. Wink. (nih.gov)
Grant1
- First In the World has provided a grant to establish a group whose purpose is to foster communication between chemistry teachers working at high schools in the North and Northwest suburbs of Chicago. (mail-archive.com)
Widely1
- Widely known as the "Father of Green Chemistry," he has devoted his career to learning about how to create a more sustainable society. (scienceblogs.com)
Open1
- Not open to chemistry majors. (csufresno.edu)
Student1
- As a PhD/MPhil student in Chemistry, you will undertake cutting-edge research in one of our various research themes. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Member1
- Chemistry is a member of the American Association of Advertising Agencies (4As). (globenewswire.com)