Charybdotoxin
Scorpion Venoms
Apamin
Potassium Channels
Potassium Channel Blockers
Biological Factors
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
4-Aminopyridine
Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Vasodilation
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Mesenteric Arteries
Clotrimazole
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Acetylcholine
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Scorpions
Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)
Nitroarginine
Kv1.3 Potassium Channel
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors
Cromakalim
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Neurotoxins
Endothelium, Vascular
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits
Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Indomethacin
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Molsidomine
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
Enzyme Inhibitors
Electrophysiology
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Rats, Wistar
Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels
Muscle, Smooth
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Guinea Pigs
Bradykinin
A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.
Barium
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Agonists
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.
Nitric Oxide Synthase
Nitroprusside
Arterioles
Ion Channel Gating
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Potassium Chloride
Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels
Mesenteric Artery, Superior
A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
Cyclic GMP
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Pinacidil
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid
Phenylephrine
Synaptosomes
Microelectrodes
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Trachea
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
RINm5f cells express inactivating BK channels whereas HIT cells express noninactivating BK channels. (1/460)
Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated BK-type K+ channels are expressed abundantly in normal rat pancreatic islet cells and in the clonal rat insulinoma tumor (RINm5f) and hamster insulinoma tumor (HIT) beta cell lines. Previous work has suggested that the Ca2+ sensitivity of BK channels in RIN cells is substantially less than that in HIT cells, perhaps contributing to differences between the cell lines in responsiveness to glucose in mediating insulin secretion. In both RIN cells and normal pancreatic beta cells, BK channels are thought to play a limited role in responses of beta cells to secretagogues and in the electrical activity of beta cells. Here we examine in detail the properties of BK channels in RIN and HIT cells using inside-out patches and whole cell recordings. BK channels in RIN cells exhibit rapid inactivation that results in an anomalous steady-state Ca2+ dependence of activation. In contrast, BK channels in HIT cells exhibit the more usual noninactivating behavior. When BK inactivation is taken into account, the Ca2+ and voltage dependence of activation of BK channels in RIN and HIT cells is essentially indistinguishable. The properties of BK channel inactivation in RIN cells are similar to those of inactivating BK channels (termed BKi channels) previously identified in rat chromaffin cells. Inactivation involves multiple, trypsin-sensitive cytosolic domains and exhibits a dependence on Ca2+ and voltage that appears to arise from coupling to channel activation. In addition, the rates of inactivation onset and recovery are similar to that of BKi channels in chromaffin cells. The charybdotoxin (CTX) sensitivity of BKi currents is somewhat less than that of the noninactivating BK variant. Action potential voltage-clamp waveforms indicate that BK current is activated only weakly by Ca2+ influx in RIN cells but more strongly activated in HIT cells even when Ca2+ current magnitude is comparable. Concentrations of CTX sufficient to block BKi current in RIN cells have no effect on action potential activity initiated by glucose or DC injection. Despite its abundant expression in RIN cells, BKi current appears to play little role in action potential activity initiated by glucose or DC injection in RIN cells, but BK current may play an important role in action potential repolarization in HIT cells. (+info)Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (2/460)
1. Calcium responses induced by brief stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed from the fluorescence changes in fura-2 loaded submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Initially, 1-1.5 h after loading with fura-2 (fresh tissues), ACh increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. This response diminished with time, and finally disappeared in 2-3 h (old tissues). 3. Ba2+ elevated [Ca2+]i to a similar extent in both fresh and old tissues. ACh further increased the Ba2+-elevated [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues, but reduced it in old tissues. Responses were not affected by either indomethacin or nitroarginine. 4. In fresh mesenteric arteries, mechanical removal of endothelial cells abolished the ACh-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, with no alteration of [Ca2+]i at rest and during elevation with Ba2+. 5. In the presence of indomethacin and nitroarginine, high-K+ solution elevated [Ca2+]i in both fresh and old tissues. Subsequent addition of ACh further increased [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues without changing it in old tissues. 6. Proadifen, an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, inhibited the ACh-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in both fresh and Ba2+-stimulated old tissues. It also inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In fresh tissues, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was not changed by apamin, charybdotoxin (CTX), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or glibenclamide. In old tissues in which [Ca2+]i had previously been elevated with Ba2+, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by CTX but not by apamin, 4-AP or glibenclamide. 8. It is concluded that in submucosal arterioles, ACh elevates endothelial [Ca2+]i and reduces muscular [Ca2+]i, probably through the hyperpolarization of endothelial or smooth muscle membrane by activating CTX-sensitive K+ channels. (+info)Acetylcholine-induced membrane potential changes in endothelial cells of rabbit aortic valve. (3/460)
1. Using a microelectrode technique, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane potential changes were characterized using various types of inhibitors of K+ and Cl- channels in rabbit aortic valve endothelial cells (RAVEC). 2. ACh produced transient then sustained membrane hyperpolarizations. Withdrawal of ACh evoked a transient depolarization. 3. High K+ blocked and low K+ potentiated the two ACh-induced hyperpolarizations. Charybdotoxin (ChTX) attenuated the ACh-induced transient and sustained hyperpolarizations; apamin inhibited only the sustained hyperpolarization. In the combined presence of ChTX and apamin, ACh produced a depolarization. 4. In Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of Co2+ or Ni2+, ACh produced a transient hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. In BAPTA-AM-treated cells, ACh produced only a depolarization. 5. A low concentration of A23187 attenuated the ACh-induced transient, but not the sustained, hyperpolarization. In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid, the hyperpolarization induced by ACh was maintained after ACh removal; this maintained hyperpolarization was blocked by Co2+. 6. Both NPPB and hypertonic solution inhibited the membrane depolarization seen after ACh washout. Bumetanide also attenuated this depolarization. 7. It is concluded that in RAVEC, ACh produces a two-component hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. It is suggested that ACh-induced Ca2+ release from the storage sites causes a transient hyperpolarization due to activation of ChTX-sensitive K+ channels and that ACh-activated Ca2+ influx causes a sustained hyperpolarization by activating both ChTX- and apamin-sensitive K+ channels. Both volume-sensitive Cl- channels and the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter probably contribute to the ACh-induced depolarization. (+info)Differences in the actions of some blockers of the calcium-activated potassium permeability in mammalian red cells. (4/460)
1. The actions of some inhibitors of the Ca2+-activated K+ permeability in mammalian red cells have been compared. 2. Block of the permeability was assessed from the reduction in the net loss of K+ that followed the application of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2 microM) to rabbit red cells suspended at a haematocrit of 1% in a low potassium solution ([K]0 0.12-0.17 mM) at 37 degrees C. Net movement of K+ was measured using a K+-sensitive electrode placed in the suspension. 3. The concentrations (microM +/- s.d.) of the compounds tested causing 50% inhibition of K+ loss were: quinine, 37 +/- 3; cetiedil, 26 +/- 1; the cetiedil congeners UCL 1269, UCL 1274 and UCL 1495, approximately 150, 8.2 +/- 0.1, 0.92 +/- 0.03 respectively; clotrimazole, 1.2 +/- 0.1; nitrendipine, 3.6 +/- 0.5 and charybdotoxin, 0.015 +/- 0.002. 4. The characteristics of the block suggested that compounds could be placed in two groups. For one set (quinine, cetiedil, and the UCL congeners), the concentration-inhibition curves were steeper (Hill coefficient, nH, > or = 2.7) than for the other (clotrimazole, nitrendipine, charybdotoxin) for which nH approximately 1. 5. Compounds in the first set alone became less active on raising the concentration of K+ in the external solution to 5.4 mM. 6. The rate of K+ loss induced by A23187 slowed in the presence of high concentrations of cetiedil and its analogues, suggesting a use-dependent component to the inhibitory action. This was not seen with clotrimazole. 7. The blocking action of the cetiedil analogue UCL 1274 could not be overcome by an increase in external Ca2+ and its potency was unaltered when K+ loss was induced by the application of Pb2+ (10 microM) rather than by A23187. 8. These results, taken with the findings of others, suggest that agents that block the red cell Ca2+-activated K+ permeability can be placed in two groups with different mechanisms of action. The differences can be explained by supposing that clotrimazole and charybdotoxin act at the outer face of the channel whereas cetiedil and its congeners may block within it, either at or near the K+ binding site that determines the flow of K+. (+info)Modulation of chloride, potassium and bicarbonate transport by muscarinic receptors in a human adenocarcinoma cell line. (5/460)
1. Short-circuit current (I(SC)) responses to carbachol (CCh) were investigated in Colony 1 epithelia, a subpopulation of the HCA-7 adenocarcinoma cell line. In Krebs-Henseleit (KH) buffer, CCh responses consisted of three I(SC) components: an unusual rapid decrease (the 10 s spike) followed by an upward spike at 30 s and a slower transient increase (the 2 min peak). This response was not potentiated by forskolin; rather, CCh inhibited cyclic AMP-stimulated I(SC). 2. In HCO3- free buffer, the decrease in forskolin-elevated I(SC) after CCh was reduced, although the interactions between CCh and forskolin remained at best additive rather than synergistic. When Cl- anions were replaced by gluconate, both Ca2+- and cyclic AMP-mediated electrogenic responses were significantly inhibited. 3. Basolateral Ba2+ (1-10 mM) and 293B (10 microM) selectively inhibited forskolin stimulation of I(SC), without altering the effects of CCh. Under Ba2+- or 293B-treated conditions, CCh responses were potentiated by pretreatment with forskolin. 4. Basolateral charybdotoxin (50 nM) significantly increased the size of the 10 s spike of CCh responses in both KH and HCO3- free medium, without affecting the 2 min peak. The enhanced 10 s spike was inhibited by prior addition of 5 mM apical Ba2+. Charybdotoxin did not affect forskolin responses. 5. In epithelial layers prestimulated with forskolin, the muscarinic antagonists atropine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, both at 100 nM) abolished subsequent 10 microM CCh responses. Following addition of p-fluoro hexahydro-sila-difenidol (pF-HHSiD, 10 microM) or pirenzepine (1 microM), qualitative changes in the CCh response time-profile also indicated a rightward shift of the agonist concentration-response curve; however, 1 microM gallamine had no effect. These results suggest that a single M3-like receptor subtype mediates the secretory response to CCh. 6. It is concluded that CCh and forskolin activate discrete populations of basolateral K+ channels gated by either Ca2+ or cyclic AMP, but that the Cl- permeability of the apical membrane may limit their combined effects on electrogenic Cl- secretion. In addition, CCh activates a Ba2+-sensitive apical K+ conductance leading to electrogenic K+ transport. Both agents may also modulate HCO3- secretion through a mechanism at least partially dependent on carbonic anhydrase. (+info)Mechanical stimulation regulates voltage-gated potassium currents in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. (6/460)
Vascular endothelial cells are constantly exposed to mechanical forces resulting from blood flow and transmural pressure. The goal of this study was to determine whether mechanical stimulation alters the properties of endothelial voltage-gated K+ channels. Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were isolated from rat ventricular muscle and cultured on thin sheets of silastic membranes. Membrane currents were measured with the use of the whole-cell arrangement of the patch-clamp technique in endothelial cells subjected to static stretch for 24 hours and compared with measurements from control, nonstretched cells. Voltage steps positive to -30 mV resulted in the activation of a time-dependent, delayed rectifier K+current (IK) in the endothelial cells. Mechanically induced increases of 97%, 355%, and 106% at +30 mV were measured in the peak amplitude of IK in cells stretched for 24 hours by 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. In addition, the half-maximal voltage required for IK activation was shifted from +34 mV in the nonstretched cells to -5 mV in the stretched cells. Although IK in both groups of CMECs was blocked to a similar extent by tetraethylammonium, currents in the stretched endothelial cells displayed an enhanced sensitivity to inhibition by charybdotoxin. Preincubation of the CMECs with either pertussis toxin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate during the 24 hours of cell stretch did not prevent the increase in IK. The application of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and static stretch stimulated the proliferation of CMECs. Stretch-induced regulation of K+ channels may be important to control the resting potential of the endothelium and may contribute to capillary growth during periods of mechanical perturbation. (+info)Charybdotoxin and apamin block EDHF in rat mesenteric artery if selectively applied to the endothelium. (7/460)
In rat mesenteric artery, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is blocked by a combination of apamin and charybdotoxin (ChTX). The site of action of these toxins has not been established. We compared the effects of ChTX and apamin applied selectively to the endothelium and to the smooth muscle. In isometrically mounted arteries, ACh (0.01-10 micrometers), in the presence of indomethacin (2.8 microM) and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 microM), concentration dependently relaxed phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated tone (EC50 50 nM; n = 10). Apamin (50 nM) and ChTX (50 nM) abolished this relaxation (n = 5). In pressurized arteries, ACh (10 microM), applied intraluminally in the presence of indomethacin (2.8 microM) and L-NAME (100 microM), dilated both PE-stimulated (0.3-0.5 microM; n = 5) and myogenic tone (n = 3). Apamin (50 nM ) and ChTX (50 nM) applied intraluminally abolished ACh-induced dilatations. Bath superperfusion of apamin and ChTX did not affect ACh-induced dilatations of either PE-stimulated (n = 5) or myogenic tone (n = 3). This is the first demonstration that ChTX and apamin act selectively on the endothelium to block EDHF-mediated relaxation. (+info)Differential effects of pinacidil, cromakalim, and NS 1619 on electrically evoked contractions in rat vas deferens. (8/460)
AIM: To compare the inhibitory action of electrically evoked contractions of rat epididymal vas deferens by pinacidil (Pin), cromakalim (Cro), and NS 1619. METHODS: Monophasic contractions were evoked by electric field stimulation in rat isolated epididymal half of vas deferens. RESULTS: Newly developed ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers, Pin and Cro, concentration-dependently reduced the electrically evoked (0.3 Hz, 1 ms pulse duration, 60 V) contractions and glibenclamide but not charybdotoxin antagonized the inhibitory effects of both agents. Pin shifted the concentration-response curve for norepinephrine to the right with reducing the magnitude of the maximum contraction in a glibenclamide-sensitive fashion. The large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel opener, NS 1619, inhibited the electrically evoked contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Charybdotoxin (100 nmol.L-1) partially reduced the effect of NS 1619 but glibenclamide (10 mumol.L-1) showed no effect. None of these 3 agents affected the basal tension. CONCLUSION: Both ATP-sensitive and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels presented in vas deferens smooth muscles involved in regulation of muscle contractility. (+info)
Charybdotoxin - Wikipedia
High-conductance state - Scholarpedia
Margatoxin | STM-325 | CAS 145808-47-5 | Alomone Labs
The contribution of d-tubocurarine-sensitive and Apamin-sensitive K-channels to EDHF-mediated Relaxation of Mesenteric Arteries...
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor - Wikipedia
i-K+ - intermediate-conductance K+ channel | AcronymAttic
Purinergic activation of a leak potassium current in freshly diss...: Ingenta Connect
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s): Species and tissue heterogeneity<...
Erratum: Wanderlust kinetics and variable Ca<sup>2+</sup>-sensitivity of dSlo, a large conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K...
Modulation of the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel, hslo, by the substituted diphenylurea NS 1608, paxilline and internal Ca2+
Kaliotoxin - Wikipedia
Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2
small/intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein Protein Superfamily Detail
Identification of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids as Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors | Circulation Research
Analysis of the interacting surface of maurotoxin with the voltage-gated Shaker B K(+) channel.
Role of Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in Human Forearm Circulation | Hypertension
Apamin dictionary definition | apamin defined
The antidepressant fluoxetine blocks the human small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels SK1, SK2 and SK3 -...
Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 (HMDBP07760)
KCNN3 - Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3 - Sus scrofa (Pig) - KCNN3 gene & protein
Crucial role of nitric oxide synthases system in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in mice | JEM
Expression of intermediate-conductance, Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup> channel (KCNN4) in H441 human distal...
Role of Ca2+-activated K+ channels and Na+-K+-ATPase in prostaglandin E1- and E2-induced inhibition of the adrenergic response...
Refubium - Generation and Characterization of KCa3.1-transgenic mice
Kcnmb4 MGI Mouse Gene Detail - MGI:1913272 - potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, beta member 4
Richard Stubbs - a radio career of over 30 years spanning both commercial and ABC | Saxton Speakers Bureau
Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin
The amino terminal region of Pi3 lacks three residues when compared to other toxins of the same family e.g. charybdotoxin. ... The three-dimensional structure of Pi3 is similar to other potassium channel blocking toxins like charybdotoxin, because it has ... Miller C (July 1995). "The charybdotoxin family of K+ channel-blocking peptides". Neuron. 15 (1): 5-10. doi:10.1016/0896-6273( ...
Scorpion toxin
Miller C (July 1995). "The charybdotoxin family of K+ channel-blocking peptides". Neuron. 15 (1): 5-10. doi:10.1016/0896-6273( ...
Agitoxin
Bontems F, Roumestand C, Gilquin B, Ménez A, Toma F (December 1991). "Refined structure of charybdotoxin: common motifs in ... Gao YD, Garcia ML (August 2003). "Interaction of agitoxin2, charybdotoxin, and iberiotoxin with potassium channels: selectivity ... Gao YD, Garcia ML (August 2003). "Interaction of agitoxin2, charybdotoxin, and iberiotoxin with potassium channels: selectivity ... Other toxins found in this species include charybdotoxin (CTX). CTX is a close homologue of Agitoxin. Agitoxin can be purified ...
Pandinus imperator toxin (Pi4)
Goldstein, S.A.; Miller, C. (1993). "Mechanism of charybdotoxin block of a voltage-gated K+ channel". Biophysical Journal. 65 ( ... Park, Chul-Seung; Miller, Christopher (1992). "Interaction of charybdotoxin with permeant ions inside the pore of a K+ channel ...
Pi5
Miller C. The charybdotoxin family of K+ channel-blocking peptides. Neuron 1995;15(1-5). (Ion channel toxins, Peptides). ...
Peripheral membrane protein
Theoretical predictions and experimental results with charybdotoxin and phospholipid vesicles". Biophysical Journal. 73 (4): ... charybdotoxin or hisactophilin. Orientations and penetration depths of many amphitropic proteins and peptides in membranes are ... cationic toxins such as charybdotoxin, and specific membrane-targeting domains such as some PH domains, C1 domains, and C2 ...
Potassium channel blocker
Naranjo D, Miller C (January 1996). "A strongly interacting pair of residues on the contact surface of charybdotoxin and a ... Examples of calcium-activated channel blockers include: Charybdotoxin Iberiotoxin Apamin Kaliotoxin, Lolitrem, BKCa-specific ... "Electrostatic interaction between charybdotoxin and a tetrameric mutant of Shaker K(+) channels". Biophysical Journal. 78 (5): ...
Noxiustoxin
NTX is similar in sequence to the margatoxin (79% identity), the kaliotoxin (51% identity), the charybdotoxin (49% identity), ... "Charybdotoxin and noxiustoxin, two homologous peptide inhibitors of the K+(Ca2+) channel". FEBS Letters. 226 (2): 280-284. doi: ...
Potassium channel
Naranjo D, Miller C (January 1996). "A strongly interacting pair of residues on the contact surface of charybdotoxin and a ... ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4. Thompson J, Begenisich T (May 2000). "Electrostatic interaction between charybdotoxin and a tetrameric ...
Channel blocker
Miller C (December 1988). "Competition for block of a Ca2(+)-activated K+ channel by charybdotoxin and tetraethylammonium". ...
Scorpionism in Central America
The poison from this scorpion contain 4 components: chlorotoxin, charybdotoxin, scyllatoxin, and agitoxins. Upon injection with ...
Limbatustoxin
LbTX displays 57% sequence homology with charybdotoxin and 70% sequence homology with iberiotoxin. LbTX contains a β-sheet ...
Scorpion sting
The poison from this scorpion contain 4 components: chlorotoxin, charybdotoxin, scyllatoxin, and agitoxins. Upon injection with ...
Ssm spooky toxin
Charybdotoxin Luo L, Li B, Wang S, Wu F, Wang X, Liang P, et al. (February 2018). "Centipedes subdue giant prey by blocking ...
Deathstalker
Neurotoxins in L. quinquestriatus venom include: Chlorotoxin Charybdotoxin, a blocker of calcium-activated potassium channels. ...
Iberiotoxin
The complete amino acid sequence has been defined and it displays 68% sequence homology with charybdotoxin. Iberiotoxin binds ...
Isopimaric acid
In this state BK channels can still be inhibited by one of their inhibitors, like charybdotoxin (CTX). Opening of the BK ...
Slotoxin
The 37 amino acid peptide belongs to the charybdotoxin sub-family (αKTx1) and was numbered member 11. αKTx1.11 revealed ...
Lq2
... is also known as Potassium channel toxin alpha-KTx 1.2, Charybdotoxin-2, ChTX-Lq2, ChTx-d, Toxin 18-2 or Lqh 18-2. The name ... Lq2 contains the classical scorpion toxin alpha-beta scaffold and is structurally similar to the neurotoxin Charybdotoxin (CTX ...
Stichodactyla toxin
... mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of charybdotoxin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ...
KCNMB2
... and Ca2+-activated K+ channel resistant to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (10): 5562-7. ...
KCNMB4
... and Ca2+-activated K+ channel resistant to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (10): 5562-7. ...
KCNMB1
... and Ca2+-activated K+ channel resistant to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ...
Kaliotoxin
The sequence has a large homology with iberiotoxin from Buthus tumulus, charybdotoxin from Leiurus quinquestriatus and ...
Arthropod defensin
... similarity of sapecin B to charybdotoxin". The Biochemical Journal. 291 ( Pt 1): 275-9. doi:10.1042/bj2910275. PMC 1132513. ...
KCNMB3
... and Ca2+-activated K+ channel resistant to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (10): 5562-7. ...
Scyllatoxin
Charybdotoxin is also found in the venom from the same species of scorpion, and is named after the sea monster Charybdis. In ...
Tamulotoxin
This suggests that TmTx does not have an effect on SK channels or charybdotoxin-sensitive IK channels (calcium-activated ...
Leiurus hebraeus
Neurotoxins in L. quinquestriatus venom include: Chlorotoxin Charybdotoxin Scyllatoxin Agitoxins types one, two and three The ...
Pandinotoxin
... face of the α-helix is anchored to the β-sheet by three disulfide bonds which are conserved in all members of the charybdotoxin ...
Avhandlingar.se: VANILLOID RECEPTORS
SMART: BTB domain annotation
Carbon monoxide-induced relaxation and distribution of haem oxygenase isoenzymes in the pig urethra and lower oesophagogastric...
However, in the OGJ relaxations evoked by CO can be attenuated by methylene blue and a combination of charybdotoxin and apamin ... However, in the OGJ relaxations evoked by CO can be attenuated by methylene blue and a combination of charybdotoxin and apamin ... 4-aminopyridine (0.1-1 mM), iberiotoxin (0.1 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM) increased the spontaneously developed tone ... 4-aminopyridine (0.1-1 mM), iberiotoxin (0.1 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM) increased the spontaneously developed tone ...
ModelDB: Leech S Cell: Modulation of Excitability by Serotonin (Burrell and Crisp 2008)
A role for nitroxyl (HNO) as an endothelium-derived relaxing and hyperpolarizing factor in resistance arteries<...
In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin ... In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin ... In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin ... In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin ...
Clostridium perfringens - Wikipedia
Food poisoning in humans is caused by type A strains able to produce the CPE (for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin).[9] The CPE is a polypeptide of 35.5 kDa that accumulates in the beginning of the sporulation and is excreted to the media when it lysates at the end of the sporulation. It is coded by the cpe gene, present in less than the 5% of the type A strains, and it can be located in the chromosome or in an external plasmid[10] In the United Kingdom and United States, C. perfringens bacteria are the third-most common cause of foodborne illness, with poorly prepared meat and poultry, or food properly prepared, but left to stand too long, the main culprits in harboring the bacterium.[11] The C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) mediating the disease is heat-labile (inactivated at 74 °C (165 °F)). It can be detected in contaminated food (if not heated properly), and feces.[12] Incubation time is between 6 and 24 (commonly 10-12) hours after ingestion of contaminated food.[citation needed] ...
Use of Animal Venom Peptides/Toxins in Cancer Therapeutics
Charybdotoxin (ChTX) and naxiustoxin bind to an extra cellular receptor site and prevent ion conduction by occluding the pore. ... Apamin and Tertiapin from bee venom target mostly KCa and Kir channels; while from scorpions Charybdotoxin and Kaliotoxin, ... There is a family of K+ channel inhibitors that includes charybdotoxin, noxiustoxins, kaliotoxins and iberiotoxins. Among these ...
Oligopeptides | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Fibrinopeptide B | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Chemix Pre-Workout V3: Guerilla Chemist's High-Energy Pre Rises Again!
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids are potent vasodilators in the canine coronary microcirculation<...
In contrast, charybdotoxin (a K(Ca) channel inhibitor) and KCl (a depolarizing agent) blocked vasodilation by 11,12-EET and 11, ... In contrast, charybdotoxin (a K(Ca) channel inhibitor) and KCl (a depolarizing agent) blocked vasodilation by 11,12-EET and 11, ... In contrast, charybdotoxin (a K(Ca) channel inhibitor) and KCl (a depolarizing agent) blocked vasodilation by 11,12-EET and 11, ... In contrast, charybdotoxin (a K(Ca) channel inhibitor) and KCl (a depolarizing agent) blocked vasodilation by 11,12-EET and 11, ...
two and placed on a chair at .five meters from the subject. Observerstwo and placed | http://glucagon-receptor.com/
STAB2 Polyclonal Antibody | Gardos-Channel-gardos-channel.com
EDHF: spreading the influence of the endothelium. - Oxford Cardiovascular Science
... revealing the critical role of these channels as iberiotoxin was unable to substitute for charybdotoxin. We showed these ... Combined application of apamin and charybdotoxin blocked EDHF responses, ... Combined application of apamin and charybdotoxin blocked EDHF responses, revealing the critical role of these channels as ... iberiotoxin was unable to substitute for charybdotoxin. We showed these channels are arranged in endothelial microdomains, ...
The Sexiest Channels Alive: The Role of Ion Channels in Penile Erection | Alomone Labs
Réponses antivirales chez le moustique Aedes - IBMC
He proposed solutions discovered within the state of art tend toHe proposed solutions discovered inside - www.nicotinic...
ω-Conotoxin-MVIIA
Ziconotide (PRIALT) is a neuroactive peptide in the final stages of clinical development as a novel non-opioid treatment for severe chronic pain. It is the synthetic equivalent of omega-MVIIA, a component of the venom of the marine snail, Conus magus. The mechanism of action underlying ziconotides therapeutic profile derives from its potent and selective blockade of neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (N-VSCCs). Direct blockade of N-VSCCs inhibits the activity of a subset of neurons, including pain-sensing primary nociceptors. This mechanism of action distinguishes ziconotide from all other analgesics, including opioid analgesics. In fact, ziconotide is potently anti-nociceptive in animal models of pain in which morphine exhibits poor anti-nociceptive activity. Moreover, in contrast to opiates, tolerance to ziconotide is not observed. Clinical studies of ziconotide in more than 2,000 patients reveal important correlations to ziconotides non-clinical pharmacology. For example, ...
Glatiramer Acetate | Colorado PROFILES
Effects of charybdotoxin, a blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, on motor nerve terminals - Strathprints
Anderson, A.J. and Harvey, Alan L. and Rowan, E.G. and Strong, P.N. (1988) Effects of charybdotoxin, a blocker of Ca2+- ... Effects of charybdotoxin, a blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, on motor nerve terminals ... charybdotoxin, Ca2+-activated K+ channels, motor nerve terminals, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Pharmacology. Subjects:. Medicine ... 4. In the absence of 3,4-DAP, charybdotoxin did not alter the electrical activity of, or the transmitter release from motor ...
Charybdotoxin / ChTx | (#STC-325) | Purity |98% (HPLC) | Alomone Labs
High purity synthetic Charybdotoxin (CAS 95751-30-7) is a Kv1.2, Kv1.3 & KCa1.1 channel blocker from Alomone Labs. 100% net ... Charybdotoxin blocks KCa1.1 (large conductance Ca2+-activated K+, Slo) channels in nM concentrations2 as well as KV1.2 (Kd, 14 ... Alomone Labs Charybdotoxin blocks BKCa channels in human chorionic plate arterial smooth muscle cells.Inhibition of BKCa ... Activity Charybdotoxin is a potent selective inhibitor of high conductance (maxi-K), different medium and small conductance Ca ...
Results for 'Blockers' | Abcam: antibodies, proteins, kits...
Frontiers | Exploring Instructive Physiological Signaling with the Bioelectric Tissue Simulation Engine | Bioengineering and...
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Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ Channel as a Major Component of the Delayed Rectifier K+ Current in Rat Hippocampal Neurons |...
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The scorpion toxin and the potassium channel - PubMed
... but charybdotoxin (not shown) targets the pore itself. (B) Cartoon representation of charybdotoxin (CTX) binding to the ... Mechanism of charybdotoxin block of the high-conductance, Ca2+- activated K+ channel. J Gen Physiol 91:335-49 doi: 10.1085/jgp. ... Trans-toxin ion-sensitivity of charybdotoxin-blocked potassium-channels reveals unbinding transitional states. Moldenhauer H, ...
Norepinephrine stimulates potassium efflux from pinealocytes: evidence for involvement of biochemical 'AND' gate operated by...
RePub, Erasmus University Repository:
L-S-nitrosothiols: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors in porcine coronary...
Charybdotoxin + apamin shifted the L-SNC and L-SNG CRCs, but not the D-SNC or SNAP CRCs, ≈5-fold to the right. KCI and ouabain ... L-NAME, charybdotoxin + apamin, KCl, and ouabain shifted the bradykinin concentration-response curve (CRC) ≈10-fold to the ... Full blockade of bradykinin was obtained when combining L-NAME with charybdotoxin + apamin, KCl or ouabain + BaCl2. PHMBA ... charybdotoxin), KIR channels (BaCl 2) or Na+-K+-ATPase (ouabain). Results: All agonists concentration-dependently relaxed PCAs ...
MeSH Browser
Charybdotoxin Preferred Term Term UI T056648. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1996). ... Charybdotoxin Preferred Concept UI. M0028373. Registry Number. 115422-61-2. Related Numbers. 95751-30-7. Scope Note. A 37-amino ... Charybdotoxin. Tree Number(s). D12.644.115. D20.888.065.830.150. D23.946.833.065.830.150. Unique ID. D018999. RDF Unique ... use CHARYBDOTOXIN (NM) to search QUINQUESTRIATUS TOXIN 1984-95. History Note. 96; was QUINQUESTRIATUS TOXIN (NM) 1984-95. Date ...
MeSH Browser
Charybdotoxin Preferred Term Term UI T056648. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1996). ... Charybdotoxin Preferred Concept UI. M0028373. Registry Number. 115422-61-2. Related Numbers. 95751-30-7. Scope Note. A 37-amino ... Charybdotoxin. Tree Number(s). D12.644.115. D20.888.065.830.150. D23.946.833.065.830.150. Unique ID. D018999. RDF Unique ... use CHARYBDOTOXIN (NM) to search QUINQUESTRIATUS TOXIN 1984-95. History Note. 96; was QUINQUESTRIATUS TOXIN (NM) 1984-95. Date ...
KCa channels
ModelDB: Leech S Cell: Modulation of Excitability by Serotonin (Burrell and Crisp 2008)
PMID- 9085387
The deoxy-stimulated K+ efflux from transgenic mouse RBCs was about 55% inhibited by 5 nm charybdotoxin (CTX), a blocker of the ... Charybdotoxin) RN - 52665-69-7 (Calcimycin) RN - 7440-09-7 (Potassium) RN - 7440-23-5 (Sodium) RN - EC 3.6.1.38 (Ca(2+)- ... Charybdotoxin/pharmacology MH - Erythrocytes/*metabolism MH - Hemoglobin, Sickle/*metabolism MH - Human MH - Ionophores/ ...
Relaxation to authentic nitric oxide and SIN-1 in rat isolated mesenteric arteries: variable role for smooth muscle...
The potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin (ChTX; 50 nM) abolished hyperpolarization to high doses of NO and significantly ... 4-Aminopyridine, Animals, Charybdotoxin, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Endothelium, Vascular, Enzyme Inhibitors, Guanylate ... The potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin (ChTX; 50 nM) abolished hyperpolarization to high doses of NO and significantly ...
BMRB Entry 6728
Title: NMR STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF A POTASSIUM CHANNEL/CHARYBDOTOXIN COMPLEX PubMed: 16313186. Deposition date: 2005-07-08 ... Charybdotoxin, polymer, 37 residues, Formula weight is not available. Natural source: Common Name: Streptomyces lividans ... "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structural Studies of a Potassium Channel-Charybdotoxin Complex" Biochemistry 44, 15834-15841 (2005 ...
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- University of Strathclyde
Lidocaine - Wikipedia
Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine and sold under the brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. It is also used to treat ventricular tachycardia.[7][8] When used for local anaesthesia or in nerve blocks, lidocaine typically begins working within several minutes and lasts for half an hour to three hours.[8][9] Lidocaine mixtures may also be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes to numb the area.[8] It is often used mixed with a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong its local effects and to decrease bleeding.[8] If injected intravenously, it may cause cerebral effects such as confusion, changes in vision, numbness, tingling, and vomiting.[7] It can cause low blood pressure and an irregular heart rate.[7] There are concerns that injecting it into a joint can cause problems with the cartilage.[8] It appears to be generally safe for use in pregnancy.[7] A lower dose may be required in those with liver problems.[7] It is generally safe ...
PF-05089771 - Wikipedia
KCa1.1 Channel Modulator Explorer Kit | #EK-132 | Alomone Labs
Myenteric Plexus - McMaster Experts
Characterization of the inhibitory effect of vascular endothelium on agonist-induced vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric...
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
Pharos : Target Details - KCNMB4
Pharos : Target Details - KCNMB4
Sources of and solutions to problems in the refinement of protein NMR structures against torsion angle potentials of mean force...
Iberiotoxin4
- Other channel blockers include: charybdotoxin, iberiotoxin and tetraethylammonium. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Moreover, the effects of ion channel blockers charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin, suggested that multiple calcium-activated K+ channel types drove the outward current stimulated by JMV5656. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- This was discovered because apamin and charybdotoxin applied in combination blocked EDHF responses, but iberiotoxin - a blocker of BKCa - was not able to substitute for charybdotoxin. (ox.ac.uk)
- The peptide toxin Kaliotoxin (1-37) was originaly isolated from the venom of an african scorpion and shows significiant sequence homology to Iberiotoxin and Charybdotoxin . (peptanova.de)
Apamin and charybdotoxin1
- Concomitant addition of l -NAME, apamin and charybdotoxin had no further effect. (thecannabisadvisory.com)
ChTX1
- C ) Dose-response curve of charybdotoxin (ChTX) on Kv1.2- and Kv1.1/Kv1.2-expressing oocytes. (bioz.com)
Intermediate-conductance1
- Normal platelets contain three types of K+ channel, sensitive to the inhibitory actions of apamin (small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels), charybdotoxin (of less specificity, but probably intermediate-conductance calcium-dependent K+ channels), and α-dendrotoxin (voltage-sensitive K+ channels). (ox.ac.uk)
Margatoxin1
- These neurotoxins include agitoxin, charybdotoxin and margatoxin (scorpion stings), apamin (bee stings), and dendrotoxin (mamba snake bites). (chemicool.com)
Peptides1
- The Charybdotoxin family of scorpion toxins is a group of small peptides that has many family members, such as the pandinotoxin, derived from the venom of scorpion Pandinus imperator. (wikipedia.org)
Voltage-gated3
- Charybdotoxin occludes the pore of calcium-activated voltage-gated shaker K+ channels by binding to one of four independent, overlapping binding sites. (wikipedia.org)
- 1989. Charybdotoxin blocks voltage-gated K+ channels in human and murine T lymphocytes. (uci.edu)
- Selective blockers of voltage-gated K+ channels depolarize human T lymphocytes: mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of charybdotoxin. (google.ru)
Scorpion2
- Charybdotoxin (CTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (deathstalker) that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels. (wikipedia.org)
- Charybdotoxin, a 37 amino acid, 4 kDa neurotoxin with the molecular formula C176H277N57O55S7, is one of the peptide toxins that can be extracted from the venom of the scorpion. (wikipedia.org)
Blockade2
- The blockade of K+ channels by the charybdotoxin peptide causes neuronal hyperexcitability. (wikipedia.org)
- Complete blockade was obtained with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+ charybdotoxin+apamin. (eur.nl)
Toxins1
- As found for other alpha-K toxins such as charybdotoxin (CTX), site-directed mutagenesis at toxin residue K27 (K27A, K27R, and K27E) significantly reduced the toxin's affinity for sqKv1A channels. (rcsb.org)
Antagonists1
- Drug is available to h1 antagonists in charybdotoxin and endogenous such as an inspired creation. (blazingquarters.com)
Inhibitor2
- 2. Porcine coronary arteries (PCAs) were mounted in organ baths, preconstricted, and exposed to BK or the ACE-resistant BK analogue Hyp(3)-Tyr(Me)(8)-BK (HT-BK) with or without the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (100 microM), the NO scavenger hydroxocobalamin (200 microM), the Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-channel blockers charybdotoxin+apamin (both 100 nM), or the ACE inhibitor quinaprilat (10 microM). (eur.nl)
- The inhibitors of Ca2+-activated K+ channels charybdotoxin (0.5 x 10(-7) M) together with apamin (10(-6) M), and the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, SKF 525A (10(-4) M), each in combination with indomethacin. (lu.se)
Channels2
- This efflux was significantly inhibited by apamin (100 nmol/l), charybdotoxin (300 nmol/l) and alpha-dendrotoxin (100-200 nmol/l), blockers of SKCa channels, KCh channels and Kv channels respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
- We conclude that Ca 2+ influx through L-type Ca 2+ channels has an inhibitory effect on IPC afferent discharge and CO 2 sensitivity, that spike frequency adaptation is not due to apamin- or charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca 2+ -activated K + channels in IPC, and that chloride channels blocked by niflumic acid help modulate IPC CO 2 responses. (nau.edu)
Channel1
- Charybdotoxin applied from the cis side blocked the channel current. (elsevier.com)
Apamin6
- A combination of the potassium channel blockers charybdotoxin and apamin inhibits EDHF-mediated relaxations. (avhandlingar.se)
- CO-evoked relaxations were not significantly reduced by treatment with methylene blue, or by inhibitors of voltage-dependent (4-aminopyridine), high (iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin) and low (apamin) conductance Ca(2+)-activated, and ATP-sensitive (glibenclamide) K+ channels. (lu.se)
- 4-aminopyridine (0.1-1 mM), iberiotoxin (0.1 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM) increased the spontaneously developed tone, and a combination of charybdotoxin and apamin reduced CO-induced (24 microM CO) relaxations. (lu.se)
- However, in the OGJ relaxations evoked by CO can be attenuated by methylene blue and a combination of charybdotoxin and apamin. (lu.se)
- In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin) decreased ACh-mediated relaxation 10-fold and unmasked a NO-dependent component, mediated equally by HNO and NO(*), as HXC and l-cysteine in combination now abolished vasorelaxation to ACh. (monash.edu)
- Combined application of apamin and charybdotoxin blocked EDHF responses, revealing the critical role of these channels as iberiotoxin was unable to substitute for charybdotoxin. (ox.ac.uk)
Potassium channel1
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structural Studies of a Potassium Channel-Charybdotoxin Complex" Biochemistry 44, 15834-15841 (2005). (bmrb.io)
Tetraethylammonium1
- studies with charybdotoxin and tetraethylammonium indicate that a Ca2(+)-sensitive K+ channel (K(Ca] appears to be involved. (nih.gov)
Conductance1
- Activity Charybdotoxin is a potent selective inhibitor of high conductance (maxi-K), different medium and small conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels, as well as a voltage-dependent K + channel (K V 1.3) 1 . (alomone.com)
Voltage1
- Some toxins inhibit opening of the pore by binding to these voltage sensors, but charybdotoxin (not shown) targets the pore itself. (nih.gov)
Large1
- 3. In the combined presence of 3,4-DAP and charybdotoxin, large Ca2+-dependent plateau responses developed, but only moderate and transient increases in acetylcholine release occurred. (strath.ac.uk)
Current1
- A. Example of time course showing reversible effect of 20 nM and 50 nM Charybdotoxin (#STC-325) during 100 sec application on the current amplitude. (alomone.com)
Control1
- 5. A possible role of the charybdotoxin-sensitive IK,Ca in the control of transmitter release is discussed. (strath.ac.uk)