Figure 3 - Phenogram of overall molecular similarity of RAPD bands among specimens from all localities at Tibagi, Paraná, and Iguaçu Rivers. Codes as in Figure 1. DISCUSSION The RAPD-PCR patterns indicate strong genetic differentiation within and among populations in the Paraná and the Tibagi Rivers. In the Paraná River at Porto Rico, the high levels of allelic polymorphism may represent the pristine composition of different species or populations within the H. malabaricus species complex, or they may be the outcome of faunal mixing caused by the closing of the Itaipu Dam in 1978 and the consequent flooding of Sete Quedas, another Oligocenic geographic barrier (Sampaio, 1988). Sete Quedas was the natural boundary for the Upper and Middle Paraná basins. The presence of an outlier in the Paraná River similar to the Iguaçu population suggests that the Paraná may indeed be a recipient of trahiras of diverse origins. The Londrina sample from the Tibagi River is most similar to the populations ...

The FIS values for each subpopulation tested by the formulae of Li (1955) were significantly different from zero (P , 0.05) at the EST-1*, EST-2* and PGM-2* loci from the Paraná river subpopulation, exactly the loci in which bands had low definition. The FIT values for EST-1* and EST-2* were significantly different from zero (P , 0.05) using the method of Brown (1970). None of the FST values tested by the procedures of Workman and Niswander (1970) were significantly different from zero (P , 0.05). DISCUSSION The levels of genetic variability and polymorphism reported in this study for the curimba can be considered high when compared to the mean values obtained by Nevo (1978) for 51 teleost species (H = 0.051 and P = 0.152) or the mean heterozygosity values calculated by Powell (1975) and Ward et al. (1992) for marine and freshwater fishes (0.058 and 0.051, respectively). High levels of heterozygosity and polymorphism might be expected for species of fish occurring over a broad range of ...

Etymology: Erimystax: Greek, eri = aumentative prefix, a lot + Greek, mystax = moustache (Ref. 45335); insignis: From the words eri, an intensifying prefix; stigma, spot; and insignis, meaning remarkable (referring to the distinct pigment pattern) (Ref. 10294). ...

Hi ... a small post to show you the amazing power of regeneration in piranha (Pygocentrus Piraya) video that could not have more information (Japanese owner) I

Hypothesizing that the Amazonian water system differences would affect the expression of muscle growth-related genes in juvenile tambaqui |i|Colossoma macropomum|/i| (Cuvier 1818), this study aimed to analyze the morphometric data and expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in the white and red muscle from tambaqui obtained from clear and black Amazonian water systems. All of the MRF transcript levels (|i|myod|/i|, |i|myf5|/i|, |i|myogenin|/i|, and |i|mrf4|/i|) were significantly lower in the red muscle from black water fish in comparison to clear water fish. However, in white muscle, only the |i|myod|/i| transcript level was significantly decreased in the black water tambaqui. The changes in MRFs gene expression in muscle fibers of tambaqui from black water system provide relevant information about the environmental influence as that of water systems on gene expression of muscle growth related genes in the |i|C. macropomum|/i|. Our results showed that the physical and chemical water

FERNANDA LOUREIRO ALMEIDA OSULLIVAN, CPAA; ROGER CRESCENCIO, CPAA; ANTONIO CLAUDIO UCHOA IZEL, CPAA; CHEILA DE LIMA BOIJINK, CPAA; EDSANDRA CAMPOS CHAGAS, CPAA ...

Buckup, P.A., 1993. Review of the characidiin fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes), with descriptions of four new genera and ten new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 4(2):97-154. (Ref. 13683 ...

Buckup, P.A., 1993. Review of the characidiin fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes), with descriptions of four new genera and ten new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 4(2):97-154. (Ref. 13683 ...

Zarske, A. and J. Géry, 1999. Revision der neotropischen Gattung Metynnis Cope, 1878. 1. Evaluation der Typusexemplare der nominellen Arten (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 50(13):169-216. (Ref. 34077 ...

Tambaqui & Pirapitinga of the Amazon basin - part of a compendium of scientific & angling information about Amazonian gamefish species.

Schatz, H. (2010). Ameronothrus lineatus (Thorell, 1871). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=508289 on 2017-12- ...

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Substituição de alimento vivo por alimento inerte na larvicultura intensiva do tambacu (♀ Colossoma macropomum X ♂ Piaractus mesopotamicus - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i4.3835 Replacement of live food for inert food on larviculture of tambacu (♀ Colossoma macropomum X ♂ Piaractus mesopotamicus - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i4.3835. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden). Levy de Carvalho Gomes. 2009-03-01. Full Text Available Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a substituição de náuplios de Artemia salina por alimentos inertes durante a larvicultura do tambacu. Na primeira fase, com duração de 12 dias, as larvas foram alimentadas com: náuplio de Artemia salina, cyclop-eeze e ovo de Artemia salina. Na segunda fase, com duração de dez dias, foram utilizadas larvas alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia salina provenientes da primeira fase e testados os mesmos três alimentos. A qualidade da água manteve-se em condições adequadas para a larvicultura nas duas fases. ...

ID W5KKV7_ASTMX Unreviewed; 487 AA. AC W5KKV7; DT 16-APR-2014, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 16-APR-2014, sequence version 1. DT 20-DEC-2017, entry version 23. DE SubName: Full=BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1a {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000008219}; OS Astyanax mexicanus (Blind cave fish) (Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; OC Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Ostariophysi; Characiformes; OC Characoidei; Characidae; Characidae incertae sedis; Astyanax clade; OC Astyanax. OX NCBI_TaxID=7994 {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000008219, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000018467}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000008219, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000018467} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. RC STRAIN=female {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000008219}; RA Jeffery W., Warren W., Wilson R.K.; RL Submitted (MAR-2013) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [2] {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000008219} RP IDENTIFICATION. RG Ensembl; RL Submitted ...

ID W5KPK9_ASTMX Unreviewed; 120 AA. AC W5KPK9; DT 16-APR-2014, integrated into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. DT 16-APR-2014, sequence version 1. DT 20-DEC-2017, entry version 16. DE SubName: Full=Uncharacterized protein {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000009521}; OS Astyanax mexicanus (Blind cave fish) (Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; OC Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Ostariophysi; Characiformes; OC Characoidei; Characidae; Characidae incertae sedis; Astyanax clade; OC Astyanax. OX NCBI_TaxID=7994 {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000009521, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000018467}; RN [1] {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000009521, ECO:0000313,Proteomes:UP000018467} RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. RC STRAIN=female {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000009521}; RA Jeffery W., Warren W., Wilson R.K.; RL Submitted (MAR-2013) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. RN [2] {ECO:0000313,Ensembl:ENSAMXP00000009521} RP IDENTIFICATION. RG Ensembl; RL Submitted (FEB-2014) ...

The Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV or unmanned surface vehicle) is a watercraft developed by Zyvex Marine (a division of Zyvex Technologies, formerly Zyvex Performance Materials) in 2010. The boat is 54 in length and weighs just 8,000 lbs. The Piranha is the first USV to utilize a lightweight carbon-nanotube enhanced composite material called Arovex, which allows the watercraft to weigh "significantly less" than any other USV. The weight advantage from Arovex gives the Piranha a payload capacity of 15,000 lbs and a range of over 2,500 miles. Additionally, the carbon-nanotubes actually provide a strength increase of 20-50% over traditional materials. With those characteristics, the Piranha is expected to be sold as a possible tool for anti-piracy, search and rescue, submarine hunting, and harbor patrol. The first Piranha began construction in February 2010 with an anticipated completion date of summer 2010. The Piranha underwent sea trials near Seattles Puget Sound during the months of ...

Nitrogen metabolism in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a neotropical model teleost: hypoxia, temperature, exercise, feeding, fasting, and high environmental ammonia.. PubMed. Wood, Chris M; de Souza Netto, José Gadelha; Wilson, Jonathan M; Duarte, Rafael M; Val, Adalberto Luis. 2017-01-01. The total rate of N-waste excretion (M N) in juvenile tambaqui living in ion-poor Amazonian water comprised 85 % ammonia-N (M Amm-N) and 15 % urea-N (M Urea-N). Both occurred mainly across the gills with only ~5 % of M Amm-N and ~39 % of M Urea-N via the urine. Tambaqui were not especially tolerant to high environmental ammonia (HEA), despite their great resistance to other environmental factors. Nevertheless, they were able to maintain a continued elevation of M Amm-N during and after 48-h exposure to 2.5 mmol L(-1) HEA. The normally negative transepithelial potential (-18 mV) increased to -9 mV during the HEA period, which would help to reduce branchial NH4(+) entry. During 3 h of acute environmental ...

original description Varella, A.M.B. & J.C.O. Malta. (2001). Brasergasilus mamorensis sp. n. (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) from the nasal cavities of Hydrolycus pectoralis (Guenther, 1866) (Characiformes: Cynodontidae) from the Brazilian Amazon, and considerations about Abergasilinae. Acta Amazonica 31 (2): 323-330. [details] ...

...Piranhas inhabit exclusively the fresh waters of South America. Their ...,Present-day,species,of,piranha,result,from,a,marine,incursion,into,the,Amazon,Basin,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters

The megadiverse tropical mountain forests in the southeastern Andes of Ecuador, including their biodiversity and ecosystem services, are severely threatened due to climate warming and the clearing of forests to produce pasture land. The common local practice of recurrent burning for pasture rejuvena.... Ausführliche Beschreibung. ...

(2017) Volz et al. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Within-host genetic diversity and large transmission bottlenecks confound phylodynamic inference of epidemiological dynamics. Conventional phylodynamic approaches assume that nodes in a time-scaled pathogen phylogeny correspond closely to the ti...

Two years ago, audiences nationwide were given PIRANHA 3D, a post-converted 3D remake/parody of the low-budget Roger Corman production of 1978. It was successful in delivering some good-humored, guilty pleasure fun and instantly became a...

Ohio-based Zyvex Technologies just unveiled the Piranha - a next-gen unmanned boat that is 75% lighter, 40% stronger, and 400% more fuel efficient than similarly-sized aluminum boats. The 54-foot

Gracyn is getting quite the personality! Today I picked her up after work and she ran to the door calling for mama. The other day she pointed her finger at Mommy and said NO! She now signs the word PLEASE. And.... Today grandma asked her if she wanted toast for breakfast, and she said Yesh (yes)! :-)......and I cant forget to document that she now has 12 teeth! One thing that we have noticed .....this cold weather does not agree with her sensitive skin! Poor thing is continually fighting a rash on her face. It will be interesting to see if we see the same trend next year when the weather turns cold again. Another thing Mommy noticed lately is that Gracyn tends to cross her eyes when looking at some objects up close. If this doesnt correct itself over time, I see an eye doctor visit in her near future. :-(. Sorry I passed down my poor eye genes to you....please forgive me ...

Gracyn is getting quite the personality! Today I picked her up after work and she ran to the door calling for mama. The other day she pointed her finger at Mommy and said NO! She now signs the word PLEASE. And.... Today grandma asked her if she wanted toast for breakfast, and she said Yesh (yes)! :-)......and I cant forget to document that she now has 12 teeth! One thing that we have noticed .....this cold weather does not agree with her sensitive skin! Poor thing is continually fighting a rash on her face. It will be interesting to see if we see the same trend next year when the weather turns cold again. Another thing Mommy noticed lately is that Gracyn tends to cross her eyes when looking at some objects up close. If this doesnt correct itself over time, I see an eye doctor visit in her near future. :-(. Sorry I passed down my poor eye genes to you....please forgive me ...

If Piranha Plants Were Crossed With Humans Piranha plants are creepy enough as is with the whole being able... ...le to eat humans thing, but what if you crossed a piranha plant with a human? The results are even more dis... http://www.neatorama.com/2013/07/02/If-Piranha-Plants-Were-Crossed-With-Humans/ ...

Daily News How Gaining and Losing Weight Affects the Body Millions of measurements from 23 people who consumed extra calories every day for a month reveal changes in proteins, metabolites, and gut microbiota that accompany shifts in body mass.. ...

Daily News How Gaining and Losing Weight Affects the Body Millions of measurements from 23 people who consumed extra calories every day for a month reveal changes in proteins, metabolites, and gut microbiota that accompany shifts in body mass.. ...

I have had my Pacu fish ( the ones related to the Pirana) for about a month and a half now, at first they huddled at 1 side of the tank and I figured that was because of the move and stress, they are still huddling around the same side of the tank. there is plenty of room for them, I do not understand. I have not tested my water in 3 days because I have ran out of testing equipment but nothing has changed since the last test so it should be good, but I have been doing it every day ever since

binatang mengerikan dan aneh yang berada di sungai amazon Candirú adalah sejenis ikan air tawar yang sejenis dengan ikan lele. Ikan ini memiliki reputasi di antara penduduk lokal sebagai ikan paling ditakuti, bahkan melebihi piranha. Spesies ini berukuran hanya sekitar satu inci panjangnya, berbentuk seperti belut dan tembus pandang sehingga sulit dilihat di air. Candiru adalah sejenis parasit. I

Proteins used by the body as biological messengers responsible for initiating cell renewal and repair. Their use results in a significant increase in the natural production of collagen and a visible reduction of wrinkles.. ...

The freshwater fish louse Dolops carvalhoi is an ectoparasite of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus capable of causing substantial damage to its hosts. The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the host-parasite interaction between these two species. For this purpose the physiological and morphological responses and the participation of the non-adaptive immune system of pacu to the experimental infestation with D. carvalhoi were analyzed. Three different experimental protocols were designed in order to find out the effects of the parasites on their hosts, the host responses that may interfere with parasite establishment and the influence of chronic exposure of hosts with juvenile D. carvalhoi to a second acute stressor of confinement. The results showed that even low level of adult parasite infestation is capable to induce a stress response in the hosts. No changes were observed regarding the plasma osmoregulatory parameters, while an increased number of gill chloride cells and ...

The composition of the diet, the metabolic adaptations and variations in the activity of the fish are the main factors responsible for seasonal changes in physiological variables. It is known that aerobic exercise can improve the fish growth due to: the enhancement of feed conversion, reduced dominance, increased protein synthesis and lipid and glucose catabolism. The diet must satisfy the nutritional requirements of each species. Knowledge of the appropriate protein level is critical because maximizes feed conversion efficiency, lowers costs and reduces the load of nutrients released to the aquatic ecosystem. In Brazil, the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, is an important fish in aquaculture, especially for hardiness, fast growth, excellent meat quality. This species may respond to exercise with lower levels of protein catabolism and for directing them to growth. Thus, a balanced diet and a well established aerobic exercise protocol could promote better growth for pacu. This study aimed to ...

In seasonal mammals living in temperate zones, photoperiod regulates prolactin secretion, such that prolactin plasma concentrations peak during the summer months and are lowest during the winter. In sheep, a short-day breeder, circulating prolactin has important modulatory effects on the reproductive system via inhibitory actions on pituitary gonadotrophs and hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release. The exact cellular mechanisms that account for the chronic hypersecretion of prolactin during the summer is not known, although evidence supports an intrapituitary mechanism regulated by melatonin. Folliculo-stellate (FS) cells are non-endocrine cells that play a crucial role in paracrine communication within the pituitary and produce factors controlling prolactin and gonadotrophin release. The present study examined the morphology of the FS and lactotroph cell populations and their distribution in the sheep pituitary during the annual reproductive cycle. Ovine pituitary glands were collected in

Abstract: About 650 species-330 snakes, 230 lizards, 50 amphisbaenids, 6 caimans, and 35 turtles-comprise the known reptile fauna of Brazil. Only 20 are considered threatened. Except for the marine and freshwater turtles, which suffer from overexploitation and habitat destruction, they are threatened because of their rarity and extremely restricted ranges. Despite its richness and diversity, research on Brazils reptile fauna is still largely restricted to alpha taxonomy. Surveys, an electronic database of all herpetological collections, and phylogeographic studies based on molecular genetic techniques are needed to improve our understanding of the biogeography of this group and to delineate effective conservation strategies to preserve the evolutionary potential of existing lineages. Autecological, population, and community studies that monitor effects of habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss, pollution, and exploitation are needed for a better understanding of the effects of the ...

Flowers generally bisexual; calyx fused to ovary top, limb 0 or highly modified (if present, lobes generally 5 15, coiled inward, becoming plumose, pappus-like, spreading in fruit); corolla radial to 2-lipped, lobes generally 5, throat generally , lobes, , tube, base generally spurred or swollen, tube slender, long or short; stamens generally 1 3, epipetalous; ovary inferior, chamber generally 1 (sometimes 3 but 2 empty or vestigial ...

Bothrops marajoensis is found in the savannah of Marajo Island in the State of Par S and regions of Amapa State, Brazil. The aim of the work was to study the renal and cardiovascular effects of the B. marajoensis venom and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). The venom was fractionated by Protein Pack 5PW. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of sPLA(2) showed amino acid identity with other lysine K49sPLA(2)s of snake venom. B. marajoensis venom (30 mu g/mL) decreased the perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, glomerular filtration rate and sodium tubular transport. PLA(2) did not change the renal parameters. The perfusion pressure of the mesenteric bed did not change after infusion of venom. In isolated heart, the venom decreased the force of contraction and increased PP but did not change coronary flow. In the arterial pressure, the venom and PLA(2) decreased mean arterial pressure and cardiac frequency. The presence of atrial flutter and late hyperpolarisation reversed, indicating ...

Accurate and detailed species distribution maps are fundamental for documenting and interpreting biological diversity. For snakes, an ecologically diverse group of reptiles, syntheses and detailed data on distribution patterns remain scarce. We present the first comprehensive collection of detailed, voucher-based, point-locality, range maps for all described and documented Brazilian snakes, with the major aim of mitigating the Wallacean shortfall and as a contribution towards a better understanding of this rich, threatened, and poorly studied megadiverse fauna. We recorded a total of 412 snake species in Brazil on the basis of an extensive and verified point-locality database of 163,498 entries and 75,681 unique records (available here as Online Supporting Information). Our results reveal previously undocumented patterns of distribution, sampling effort, richness, and endemism levels, resulting in a more objective view of snake diversity in the Neotropics. Apart from these achievements, we ...

excerpted from the INTRODUCTION: The Dominance of Diptera Most species of animals belong to one of four large orders: the Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees and sawflies) or Diptera (flies). Of these megadiverse groups, the flies are arguably the most important, if only because they kill millions of people a year by transmitting our most devastating diseases. But this enormous impact is due to only a few dozen species, and dipteran damage to forests, crops and stored products is similarly due to mere dozens of different fly genera. Vastly more -- thousands of species -- are beneficial, contributing to the pollination of plants, biological control of pest insects, and disposal of the dung, carrion and other organic matter that would otherwise quickly carpet the planet. Despite all this, a relatively large proportion of the species in the order Diptera remains undiscovered, unnamed or unidentifiable. This is perhaps in part because of the ...

The popular image of red-bellied piranhas portrays them as more feared than fearful. However, the results of our investigation are consistent with an anti-predator function for shoaling in the species. We found that opercular rate, which typically increases under risk (Metcalfe et al. 1987; Barreto et al. 2003), and may be indicative of a fishs preparedness to flee (Hawkins et al. 2004), was lower in larger groups, even in the absence of an overt predation threat. Furthermore, after a simulated attack, opercular rate remained elevated for longer in the smaller shoals. Because the size of red-bellied piranha shoals at Mamirauá ranges from fewer than 10 to about 100 (H. Queiroz and A. E. Magurran, personal observation), the grouping advantages detected in this experiment are applicable to fishes in the wild. Our study not only casts new light on the behaviour of a charismatic, though poorly researched species, but also reveals how a fishs perception of risk is affected by shoal size.. In the ...

Balbina Reservoir in Brazil has large numbers of black piranha, the largest piranha species. Find out from Jeremy Wade what you need to hook these.

Can tough-as-nails Black Piranha have another brilliant campaign? Its one of racings big spring questions. Jockey Tye Angland is warning punters not to underestimate the Cox Plate-bound BP in Sats class-packed George Main Stakes at Randwick. The Con Karakatsanis-trained gelding was tremendous last campaign, winning the Stradbroke Handicap and he returned with a great 2nd to Absolutelyfabulous in the Cameron at Newcastle, carrying 60kgs. Tye says: Im confident hell run a fine race...He hasnt let us down so far. BP is among 10 acceptors for the Grp 1 feature. He faces a pitched battle with superstars Racing To Win, Mentality, and Vision And Power.. Black Piranha was at $5 when TAB Sportsbet released markets on the George Main on Wednesday, with Racing To Win, winner of the race three years ago, the $1.90 fav ahead of the only 3YO in the race, Onemorenomore, winner of the Grp 1 Champagne Stakes over the track and distance in the autumn, at $4.60.. Sats Stan Fox Stakes at Randwick has ...

... - Heres a toilet paper cozy that looks at home on a toilet. A Super Mario Bros warp pipe!But uh-oh.... its also a Piranha Plant!!It

Remsen J. V. Jr., Cadena C. D., Jaramillo A., Nores M., Pacheco J. F., Pérez-Emán J., Robbins M. B., Stiles F. G., Stotz D. F. and Zimmer K. J. (2002-2013): Classification of the bird species of South America 17 March 2013 [http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBa...], American Ornithologists Union [as Hylopezus nattereri ...

The world's major fish faunas, and most of its smaller ones as well, are by no means well-known, either taxonomically or with regard to the biology of their component species. Apart from the very large number of fish species (20,000-27,000) and the difficulties for study posed by the medium in which they live, there are several other reasons for that state of affairs. An obvious and universal reason is the shortage of money available for fundamental research, and consequently a shortage of research workers. In the fields of taxonomy and systematics, both basic and essential disciplines in the study and interpretation of biodiversity, that shortage is exacerbated by other and supposedly more exciting and glamorous disciplines attracting students and teachers (and funds!). The biology of most species is poorly known, if at all, and even for those fishes of economic importance it is often biased towards particular and pragmatic ends. Fishes, no less than other organisms, are threatened by numerous

Theres no denying that James Cameron is a talented man in this industry and he has made a few of the greatest innovations in recent years (notably further exploring the Titanic and the current 3D technology.) Though his script writing talents are questionable and aspects of his directing are suspect Cameron seems to have an uncanny ability to pull great work from his actors, but his biggest talent may not be as a director. Cameron is likely one of the greatest cinematographers thats not working as one. With all due respect to the cinematographers whove worked with him (though there are numerous rumors that speak to Cameron being extremely difficult to work with) his films all have a stunning beauty that remains constant though his director of photography may not. "Piranha Part 2: The Spawning" may not be a grand sprawling epic that Cameron will become known for but inklings of that talent are evident to the keen observer. His work with underwater scenes are surprisingly good (hes an avid and ...

Hi. I have a lot of fry piranhas, theyre 4 days old now. Im afraid to put them in the new tank that I have set up with my wife. When is the right time for me to move them? The tank where they are now has a lot of cotton like thing thats everywhere. Should I take them out? When can I do water change? Suppose to be it was the time for water change when I realized theyre not behaving the usual. Thats when my wife started searching what to do. Please help us cuz we know that not everyone is

There currently exist a dozen described Esomus specie,s although few are seen in the ornamental trade and none are especially popular. Most are commonplace in their native countries but are generally overlooked by collectors due to their relatively plain colouration. Their most common use in some areas is actually as a feeder fish in the aquaculture of larger species. They are characterised by greatly-enlarged pectoral fins and two pairs of barbels, of which the maxillary pair are extremely long and usually reach the pectoral fins.. In recent years a number of phylogenetic studies involving Esomus and its near relatives have been conducted and conflicting results published. For example a 2003 study by Fang et al. concluded that the genus is the sister group, i.e., most closely-related to, Danio whereas Mayden et al. (2007) placed the genera Chela, Microrasbora, Devario and Inlecypris as sisters to Danio with Esomus as a basal sister group to that larger clade.. A further analysis by Fang et al. ...

Hi Colin, good to speak again, not seen you around for ages. Hows things? Luckily for me my arnoldi spawns are almost 100% fertile 99% of the time.. Its obviously a fertility problem, how old are the fish? what are they spawning on? i used to get poorer results when mine jumped to the cover glass, the gravity was a stronger pull and it seemed they always spent a second or so less when laying/fertilising the eggs than they do with my current method.. I now drop the water level a good 6 inches so stop them spawning on the coverglass, then utilise plastic/silk plants with removeable leaves, once i have a spawn(most days!) i remove the eggs along with the leaf and place them imersed in a 2 litre container where they hatch and live for the first 10 days while on paramecium.. Once on baby brineshrimp they are moved to a larger 5 litre container for a further week or so and then into a 20 litre filtered glass tank and eventually larger again as they outgrow it..A lot of work but a lot of fun and ...

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Not even a day after it went live, the For Your Consideration spoof was replaced with something far less biting about the Academy Awards.

Originally Posted by weekf I think I can explain the reason behind all these shocks or reflexes even when you are ready or prepare for it. Man and water DO NOT mix simply because we live on land and

Acknowledgements Introduction. RUTTER, E., MECKLENBURGH, J. & TAYLOR, K. Geomechanical and petrophysical properties of mudrocks: introduction. Petrophysical properties. BUSCH, A., SCHWEINAR, K., KAMPMAN, N., COORN, A., PIPICH, V., FEOKTYSTOV, A., LEU, L., AMANN-HILDENBRAND, A. & BERTIER, P. Determining the porosity of mudrocks using methodological pluralism. MCKERNAN, R., MECKLENBURGH, J., RUTTER, E. & TAYLOR, K. Microstructural controls on the pressure-dependent permeability of Whitby mudstone. RUTTER, E. H. & MECKLENBURGH, J. Hydraulic conductivity of bedding-parallel cracks in shale as a function of shear and normal stress. PHILIPP, T., AMANN-HILDENBRAND, A., LAURICH, B., DESBOIS, G., LITTKE, R. & URAI, J. L. The effect of microstructural heterogeneity on pore size distribution and permeability in Opalinus Clay (Mont Terri, Switzerland): insights from an integrated study of laboratory fluid flow and pore morphology from BIB-SEM images. FINK, R., KROOSS, B. M. & AMANN-HILDENBRAND, A. ...

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See related TAO tracker request An entity may have taxonomically variable part_of relationships. For example, vertebra 1 may or may not be part_of the Weberian apparatus. (The Weberian apparatus is an anatomical cluster consisting of the first four vertebrae (additional vertebra in some taxa) and associated structures which connect the gas bladder to the inner ear. It is diagnostic of the Otophysi (Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes). Some species have vertebra 5 and/or 6 as part of Weberian apparatus). How to represent taxonomically variable part_of information in a multi-species ontology? ...

Brown, K. S., Jr. 1970 Rediscovery of Heliconius nattereri in eastern Brazil. Entomol. News 81, 129-140.. Brown, K. S., Jr. 1972 The heliconians of Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part III. Ecology and biology of Heliconius nattereri, a key primitive species near extinction, and comments on the evolutionary development of Heliconius and Eueides. Zoologica NY 57, 41-69.. Brown K. S. 1981 The Biology of Heliconius and Related Genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26, 427-456.. Felder C. Felder R. 1865. Reise der sterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commo-dore B. von W llerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerolds Sohn. (1): [4] + 1-136, pls. 1-21.. ...

The megadiversity of the Neotropical ichthyofauna has been associated to recent diversification processes, reflecting in subtle or lacking morphological differentiation between species, challenging the classical taxonomic identification. Leporinus friderici occurs in several river basins of South America, and its nominal taxonomic validity has been questioned. Its wide distribution within Brazilian Shield suggests that this species could be genetically structured among the hydrographic basins, despite a sharp morphological similarity. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses, based on three nuclear (RAG1, RAG2 and Myh6) and two mitochondrial (COI and Cytb) markers, in specimens morphologically similar to L. friderici and related species from different hydrographic basins in South America. Our phylogenetic tree identified four well-supported clades, point out to the existence of taxonomic inconsistencies within this fish group. A clade named L. cf. friderici sensu stricto included eight MOTUs

Gall bladder cancers incidence is 14 per lakh population in women and 7.4 per lakh population in men in regions where the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers flow.

infestation in my piranha tank of snails - Tropical fish forum at the Age of Aquariums - dedicated to promoting responsible fish-keeping internationally.

New Liquid Piranha. Roots are what feed your plants almost everything they need, and now you can maximize your plants root mass so your plants get optimum

This week in viral videos, its a collection of animals including piranhas, cats and ducks, with some added drunk skater, skinny jeans and remixed aircraft safety announcements, for good measure.

Chubutisaurus (meaning "Chubut lizard") is a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period. It lived in South America. It is classified as a sauropod, specifically one of the titanosaurs. The type species, Chubutisaurus insignis, was described by del Corro in 1975. Its fossils were found in the Cerro Barcino Formation, Albian stage, about 110 million years ago. Chubutisaurus had a more robust radius than Venenosaurus. G. del Corro. 1975. Un nuevo sauropodo del Cretácico Superior. Actas del Primer Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia 2:229-240 Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Forelimb," Tidwell, Carpenter, and Meyer (2001). Page 148. Tidwell, V., Carpenter, K. & Meyer, S. 2001. New Titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the Poison Strip Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter (eds.). Indiana University Press, Eds. D.H. Tanke & K. Carpenter. Indiana University Press. 139-165. Weishampel, David B; et al. ...

SummaryWeight gain, length, and survival of Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) larvae were analyzed after they were fed one of four diets. At 36 hours post-hatching larvae were fed for the first time and during three consecutive days: Artemia salinanauplii (T1), wild plankton filtered to 200 microns (T2),concentrated powder with 48% crude protein (T3) or no diet (fasting, T4). Animals were kept at a density of 70 larvae per liter. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to the final weight for T1, T2, T3, and T4 (2.2 ± 0.3a, 1.7 ± 0.3b, 1.5 ± 0.3bc, 1.5 ± 0.2c mg, respectively) , final length (6.37 ± 0.29a, 0.20b ± 6.16, 5.95 ± 0.27c, 0.26c ± 5.87 mm, respectively), weight gain (0.77 ±0.39a, 0.31b ± 0.34, 0.16 ± 0.37bc, 0.08 ± 0.21 c mg, respectively) and length gain (0.39 ± 0.17A, 0.18± 0.15b, 0.16c ± -0023, -0102 ± 0.15c mm, respectively). The T1 diet had the best results for optimal growth, followed by T2. The survival rate was not statistically different ...

The discovery of five new species of armored spiders of the family Tetrablemmidae in the Karst caves of the Southwest of China has caught a particular strand of imagination for culture and science watchers. Researchers Shuqiang Li and Yanfeng Tong and their colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing have spent lots of time poking around in the materials on the floor of caves and in other nooks and crannies. The armored spiders discovery contributes to constantly updated maps of megadiversity.. Li and Feng identified the first species of Tetrablemmidae in China in 2007, and are contributors to a Planetary Biodiversity Inventory of Oopinidae (goblin spiders). These massive inventories are hosted on portals by the Global Biodiversity Inventory Facility. The tiny spiders of Tetrablemmedae and Oopinidae are "megadiverse" in the variation of their species and "microdistributed" in the specificity of their ranges. Tetrablemidae range across Central America, Brazil, equatorial Africa, ...

Biology professor David Tank joins international team to create massive time-scaled evolutionary tree for land plants, explore history of adaptations for cold climates

For the past two years, I have been pursuing multiple research projects with researchers at the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) in Brazil to explore the trophic ecology of native and endangered fish species in the acidic Rio Negro (blackwater river). Given that this region is at the forefront of dealing with some of the most pressing problems related to both global climate change and anthropogenic interactions, this work is critical to understanding global ecosystem processes. My most recent projects have involved bringing students to Brazil with me to explore autotrophic energy sources of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.) through carbon isotopes, compare the diet of Tucunaré-açu (Cichla temensis, aka, Peacock bass) between acidic and alkaline river habitats, and examine the role of herbivory in the food web of red piranha (Pygocentrus natteri) throughout the Amazon. Additionally, we are finalizing submission of work on fish food webs in aquatic macrophyte stands of Amazonian ...

Given that water is oxidized indirectly by P680+ and the build up of intermediates caused by inhibition in Qb would not allow P680 to deposit its extra electron into the beginning of the electron transport chain, water would not be oxidized/split into 2H+ and (1/2)O2 because P680 would not become P680+. So this inhibition would halt the production of oxygen, correct?. Given that, I would say that the production of O2 would be more immediately halted than that of ATP, especially since ATP synthase would continue to function until the electrochemical gradient between the stroma and thylakoid space was spent, and would not be immediately affected by inhibition in Qa (although the electron transport chain which maintains the electrochemical gradient would be compromised and thus indirectly ATP synthase would be affected).. Is my reasoning correct?. ...

E hoje estava fazendo alguns testes com ab e jmeter em uma máquina local e que quando coloco uma url que não existe no site, o squid esta deixando passar todas as requisições para as instâncias e quando logo em seguida repito o teste com a mesma url ele segura todas as requisições. Fiquei preocupado com o resultado dos testes de carga em cima de urls 404, pois se for uma carga alta em cima de urls inválidas pode até derrubar um portal. Tentei até configurar o erro_map com uma página de 404 no apache, mesmo assim obtive o mesmo resultado relatado acima. Parece que o collapsed_forwarding so funciona com urls que retornam o status 200. Perguntas: Alguém já utilizou o LVS com ou sem o piranha ? Como resolvo o problema das urls 404 ? [1] http://sourceware.org/piranha/ abraços, Clayton ...

Free Vector Art - Vecteezy is a HUGE collection of free vector art, vector graphics, illustrator brushes, Vector Wallpaper Backgrounds, Silhouettes and more!

Available in: DVD. A pretty investigative reporter gets caught in the middle of an epic battle between the ferocious Werewolf-Man and the frenzied

https://www.piranhainsurance.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/spider.jpg 484 587 admin https://www.piranhainsurance.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/piranha-logo-new.png admin2017-06-30 08:00:292017-05-29 04:54:21Creepy crawly spider facts ...

GenDR A curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling.. ...

There is no evidence for degenerative or constructive tendencies in the highly developed systems of neuromasts, in the nasal organs and in the labyrinths o

Technology Networks is an internationally recognised publisher that provides access to the latest scientific news, products, research, videos and posters.

in_a_firstofitskind_look_at_human_kidney_development_researchers_at_the_saban_research_institute_of_childrens_hospital_los_angeles_have_isolated_human_nephron_progenitor_np_cells_their_results_published_online_in_the_journal_stem_cell_translational_medicine_will_help_scientists_understand_how_these_progenitor_cells_become_renal_cells_in_the_developing_fetus_and_possibly_off

TyTek Medicals 5 1/2 Piranha Trauma Shears are the very best tactical shears available. These tactical shears were engineered to meet and...

This is a young bristle/bushynose pleco. I didnt notice this spot until a couple days after I purchased him. It would kind of come and go at random for...

The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is a unique model system consisting of cave-adapted and surface-dwelling morphotypes which diverged ,1My ago. This remarkable natural experiment has enabled powerful genetic analyses of cave adaptation. Here, we describe the application of next-generation sequencing technology to the creation of a high-density linkage map. Our map comprises over 2200 markers populating 25 linkage groups constructed from genotypic data generated from a single genotyping-by-sequencing project. We leveraged emergent genomic and transcriptomic resources to anchor hundreds of anonymous Astyanax markers to the genome of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), the most closely related model organism to our study species. This facilitated the identification of 784 distinct connections between our linkage map and the Danio rerio genome, highlighting several regions of conserved genomic architecture between the two species despite ~150My of divergence. Using a Mendelian cave-associated trait as ...

Fruit composition at harvest is strongly dependent on the temperature during the grapevine developmental cycle. This raises serious concerns regarding the sustainability of viticulture and the socio-economic repercussions of global warming for many regions where the most heat-tolerant varieties are already cultivated. Despite recent progress, the direct and indirect effects of temperature on fruit development are far from being understood. Experimental limitations such as fluctuating environmental conditions, intra-cluster heterogeneity and the annual reproductive cycle introduce unquantifiable biases for gene expression and physiological studies with grapevine. In the present study, DRCF grapevine mutants (microvine) were grown under several temperature regimes in duly-controlled environmental conditions. A singly berry selection increased the accuracy of fruit phenotyping and subsequent gene expression analyses. The physiological and transcriptomic responses of five key stages sampled simultaneously

FOR SEVEN YEARS ISRAELI AUTHORITIES HAVE DONE NOTHING to stop the EU building of illegal Arab settlements on Jewish land ~~~~~ While Israel has frozen construction across the Green Line, and razes the tiniest house addition or Jewish unauthorized outposts on the hills, Arabs keep building ILLEGAL SETLEMENTS with impunity, and with the funding and assistance of the European Union. Those settlements are in internationally-recognized Israeli land (Area C), thus the EU is not only violating Israeli sovereignty, but its own diplomatic rules of operation in foreign countries. - These illegal Arab settlements are meant to be FACTS ON THE GROUND for the eventual Muslim takeover of Jewish land - EUROPEANS DID NOT WANT JEWS IN EUROPE and murdered MILLIONS of them. Now they dont want Jews in their ancient homeland of ISRAEL either, call them "occupiers," and demand that the land be given to descendants of Muslims who invaded Israel in the 7th century. - The EU (inspired by the Nazi boycotts against Jews) ...

Evolution maintains that as more time passes, living things evolve to acquire better and more useful traits. As such, shouldnt the loss of a useful trait, such as eyesight, be regarded as the opposite of evolution? Not so, say recent news reports on blind fish.. Biologists compared DNA sequences from 11 populations of cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus), which are a blind variation of the Mexican tetra fish, to 10 related fish populations that have the ability to see. Since they can interbreed, they are the same species.1. A New York University news release attributed the fishes loss of sight to convergent evolution, which makes little sense if evolution, as neo-Darwinists describe it, is supposed to generate new features and functions.. The blind fish do not trace their lineage to just one blind ancestor. In fact, the study authors wrote in BMC Evolutionary Biology, The results also demonstrate that cave populations in the region studied arose at least five times independently and derive from ...

ITS a diverse ecosystem, teeming with an array of unique wildlife - from electric eels to giant otters, and piranhas - yet the Amazon River hasnt finished revealing its treasures.

Cave animals have adapted to the challenges of life in perpetual darkness by losing their eyes and pigmentation and enhancing other sensory systems, such as taste, smell, and tactile senses. Although the sensory gains are easily explained by natural selection, the losses are more difficult to explain because they seem to have no immediate benefits. Recent studies in the Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) show that eye degeneration is developmentally linked to adaptive gains in the gustatory system via evolutionary changes in a pleiotropic gene called sonic hedgehog. Thus, cavefish may illustrate a general phenomenon in biology in which pleiotropy and indirect selection guide the course and extent of evolution. Another benefit for cavefish living in dark caves is the absence of predators, which promotes survival by evolving an unusual suite of feeding behaviors. These behaviors would be risky in more complex, well-lit environments, such as exist on the Earths surface, illustrating the ...

Few things have inspired GMA anchorman Bill Weir more than untamed wilderness and the long line of explorers who have sailed over countless horizons or walked into the blank spots in maps with little more than a compass and a machete. No one has ever walked the Amazon River from the source to the sea -- until Ed Stafford.

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Some believe that a great conspiracy had arisen, and that Elvis body had been exhumed from Graceland and reburied without the mandible! The mandible was then said to have circulated between the Mafia, the CIA, the KGB, and the inventor of Pachisi (Parchesi) finally coming to rest in the hands of one Karl Joergins ...

December 2018. In This Edition Articles - Determination of heroin in street drug samples with printable surface enhanced Raman scattering (P-SERS) - Advances in Protein Sample Preparation: Centrifugation i.... ...

Heres how I look at it: if an animal lives in an environment in which change is infrequent and today can be expected to be a repeat of yesterday, then it makes sense for its way of life to evolve into a set of structured, repeated patterns triggered by familiar environmental stimuli. It saves a lot of energy, since there is no need to develop the neural complexity required to deal with change; energy is also saved in the day-to-day activities of life because theres less information processing to be done, and less physical hesitation and vacillation also. And in fact, most animal behaviour is of precisely this kind. Animals are mostly automatons ...

During her youth, Leela was often teased because she only had one eye. She felt very lonely in her childhood after being abandoned by her parents at an orphanarium, and always dreamed of learning who her real parents were. It should be noted that Leelas parents abandoned her in hopes that she would have a better life on the surface. She eventually learns that she is a mutant, rather than an alien, which she had always thought she was. Leela has been shown to care a great deal about her mutant parents, even stealing a priceless Quantum Gemerald from a museum along with Bender and Fry, when the Zookeeper threatens to feed them to piranhas. Despite her troubled past, Leela is friendly, smart and self-reliant, though she is sometimes impatient and quick to anger. She cares deeply for her friends and loved ones, plus issues she feels she must stand up for, like freedom, the environment and cute animals. However she does not hesitate to use force if she believes the situation demands it. She also has ...

My DJ Set last Friday at Club Sway in SD was a freaking blast! Thank you to all the homies who came out to support and watch my lard ass do my thang up on da stage (almost sounds like I stripped or sumthin). Still havent been able to gather any quality photos as of late but I was sent this amazing HD video by me bro. Too bad the only clip that was found was when I completely baunched it during my abso facking totes fav Ke$ha song (omg lol) because some asshole threw a George Michaels bobbing head doll at my mixer, knocked over the whole DJ booth, threw lighter fluid on the walls, unleashed piranas into all the kegs, summoned lightening bolts upon the club, and sat back laughing while the whole place erupted in fury ...

The fiberglass circuit board is 1.5" tall by 0.5" wide and 64 mils thick. It features metal pads in decorative shapes and 8 mil traces that are disguised but not concealed beneath a green solder mask. One side of the board displays a metal piranha plant spitting fire (a red LED) up into the air. The other side of the board is a field of traces and techno glory ...

The fiberglass circuit board is 1.5" tall by 0.5" wide and 64 mils thick. It features metal pads in decorative shapes and 8 mil traces that are disguised but not concealed beneath a green solder mask. One side of the board displays a metal piranha plant spitting fire (a red LED) up into the air. The other side of the board is a field of traces and techno glory ...

Weird gunky white stuff...is this ich? My 55 gallon with 2 bloody parrots is in trouble. All of a sudden last night before I went to bed I noticed weird...

Monterey Pine or Radiata Pine, as it is now commonly called among foresters internationally, is the most widely planted tree species in the world. Its tiny natural relict stands fall into insignificance to the millions of hectares planted in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Kenya, and Spain. Provenance is almost exclusively from mainland California. Its spectacularly rapid growth under plantation conditions is the main reason for its success in commercial forestry and for many of the above mentioned countries it is the most important timber tree. The wood is rather brittle and coarse grained and most suitable for pulp wood, but in many countries where it has been introduced it is also put to other uses. These are e.g. construction, carpentry and joinery, veneers, furniture, laminated wood, and crates and boxes. This species has been widely planted as a landscape tree in urban areas, parks and large gardens, where it can grow to huge size in relatively short time. ...

Monterey Pine or Radiata Pine, as it is now commonly called among foresters internationally, is the most widely planted tree species in the world. Its tiny natural relict stands fall into insignificance to the millions of hectares planted in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Kenya, and Spain. Provenance is almost exclusively from mainland California. Its spectacularly rapid growth under plantation conditions is the main reason for its success in commercial forestry and for many of the above mentioned countries it is the most important timber tree. The wood is rather brittle and coarse grained and most suitable for pulp wood, but in many countries where it has been introduced it is also put to other uses. These are e.g. construction, carpentry and joinery, veneers, furniture, laminated wood, and crates and boxes. This species has been widely planted as a landscape tree in urban areas, parks and large gardens, where it can grow to huge size in relatively short time. ...

The ecotoxicology of nano-TiO2 has been extensively studied in recent years; however, few toxicological investigations have considered the photocatalytic properties of the substance, which can increase its toxicity to aquatic biota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects on fish exposed to different nano-TiO2 concentrations and illumination conditions. The interaction of these variables was investigated by observing the survival of the organisms, together with biomarkers of biochemical and genetic alterations. Fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were exposed for 96 h to 0, I, 10, and 100 mg/L of nano-TiO2, under visible light, and visible light with ultraviolet (UV) light (22.47 J/cm(2)/h). The following biomarkers of oxidative stress were monitored in the liver: concentrations of lipid hydroperoxide and carbonylated protein, and specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. Other biomarkers of physiological function were also studied: the specific ...

The fish species Astyanax mexicanus exists in a form that exists above ground and has normal eyes and in forms that exist in caves (cavefish), which are blind and undergo degeneration of the eye. In evolutionary terms, the loss of the eye might simply reflect lack of selection for eyesight in cavefish. However, Yamamoto et al. present evidence that, instead, eye degeneration appears to have been derived as an adaptive trait driven by natural selection. Critical signals for eye development come from the cells of the anterior embryonic midline in the form of so-called hedgehog (Hh) proteins. In cavefish, eye primordia form but stop developing and degenerate. This phenotype appears to arise not from failure of Hh signaling, but rather from increased expression of Hh proteins in the developing cavefish embryo. Increased Hh signaling in wild-type embryos (induced by injection of mRNA encoding Hh proteins) produced adults that lacked an eye. Application of a pharmacological inhibitor of Hh signaling ...

Amson E. & M. Laurin. 2011. On the affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian synapsid. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56: 301 312.. Benton M. J. 1983. Dinosaur success in the Triassic: a noncompetitive ecological model. Quarterly Review of Biology 58: 29-55.. Berman D. S., R. R. Reisz, J. R. Bolt, and D. Scott. 1995. The cranial anatomy and relationships of the synapsid Varanosaurus (Eupelycosauria: Ophiacodontidae) from the Early Permian of Texas and Oklahoma. Annals of Carnegie Museum 64: 99-133.. Brinkman, D. and D. A. Eberth. 1983. The interrelationships of pelycosaurs. Breviora 473: 1-35.. Charig A. 1984. Competition between therapsids and archosaurs during the Triassic period: a review and synthesis of current theories. In: M. W. J. Ferguson (ed.) The structure, development and evolution of reptiles: 597-628. London: Academic Press. Gauthier, J., A. G. Kluge, and T. Rowe. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4: 105-209.. Gauthier J., D. C. ...

Introduction. Goldband snapper (Pristipomoides multidens) has an unusually long shelf life compared to many other fish species. Previous studies have indicated that the microflora present on the fish skin influences shelf life, however, no extensive studies have been performed. A comprehensive investigation into the shelf life of goldband snapper was undertaken in this study using microbiological, biochemical, sensory and physical analyses. Saddletail snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) was used as a control species because it is genetically similar to goldband snapper, found in a similar geographic location but has a shorter shelf life. The implications of discovering the reasons for an increased shelf life are significant for the Australian fishing industry, in particular Western Australia, where transit times are extensive. It may be possible to use the knowledge gained by investigating goldband snapper to extend the shelf life of other tropical fish species.Methods. Bacterial viable counts were ...

Arginine (Arg) and glycine (Gly) seem to be the only substrates accepted by the amidinotransferase that catalyze the first step of the synthesis pathway of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), leading to guanidinoacetate (GAA). Here, the effect of these amino acids on the production of CYN in cultures of the cylindrospermopsin-producing strain, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum UAM-MAO, has been studied. Arg clearly increased CYN content, the increment appearing triphasic along the culture. On the contrary, Gly caused a decrease of CYN, observable from the first day on. Interestingly, the transcript of the gene ntcA, key in nitrogen metabolism control, was also enhanced in the presence of Arg and/or Gly, the trend of the transcript oscillations being like that of aoa/cyr. The inhibitory effect of Gly in CYN production seems not to result from diminishing the activity of genes considered involved in CYN synthesis, since Gly, as Arg, enhance the transcription of genes aoaA-C and cyrJ. On the other hand,

This paper addresses the achievements in understanding the hydrogeological conditions in the low permeability claystone formation of the Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory. The synthesis work consisted of (i) an assessment of clay-specific artifacts which may affect the interpretation of hydraulic tests, (ii) a survey of hydraulic rock properties such as hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient, and (iii) an assessment of the governing flow laws and definition of hydrogeological units and flow boundaries on the site scale. Drawing on the broad hydrogeological data base, confidence is gained in the hydraulic barrier function of the Opalinus Clay, which effectively prevents groundwater flow between the over- and underlying aquifer systems ...

Popcorn clouds hovering in the skies over the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest help to highlight the channels of the Amazon River. The rivers mouth can be seen near the image center, where dense brown sediments are being released into the Atlantic Ocean.. The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located, and how wide it is, a matter of dispute, because of the areas peculiar geography. The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves; between them lies Marajó, an island almost the size of Switzerland that is the worlds largest combined river/sea island.. ...