Chemical warfare agents. Medical search

Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.

Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.

Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).

Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.

An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound.

An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.

The use of humans as investigational subjects.

Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.

The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

Former members of the armed services.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.

The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.

An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)

Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.

The manipulation of psychological influences, primarily concerned with morale, to strengthen the ability of one's own country and weaken the enemy.

Events that overwhelm the resources of local HOSPITALS and health care providers. They are likely to impose a sustained demand for HEALTH SERVICES rather than the short, intense peak customary with smaller scale disasters.

Determination of alkylmethylphosphonic acids, the main metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents, in biofluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid-liquid-solid-phase-transfer-catalyzed pentafluorobenzylation. (1/269)

A simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedure has been developed for the main metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents, alkylmethylphosphonic acids (AMPAs; alkyl = Et, i-Pr, and pinacolyl) in biofluids via extractive pentafluorobenzylation. The derivatization was carried out under liquid-liquid-solid-phase-transfer conditions using a polymer-bound tri-n-butylmethylphosphonium bromide as a catalyst. AMPAs in aqueous samples were semiquantitatively extracted into a small-volume organic layer as their pentafluorobenzyl derivatives at pH 4.5 (85 degrees C). Sample pretreatments for urine, serum, and saliva were each examined to minimize matrix interference. The detection limits of APMAs by electron-impact ionization GC-MS were around 50 ng/mL and 2.5-10 ng/mL in the full-scan and selected-ion monitoring modes, respectively. In order to detect trace-level AMPAs, negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) was also employed to enhance sensitivity. The detection limits of AMPAs in biofluids were typically 60 pg/mL by GC-NICI-MS. (+info)

Chemical and biological weapons: new questions, new answers. (2/269)

The words "chemical and biological weapons" (CBW) send a shiver down most spines these days. With the end of the Cold War, the possibility of a massive nuclear confrontation appears remote, so today many popular doomsday scenarios center on the aggressive use of chemical or biological warfare by rogue nations or terrorist groups. As exaggerated as some of the accounts are, with CBW cast as the latest unseen, unstoppable enemy, the threat posed by these weapons is all too real, and growing. (+info)

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products. (3/269)

We include in this review an assessment of the formation, environmental fate, and mammalian and ecotoxicity of CW agent degradation products relevant to environmental and occupational health. These parent CW agents include several vesicants: sulfur mustards [undistilled sulfur mustard (H), sulfur mustard (HD), and an HD/agent T mixture (HT)]; nitrogen mustards [ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN1), methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN2), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3)], and Lewisite; four nerve agents (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX), tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and soman (GD)); and the blood agent cyanogen chloride. The degradation processes considered here include hydrolysis, microbial degradation, oxidation, and photolysis. We also briefly address decontamination but not combustion processes. Because CW agents are generally not considered very persistent, certain degradation products of significant persistence, even those that are not particularly toxic, may indicate previous CW agent presence or that degradation has occurred. Of those products for which there are data on both environmental fate and toxicity, only a few are both environmentally persistent and highly toxic. Major degradation products estimated to be of significant persistence (weeks to years) include thiodiglycol for HD; Lewisite oxide for Lewisite; and ethyl methyl phosphonic acid, methyl phosphonic acid, and possibly S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioic acid (EA 2192) for VX. Methyl phosphonic acid is also the ultimate hydrolysis product of both GB and GD. The GB product, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, and a closely related contaminant of GB, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, are also persistent. Of all of these compounds, only Lewisite oxide and EA 2192 possess high mammalian toxicity. Unlike other CW agents, sulfur mustard agents (e.g., HD) are somewhat persistent; therefore, sites or conditions involving potential HD contamination should include an evaluation of both the agent and thiodiglycol. (+info)

Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives. (4/269)

The two major threat classes of chemical weapons are mustard gas and the nerve agents, and this has not changed in over 50 years. Both types are commonly called gases, but they are actually liquids that are not remarkably volatile. These agents were designed specifically to harm people by any route of exposure and to be effective at low doses. Mustard gas was used in World War I, and the nerve agents were developed shortly before, during, and after World War II. Our perception of the potency of chemical weapons has changed, as well as our concern over potential effects of prolonged exposures to low doses and potential target populations that include women and children. Many of the toxicologic studies and human toxicity estimates for both mustard and nerve agents were designed for the purpose of quickly developing maximal casualties in the least sensitive male soldier. The "toxicity" of the chemical weapons has not changed, but our perception of "toxicity" has. (+info)

Sequelae of sarin toxicity at one and three years after exposure in Matsumoto, Japan. (5/269)

In order to clarify the later sequelae of sarin poisoning that occurred in Matsumoto City, Japan, on June 27, 1994, a cohort study was conducted on all persons (2052 Japanese people) inhabiting an area 1050 meters from north to south and 850 meters from east to west with the sarin release site in the center. Respondents numbered 1237 and 836 people when surveys were conducted at one and three years after the sarin incident, respectively. Numbers of persons with symptoms of sarin toxicity were compared between sarin victims and non-victims. Of the respondents, 58 and 46 people had symptoms associated with sarin such as fatigue, asthenia, shoulder stiffness, asthenopia and blurred vision at both points of the survey, respectively. The prevalences were low; some complained of insomnia, had bad dreams, difficulty in smoking, husky voice, slight fever and palpitation. The victims who had symptoms one year after the incident had a lower erythrocyte cholinesterase activity than did those who did not have symptoms at the early stage; such persons lived in an area with a 500 meter long axis north east from the sarin release site. The three-year cohort study clearly showed that the odds ratios of almost all of the symptoms were high in the sarin-exposed group, suggesting a positive relationship between symptoms and grades of exposure to sarin. These results suggest that symptoms reported by many victims of the sarin incident are thought to be sequelae related to sarin exposure. (+info)

Characterization of VX on concrete using ion trap secondary ionization mass spectrometry. (6/269)

The nerve agent VX (O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate) was analyzed on the surface of concrete samples using an ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometer (IT-SIMS). It was found that VX could be detected down to an absolute quantity of 5 ng on a concrete chip, or to a surface coverage of 0.0004 monolayers on crushed concrete. To achieve these levels of detection, the m/z 268-->128 ion fragmentation was measured using MS2, where m/z 268 corresponds to [VX + H]+, and 128 corresponds to a diisopropylvinylammonium isomer, that is formed by the elimination of the phosphonothiolate moiety. Detection at these levels was accomplished by analyzing samples that had been recently exposed to VX, i.e., within an hour. When the VX-exposed concrete samples were aged, the SIMS signature for intact VX had disappeared, which signaled the degradation of the compound on the concrete surface. The VX signature was replaced by ions which are interpreted in terms of VX degradation products, which appear to be somewhat long lived on the concrete surface. These compounds include ethylmethylphosphonic acid (EMPA), diisopropyl taurine (DIPT), diisopropylaminoethanethiol (DESH), bis(diisopropylaminoethane) disulfide [(DES)2], and a particularly tenacious compound that may correspond to diisopropylvinylamine (DIVA), or an isomer thereof. It was found that the thiolamine-derived degradation products DIPT, DESH, and (DES)2 were removed with isopropyl alcohol extraction. However, the DIVA-related degradation product was observed to strongly adhere to the concrete surface for longer than one week. Although quantitation was not possible in this set of experiments, the results clearly show the rapid degradation of VX on concrete, as well as the surface sensitivity of the IT-SIMS for intact VX and its adsorptive degradation products. (+info)

The binding of substrate analogs to phosphotriesterase. (7/269)

Phosphotriesterase (PTE) from Pseudomonas diminuta catalyzes the detoxification of organophosphates such as the widely utilized insecticide paraoxon and the chemical warfare agent sarin. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme is known from high resolution x-ray crystallographic analyses. Each subunit of the homodimer folds into a so-called TIM barrel, with eight strands of parallel beta-sheet. The two zinc ions required for activity are positioned at the C-terminal portion of the beta-barrel. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of PTE complexed with the inhibitor diisopropyl methyl phosphonate, which serves as a mimic for sarin. Additionally, the structure of the enzyme complexed with triethyl phosphate is also presented. In the case of the PTE-diisopropyl methyl phosphonate complex, the phosphoryl oxygen of the inhibitor coordinates to the more solvent-exposed zinc ion (2.5 A), thereby lending support to the presumed catalytic mechanism involving metal coordination of the substrate. In the PTE-triethyl phosphate complex, the phosphoryl oxygen of the inhibitor is positioned at 3.4 A from the more solvent-exposed zinc ion. The two structures described in this report provide additional molecular understanding for the ability of this remarkable enzyme to hydrolyze such a wide range of organophosphorus substrates. (+info)

Acute sarin exposure causes differential regulation of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. (8/269)

Acute neurotoxic effects of sarin (O:-isopropylmethylphosphonoflouridate) in male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. The animals were treated with intramuscular (im) injections of either 1 x LD(50) (100 microg/kg), and sacrificed at 0. 5, 1, 3, 6, 15, or 20 h after treatment, or with im injections of either 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 x LD(50) and sacrificed 15 h after treatment. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain regional acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were inhibited (45-55%) by 30 min after the LD(50) dose. BChE in the plasma and AChE in cortex, brainstem, midbrain, and cerebellum remained inhibited for up to 20 h following a single LD(50) treatment. No inhibition in plasma BChE activity was observed 20 h after treatment with doses lower than the LD(50) dose. Midbrain and brainstem seem to be most responsive to sarin treatment at lower doses, as these regions exhibited inhibition (approximately 49% and 10%, respectively) in AChE activity following 0.1 x LD(50) treatment, after 20 h. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was increased in cortex, brainstem, and midbrain 6 h after LD(50) treatment, and the elevated enzyme activity persisted up to 20 h after treatment. Cortex ChAT activity was significantly increased following a 0.1 x LD(50) dose, whereas brainstem and midbrain did not show any effect at lower doses. Treatment with an LD(50) dose caused a biphasic response in cortical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (m2-mAChR) ligand binding, using [(3)H]cytisine and [(3)H]AFDX-384 as ligands for nAChR and mAChR, respectively. Decreases at 1 and 3 h and consistent increases at 6, 15, and 20 h in nAChR and m2-mAChR were observed following a single LD(50) dose. The increase in nAChR ligand binding densities was much more pronounced than in mAChR. These results suggest that a single exposure of sarin, ranging from 0.1 to 1 x LD(50), modulates the cholinergic pathways differently and thereby causes dysregulation in excitatory neurotransmission. (+info)

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Parotid gland disease: This type of disease affects the parotid gland, which is located in the jaw and produces saliva to aid in digestion.
2. Sublingual gland disease: This type of disease affects the sublingual gland, which is located under the tongue and produces saliva to keep the mouth moist.
3. Submandibular gland disease: This type of disease affects the submandibular gland, which is located below the jaw and produces saliva to aid in digestion.
4. Mucocele: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the salivary glands and can cause swelling and pain.
5. Mucoceles: These are benign tumors that occur in the salivary glands and can cause swelling and pain.
6. Salivary gland stones: This is a condition where small stones form in the salivary glands and can cause pain and swelling.
7. Salivary gland cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the salivary glands and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
8. Sialadenitis: This is an inflammation of the salivary glands that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.
9. Sialosis: This is a condition where the salivary glands become blocked and cannot produce saliva.
10. Salivary gland cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that occur in the salivary glands and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.

Salivary gland diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific type of disease and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The cause of PGS is not well understood and has been the subject of much debate and research. Some theories suggest that it may be related to exposure to chemical weapons, pesticides, or other toxic substances used during the war. Others have suggested that it may be due to stress-related factors, such as deployment in a combat zone and the psychological effects of war.

There is no single definition of PGS, but rather a range of symptoms and conditions that have been observed among Gulf War veterans. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has recognized PGS as a condition that can be service-connected, meaning that it may be eligible for disability compensation for veterans who are affected by the syndrome.

PGS is also known as 'Gulf War Illness' or 'Gulf War Syndrome.' It is important to note that not all military personnel who served in the Gulf War have developed PGS, and the syndrome is not unique to the Gulf War. Similar symptoms have been reported by veterans of other conflicts, as well as by civilians who were exposed to environmental toxins or stressors.

A burn that is caused by direct contact with a chemical substance or agent, such as a strong acid or base, and results in damage to the skin and underlying tissues. Chemical burns can be particularly severe and may require extensive treatment, including surgery and skin grafting.

Examples of how Burns, Chemical is used in medical literature:

1. "The patient sustained a chemical burn on her hand when she spilled a beaker of sulfuric acid."
2. "The burn team was called in to treat the victim of a chemical explosion, who had suffered extensive burns, including chemical burns to his face and arms."
3. "The patient was admitted with severe chemical burns on her legs and feet, caused by exposure to a corrosive substance at work."
4. "Chemical burns can be difficult to treat, as they may require specialized equipment and techniques to remove the damaged tissue and promote healing."
5. "The patient required multiple debridements and skin grafting procedures to treat her chemical burns, which had resulted in extensive scarring and disfigurement."

There are several types of eye burns, including:

1. Chemical burns: These occur when the eye comes into contact with a corrosive substance, such as bleach or drain cleaner.
2. Thermal burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to heat or flames, such as from a fire or a hot surface.
3. Ultraviolet (UV) burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to UV radiation, such as from the sun or a tanning bed.
4. Radiation burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to ionizing radiation, such as from a nuclear accident or cancer treatment.

Symptoms of eye burns can include:

* Pain and redness in the eye
* Discharge or crusting around the eye
* Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
* Swelling of the eyelids or the surface of the eye
* Increased tearing or dryness

Treatment for eye burns depends on the cause and severity of the injury. Mild cases may require only topical medications, such as antibiotic ointments or anti-inflammatory drops. More severe cases may require more aggressive treatment, such as oral medications, patching, or even surgery. In some cases, eye burns can lead to long-term vision problems or scarring, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

A chemical weapon agent (CWA), or chemical warfare agent, is a chemical substance whose toxic properties are meant to kill, ... About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled as chemical weapon agents during the 20th century. These agents may ... Novichok agents GV (nerve agent) These agents have low volatility and are typically used for a persistent effect or liquid ... the different types of chemical warfare agents are listed below. These are substances that are not intended to kill or injure. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents

Mycotoxins can also play a role in chemical warfare agents, CWA, which are chemicals that contain toxins that are used to cause ... September 2008). "Chemical warfare agents". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 26 (2): 113-122. doi:10.1016/j.etap. ... As LF is the agent responsible for the death of infected hosts, it is classified in the group of lethal toxins. Diphtheria ... Lethal toxins refers to the group of toxins that are the obvious agents responsible for death associated with the infection. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxin

... and new chemical warfare agents and mixtures of chemical weapons and biowarfare agents are being developed . . . Countries are ... "TX Anticrop Agent & Project 112". 2011-07-09. Retrieved July 19, 2012. "Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, ... D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 87-100. ... the Rhodesian government resorted to use chemical and biological warfare agents. Watercourses at several sites inside the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biological_warfare

VX (nerve agent) Hoenig, Steven L. (2007). Compendium of chemical warfare agents. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 9780387346267. v ... VS is a nerve agent of the V-series. Its chemical structure is very similar to the VX nerve agent, but the methyl group on the ... Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, V- ... series nerve agents, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Diisopropylamino compounds, Ethyl esters, All stub articles, Organic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)

Hoenig SL (2006). Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387346267. v t e (CS1 Russian- ... Ellison DH (2008). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. (Second ed.). CRC Press. pp. 157-159. ISBN 9780849314346 ... O-Mustard (T) is a vesicant chemical weapon, a type of mustard gas, with around 3 times the toxicity of the original sulfur ... O-mustard is a Schedule I substance under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Bis(chloromethyl) ether HN3 (nitrogen mustard) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Mustard

... the term arsenical refer to toxic arsenic compounds that are used as chemical warfare agents. This include blister agents, ... Compendium of chemical warfare agents. Springer. 15 November 2006. ISBN 9780387346267. Look up arsenical in Wiktionary, the ... "Arsenicals - MeSH - NCBI". Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. 24 August 2007. ISBN ... blood agents and vomiting agents. Ethyldichloroarsine Lewisite Methyldichloroarsine Phenyldichloroarsine Arsine Adamsite ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical

Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems. Parts I-II. Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed ... Compendium of chemical warfare agents. Springer. ISBN 9780387346267. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ... Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Short description is different from Wikidata, G-series nerve agents, ... Ethylsarin (GE), also known as EA-1209, TL-1620 or T-2109, is an organophosphate nerve agent of the G-series. It is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylsarin

2011). Potential Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemicke Listy. 105. 323-333. Duprat, M.; Bonnel, A.; Dabosi, F.; Durand, J.; Cot, L ... Some of the Novichok agents are monofluorophosphate esters. Names are given to these by naming the groups attached as esters ... Chemical Reviews. 115 (2): 1191-1254. doi:10.1021/cr500173c. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 25135645. (CS1 German-language sources (de), ... Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (2): 477. doi:10.1039/DT9870000477. ISSN 0300-9246. Krupková, Radmila; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofluorophosphate

Rand Corporation (Report). Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. Vol. 5. United States Dept. of Defense, Office of the ... In spite of ricin's extreme toxicity and utility as an agent of chemical/biological warfare, production of the toxin is ... ISBN 978-0-12-374484-5.[page needed] Romano Jr JA, Salem M, Lukey BJ (2007). Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, ... Gupta R (2009). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Boston: Academic Press. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin

"Ocular toxicity of chemical warfare agents." Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press, 2015. 535-555 ... Chemical warfare agents. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 26, 113-122 Vilensky, Joel A., and Kent Redman. "British anti- ... Lewisite immediately damages the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract and is a strong irritant and blistering agent. Due to its ... Chemically, dimercaprol is a chelating agent that binds to the arsenic in lewisite. It is contraindicated in those with peanut ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisite_3

"Ocular toxicity of chemical warfare agents." Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press, 2015. 535-555 ... Chemical warfare agents. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 26, 113-122 Vilensky, Joel A., and Kent Redman. "British anti- ... Lewisite 2 (L-2) is an organoarsenic chemical weapon with the formula AsCl(CH=CHCl)2. It is similar to lewisite 1 and lewisite ... Lewisite immediately damages the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract and is a strong irritant and blistering agent. Due to its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisite_2

v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Nerve agent precursors, Chemical warfare agent ... Ellison, D. Hank (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007). Compendium of chemical warfare agents. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 9780387346267. ... OPA is a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and isopropylamine that is used for production of the sarin nerve agent. The mixture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPA_mixture

The preparatory manual to chemical warfare. Vol 1: V agents: X Pubchem. "Dichloro(methyl)phosphane". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ... SW was also adopted as a standard precursor to V agents, having been used to prepare QL for unitary and binary VX. SW was the ... Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Chembox image size set, Articles with short description, Short description ... some of which are used as intermediates in the production of plant protection agents, stabilizers for plastics, and catalysts. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldichlorophosphine

A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. cit-OPDC. The preparatory manual to chemical warfare. Vol 1:ClG-agents. v t e ... "Precursors of Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents with Industrial Relevance: Characteristics and Significance for Chemical Security ... It is a highly toxic organophosphorus compound and used as the precursor substance for soman nerve agent. Its physical ... Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosoman

Timothy T. Marrs; Robert L. Maynard; Frederick Sidell (4 April 2007). Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment. John ... Ethyl iodoacetate is a chemical compound that is a derivative of ethyl acetate. Under normal conditions, the compound is a ... Like many alkyl iodides, ethyl iodoacetate is an alkylating agent, which makes it useful in organic synthesis, yet toxic. Ethyl ... Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Chembox image size set, Articles with short description, Short description ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetate

"Ocular toxicity of chemical warfare agents". Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press. pp. 535-555. ... Chemical warfare agents. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 26, 113-122 Doi, M.; Hattori, N.; Yokoyama, A.; Onari, Y.; Kanehara ... Blue Cross (chemical warfare) Lewisite I - Compound Summary, PubChem. Mitchell, Jon (27 July 2013). "A drop in the ocean: the ... Code Red - Weapons of Mass Destruction Online Resources; - Blister Agents "Commander: World is safer with chemical stockpile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisite

Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents ... ISBN 978-0-7637-5939-1. Somani, Satu M. (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Ellison, Hank D. (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Girard, James ( ... it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent. (The pentachloride is stable only below −50 °C, at which temperature it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_compounds

Some chemical warfare nerve agents such as VX can also cause complete flaccid paralysis. In some situations, prominently in ... Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Chapter 5: Nerve Agents" (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. p. 144ff. ... AFP is also associated with a number of other pathogenic agents including enteroviruses other than polio, echoviruses, West ... Curare acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent that induces flaccid paralysis. This poison binds to the acetylcholine (ACh) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis

Ellison, D (2008). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. OCLC ... 2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Academic Press. pp. 338-339 ... Ferguson, J. K. W.; Roughton, F. J. W. (1934-12-14). "The direct chemical estimation of carbamino compounds of CO2 with ... whose chemical structure is based on the natural alkaloid physostigmine. Other examples are meprobamate and its derivatives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate

Ramesh C. Gupta (2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-12-800494-4. ... The chemical agent used, liquid sarin, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each ... An accident at the plant in November 1994 would eventually force the suspension of the production of chemical agents.[citation ... CW Terrorism Tutorial Archived 25 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, A Brief History of Chemical Warfare, Historical Cases of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack

Ledgard J (2006). The Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. Lulu.com. p. 117. ISBN 9781411694323. Lohs KH (1974). ... Ethyldichloroarsine Phenyldichloroarsine Lewisite Wood JR (May 1944). "Chemical Warfare-A Chemical and Toxicological Review". ... This colourless volatile liquid is a highly toxic vesicant that has been used in chemical warfare. German chemists weaponized ... Cashman JR (2008). Emergency Response Handbook for Chemical and Biological Agents and Weapons (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 216. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine

Since November 2019 the group of ACheIs known as Novichoks have been banned as agents of warfare under the Chemical Weapons ... Waiskopf, Nir; Soreq, Hermona (2015). "Cholinesterase Inhibitors". Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Elsevier ... Castelvecchi, Davide (2019). "Novichok nerve agents banned by chemical-weapons treaty". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03686-y ... Novichok agents are neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds and are considered more potent than VX gas, also a neurotoxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor

... is an obsolete chemical warfare agent and is classified as a vesicant or a vomiting/incapacitating agent. ... is an organic arsenical vesicant and vomiting agent developed by Germany and France for use as a chemical warfare agent during ... A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. Lulu.com. pp. 127-29. ISBN 1411694325. Ellison HD (2007). Handbook of Chemical ... Phenyldichloroarsine is an arsenical vesicant which can be mixed with mustard agents for use in chemical warfare. PD was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine

Miotine Neostigmine TL-1238 TMTFA Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems. Parts I-II. Bajgar, J; Patocka, J ( ... It was investigated as a chemical warfare agent starting in 1940. It does not go through the blood-brain barrier due to the ... Gupta, Ramesh C. (2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press. pp. 338-339. ISBN 9780128004944. ... Robinson, J. P. (1971). The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: The rise of CB weapons. Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-1123

Several were developed as chemical warfare agents during World War I, including vesicants such as lewisite and vomiting agents ... ISBN 978-0-7637-5939-1. Somani, Satu M. (2001). Chemical warfare agents: toxicity at low levels. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Ellison, Hank D. (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1434-6. Girard, James ( ... Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and ... This is related historically to the greater impact of disease and warfare on the Virginia Indian populations, as well as their ... Fenn, Elizabeth A (March 2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

Gupta RC (2009). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents. Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-800159-2. OCLC ... Gupta RC, Patocka J (2009). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. London: Academic Press. p. 199. ISBN ... Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles with ... Heimberger SI, Scott AI (1973). "Biosynthesis of strychnine". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (6): 217 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine

... but its high volatility makes it impractical as a chemical warfare agent. One of the earliest proposed chemical weapons, ... A blood agent is a toxic chemical agent that affects the body by being absorbed into the blood. Blood agents are fast-acting, ... A Laboratory History of Chemical Warfare Agents. Lulu. pp. 79 et seq. ISBN 978-1-4116-9432-3. Croddy, Eric (2002). Chemical and ... This resulted in the largest death toll as a result of the use of chemical agents to date. Walsh, C. J. (2008). "Blood agents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_agent

D. Hank Ellison (24 August 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ... who suggested a form of biological warfare in the use of blankets infected with smallpox which were to be distributed to Native ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet

D. Hank Ellison (August 24, 2007). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CRC Press. pp. 123-140. ISBN 978-0-8493- ... Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-16-087238-9. In retrospect, it is ... Barras V, Greub G (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_State_Park

... many of them developed by the US Chemical Warfare Service. Different methods of delivery, e.g. small bombs, bomblet clusters ... Thickened triethylaluminium, a napalm-like substance that ignites in contact with air, is known as thickened pyrophoric agent, ... Though colloquially often known as bombs, they are not explosives but in fact are designed to slow the process of chemical ... Napalm for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a 'gel' to slow, but not stop, combustion, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device

... was given to his agents undertaking the work-as payment to them and their sub-agents, and for expenses-leaving him with 8.3%. ... He duplicated the chemical balance of British water in order to make the colours match. To break the coded arrangement of the ... Economic warfare, Intelligence operations, Nazi concentration camps, Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Former banknote issuers ... He recruited what he called "salesmen" in various territories, and built a network of 50 agents and sub agents; some of these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bernhard

This includes: the GID-3 ambient air monitoring system for the detection of industrial toxins and chemical warfare agents, the ... and the SABRE FR air filtration table for the detection of toxic industrial chemicals. A fully deployed Mobile Mail-Screening ... self-propelled facility designed to screen mail for the presence of explosive devices and to deter people from sending chemical ... "chemical biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive" threats. During domestic deployments, Mobile Mail-Screening Stations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Mail-Screening_Station

More rarely, others are used to release chemical or biological agents, either on impact or when over the target area; designing ... rifles are issued the Mk 262 Mod 0 cartridge developed jointly by Black Hills Ammunition and Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center ... Frangible rounds are also used by armed security agents on aircraft. The concern is not depressurization (a bullet hole will ... placed in a thin copper shell and held in place by an epoxy or similar binding agent. On impact, the epoxy shatters and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics

... is a chemical compound developed into gas form and used for chemical warfare during World War I. It is a tearing agent designed ... v t e (CS1: Julian-Gregorian uncertainty, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that ... Auld, S.J.M. (February 4, 1918). "Methods of gas warfare". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 8 (3): 58. Bibcode: ... Industrially, chloromethyl chloroformate is used to manufacture other chemicals. "Chloromethyl chloroformate". Sigma-Aldrich. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethyl_chloroformate

Adam Denzil Marris, Esq., Head of the Commodities Section of Ministry of Economic Warfare Staff at His Majesty's Embassy, ... Major Tom Hickinbotham, O.B.E., Indian Political Service, P'olitical Agent, Kuwait, Persian Gulf. Herbert Eric St George ... John Gibb Nicholson, Esq., Deputy Chairman, Imperial Chemical Industries Limited. Robert Nimmo, Esq., Lord Provost of Perth. ... Arthur Leopold Armstrong, Esq., O.B.E., Colonial Administrative Service, formerly Agent and Consul, Tonga, now Commissioner for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_New_Year_Honours

A spokesman for Ahrar al-Sharqiya meanwhile announced that she was killed for being "an agent for U.S. intelligence". A ... The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has stated that they are aware of the situation and are ... Drone warfare, Invasions by Turkey, Invasions of Syria, Kurdish-Turkish conflict (2015-present), Military operations of the ... Trew, Bel (18 October 2019). "Turkey faces scrutiny over alleged use of chemical weapons on children in Syria". The Independent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria

They link up with the northern cell of the FIA, led by former government agent Kostas Stavrou, and perform guerilla operations ... Rudwell and Stype discuss Stype's suspicions of a reported "chemical leak" at the factory, and learn that the LDF has ... Arma hoaxes typically consist of shaky low-resolution footage of anti-aircraft warfare in nighttime settings, with land or ... The DLC, focusing on armored warfare, introduced three new armored vehicles, primarily intended to be competent at competing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_3

"Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme". Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament ... Among the biological agents, the Rhodesians selected for use included Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera) and possibly ... Glenn Cross, "Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975-1980," Solihull, UK: Helion & Company, 2017 Jim Parker ... Rhodesia was one of the few countries known to have used chemical and biological agents. Rhodesian CBW use took place toward ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

... chemical, toxicological, entomological, and radiological warfare agents in various combinations of climate and terrain. The top ... Many tests occurred on U.S. soil and released live biological agents, chemical agents or their simulants. In total, according ... Biological warfare facilities, Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City, Chemical warfare facilities, Military installations ... "Secrets at sea: Cloud of secrecy lifting on Dugway Navy's tests of germ and chemical agents in the Pacific during Vietnam War ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Test_Center

Chemical warfare, Incapacitating agents, January 1966 events in Asia, February 1966 events in Asia, March 1966 events in Asia) ... the use of non-lethal chemicals in South Vietnam. The use of 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate or Agent BZ was alleged in Operation ... Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Masher

... stored approximately seven percent of the nation's chemical weapon's stockpile including VX (nerve agent) and Sarin (GB) agent ... As a result of the completion of chemical warfare disposal operations at ANAD, all federal funding for the communities ... In September 2011, the US Army's Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) successfully completed the safe elimination of ANAD's chemical ... program designed to provide community education and emergency preparedness resources in the event of a chemical agent emergency ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Regional_Communications_System

Rainbird is using these children to rob a bank as a test of warfare in the new decade. With Vincent and James on her side, ... When Charlie was a kid, her mother Vicky (Karrie Combs) was murdered by agents for the now-defunct Shop, the government ... part of an old experiment from the 1970s-an experiment in which a group of college students were given a dose of a chemical ... Danny Nucci as Vincent Sforza John Dennis Johnston as Joel Lowen Darnell Williams as Gil Ron Perkins as Special Agent Pruitt ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestarter:_Rekindled

The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease. Lead track " ... "tour managers and agents that didn't pay us". In 1987, the song "Stairs and Flowers" was released as a single, as was a new ... drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing. In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time ... The DVD included Information Warfare, a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq. The anti-Bush ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinny_Puppy

Training an agent (i.e., IoT device) to behave smartly in such an environment cannot be addressed by conventional machine ... It is heavily influenced by the future prospects of warfare in an urban environment and involves the use of sensors, munitions ... as well as highly toxic synthetic chemicals. This makes them extremely difficult to properly recycle. Electronic components are ... The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralised servers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things

Dr Taha admitted producing germ warfare agents but said they had been destroyed. Rihab Rashida Taha ranks among the most ... she went instead to work for Iraq's germ warfare program. In 1985, she worked in the al-Muthanna chemical plant near Baghdad, ... She said Saddam's regime was telling the truth when it said it no longer had any chemical or biological weapons. Taha told the ... The dossier alleged that Taha had played a leading role in the manufacture of anthrax and other biological agents. It was this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihab_Taha

At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium ... Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles with ... Faith, Thomas (2014). Behind the gas mask : the U.S. chemical warfare service in war and peace. Champaign, IL: University of ... Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015). "Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory". Distillations. 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite

... and attempted to hack the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (then investigating the Douma chemical attack by ... GRU agents were also implicated in numerous cyberwarfare operations across the West, including in the U.S., France, and Germany ... Unit 54777, alternately called the 72nd Special Service Center, is one of the GRU's primary psychological warfare capabilities ... a Swiss institute analyzing chemical weapon attacks for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU

... all effects of biological and chemical warfare, the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation or any other destructive weapon ... A battle casualty other than killed in action who has incurred an injury due to an external agent or cause. The term ... or agent. A battle casualty who later dies of wounds or other injuries received in action, after having reached a medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action

Chemical weapons, Lachrymatory agents, Chemical warfare agent mixtures, All stub articles, Chemistry stubs, Weapon stubs). ... Hoenig, Steven L. (2007), Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7 v t e v t e (Chemicals that ... CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the ... Ellison, D. Hank (2007). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_(chemical_weapon)

Also known as CK, cyanogen chloride is a highly toxic blood agent, and was once proposed for use in chemical warfare. It causes ... By 1945, the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Service developed chemical warfare rockets intended for the new M9 and M9A1 Bazookas ... History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective, Aberdeen, MD, USA: Army Chemical and Biological Defense ... "Cyanogen chloride (CK): Systemic Agent , NIOSH , CDC". 9 July 2021. "Characteristics and Employment of Ground Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride

... is a potent anticholinergic deliriant drug with a fairly long duration of action, related to the chemical warfare agent ... Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical ... Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents. Vol. 1. The National Academies Press. pp. 200-204 ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles without EBI source, Chemical pages without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA-3834

... which are commonly used in pesticides and as warfare agents. She develops stable, activate fluorinated phosphotriesterase (PTE ... Jin Kim Montclare is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at New York University. She creates novel proteins ... "NYU Tandon Professor Named a Rising Star of Chemical Engineering , NYU Tandon School of Engineering". engineering.nyu.edu. ... "Computationally Designed Stable Artificial Phosphotriesterases for Detoxification of Organophosphorus Agents". {{cite journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Kim_Montclare

The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-5471-8. Goldberg, Jeff (2001). Plague Wars ... On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) were accidentally released from a Soviet ... The biological warfare (BW) facility in Sverdlovsk was built during the period 1947 to 1949 and was a spin-off of the Soviet ... "U.S. Sanctions and Other Measures Imposed on Russia in Response to Russia's Use of Chemical Weapons". United States Department ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak

Here, the sources say, experiments with biological and chemical agents were carried out first on dogs and cats, then on Iranian ... Iraq and weapons of mass destruction Iraqi chemical weapons program History of biological warfare (Webarchive template wayback ... Details of the BW program and a chemical weapons program surfaced after the Gulf War (1990-91) during the disarmament of Iraq ... The prisoners were secured to a bed in a purpose-built chamber, into which lethal agents, including anthrax, were sprayed from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program

... and are used as nerve agents in chemical warfare. Enzyme inhibition is a common feature of metabolic pathway control in cells. ... Irreversible inhibitors form a chemical bond with the enzyme such that the enzyme is inhibited until the chemical bond is ... A special case are covalent reversible inhibitors that form a chemical bond with the enzyme, but the bond can be cleaved so the ... Lundblad RL (2004). Chemical reagents for protein modification (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-1983-9. Polakovič M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

It denied that a chemical attack had taken place in Douma on 7 April 2018, but this was nonetheless confirmed in a report by ... In 2010, Russian special forces officer, Major Aleksi Potyomkin, claimed that the murders were perpetrated by FSB agents. A ... Kramer, Mark (2005). "Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Terrorism in the North Caucasus: The Military Dimension of the ... "Security Council discusses chemical weapons use in Syria following latest global watchdog report". UN News. 6 March 2019. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_war_crimes

Biocides are chemical substances that kill or deter microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The biocide is typically applied ... As an alternative to organotin toxins, there has been renewed interest in copper as the active agent in ablative or self ... Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Div., NSWCCD-TR-2000/04, archived from the original (pdf) on 8 April 2013, retrieved 21 ... Formerly, the so-called tributyltin (TBT) compounds were used as biocides (and thus anti-fouling agents). TBTs are toxic to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

Special Warfare Operator 1st Class Charles Keating IV; a U.S. Navy SEAL who was part of the QRF, was struck by direct ISIL ... It was confirmed on 22 September that the shell did contain a mustard agent. The mayor of Shirqat stated on 21 September that ... The attack resulted in the deaths of 12 militants and three chemical specialists. Another airstrike carried out on the group's ... Meanwhile, an airstrike carried out by the Inherent Resolve coalition which destroyed a chemical weapons factory of the group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirqat_offensive_(2016)

He allowed Communist agents working under Zhou Enlai to establish a secret headquarters in Taiyuan and released Communists that ... When he was forced out of Shanxi by the Communists, the province had become a major producer of coal, iron, chemicals, and ... By 1938, Yan's tactics had evolved to resemble the guerrilla warfare practiced by Communist forces in other parts of Shanxi, ... Tactics used by the Communists during that time included psychological warfare, such as forcing relatives of the Nationalist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Xishan

... chemical weapons elimination program. This page links to chemical warfare agent exposure limits for GA, GB, VX, H, HD, and ... Closing U.S. Chemical Warfare Agent Disposal Facilities. *CDC Participation in the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness ... CDC recommends exposure limits for chemical warfare agents. These exposure limits protect workers and the general population. ... CDC and EPA Create Effective Sampling Method to Clear Public Chemical Warfare Agent Incidents on Fishing Vessels ...

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/demil/cwaelfs.htm

... emergency physicians must be able to care for victims of chemical weapon agents (CWAs). This article reviews the physical ... Because of the ongoing risk of chemical attack, ... Chemical Warfare Agents) and CBRNE - Chemical Warfare Agents ... CBRNE - Chemical Warfare Agents. Updated: May 11, 2023 * Author: Gregory R Ciottone, MD, FACEP; Chief Editor: Duane C Caneva, ... Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) comprise a diverse group of extremely hazardous materials. [1] As potential weapons of mass ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/829454-overview

... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/89611/browse?locale-attribute=en&authority=Chemical+Warfare+Agents&type=mesh

Warfare and Terrorism Agents (used in acts of war or terror). Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, ... For information on other warfare and terrorism agents, please view the the CDC Chemical Agents page. ... Blister Agents: Lewisite (L), Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL). *Blister Agents: Sulfur Mustard Agent H/HD, Sulfur Mustard Agent ... Chemical Classifications *Warfare and Terrorism Agents (used in acts of war or terror) ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/substances/ToxChemicalListing.aspx?toxid=34

Systemic Asphyxiant Chemical-Warfare Agents - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck ... See also Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents Chemical-warfare (CW) agents are chemical mass ... Systemic asphyxiants are a type of chemical-warfare agent Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents Chemical-warfare (CW) agents are ... Systemic Asphyxiant Chemical-Warfare Agents By James M. Madsen , MD, MPH, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical ...

https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-pr/professional/injuries-poisoning/mass-casualty-weapons/systemic-asphyxiant-chemical-warfare-agents

Burns, Chemical. Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemical Warfare 6. Ophthalmic aspects of chemical warfare ... Chemical Warfare. Military Personnel -- education. Chemical Warfare Agents 5. The dermatologic aspects of chemical warfare ... Chemical Warfare. Chemical Warfare Agents. Eye Injuries -- chemically induced 7. Medical aspects of gas warfare ... Chemical Warfare Agents. War-Related Injuries. World War II. United States 9. Chemical warfare agents: reference and training ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Chemical+Warfare+Agents

Results of search for su:{Chemical warfare agents.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available items ... new compounds in biological and chemical warfare, toxicological evaluation, industrial chemical disasters, civil protection and ... Medical manual of defence against chemical agents / by command of the Defence Council. by United Kingdom. Ministry of Defence ... by World Congress on New Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare (2nd: 1986: Ghent, Belgium) , Heyndrickx, Bruno , ...

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Chemical Warfare Agents. 2005 Mar-Apr:e1. Introduced. 2000 Mar-Apr:e3. Lite Interface. 2004 Mar-Apr:e1. New Searching Features ... Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System (CCRIS). Searchable in NLM Gateway. 2005 Sep-Oct:e1. Chemical Searching. ... CCRIS see Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2001 Nov-Dec:e8 ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/tbindex/c.html

Ramesh C. Gupta (2015). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-12-800494-4. . ... Confirmed chemical attacks executed by Aum Shinrikyo[17] Date Agent Location Comments ... CW Terrorism Tutorial Archived 25 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, A Brief History of Chemical Warfare, Historical Cases of ... The chemical agent used, liquid sarin, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin_gas_attack_on_the_Tokyo_subway

To determine cancer morbidity in members of the armed forces who took part in tests of chemical warfare agents from 1941 to ... Cancer morbidity in British military veterans included in chemical warfare agent experiments at Porton Down: cohort study. ... To determine cancer morbidity in members of the armed forces who took part in tests of chemical warfare agents from 1941 to ... Cancer morbidity in British military veterans included in chemical warfare agent experiments at Porton Down: cohort study. ...

https://www.richarddollconsortium.org/publications/426136

Airborne Infectious Agents. * Alcohol. * Allergens. * Arsenic. * Asbestos. * Biological Toxins * Chemical / Biological Warfare ...

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/topics/

Airborne Infectious Agents. * Alcohol. * Allergens. * Arsenic. * Asbestos. * Biological Toxins * Chemical / Biological Warfare ...

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Chemical Warfare Agents. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Radiation Injuries. en_US. ...

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Toxicodynamics of nerve agents. In: Somani SM, ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. San Diego (California): Academic Press, Inc.; 1992: ... Nerve Agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Falls Church, ... Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001:83-120. ... Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001:1-24. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cholinesterase-inhibitors/literature_cited.html

Nitrogen mustards were developed in the 1920s and 30s as agents of chemical warfare. By the 1940s, however, it had become ... From Chemical Warfare to Cancer. Burkitt lymphoma. Ed Uthman, MD. ... 1964 some 50 million people had taken the drug-but its development also laid the groundwork for the later generation of agents ...

https://www.britannica.com/list/7-drugs-that-changed-the-world

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT ANTIDOTES. Although rare, health care workers could be exposed to chemical warfare agents while caring ... Infectious agents can be spread through contact with blood, bodily fluids, respiratory secretions, or contaminated materials or ... If exposure to these agents is a possibility, antidotes (e.g., atropine) should be immediately available. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/work-and-other-reasons/health-care-workers

Chemical warfare: nerve agent poisoning. Crit Care Clin 1997;13:923-42. ... Nerve agentsplus icon *Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and ... Nerve agents. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological ... Riot control agents/tear gasplus icon *Facts About Riot Control Agents ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/nerve/casedef.asp

Despite the limitations the UN Mission found while investigating the use of chemical weapons (CW) in Syria, some interesting ... These include the advantages of the Chemical Weapons Convention procedure for the investigation of alleged CW use, when ... This paper aims at explaining the lessons learned from the chemical attacks that took place in 2013 in the Syrian military ... Black, R.M.; Noort, D. Biological markers of exposure to chemical warfare agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/2/3/391

Varma D. R. and Mulay, S Methyl Isocyanate: the Bhopal gas in Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Ed. R.C. ... Chemtob, S. Carbon Monoxide: Public Health Risk to Painless Killer. in Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. ...

https://www.mun.ca/medicine/faculty-and-staff-resources/faculty-a-z/mulay-shree.php

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PROGRAM. Sec. 1520 - Use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents by ... 50 U.S.C. 1520 - Use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents by Department of Defense ... Last week, the peer-reviewed Journal of Information Warfare published my article about New Yorks voter roll algorithms. The ...

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Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... Chemical hazards; Biological warfare; Biological warfare agents ... However, the combined impact of these physical and chemical exposures has not yet been explored in GWI. The objective of this ... The multiple hit hypothesis for Gulf War Illness: self-reported chemical/biological weapons exposure and mild traumatic brain ... Chemical weapons; Gulf war; Gulf war illness; Mild traumatic brain injury; Neurotoxicant exposures ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=pesticide+or+pesticides+or+insecticide+or+insecticides+or+herbicide+or+herbicides+or+fungicide+or+fungicides&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=pesticide+or+pesticides+or+insecticide+or+insecticides+or+herbicide+or+herbicides+or+fungicide+or+fungicides&B1=Search&terms=4&Adv=1&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&EndYear=&D1=10&PageNo=12&RecNo=115&View=f&

Proengin chemical biological detection systems equipment anthrax sarin warfare agent army military ... The Company Proengin is French developer and manufacturer of biological and chemical warfare agents detection systems based on ... Proengin is the only company using this technology to manufacture field usable chemical and biological detectors. a ... NBC-Sys NRBC protection systems Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear threats detection systems individual protection NBC- ...

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Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... Chemical-warfare-agents; Pulmonary-system-disorders; Author ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=chlorine&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=14&RecNo=134&View=f&

NIAID Administrative Supplement to Promote Discovery of Medical Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats NOT-AI-22-030. NIAID ... Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents and Organophosphorus (OP) Pesticides: Discovery (or label-expansion indications) of already FDA- ... Examples of clinical indication(s) and chemical agents of interest include, but are not limited to:. *Pulmonary Agents: ... To learn more, see The National Institutes of Health Chemical Countermeasures Research Program (NIH CCRP): A Collaborative ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-AI-22-030.html

Antioxidants as potential medical countermeasures for chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. Biochem Pharmacol ... Li C, Srivastava RK, Athar M. Biological and environmental hazards associated with exposure to chemical warfare agents: ... Models to identify treatments for the acute and persistent effects of seizure-inducing chemical threat agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci ... Vesicating Agents. Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Emerging targets for treating sulfur mustard-induced injuries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jun; ...

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/current-research/trans-agency-activities/counteract-program/counteract-publications/counteract-publications-2016

During their hospital stay, it became clear from lung x-rays that the group had also been involved in chemical warfare. The ... Observation of pulmonary edema in patients who had survived a gas attack might also help confirm deployment of chemical agents ... Imaging demonstration of chemical or germ warfare is more problematic. Unusually high incidence of emphysema-type findings ... could indicate past exposure to chemical agents, Vogel said. ... and processing chemicals had to be mixed and heated by hand. ...

https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/view/x-ray-detectives-turn-images-evidence

Biological and chemical warfare agent mitigation; BSL-2, BSL-3 and select agent research; Homeland security; High-throughput ... Structural basis for promutagenic and anticancer activity of DNA-modifying agents, DNA damage by tobacco carcinogens and lung ... Development of novel non-viral vector transfection agents for use in human gene therapy, strategies for eliminating ... Professor & Philip S. Portoghese Endowed Chair in Chemical Neuroscience, Department of Medicinal Chemistry ...

https://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/medicinal-chemistry/phd-graduate-program/graduate-faculty

Chemical Warfare Agents J1.637.870.200. J1.637.870.900.200. Chemokine CCL2 D12.644.276.374.200.110.500.600 D12.644.276.374. ... Anticarcinogenic Agents D27.505.696.706.18. D27.720.799.18. Antigens, CD45 D8.811.277.352.650.625.700.150 D8.811.277.352. ... Defoliants, Chemical D27.720.31.700.366.181. Dementia, Multi-Infarct C14.907.553.355.249.200.199 C10.228.140.300.150.477. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2008.htm

... e Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Chemical ... for Protecting Human Health Against Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Chemical Warfare Agents ... The national stockpile of chemical agents includes six chemicals: Nerve Agents. GA (Tabun or ethyl N,N- ... which mandates destruction of the present stockpile of selected chemical agents by September 30, 1994. The specific agents are ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0001041/m0001041.asp

He developed and tested the first chemical warfare agents used in WWI.. After he personally supervised the first field test of ... He has also been described as the "father of chemical warfare" for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other ... Chemical fertilizers have introduced a host of evils into world society and the ecosphere, not the least of which is the ... I have worked as a chemist, a trader of chemical products, and a teacher at the high school level of chemistry and physics. My ...

https://theautomaticearth.blogspot.com/2009/03/march-14-2009-less-cities-more-moving.html?showComment=1237127160000

Somani SM, Husain K. Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions. (cdc.gov)
Nerve agent or organophosphate toxicity might result from multiple routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
To learn more, see Considerations in developing medical countermeasures against chemical ocular toxicity , published in Toxicology Letters. (nih.gov)
Very little information is available on the long-term toxicity of agent T, which has much lower volatility than H, with which it is mixed. (cdc.gov)

Varma D. R. and Mulay, S Methyl Isocyanate: the Bhopal gas in Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. (mun.ca)
in Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. (mun.ca)

Nerve agent (GA, GB, and VX) exposure limits were revised in 2003. (cdc.gov)
A review of nerve agent exposure for the critical care physician. (cdc.gov)
A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for nerve agent or organophosphate pesticide exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
Chemical warfare: nerve agent poisoning. (cdc.gov)
Novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes enhance survival and attenuate seizure-like behavior of rats receiving lethal levels of nerve agent surrogates. (nih.gov)
Comparison of inhibition kinetics of several organophosphates, including some nerve agent surrogates, using human erythrocyte and rat and mouse brain acetylcholinesterase. (nih.gov)
The intelligence community assesses with "high confidence" that officers of Russia's Federal Security Service used a nerve agent to poison Russian opposition leader Aleksey Navalny on August 20, 2020. (whitehouse.gov)

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages grant applications for Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) Cooperative Research Projects (U01s). (nih.gov)

They include traditional chemical warfare nerve agents such as sarin and VX, and toxic industrial chemicals and pesticides such as cyanide, chlorine, parathion, and sodium fluoroacetate. (nih.gov)
This paper aims at explaining the lessons learned from the chemical attacks that took place in 2013 in the Syrian military conflict, especially the sarin attacks on the Ghouta area of Damascus on August 21. (mdpi.com)

Chemicals such as phosgene, cyanide, anhydrous ammonia, and chlorine are important precursors for manufacturing many products including plastics and agricultural products, and are widely and frequently transported. (medscape.com)

Like a number of widely used insecticides, the nerve agents GA, GB, and VX are organic compounds containing phosphorus (organophosphorus compounds). (cdc.gov)

Discovery of MCMs and/or therapeutic target(s) to prevent and treat lung damage (including pulmonary edema, pulmonary capillary leak, and pulmonary fibrosis) resulting from exposure to agents such as sulfur mustard, chlorine, acrolein, and phosgene. (nih.gov)

A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists. (cdc.gov)
Emergency physicians are familiar with British anti-Lewisite (BAL) because it is a heavy metal-chelating agent that is recommended in some cases of metal poisoning, especially arsenic. (nih.gov)

In the modern warfare era, CWAs were first used in World War I in 1915 when the German military released 168 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium, killing an estimated 5000 Allied troops. (medscape.com)

Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents Chemical-warfare (CW) agents are chemical mass-casualty weapons (MCWs) developed by governments for wartime use and include Toxic agents (intended to cause serious injury or death) Incapacitating. (merckmanuals.com)
The Chemical Countermeasures Research Program ( CCRP ) was established in 2006 by the NIAID to promote the discovery and advancements of MCMs to treat and/or prevent serious morbidities and mortality during or after mass casualty, high consequence, public health events involving the release of highly toxic chemicals. (nih.gov)

The objective of this study was to examine both self-reported mTBI and exposure to chemical/biological weapons (CBW) as a multiple or two hit model for increased risk of GWI and other chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)

This investigation was prompted by reports from Gulf War veterans who, after the cease-fire, saw what they believed was evidence of Iraq s use of blister agents one category of chemical warfare agent against Iraqi civilians. (osd.mil)
We were unable to obtain definitive evidence of Iraq's post-war use of blister agents or any other kind of chemical warfare agent. (osd.mil)

Inhalation of sulfur mustard (SM), a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes severe lung damage, is a significant threat to both military and civilian populations. (nih.gov)
An effective defense requires the development of unique respirator systems that prevent inhalation of chemical warfare (CW) agents. (sbir.gov)

For patient education information, also see the First Aid and Injuries Center , as well as Chemical Warfare and Personal Protective Equipment . (medscape.com)
To learn more, see Developing Medical Countermeasures to Treat the Acute and Chronic Effects of Pulmonary Chemical Injuries (A Trans-Agency Scientific Meeting) . (nih.gov)

The Iraqi military also used chemical weapons against the Iraqi Kurds during the second Persian Gulf War. (medscape.com)

Chemical threats are toxic chemicals that could be used in a terrorist attack or accidentally released from industrial production, storage or shipping. (nih.gov)

Sulfur mustard was the major cause of chemical casualties in World War I. CWAs have been used in at least 12 conflicts since, including the first Persian Gulf War (Iraq-Iran War). (medscape.com)
Discovery of MCMs and/or therapeutic target(s) to mitigate dermal and/or ocular toxicities after exposure to vesicating agents such as sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, and Lewisite. (nih.gov)

In 1970, Congress gave the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) responsibility for reviewing Department of Defense (DOD) plans for transporting and/or disposing of certain chemical agents and making recommendations for the protection of human health and safety (Public Law (Pub. (cdc.gov)
The Syrian upraising, which started in 2011, brought great concern among the Chemical Defense Community, due to the fact that, until October 14, 2013, Syria was one of the seven non-State Parties of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). (mdpi.com)
Defense against chemical weapons is a critical DoD requirement. (sbir.gov)

Civilians have also been exposed inadvertently to chemical weapons many years after weapons deployment during war. (medscape.com)

therefore, CDC, through open meetings, convened a working group of experts to consider adverse effects of acute exposure to these agents. (cdc.gov)
During public meetings held at each of the eight sites, citizens voiced their concerns about chronic low-level exposure to the agents and the delayed effects that acute exposure might cause. (cdc.gov)

Lavoie FW, Coomes T, Cisek JE, Fulkerson L. Emergency department external decontamination for hazardous chemical exposure. (cdc.gov)

Public information on biological and chemical threats. (who.int)
Biological and chemical threats. (who.int)
The NIAID is inviting administrative supplement applications from current NIAID awardees that are not currently focused on the research and early development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against chemical threats to allow them to expand their MCM research focus into this critical field. (nih.gov)
The mission of the CounterACT U01 program is to develop new and improved therapeutics for chemical threats. (nih.gov)

The CWC is an international treaty that entered into force in 1997 and prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons (CW) [ 1 , 2 ]. (mdpi.com)

During World War II, BAL minimized the risk to the Allied infantry of injury or death from Lewisite, a very potent arsenic-based chemical warfare agent. (nih.gov)
Topical efficacy of dimercapto-chelating agents against lewisite-induced skin lesions in SKH-1 hairless mice. (nih.gov)

Organophosphates englobe the class of highly toxic compounds present in many agrochemicals and threatening chemical weapons [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)

The multiple hit hypothesis for Gulf War Illness: self-reported chemical/biological weapons exposure and mild traumatic brain injury. (cdc.gov)

Although the Chemical Weapons Convention and a number of international treaties have banned the development, production, and stockpiling of those CWAs with only a warfare use, these agents reportedly still are being produced or stockpiled in several countries. (medscape.com)
Within the last several decades, terrorists have deployed chemical weapons against civilian populations. (medscape.com)
Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons : report of a WHO group of consultants. (who.int)
Public health response to biological and chemical weapons : WHO guidance. (who.int)
Despite the limitations the UN Mission found while investigating the use of chemical weapons (CW) in Syria, some interesting conclusions for the scientific and medical community can be obtained from its reports. (mdpi.com)
These include the advantages of the Chemical Weapons Convention procedure for the investigation of alleged CW use, when compared with the United Nations mechanism for similar investigations, the difficulties of differential diagnosis based only on clinical signs and symptoms and the impact of secondary contamination when responding to a CW attack. (mdpi.com)
Between 1991 and 1999, some 175 ADF personnel deployed to Iraq with UNSCOM - the UN mission that sought to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of its chemical, biological and missile weapons facilities. (awm.gov.au)
We are also working with Congress to ensure we're faithfully implementing the Chemical and Biological Weapons Act. (whitehouse.gov)
Today, the United States is announcing sanctions on seven senior members of the Russian government, an expansion of sanctions under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act, new export restrictions on items that could be used for biological agent and chemical production, and visa restrictions. (whitehouse.gov)
And, it is to develop plans for using nuclear weapons to retaliate against chemical or biological attacks, as well as "surprising military developments" of an unspecified nature. (latimes.com)
They seek a host of new weapons and support systems, including conventional military and cyber warfare capabilities integrated with nuclear warfare. (latimes.com)
The NPR says they "could be employed against targets able to withstand nonnuclear attack," or in retaliation for the use of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, or "in the event of surprising military developments. (latimes.com)

If exposure to these agents is a possibility, antidotes (e.g., atropine) should be immediately available. (cdc.gov)
With this report, we terminate this investigation but do not dismiss the possibility Iraq used chemical warfare agents against its own people. (osd.mil)

Medical manual of defence against chemical agents / by command of the Defence Council. (who.int)

Infectious agents can be spread through contact with blood, bodily fluids, respiratory secretions, or contaminated materials or surfaces. (cdc.gov)

Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. (cdc.gov)

Selected analytical methods: chemical methods query [online]. (cdc.gov)

To illustrate these principles with specific agents, the properties, clinical effects, and medical management of nerve agents and vesicant agents are reviewed briefly. (medscape.com)
The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or the etiology of the agent is known with 100% certainty. (cdc.gov)

Warfare or terrorism agents are a class that includes chemicals, biological substances, radioactive materials, nuclear materials, or explosives. (cdc.gov)

Results of search for 'su:{Chemical warfare agents. (who.int)

However, for the avoidance of any doubt, if you are advised by or bidding through an agent on a lot identified as being subject to a third party guarantee you should always ask your agent to confirm whether or not he or she has a financial interest in relation to the lot. (christies.com)
Amongst works of the same subject, Agent Orange (In the Milky Lake) is the one of the biggest three in terms of size. (christies.com)
Along with the eloquent use of the water imagery in Agent Orange (In the Milky Lake) is the artist's anti-war sentiment - it is a subject matter that greatly concerns him. (christies.com)

The Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) portal sponsored by the US Department of Health & Human Services provides comprehensive information on chemical incident management, including specific information for first responders, hospital providers, and incident preparedness, as well as the general public . (medscape.com)
To learn more, see The National Institutes of Health Chemical Countermeasures Research Program (NIH CCRP): A Collaborative Opportunity to Develop Effective and Accessible Chemical Medical Countermeasures for the American People , published in Drug Development Research. (nih.gov)
We also interviewed numerous medical specialists, including doctors, nurses, and physician assistants, as well as chemical warfare experts. (osd.mil)

The group studied published and unpublished reports of all potential adverse effects, including carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity, for the aforementioned agents. (cdc.gov)

The reports, combined with Iraq s long history of chemical warfare agent use, suggested that Iraq might have used these agents to suppress the post-war rebellion, possibly exposing US forces. (osd.mil)

To resolve questions about these concerns, CDC gathered data on these agents and held an open meeting with the working group on September 29-30, 1987, in Atlanta, Georgia. (cdc.gov)
The Roundup method has the chemical cost and attendant concerns while the cultivation method is much more fuel intensive. (blogspot.com)

Although rare, health care workers could be exposed to chemical warfare agents while caring for patients. (cdc.gov)
In the absence of federal regulatory standards, DOD developed safety and health standards for handling these agents. (cdc.gov)

Accidents involving toxic industrial chemicals continue to be a significant potential source of exposure to those agents that were also used as chemical warfare agents. (medscape.com)

L. 99-145 (50 USC 1521), which mandates destruction of the present stockpile of selected chemical agents by September 30, 1994. (cdc.gov)

None of the nerve agents have been shown to be mutagenic or carcinogenic. (cdc.gov)

[ 2 ] inadvertent contact with chemical-laden shells from an unknown military dump site, military stockpiling, war, or terrorist attack. (medscape.com)

Indeed, not only was chlorpromazine successful-by 1964 some 50 million people had taken the drug-but its development also laid the groundwork for the later generation of agents used in the treatment of anxiety and depression. (britannica.com)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if Iraq used chemical warfare agents to suppress the Shiia rebellion in southern Iraq after the Gulf War and if US forces were exposed to these agents as a result of any such use. (osd.mil)

In addition, the U.S. Army Surgeon General's Office summarized a number of studies now under way or recently completed for agents GB, VX, HD, and L. (cdc.gov)

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Geographicals1

Determination of alkylmethylphosphonic acids, the main metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents, in biofluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid-liquid-solid-phase-transfer-catalyzed pentafluorobenzylation. (1/269)

Chemical and biological weapons: new questions, new answers. (2/269)

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products. (3/269)

Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives. (4/269)

Sequelae of sarin toxicity at one and three years after exposure in Matsumoto, Japan. (5/269)

Characterization of VX on concrete using ion trap secondary ionization mass spectrometry. (6/269)

The binding of substrate analogs to phosphotriesterase. (7/269)

Acute sarin exposure causes differential regulation of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. (8/269)

Chemical Warfare Agents

Chemical Warfare

Mustard Gas

Biological Warfare

Sarin

Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases

Soman

Military Science

Human Experimentation

Organothiophosphorus Compounds

Decontamination

Organophosphates

Organophosphorus Compounds

Veterans

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Iraq

Salivary Gland Diseases

Biological Warfare Agents

Military Medicine

Butyrylcholinesterase

Persian Gulf Syndrome

Burns, Chemical

Eye Burns

Psychological Warfare

Mass Casualty Incidents

Determination of alkylmethylphosphonic acids, the main metabolites of organophosphorus nerve agents, in biofluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid-liquid-solid-phase-transfer-catalyzed pentafluorobenzylation. (1/269)

Chemical and biological weapons: new questions, new answers. (2/269)

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products. (3/269)

Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives. (4/269)

Sequelae of sarin toxicity at one and three years after exposure in Matsumoto, Japan. (5/269)

Characterization of VX on concrete using ion trap secondary ionization mass spectrometry. (6/269)

The binding of substrate analogs to phosphotriesterase. (7/269)

Acute sarin exposure causes differential regulation of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. (8/269)

List of chemical warfare agents

Microbial toxin

History of biological warfare

VS (nerve agent)

O-Mustard

Arsenical

Ethylsarin

Monofluorophosphate

Ricin

Lewisite 3

Lewisite 2

OPA mixture

Methyldichlorophosphine

Chlorosoman

Ethyl iodoacetate

Lewisite

Arsenic compounds

Flaccid paralysis

Carbamate

Tokyo subway sarin attack

Methyldichloroarsine

Cholinesterase inhibitor

Phenyldichloroarsine

T-1123

Arsenic

Native Americans in the United States

Strychnine

Blood agent

Henry Bouquet

Point State Park

Incendiary device

Operation Bernhard

Mobile Mail-Screening Station

Terminal ballistics

Chloromethyl chloroformate

1944 New Year Honours

2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

Arma 3

Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction

Deseret Test Center

Operation Masher

Alabama Regional Communications System

Firestarter: Rekindled

Skinny Puppy

Internet of things

Rihab Taha

Sodium hypochlorite