Characeae
Chara
Characterization of MADS-box genes in charophycean green algae and its implication for the evolution of MADS-box genes. (1/5)
The MADS-box genes of land plants are extensively diverged to form a superfamily and are important in various aspects of development including the specification of floral organs as homeotic selector genes. The closest relatives of land plants are the freshwater green algae charophyceans. To study the origin and evolution of land plant MADS-box genes, we characterized these genes in three charophycean green algae: the stonewort Chara globularis, the coleochaete Coleochaete scutata, and the desmid Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that MADS-box genes diverged extensively in the land plant lineage after the separation of charophyceans from land plants. The stonewort C. globularis mRNA was specifically detected in the oogonium and antheridium together with the egg and spermatozoid during their differentiation. The expression of the C. peracerosum-strigosum-littorale-complex gene increased when vegetative cells began to differentiate into gametangial cells and decreased after fertilization. These expression patterns suggest that the precursors of land plant MADS-box genes originally functioned in haploid reproductive cell differentiation and that the haploid MADS-box genes were recruited into a diploid generation during the evolution of land plants. (+info)The GapA/B gene duplication marks the origin of Streptophyta (charophytes and land plants). (2/5)
Independent evidence from morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular data have shown that land plants originated from charophycean green algae. However, the branching order within charophytes is still unresolved, and contradictory phylogenies about, for example,the position of the unicellular green alga Mesostigma viride are difficult to reconcile. A comparison of nuclear-encoded Calvin cycle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) indicates that a crucial duplication of the GapA gene occurred early in land plant evolution. The duplicate called GapB acquired a characteristic carboxy-terminal extension (CTE) from the general regulator of the Calvin cycle CP12. This CTE is responsible for thioredoxin-dependent light/dark regulation. In this work, we established GapA, GapB, and CP12 sequences from bryophytes, all orders of charophyte as well as chlorophyte green algae, and the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of all available plastid GAPDH sequences suggest that glaucophytes and green plants are sister lineages and support a positioning of Mesostigma basal to all charophycean algae. The exclusive presence of GapB in terrestrial plants, charophytes, and Mesostigma dates the GapA/B gene duplication to the common ancestor of Streptophyta. The conspicuously high degree of GapB sequence conservation suggests an important metabolic role of the newly gained regulatory function. Because the GapB-mediated protein aggregation most likely ensures the complete blockage of the Calvin cycle at night, we propose that this mechanism is also crucial for efficient starch mobilization. This innovation may be one prerequisite for the development of storage tissues in land plants. (+info)Caterpillar regurgitant induces pore formation in plant membranes. (3/5)
Formation of channel-like pores in a plant membrane was induced within seconds after application of an aqueous solution containing regurgitant of the insect larvae Spodoptera littoralis. Gated pore currents recorded on the tonoplast of the Charophyte Chara corallina displayed conductances up to several hundred pS. A voltage-dependent gating reaction supports the assumption that pore-forming molecules have amphipathic properties. Regurgitant samples separated into masses smaller or larger than 3kDa were evaluated by patch-clamp and mass spectroscopy. Fractions containing peptides larger than 3kDa constituted pores of large conductances, peptides smaller than 3kDa constituted pores of small conductances. Peptide-free eluates did not constitute conducting pores, indicating that pore-forming components in regurgitant are membrane-spanning oligopeptides. (+info)Microfossils in micrites from Serra da Bodoquena (MS), Brazil: taxonomy and paleoenvironmental implications. (4/5)
(+info)Exogenous melatonin affects photosynthesis in characeae Chara australis. (5/5)
(+info)Characeae is a taxonomic group that refers to a family or order of freshwater green algae, also known as stoneworts or muskgrasses. These algae are characterized by their branched, segmented, and calcified structures that resemble small plants. They typically grow in shallow waters of lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams with high nutrient levels. Characeae species have been used as bioindicators to monitor water quality due to their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions. Some species are also known to produce compounds with potential medicinal properties.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Chara." The term "Chara" is most commonly used to refer to a genus of aquatic plants, also known as stoneworts or muskgrasses. These plants are not typically associated with human health or medicine. If you have more context or information about the use of "Chara" in a medical setting, I may be able to provide a more specific answer.
Cytoplasmic streaming, also known as cyclosis, is the movement or flow of cytoplasm and organelles within a eukaryotic cell. It is a type of intracellular transport that occurs in many types of cells, but it is particularly prominent in large, single-celled organisms such as algae and fungi.
During cytoplasmic streaming, the cytoplasm moves in a coordinated and organized manner, often in circular or spiral patterns. This movement is driven by the action of motor proteins, such as myosin, which interact with filamentous structures called actin filaments. The movement of the motor proteins along the actin filaments generates force, causing the cytoplasm and organelles to move.
Cytoplasmic streaming serves several functions in cells. It helps to distribute nutrients and metabolic products throughout the cell, and it also plays a role in the movement of organelles and other cellular components to specific locations within the cell. Additionally, cytoplasmic streaming can help to maintain the structural integrity of large, single-celled organisms by ensuring that their cytoplasm is evenly distributed.
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Chara4
- Genera that include extant species and are placed in a broad circumscription of the family are: Chara L. Lamprothamnium J.Groves Lychnothamnus (F.J.Ruprecht) A.Braun Nitella C.A.Agardh Nitellopsis Hy (placed in Feistiellaceae by some sources) Tolypella (A.Braun) A.Braun Most extant Characeae are found in fresh water, usually in still, clear water where they attach to the substrate by rhizoids. (wikipedia.org)
- Die Typisierung von Chara prolifera (Characeae) wird diskutiert. (uni-halle.de)
- The typification of Chara prolifera (Characeae) is discussed. (uni-halle.de)
- Chara is a genus of charophyte green algae in the family Characeae. (knowledgetimer.com)
Algae3
- Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. (wikipedia.org)
- As a result, the Characeae have the most complex structure of all green algae. (wikipedia.org)
- collection 1930/31 consists mainly of Algae , Characeae , Hepaticae and Musci , but includes besides: 21 nos of Hydrocharitaceae , 45 nos of Loranthaceae , 175 nos of Palmae , 45 nos of Balanophoraceae , 60 nos of Burmanniaceae and other saprophytic phanerogams, 63 nos of Rubiaceae . (nationaalherbarium.nl)
Obtusa1
- Distribution of Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeae) in New York, U.S.A. (usgs.gov)
Oogonia1
- is formed by an about 50-m-thick unit of coal, rich in Characeae oogonia, which, together with the Dreistetten conglomerates serve as marker layer for correlation with the outcrops in the Grünbach Syncline. (sciendo.com)
Species1
- A New Species of Characeae from Inner Mongolia[J]. J Syst Evol, 1964, 9(3): 305-306. (jse.ac.cn)
Lake Apoyo2
- Introduced tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) consumed all the Characeae in Lake Apoyo. (wikipedia.org)
- All of the Characeae at Lake Apoyo was devoured by introduced tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). (vedantu.com)
Stonewort1
- Microencapsulation with the usage of sodium alginate: A promising method for preserving stonewort (Characeae, Charophyta) oospores to support laboratory and field experiments. (edu.pl)
Nitellopsis1
- Genera that include extant species and are placed in a broad circumscription of the family are: Chara L. Lamprothamnium J.Groves Lychnothamnus (F.J.Ruprecht) A.Braun Nitella C.A.Agardh Nitellopsis Hy (placed in Feistiellaceae by some sources) Tolypella (A.Braun) A.Braun Most extant Characeae are found in fresh water, usually in still, clear water where they attach to the substrate by rhizoids. (wikipedia.org)
Charophyta1
- Ecology and distribution patterns of Chara connivens (Charophyta, Characeae) on the Canary Islands - the first record from Fuerteventura. (edu.pl)
Carbonate1
- Krupska J., Pełechaty M., Apolinarska K., Pukacz A., Boszke, P. 2011 - Stable δ 13 C and δ 18 O isotope composition of thalli and oospor es carbonate encrustations of chosen charophyte species (Characeae). (edu.pl)
Freshwater2
- Living members of the Characeae sensu lato grow in freshwater and brackish environments worldwide, and have large, macroscopic thalli growing up to 120 cm long, they are branched, multicellular, and use chlorophyll to photosynthesize. (wikipedia.org)
- The majority of Characeae live in freshwater, usually in still, clear water, where their rhizoids connect to the substrate. (vedantu.com)
Family1
- The Characeae family of plants is the dominant plant life in some of Nicaragua's volcanic crater lakes, which can reach depths of more than 20 metres in some cases. (vedantu.com)
Found1
- Characeae are the principal photosynthesizers of some of the volcanic crater lakes of Nicaragua, and can be found in excess of 20 meters depth in some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)