A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)
A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Infections of the central nervous system caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM which present with a variety of clinical syndromes. The initial phase of infection usually causes a mild or asymptomatic meningeal reaction. The meningovascular form may present acutely as BRAIN INFARCTION. The infection may also remain subclinical for several years. Late syndromes include general paresis; TABES DORSALIS; meningeal syphilis; syphilitic OPTIC ATROPHY; and spinal syphilis. General paresis is characterized by progressive DEMENTIA; DYSARTHRIA; TREMOR; MYOCLONUS; SEIZURES; and Argyll-Robertson pupils. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp722-8)
One of three principal openings in the SUBARACHNOID SPACE. They are also known as cerebellomedullary cistern, and collectively as cisterns.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
A delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. It lies between the PIA MATER and the DURA MATER. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Multiple protein bands serving as markers of specific ANTIBODIES and detected by ELECTROPHORESIS of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID or serum. The bands are most often seen during inflammatory or immune processes and are found in most patients with MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.
Nervous system infections caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP. The disease may affect elements of the central or peripheral nervous system in isolation or in combination. Common clinical manifestations include a lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy (most often a facial neuropathy), POLYRADICULOPATHY, and a mild loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Less often more extensive inflammation involving the central nervous system (encephalomyelitis) may occur. In the peripheral nervous system, B. burgdorferi infection is associated with mononeuritis multiplex and polyradiculoneuritis. (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):182-91)
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).
Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by HEADACHE which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); NAUSEA; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)
Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes Gambian or West African sleeping sickness in humans. The vector host is usually the tsetse fly (Glossina).
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Inflammation of the meninges caused by LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, altered mentation, HEADACHE, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and SEIZURES. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)
Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.
Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.
A light and spongy (pneumatized) bone that lies between the orbital part of FRONTAL BONE and the anterior of SPHENOID BONE. Ethmoid bone separates the ORBIT from the ETHMOID SINUS. It consists of a horizontal plate, a perpendicular plate, and two lateral labyrinths.
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column.
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.
A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.
Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.
Narrow channel in the MESENCEPHALON that connects the third and fourth CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.
The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the ARACHNOID and the DURA MATER.
A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces "African sleeping sickness." Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
The larval form of various tapeworms of the genus Taenia.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.
Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.
A hydro-lyase that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE. Several different isoforms of this enzyme exist, each with its own tissue specificity.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
Liquid components of living organisms.
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.
Infections of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; or MENINGES caused by HELMINTHS (parasitic worms).
Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).
A genus of large tapeworms.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
A group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. Type II is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated MENINGOMYELOCELE. Type I features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. Type III has the features of type II with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an ENCEPHALOCELE. Type IV is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. Clinical manifestations of types I-III include TORTICOLLIS; opisthotonus; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; APNEA; NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL; swallowing difficulties; and ATAXIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p261; Davis, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)
Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). This condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. Pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to CEREBRAL INFARCTION, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. Manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of HERPES ZOSTER and include HEADACHE; VOMITING; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; FEVER; and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch 26, pp29-32; Hum Pathol 1996 Sep;27(9):927-38)
The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.
A prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementias. It may include impairment of cognition, such as impairments in language, visuospatial awareness, ATTENTION and MEMORY.
Central nervous system vasculitis that is associated with SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Clinical manifestations may include DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; HEMIPARESIS; BLINDNESS; DYSPHASIA; and other neurological disorders.
Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
The fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. It is entirely separate from the ENDOLYMPH which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)
A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Species of tapeworm in the genus TAENIA, that infects swine. It is acquired by humans through the ingestion of cured or undercooked pork.
Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.
A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
An autologous or commercial tissue adhesive containing FIBRINOGEN and THROMBIN. The commercial product is a two component system from human plasma that contains more than fibrinogen and thrombin. The first component contains highly concentrated fibrinogen, FACTOR VIII, fibronectin, and traces of other plasma proteins. The second component contains thrombin, calcium chloride, and antifibrinolytic agents such as APROTININ. Mixing of the two components promotes BLOOD CLOTTING and the formation and cross-linking of fibrin. The tissue adhesive is used for tissue sealing, HEMOSTASIS, and WOUND HEALING.
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
Veins draining the cerebrum.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.

Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (1/1631)

Cryptococcal meningitis causes significant morbidity and mortality in persons with AIDS. Of 236 AIDS patients treated with amphotericin B plus flucytosine, 29 (12%) died within 2 weeks and 62 (26%) died before 10 weeks. Just 129 (55%) of 236 patients were alive with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures at 10 weeks. Multivariate analyses identified that titer of cryptococcal antigen in CSF, serum albumin level, and CD4 cell count, together with dose of amphotericin B, had the strongest joint association with failure to achieve negative CSF cultures by day 14. Among patients with similar CSF cryptococcal antigen titers, CD4 cell counts, and serum albumin levels, the odds of failure at week 10 for those without negative CSF cultures by day 14 was five times that for those with negative CSF cultures by day 14 (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.9). Prognosis is dismal for patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Multivariate analyses identified three components that, along with initial treatment, have the strongest joint association with early outcome. Clearly, more effective initial therapy and patient management strategies that address immune function and nutritional status are needed to improve outcomes of this disease.  (+info)

Assessment of complement deficiency in patients with meningococcal disease in The Netherlands. (2/1631)

The frequency of complement deficiency in 176 of 7,732 patients with meningococcal disease in the Netherlands from 1959 through 1992 was assessed. Complement deficiency was found in six patients (3%): 3 (7%) of the patients with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C disease, 1 (2%) of the patients with N. meningitidis serogroup A disease, and 2 (33%) of the patients with infections due to uncommon serogroups and nongroupable strains of N. meningitidis. Of 91 additional patients with meningococcal infections due to uncommon serogroups, 33% also had complement deficiency. Thirty-four of the 36 complement-deficient patients with meningococcal disease who were from 33 families were 5 years of age or older. Twenty-six additional complement-deficient relatives were found. Screening individuals with meningococcal disease due to uncommon serogroups who were 5 years of age or older identified 30 of the 33 complement-deficient families. Only 27% of the complement-deficient relatives had had meningococcal disease. This risk was lower for relatives with properdin deficiency (18%) than for those deficient in the late component of complement (38%). Therefore, pedigree studies are warranted for identifying those complement-deficient persons who require vaccination for meningococcal disease.  (+info)

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. (3/1631)

Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were isolated from blood collected on presentation and tissues samples taken postmortem. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid collected antemortem. The importance of passive transfer of immunity, the subtlety of neurologic signs in early meningitis, and considering blood-CSF penetration in antimicrobial selection are discussed.  (+info)

Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis with combination use of cerebral diffusion-weighted echo-planar magnetic resonance image and polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid. (4/1631)

We treated a patient diagnosed as central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis with the combined use of cerebral diffusion-weighted echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and polymerase chain reaction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-PCR). DWI, a cutting-edge imaging modality to reveal the earliest changes of cerebral infarction, detected cerebral fungal embolization when the conventional computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging failed to reveal it. CSF-PCR demonstrated the presence of Aspergillus-specific DNA in the specimen, when the conventional examination and culture of CSF were nonspecific or negative. These diagnostic methods could be useful in the early diagnosis of CNS aspergillosis.  (+info)

Prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in pediatric medulloblastoma. Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group. (5/1631)

BACKGROUND: Although the demonstration of leptomeningeal dissemination is the most important predictor of poor outcome in children with medulloblastoma, there is lack of consensus on the prognostic value of a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology (i.e., stage M1). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-six pediatric medulloblastoma patients treated in Switzerland between 1972-1991 were retrospectively studied regarding the influence of M-stage on prognosis. 39 were M0, 13 M1, 15 Mx, 17 M2, and 2 M3. RESULTS: Five- and 10-year overall survival rates were 76% and 54% for M0, 68% and 50% for Mx, 36% and 25% for M1, and 22% and 22% for M2-3 (P < 0.001), respectively. No significant survival differences were observed between M1 and M2-3 patients. Among 26 patients with only postoperative CSF cytologies, seven were positive. Their outcome was similar to that of six preoperatively staged M1 and significantly different from that of M0 patients (P = 0.001). In 14 patients both pre- and postoperative CSF cytology was performed. Total agreement was observed between the pre- and postoperative results (six positive and eight negative). Among the 19 M2-3 patients CSF cytology was positive in eight, negative in five, and unknown in six. CONCLUSIONS: A positive CSF cytology either pre- or postoperatively predicts for a poor outcome, similar to that observed in stage M2-3 patients. A postoperative cytology is likely to be concordant with cytologic results obtained preoperatively, and seems to have the same prognostic significance. A negative cytology, however, does not exclude a more advanced stage.  (+info)

Choroid plexus epithelial expression of MDR1 P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein contribute to the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid drug-permeability barrier. (6/1631)

The blood-brain barrier and a blood-cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) barrier function together to isolate the brain from circulating drugs, toxins, and xenobiotics. The blood-CSF drug-permeability barrier is localized to the epithelium of the choroid plexus (CP). However, the molecular mechanisms regulating drug permeability across the CP epithelium are defined poorly. Herein, we describe a drug-permeability barrier in human and rodent CP mediated by epithelial-specific expression of the MDR1 (multidrug resistance) P glycoprotein (Pgp) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Noninvasive single-photon-emission computed tomography with 99mTc-sestamibi, a membrane-permeant radiopharmaceutical whose transport is mediated by both Pgp and MRP, shows a large blood-to-CSF concentration gradient across intact CP epithelium in humans in vivo. In rats, pharmacokinetic analysis with 99mTc-sestamibi determined the concentration gradient to be greater than 100-fold. In membrane fractions of isolated native CP from rat, mouse, and human, the 170-kDa Pgp and 190-kDa MRP are identified readily. Furthermore, the murine proteins are absent in CP isolated from their respective mdr1a/1b(-/-) and mrp(-/-) gene knockout littermates. As determined by immunohistochemical and drug-transport analysis of native CP and polarized epithelial cell cultures derived from neonatal rat CP, Pgp localizes subapically, conferring an apical-to-basal transepithelial permeation barrier to radiolabeled drugs. Conversely, MRP localizes basolaterally, conferring an opposing basal-to-apical drug-permeation barrier. Together, these transporters may coordinate secretion and reabsorption of natural product substrates and therapeutic drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents, antipsychotics, and HIV protease inhibitors, into and out of the central nervous system.  (+info)

Spinal reflexes and the concentrations of 5-HIAA, MHPG, and HVA in lumbar cereborspinal fluid after spinal lesions in man. (7/1631)

Descending bulbospinal pathways that employ specific neurotransmitter substances are known to be capable of modulating segmental reflex activity in the experimental animal. To determine whether this might also occur in man correlations have been sought between the activity in spinal reflex pathways and the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA) in 12 patients with complete or virtually complete spinal lesions. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and MHPG in lumbar CSF ARE REDUCED AFTER COMPLETE OR VIRTUALLY COMPLETE SPINAL LESIONS IN MAN. This may occur within 18 days of the lesion. MHPG concentrations appear to be inversely related to the level of the lesion. The HVA concentration in lumbar CSF is reduced when there is obstruction of the CSF pathways. No relationship could be demonstrated between the concentrations of 5-HIAA or MHPG in lumbar CSF and the activity in the spinal monosynaptic pathway (estimated from the proportion of the motoneurone pool activated by the Achilles tendon reflex or H reflex) or the activity of a spinal inhibitory mechanism (estimated by the degree of vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex). Patients with a tonic vibration reflex (TVR) tended to have higher MHPG levels. There appeared to be an association between low CSF HVA and enhanced vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in the nine patients whose spinal lesions were complete.  (+info)

Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: does it have clinical significance? (8/1631)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 22 allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms (cases) and 107 patients who were immunocompromised but did not have CNS symptoms (controls) were assayed for human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA. HHV-6 DNA was detected in CSF specimens from five (23%) of 22 cases and in CSF specimens from one (0.9%) of 107 controls (P < .001, Fisher's exact test). In addition, none of the five cases with HHV-6 DNA detected in CSF samples had any other identified cause of their CNS symptoms, and none of the other 11 cases with known causes for their CNS diseases had HHV-6 DNA detected in CSF samples (P = .03, Fisher's exact test). In three cases, HHV-6 variant B was identified, and the HHV-6 variant could not be defined in the other two cases. Prophylaxis with acyclovir did not prevent the occurrence of HHV-6-associated CNS disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Four cases' conditions were improved or they were cured after treatment with either ganciclovir or foscarnet, and one case died of CNS disease despite foscarnet treatment.  (+info)

Causes of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea may include:

1. Skull fracture or depression: Trauma to the skull can cause a tear in the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, leading to CSF leakage.
2. Spinal tap or lumbar puncture: This medical procedure can sometimes result in a small amount of CSF leaking into the nasopharynx.
3. Infection: Meningitis or encephalitis can cause CSF to leak into the nose and throat.
4. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain can cause CSF to leak out of the sinuses or nose.
5. Cerebral aneurysm: A ruptured aneurysm in the brain can cause CSF to leak out of the nose or sinuses.
6. Vasculitic diseases: Conditions such as Wegener's granulomatosis or Takayasu arteritis can cause inflammation and damage to blood vessels, leading to CSF leakage.
7. Congenital conditions: Some individuals may have a congenital skull defect or abnormality that allows CSF to escape into the nasopharynx or sinuses.

Symptoms of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea may include:

1. Clear, colorless discharge from the nose or sinuses
2. Thick, sticky discharge or pus in the nose or sinuses
3. Headache, fever, or neck stiffness
4. Nausea, vomiting, or dizziness
5. Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs
6. Seizures or convulsions
7. Change in mental status or consciousness

Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to rule out other possible causes of nasal discharge. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery to repair any defects or obstructions in the skull or sinuses.

Symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even death.

There are several types of meningitis, including:

1. Viral meningitis: This is the most common form of the infection and is usually caused by enteroviruses or herpesviruses. It is typically less severe than bacterial meningitis and resolves on its own with supportive care.
2. Bacterial meningitis: This is a more serious form of the infection and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. It requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent long-term complications and death.
3. Fungal meningitis: This type of meningitis is more common in people with weakened immune systems and is caused by fungi that are commonly found in the environment. It can be treated with antifungal medications.
4. Parasitic meningitis: This type of meningitis is rare and is caused by parasites that are typically found in tropical regions. It can be treated with antiparasitic medications.

Diagnosis of meningitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to rule out other conditions and to evaluate the extent of brain damage.

Treatment of meningitis depends on the cause of the infection and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal medications, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Supportive care may include intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management. In severe cases, meningitis may require hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) and may result in long-term consequences such as hearing loss, learning disabilities, or cognitive impairment.

Prevention of meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria or viruses that can cause the infection, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccines are available for certain types of meningitis, such as the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Good hygiene practices include washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding sharing food, drinks, or personal items.

In conclusion, meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that can affect people of all ages. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term consequences and improve outcomes. Prevention includes vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.



The term "otorrhea" specifically refers to the leakage of fluid from the inner ear into the middle ear, which can be caused by various conditions such as a tear in the eardrum, a perforated eardrum, or a hole in the bone around the inner ear. When CSF flows into the middle ear, it can cause a range of symptoms due to the pressure difference between the two compartments and the presence of CSF in the middle ear.

CSF otorrhea can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma to the head or ear
2. Infections such as meningitis or inner ear infections
3. Tumors or cysts in the inner ear or brain
4. Agerelated wear and tear on the eardrum or other structures
5. Certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or Eustachian tube dysfunction.

Diagnosis of CSF otorrhea typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and hearing tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve antibiotics, surgery to repair any tears or defects in the eardrum or other structures, or observation and monitoring.

In summary, CSF otorrhea is an abnormal flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the inner ear into the middle ear, which can cause a range of symptoms including hearing loss, tinnitus, balance difficulties, and facial weakness or paralysis. It can be caused by various factors and diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and hearing tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis may include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, coma, and even death.

Bacterial meningitis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial meningitis. The disease is more common in certain groups, such as infants, young children, and people with weakened immune systems, and it can be more severe in these populations.

Prevention of bacterial meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria that most commonly cause the disease, good hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Viral meningitis is a type of meningitis that is caused by a viral infection. It is a common and often mild form of meningitis that can affect people of all ages. The symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to those of bacterial meningitis, but they tend to be less severe and resolve more quickly.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Viral meningitis is caused by a variety of viruses, including enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and West Nile virus. The infection is usually spread through contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or other bodily fluids. People who are at higher risk for developing viral meningitis include young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of viral meningitis can include fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, brain damage, and even death.

Diagnosis:

Viral meningitis is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. A healthcare provider may perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. The CSF can be tested for the presence of viruses or other signs of infection.

Treatment and Prognosis:

There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis, but symptoms can be managed with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases. Most people with viral meningitis recover fully within a week or two, but some may experience lingering fatigue or other symptoms for several weeks. In rare cases, the infection can lead to long-term complications such as hearing loss or learning disabilities.

Prevention:

There is no vaccine to prevent viral meningitis, but good hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of infection. These include:

1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with someone who is sick.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Not sharing drinks or utensils with others.
5. Keeping surfaces clean and disinfected, especially in areas where food is prepared or eaten.

It's important to note that bacterial meningitis can be prevented with vaccines, and it's crucial to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of meningitis are present.

There are several types of hydrocephalus, including:

1. Aqueductal stenosis: This occurs when the aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to an accumulation of CSF in the brain.
2. Choroid plexus papilloma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the choroid plexus, which is a layer of tissue that produces CSF.
3. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: This occurs when there is a decrease in the volume of brain tissue due to injury or disease, leading to an accumulation of CSF.
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): This is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in adults and is characterized by an enlarged ventricle, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline, despite normal pressure levels.
5. Symptomatic hydrocephalus: This type of hydrocephalus is caused by other conditions such as brain tumors, cysts, or injuries.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus can include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and difficulty walking or speaking. Treatment options for hydrocephalus depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a shunt to drain excess CSF. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Prognosis for hydrocephalus varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Aseptic meningitis can cause a range of symptoms, including headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, and confusion. In severe cases, it can lead to brain damage, seizures, and even death.

Aseptic meningitis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid analysis), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and pain management, as well as addressing any underlying causes. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed if a bacterial infection is suspected.

Aseptic meningitis can affect anyone, but it is more common in certain groups, such as children under the age of 5 and people with weakened immune systems. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Treatment involves administration of anti-TB drugs, usually in combination with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as seizures and brain damage. Treatment can take several months and must be completed even if symptoms improve before finishing treatment.

Prevention is difficult because TB bacteria are often resistant to standard antibiotics, so it's important for individuals with HIV or other conditions that weaken the immune system to avoid exposure to TB bacteria whenever possible and receive regular screening tests.

Definition: Meningitis, pneumococcal, is an inflammatory disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) that affects the protective membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. It can be a severe and potentially life-threatening infection, particularly in certain patient populations such as children under 5 years old, older adults, and those with underlying medical conditions.

Epidemiology: Pneumococcal meningitis is relatively uncommon, but it remains an important public health concern, particularly in developed countries. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 350 cases of pneumococcal meningitis reported each year in the United States, resulting in about 10% of all cases of bacterial meningitis.

Risk Factors: Several risk factors have been identified for developing pneumococcal meningitis, including:

1. Age: Children under 5 years old and older adults are at increased risk.
2. Underlying medical conditions: Patients with conditions such as sickle cell disease, HIV/AIDS, and chronic lung disease are more likely to develop pneumococcal meningitis.
3. Weakened immune system: Those with compromised immune systems, such as those taking immunosuppressive medications or who have undergone organ transplants, are at higher risk.
4. Recent exposure to someone with pneumococcal disease: Close contact with someone who has recently been diagnosed with pneumococcal disease can increase the risk of developing the infection.

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms of pneumococcal meningitis can vary depending on the age of the patient, but common presentations include:

1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Vomiting
4. Altered mental status (in infants and young children) or confusion (in older adults)
5. Stiff neck
6. Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
7. Bulging of the soft spots on the skull in infants (in infants)

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of S. pneumoniae. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to evaluate the brain and identify any signs of inflammation or abscesses.

Treatment: Pneumococcal meningitis is typically treated with antibiotics, which are usually given intravenously. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's age and medical history. In addition to antibiotics, supportive care may be provided to manage symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Complications: Pneumococcal meningitis can lead to serious complications, including:

1. Hearing loss
2. Learning disabilities
3. Behavioral changes
4. Seizures
5. Brain damage
6. Death

Prevention: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of 2 years and for certain high-risk groups, such as adults over the age of 65 and people with certain medical conditions. The vaccine can help prevent pneumococcal meningitis and other serious infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, can also help prevent the spread of the bacteria.

Prognosis: With prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for pneumococcal meningitis is generally good. However, in severe cases or those with complications, the prognosis may be poorer. In some cases, long-term sequelae such as hearing loss, learning disabilities, and behavioral changes may occur.

Incubation period: The incubation period for pneumococcal meningitis is typically between 2 and 4 days, but it can range from 1 to 10 days.

Diagnosis: Pneumococcal meningitis is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and PCR testing to identify the presence of S. pneumoniae.

Treatment: Treatment for pneumococcal meningitis typically involves antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

In conclusion, pneumococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent long-term sequelae and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. The disease can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis for meningoencephalitis depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who receive prompt medical attention and have a mild form of the disease. However, the disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Neurosyphilis can occur at any stage of syphilis, but it is most common in the late stages of the infection. The symptoms of neurosyphilis can be diverse and may include:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue.
3. Cranial nerve palsies: Weakness or paralysis of the nerves that control eye movements, facial muscles, and other functions.
4. Seizures: Convulsions or fits can occur in severe cases of neurosyphilis.
5. Dementia: Confusion, memory loss, and personality changes can occur in advanced stages of the infection.
6. Tabes dorsalis: A condition that affects the spinal cord, causing weakness, numbness, and pain in the legs.
7. Papaiacquine: A condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, leading to difficulty with coordination and balance.

Neurosyphilis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and early treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.

If left untreated, neurosyphilis can lead to serious long-term complications, including:

1. Meningovascular syphilis: Inflammation of the blood vessels in the meninges can lead to stroke or death.
2. General paresis: Permanent damage to the brain and spinal cord can result in personality changes, cognitive impairment, and loss of coordination and balance.
3. Tabes dorsalis: Permanent damage to the spinal cord can cause weakness, numbness, and pain in the legs, leading to a condition known as "parkinsonism."
4. Late benign syphilis: A condition characterized by progressive loss of vision, blindness, and other neurological symptoms.
5. Cardiovascular syphilis: Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels can lead to heart failure, aortic aneurysms, and other cardiovascular complications.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone you know may have neurosyphilis, as early treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.

The symptoms of MS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the damage to the CNS. Common symptoms include:

* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the limbs
* Fatigue
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, or loss of vision
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Tremors or spasticity
* Memory and concentration problems
* Mood changes, such as depression or mood swings
* Bladder and bowel problems

There is no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include:

* Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) - These medications are designed to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and they can also slow the progression of disability. Examples of DMTs include interferons, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and alemtuzumab.
* Steroids - Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation during relapses, but they are not a long-term solution.
* Pain management medications - Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help manage pain caused by MS.
* Muscle relaxants - These medications can help reduce spasticity and tremors.
* Physical therapy - Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance, and strength.
* Occupational therapy - Occupational therapy can help with daily activities and assistive devices.
* Speech therapy - Speech therapy can help improve communication and swallowing difficulties.
* Psychological counseling - Counseling can help manage the emotional and psychological aspects of MS.

It's important to note that each person with MS is unique, and the best treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific symptoms, needs, and preferences. It's essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan.

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are diseases that cause progressive loss of brain cells, leading to cognitive decline and motor dysfunction. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Stroke: A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury: This type of injury occurs when the brain is subjected to a sudden and forceful impact, such as in a car accident or fall.
4. Infections: Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can all cause CNS diseases, such as meningitis and encephalitis.
5. Autoimmune disorders: These are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the brain, leading to inflammation and damage. Examples include multiple sclerosis and lupus.
6. Brain tumors: Tumors can occur in any part of the brain and can be benign or malignant.
7. Cerebrovascular diseases: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
8. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

CNS diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life, and some can be fatal. Treatment options vary depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the disease. Some CNS diseases can be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.

A type of meningitis caused by a fungal infection. Fungal meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when fungi enter the bloodstream and spread to the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges).

The most common types of fungi that cause fungal meningitis are Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus. These fungi can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated food. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, are at a higher risk of developing fungal meningitis.

Symptoms of fungal meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion. If left untreated, fungal meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, and seizures. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or relieve pressure on the brain.

Preventive measures for fungal meningitis include avoiding exposure to fungal sources, practicing good hygiene, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for patients with fungal meningitis.

Examples of Nervous System Diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance and coordination.
3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the protective covering of nerve fibers.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death.
5. Brain tumors: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
6. Neuropathy: Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause pain, numbness and weakness in hands and feet.
7. Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
8. Motor neuron disease: Diseases that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
9. Chronic pain syndrome: Persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Conditions such as autism, ADHD and learning disabilities that affect the development of the brain and nervous system.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, toxins and ageing. Treatment options for Nervous System Diseases range from medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy to lifestyle changes.

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue.
3. Cranial neuritis: Inflammation of the nerves in the head.
4. Radiculoneuritis: Inflammation of the nerves in the spine.
5. Peripheral neuropathy: Damage to the nerves outside of the CNS.

Lyme neuroborreliosis can be difficult to diagnose, as it may mimic other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, and early recognition and intervention are important to prevent long-term neurological damage.

Symptoms of Lyme neuroborreliosis can vary depending on the stage of the disease and the severity of the infection. They may include:

1. Fever, headache, and neck stiffness
2. Confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness
3. Weakness, numbness, or paralysis in the limbs
4. Pain or tingling sensations in the arms and legs
5. Difficulty with speech, vision, or hearing
6. Incoordination or difficulty walking
7. Balance problems or dizziness
8. Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
9. Mood changes, such as depression or anxiety
10. Sleep disturbances

It is important to note that some people may experience long-term neurological symptoms after treatment for Lyme disease, known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). This condition is not well understood and may be due to a variety of factors, including persistent infection, autoimmune responses, or inflammation.

The diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis can be challenging, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria, as well as spinal fluid testing to rule out other conditions. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to support the diagnosis.

Treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis typically involves antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as seizures or muscle weakness. Early recognition and treatment are important to prevent long-term neurological damage.

Prevention is key to avoiding Lyme neuroborreliosis, and this involves protecting against tick bites. Some ways to do this include:

1. Wearing protective clothing such as long sleeves and pants when outdoors in tick-prone areas
2. Using insect repellents that contain DEET or picaridin on exposed skin and clothing
3. Conducting regular tick checks on oneself, children, and pets after spending time outdoors
4. Avoiding areas with high grass and leaf litter, where ticks are more likely to be found
5. Using permethrin-treated clothing and gear to reduce the risk of tick bites.

Overall, Lyme neuroborreliosis is a serious condition that can have long-lasting effects on the nervous system if left untreated. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to preventing complications and improving outcomes for patients with this condition.

The most common types of CNS infections include:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue itself, usually caused by a virus.
3. Abscesses: Pockets of pus that form in the brain or spinal cord, typically caused by bacterial infections.
4. Cryptococcal infections: Caused by a fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, often affecting people with weakened immune systems.
5. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can affect the CNS in people with compromised immune systems.

Symptoms of CNS infections can vary depending on the specific type and severity of the infection, but may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, weakness, and stiff neck. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment of CNS infections depends on the underlying cause, but may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and respiratory support may be necessary.

Prevention of CNS infections includes good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and getting vaccinated against certain viruses that can cause CNS infections. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical to preventing long-term complications of CNS infections and improving outcomes for patients.



Encephalitis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens specific to the causative agent, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to look for inflammatory markers and/or bacteria or viruses in the CSF. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to visualize the brain and identify any areas of damage or inflammation.

Treatment of encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. Antiviral or antibacterial drugs may be used to target the specific causative agent, if identified. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be necessary to monitor and manage the patient's condition.

Prevention of encephalitis includes vaccination against certain viruses that can cause the condition, such as herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Additionally, avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other insects that can transmit viruses or bacteria that cause encephalitis, as well as practicing good hygiene and sanitation, can help reduce the risk of infection.

Overall, encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate care, many patients with encephalitis can recover fully or partially, but some may experience long-term neurological complications or disability.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

A type of encephalitis caused by a virus that inflames the brain and spinal cord, leading to fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Viral encephalitis is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick, but can also be spread through contact with infected blood or organs. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and seizures, as well as antiviral medications in severe cases.

Synonyms: viral encephalitis

Antonyms: bacterial encephalitis

Similar term: meningitis

White blood cells are an important part of the immune system and play a crucial role in fighting off infections and diseases. However, when there is an excessive increase in their numbers, it can lead to various complications, including:

1. Increased risk of infection: With too many white blood cells in the bloodstream, there is a higher chance of developing infections.
2. Inflammation: Excessive production of white blood cells can cause inflammation in various parts of the body.
3. Blood clotting disorders: White blood cells can clump together and form clots, which can lead to blockages in blood vessels.
4. Tissue damage: The excessive growth of white blood cells can cause damage to tissues and organs.
5. Bone marrow failure: Prolonged leukocytosis can lead to bone marrow failure, which can result in a decrease in the production of other blood cells, such as red blood cells and platelets.

There are several types of leukocytosis, including:

1. Reactive leukocytosis: This is the most common type and is caused by an infection or inflammation.
2. Chronic leukocytosis: This type is characterized by a persistent increase in white blood cells over a long period of time.
3. Acute leukocytosis: This type is characterized by a sudden and severe increase in white blood cells, often accompanied by other symptoms such as fever and fatigue.
4. Leukemia: This is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. It can cause an abnormal increase in white blood cells.

Diagnosis of leukocytosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC) and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics for infections, steroids to reduce inflammation, or chemotherapy for leukemia. In some cases, no treatment is necessary if the condition resolves on its own.

Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis typically develop within 3-7 days after exposure and may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, and seizures. In severe cases, the infection can lead to shock, organ failure, and death within hours of the onset of symptoms.

Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and supportive care to manage fever, pain, and other symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit may be necessary.

Prevention of meningococcal meningitis includes the use of vaccines, good hygiene practices (such as frequent handwashing), and avoidance of close contact with people who are sick. A vaccine is available for children and teens, and some colleges and universities require students to be vaccinated before moving into dorms.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications and reducing the risk of death from meningococcal meningitis. If you suspect that you or someone else may have meningococcal meningitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

A type of meningitis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which can be found in soil and decaying organic matter. The fungus is more common in areas with warm climates and poor air quality. It can cause a variety of symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and mental confusion.

It is most commonly seen in people who have compromised immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive medications), and the elderly. It can be diagnosed by analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of the fungus or its antigens, or through imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.

The infection occurs when the parasite migrates through the body and reaches the CNS, where it forms cysticerci, which are fluid-filled structures that can cause inflammation and damage to brain tissue. The symptoms of neurocysticercosis can vary depending on the location and size of the cysts, but they often include seizures, headaches, weakness, and vision problems.

Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and serological tests to detect antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic drugs to kill the parasites, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of neurocysticercosis primarily involves controlling the transmission of the parasite, which can be done by improving food hygiene and avoiding consumption of undercooked or raw pork. In areas where the infection is common, mass drug administration programs have also been implemented to reduce the prevalence of the parasite.

In summary, neurocysticercosis is a severe and potentially debilitating parasitic infection that affects the central nervous system, with symptoms ranging from seizures to vision problems. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings and imaging studies, and treatment involves antiparasitic drugs and supportive care. Prevention primarily involves controlling the transmission of the parasite through improved food hygiene and mass drug administration programs.

The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. Early symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience language difficulties, visual hallucinations, and changes in mood and behavior.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive training and behavioral therapy.

Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health concern, affecting an estimated 5.8 million Americans in 2020. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase as the population ages.

There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, including studies into the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune system. Other areas of research include the development of biomarkers for early detection and the use of advanced imaging techniques to monitor progression of the disease.

Overall, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. However, with ongoing research and advances in medical technology, there is hope for improving diagnosis and treatment options in the future.

Some common examples of CNSVD include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can cause fever, headache, confusion, and seizures.
2. West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by the West Nile virus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
3. Japanese encephalitis (JE): This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, seizures, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
4. Rabies: This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, usually a dog, bat, or raccoon. Symptoms can include fever, headache, agitation, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
5. Enteroviral encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by enteroviruses, which are common viruses that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.

The diagnosis of CNSVD typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests or lumbar puncture), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation.

Prevention of CNSVD includes avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other vectors that can transmit disease, maintaining good hygiene practices (such as washing hands frequently), and getting vaccinated against diseases such as rabies and measles. In addition, taking steps to prevent head trauma and using protective equipment when engaging in activities that involve risk of head injury can help reduce the risk of CNSVD.

Overall, while central nervous system viral diseases can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of meningeal neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or behavior. As the tumor grows, it can compress or displaces the brain tissue, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.

There are several different types of meningeal neoplasms, including:

1. Meningioma: This is the most common type of meningeal neoplasm, accounting for about 75% of all cases. Meningiomas are usually benign and grow slowly, but they can sometimes be malignant.
2. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the meninges from another part of the body, such as the lung or breast.
3. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can spread to the meninges.
4. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumors (MNTs): These are rare, malignant tumors that usually occur in children and young adults.
5. Hemangiopericytic hyperplasia: This is a rare, benign condition characterized by an overgrowth of blood vessels in the meninges.

The diagnosis of meningeal neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment options for meningeal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing as much of the tumor as possible or using a laser to ablate (destroy) the tumor cells. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in combination with surgery to treat malignant meningeal neoplasms.

Prognosis for meningeal neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the patient's overall health. In general, early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis, while later-stage tumors may have a poorer outcome.

Some common symptoms of intracranial hypotension include:

1. Headache: This is the most common symptom of intracranial hypotension, and it can range from mild to severe.
2. Nausea and vomiting: Patients with intracranial hypotension may experience nausea and vomiting, especially during periods of increased intracranial pressure.
3. Dizziness and vertigo: Intracranial hypotension can cause dizziness and vertigo due to the changes in pressure within the cranium.
4. Fatigue and lethargy: Patients with intracranial hypotension may feel tired, weak, and lethargic due to the decreased pressure on the brain.
5. Confusion and disorientation: In severe cases of intracranial hypotension, patients may experience confusion, disorientation, and difficulty concentrating.

If left untreated, intracranial hypotension can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain): The decreased pressure within the cranium can cause fluid to accumulate in the brain, leading to swelling and increased intracranial pressure.
2. Seizures: Intracranial hypotension can increase the risk of seizures, especially in patients with a history of seizure disorders.
3. Stroke: In severe cases of intracranial hypotension, there is a risk of stroke due to the decreased blood flow to the brain.
4. Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain): Intracranial hypotension can cause fluid to accumulate in the brain, leading to hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.

The diagnosis of intracranial hypotension is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, are used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of any damage to the brain.

Treatment of intracranial hypotension depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In mild cases, treatment may involve observation and supportive care, such as hydration and pain management. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain and repair any damage to the cranium or dura mater.

In conclusion, intracranial hypotension is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can have significant consequences if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the progression of HIV infection in the brain. As HIV replicates in the brain, it can damage brain cells and disrupt normal brain function.

ADC typically affects individuals who have advanced HIV infection and a low CD4 cell count (a measure of immune system health). It is more common in women than men and tends to occur at an older age.

There are several symptoms of ADC, including:

1. Cognitive impairment: difficulty with memory, concentration, and decision-making.
2. Changes in personality and behavior: depression, anxiety, and agitation.
3. Difficulty with speech and language: slurred speech, trouble finding the right words.
4. Coordination and balance problems: unsteadiness, tremors, and difficulty with movement.
5. Seizures: ADC can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe form of the disorder.

There is no cure for ADC, but treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV replication, and medications to manage cognitive and behavioral symptoms. In addition, supportive care, such as physical therapy and occupational therapy, can help improve quality of life.

In conclusion, AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a serious neurological disorder that affects individuals with advanced HIV infection. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, changes in personality and behavior, and difficulty with speech and movement. While there is no cure for ADC, treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus, normal pressure can include headaches, nausea and vomiting, double vision, and difficulty with balance and coordination. However, unlike hydrocephalus, elevated pressure, which is caused by an excessive accumulation of CSF, the symptoms of hydrocephalus, normal pressure are usually milder and may not be as severe.

Treatment options for hydrocephalus, normal pressure can include medications to relieve symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, as well as surgery to drain excess CSF or to repair any blockages or abnormalities in the flow of CSF. In some cases, a shunt may be inserted to drain excess CSF into another part of the body, such as the abdomen.

The most common symptoms of enterovirus infections include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Fatigue

In some cases, enterovirus infections can lead to more severe complications, such as:

* Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)
* Aseptic meningitis
* Encephalitis
* Myocarditis

Enteroviruses are highly contagious and can be spread through:

* Close contact with an infected person
* Contaminated food and water
* Insect vectors

There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and pain relief. Antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.

Prevention measures include:

* Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly preparing and storing food and water
* Avoiding sharing items that come into contact with the mouth, such as utensils and drinking glasses.

The word "SSPE" is an acronym for the disease name. It stands for "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis."

The term "leukoencephalopathy" refers to any disease or condition that affects the white matter of the brain, which is composed of nerve fibers covered in a fatty insulating substance called myelin. In LEPM, this degeneration occurs in multiple areas of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a multifocal pattern of damage.

The symptoms of LEPM usually become apparent in early childhood and may include:

* Vision loss or blurred vision
* Seizures
* Difficulty with movement and balance
* Cognitive decline
* Speech difficulties

As the disease progresses, patients may experience increasing disability and loss of motor function, leading to difficulties with walking, speaking, and performing everyday activities. The exact progression of LEPM is highly variable, and some individuals may experience more rapid decline than others.

The cause of LEPM is a genetic mutation in the PLP1 gene, which codes for a protein called proteolipid protein (PLP). This protein plays a critical role in the maintenance of myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and mutations in the PLP1 gene lead to degeneration of these sheaths and the loss of axons.

There is currently no cure for LEPM, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. This may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and flexibility, and vision aids to improve visual function. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a potential treatment option.

Overall, LEPM is a severe and debilitating disorder that can significantly impact the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. While there is currently no cure, ongoing research into the genetics and pathophysiology of this disease may lead to new treatment options in the future.

Subdural effusion is a condition where there is an accumulation of fluid between the dura mater, the protective covering of the brain, and the skull. This fluid can be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood. The excess fluid can cause pressure on the brain, leading to various symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

There are several causes of subdural effusion, including:

1. Traumatic brain injury: A blow to the head can cause the veins in the dura mater to tear, leading to bleeding or fluid accumulation.
2. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: These infections can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the dura mater.
3. Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can cause subdural effusion by obstructing the flow of CSF or by causing inflammation.
4. Hydrocephalus: This is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and fluid buildup in the dura mater.
5. Spinal or cerebral vasculature disorders: Conditions such as stroke, aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation can cause subdural effusion by disrupting the flow of blood or CSF.

Symptoms of subdural effusion can vary depending on the location and severity of the fluid accumulation. Common symptoms include:

1. Headache: This is the most common symptom, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Nausea and vomiting: Patients may experience nausea and vomiting due to the pressure on the brain.
3. Confusion and disorientation: Subdural effusion can cause confusion, disorientation, and difficulty with concentration and memory.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in the arms or legs due to the pressure on the brain.
5. Seizures: In some cases, subdural effusion can cause seizures.

Diagnosis of subdural effusion typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, are used to confirm the presence of fluid accumulation in the subdural space. Laboratory tests, such as electrolyte panels and blood counts, may be ordered to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Treatment of subdural effusion depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, conservative management with supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, pain management, and seizure control, may be sufficient. Surgical intervention may be necessary in more severe cases or if there is no response to conservative management.

Surgery for subdural effusion involves draining the excess fluid and repairing any underlying blood vessel ruptures or tears. In some cases, a shunt may be inserted to help drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain. Postoperatively, patients may require close monitoring in an intensive care unit and may need to undergo rehabilitation to regain lost function and mobility.

Prevention of subdural effusion is challenging, as many of the underlying causes are unpredictable and unavoidable. However, prompt recognition and management of the condition can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. In some cases, prophylactic measures such as corticosteroid therapy or anticonvulsant medications may be used to reduce the risk of developing subdural effusion.

Overall, subdural effusion is a serious medical condition that requires prompt recognition and management to prevent complications and improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, rehabilitation specialists, and other healthcare professionals may be necessary to provide comprehensive care for patients with this condition.

The symptoms of meningitis, Listeria can vary but typically include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, the infection can lead to brain damage, seizures, and even death.

Listeria meningitis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications, and management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to the development of the infection.

Prevention is key in avoiding meningitis, Listeria, as there is no specific vaccine available for this type of infection. Good hygiene practices such as proper hand washing, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products, and cooking food thoroughly can help reduce the risk of contracting the infection. Pregnant women, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems should be particularly vigilant in avoiding potential sources of Listeria contamination.

In summary, meningitis, Listeria is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that can affect anyone but is particularly dangerous for certain populations. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications and reducing the risk of mortality. Prevention through good hygiene practices and avoiding potential sources of Listeria contamination is key in avoiding this infection.

The exact cause of syringomyelia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal development or blockage of the spinal cord during fetal development. Some cases may be associated with genetic mutations or other inherited conditions, while others may be caused by acquired factors such as trauma, infection, or tumors.

Symptoms of syringomyelia can vary widely and may include:

1. Pain: Pain is a common symptom of syringomyelia, particularly in the neck, back, or limbs. The pain may be aching, sharp, or burning in nature and may be exacerbated by movement or activity.
2. Muscle weakness: As the syrinx grows, it can compress and damage the surrounding nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. This can affect the limbs, face, or other areas of the body.
3. Paresthesias: Patients with syringomyelia may experience numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the affected area.
4. Spasticity: Some individuals with syringomyelia may experience spasticity, which is characterized by stiffness and increased muscle tone.
5. Sensory loss: In severe cases of syringomyelia, patients may experience loss of sensation in the affected area.
6. Bladder dysfunction: Syringomyelia can also affect the bladder and bowel function, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
7. Orthostatic hypotension: Some patients with syringomyelia may experience a drop in blood pressure when standing, leading to dizziness or fainting.

Diagnosis of syringomyelia is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and clinical evaluation. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and prevent deformities.
2. Orthotics and assistive devices to improve mobility and function.
3. Pain management with medication or injections.
4. Surgery to release compressive lesions or remove tumors.
5. Chemotherapy to treat malignant causes of syringomyelia.
6. Shunting procedures to drain cerebrospinal fluid and relieve pressure.
7. Rehabilitation therapies such as occupational and speech therapy to address any cognitive or functional deficits.

It's important to note that the prognosis for syringomyelia varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, the condition may be manageable with treatment, while in others it may progress and lead to significant disability or death. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for patients with syringomyelia.

Pneumocephalus can be classified into two types:

1. Traumatic pneumocephalus: This type occurs due to external forces such as a blow to the head or a penetrating wound.
2. Spontaneous pneumocephalus: This type occurs without any obvious cause and is often associated with underlying neurological disorders.

Symptoms of pneumocephalus may include headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans are used to diagnose the condition, and treatment typically involves draining the accumulated air from the cranial cavity. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair any damage to the skull or brain tissue.

It is important to note that pneumocephalus can lead to serious complications if left untreated, such as infection, brain damage, or cerebral edema. Therefore, prompt medical attention is essential if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of meningeal carcinomatosis can vary depending on the location and extent of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or mental status. The diagnosis is typically made by a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Treatment of meningeal carcinomatosis depends on the underlying cause and the extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms such as pain, seizures, and infection. The prognosis for meningeal carcinomatosis is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.

* Cerebral encephalocele: when the brain tissue protrudes through the skull.
* Meningoencephalocele: when the meninges (the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord) protrude through the skull along with the brain tissue.
* Mesenchymal encephalocele: when other tissues such as skin, muscle or bone protrude through the skull along with the brain tissue.

Symptoms of encephalocele can vary depending on the severity of the defect and can include:

* Protrusion of the brain or meninges through a opening in the skull
* Abnormal appearance of the head or face
* Delayed developmental milestones such as sitting, standing or walking
* Poor muscle tone
* Seizures
* Vision and hearing problems

Diagnosis of encephalocele is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and genetic testing. Treatment for encephalocele usually involves surgery to repair the opening in the skull and relieve any pressure on the brain. In some cases, additional surgeries may be necessary to correct other defects such as hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain).

Encephalocele is a rare condition, but it can have serious consequences if left untreated. Early detection and intervention are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

There are several types of headaches, including:

1. Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is caused by muscle tension in the neck and scalp.
2. Migraine: This is a severe headache that can cause nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
3. Sinus headache: This type of headache is caused by inflammation or infection in the sinuses.
4. Cluster headache: This is a rare type of headache that occurs in clusters or cycles and can be very painful.
5. Rebound headache: This type of headache is caused by overuse of pain medication.

Headaches can be treated with a variety of methods, such as:

1. Over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
2. Prescription medications, such as triptans or ergots, for migraines and other severe headaches.
3. Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction techniques, regular exercise, and a healthy diet.
4. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or massage, which can help relieve tension and pain.
5. Addressing underlying causes, such as sinus infections or allergies, that may be contributing to the headaches.

It is important to seek medical attention if a headache is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, confusion, or weakness. A healthcare professional can diagnose the cause of the headache and recommend appropriate treatment.

Meningocele can occur alone or as part of other congenital anomalies, such as spina bifida or encephalocele. It is usually diagnosed at birth and can be associated with other neurological problems, such as hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain) or spinal cord abnormalities.

Treatment for meningocele typically involves surgery to repair the defect and relieve any pressure on the brain or spinal cord. In some cases, meningocele may be associated with other congenital anomalies that require additional surgical interventions. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with meningocele can lead normal lives. However, in severe cases, meningocele can be associated with long-term cognitive and physical disabilities.

Arachnoid cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form between the layers of protective tissue (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. They are typically benign and may or may not cause symptoms. Arachnoid cysts are relatively rare, and their exact cause is unknown. However, they may be associated with other congenital anomalies or neurological conditions.

Symptoms of Arachnoid Cysts[2]

The symptoms of arachnoid cysts can vary depending on the size and location of the cyst. Some common symptoms include:

1. Headaches
2. Seizures
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Abnormal eye movements
5. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
6. Confusion or disorientation

Diagnosis of Arachnoid Cysts[3]

Arachnoid cysts are typically diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, such as:

1. CT scans
2. MRI scans
3. Ultrasound

Treatment of Arachnoid Cysts[4]

The treatment of arachnoid cysts depends on the size and location of the cyst, as well as the symptoms it is causing. In some cases, arachnoid cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests. However, if the cyst is causing symptoms or is growing in size, surgery may be necessary to remove the cyst.

Prognosis of Arachnoid Cysts[5]

The prognosis for arachnoid cysts is generally good, and most people with these cysts lead normal lives. However, in some cases, arachnoid cysts can cause serious complications, such as infection or bleeding, which can be life-threatening. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

In conclusion, arachnoid cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form between the layers of protective tissue (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord. While they are generally benign, they can cause a variety of symptoms and complications. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have an arachnoid cyst, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

References:

[1] "Arachnoid Cysts." American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2022, .

[2] "Arachnoid Cyst." Mayo Clinic, 2022, .

[3] "Arachnoid Cysts." MedlinePlus, 2022, .

[4] "Arachnoid Cyst: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment." Health Line, 2022, .

Arachnoiditis can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, injury, or certain medical procedures. It is often difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions, and there is no specific test for it. Treatment options are limited and may include pain medication, physical therapy, and other supportive measures.

Arachnoiditis is a rare condition, but it can have a significant impact on quality of life for those affected. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment may improve outcomes.

The symptoms of cryptococcosis vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. In lung infections, patients may experience fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In CNS infections, patients may experience headaches, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. Skin infections can cause skin lesions, and eye infections can cause vision problems.

Cryptococcosis is diagnosed by culturing the fungus from body fluids or tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or fluconazole, which may be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Preventive measures for cryptococcosis include avoiding exposure to fungal spores, practicing good hygiene, and maintaining a healthy immune system. For individuals with HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help reduce the risk of developing cryptococcosis.

Overall, while rare, cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can affect individuals with compromised immune systems. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Some common examples of spinal cord diseases include:

1. Spinal muscular atrophy: This is a genetic disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement. It can cause muscle weakness and wasting, as well as other symptoms such as respiratory problems and difficulty swallowing.
2. Multiple sclerosis: This is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. Symptoms can include vision problems, muscle weakness, balance and coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairment.
3. Spinal cord injuries: These can occur as a result of trauma, such as a car accident or a fall, and can cause a range of symptoms including paralysis, numbness, and loss of sensation below the level of the injury.
4. Spinal stenosis: This is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. Symptoms can include back pain, leg pain, and difficulty walking or standing for long periods.
5. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors can grow in the spinal cord, causing a range of symptoms including pain, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the limbs.
6. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause inflammation and damage to the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
7. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) can cause progressive degeneration of the spinal cord nerve cells, leading to muscle weakness, twitching, and wasting.
8. Trauma: Traumatic injuries, such as those caused by sports injuries or physical assault, can damage the spinal cord and result in a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness.
9. Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and paralysis.
10. Spinal cord infarction: A blockage in the blood vessels that supply the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms similar to those of ischemia.

It's important to note that some of these conditions can be caused by a combination of factors, such as genetics, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors. It's also worth noting that some of these conditions can have a significant impact on quality of life, and in some cases, may be fatal.

Symptoms of intracranial hypertension can include headache, nausea and vomiting, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications to reduce pressure, draining excess CSF, or surgery to relieve obstruction.

Intracranial hypertension can be life-threatening if left untreated, as it can lead to permanent brain damage and even death. Therefore, prompt medical attention is essential for proper diagnosis and management of this condition.

There are two main forms of the disease, depending on the species of parasite and the location where the infection is acquired:

* T. b. rhodesiense infection is found primarily in East and Southern Africa, and is characterized by a more severe form of the disease. Symptoms can include fever, headache, joint pain, and skin rashes, as well as swelling of the lymph nodes and spleen. If left untreated, the disease can progress to a more advanced stage, characterized by neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma.
* T. b. gambiense infection is found primarily in West and Central Africa, and is characterized by a milder form of the disease. Symptoms can include fever, joint pain, and skin rashes, as well as swelling of the lymph nodes and spleen.

Both forms of the disease are treatable with antiparasitic drugs, but if left untreated, they can be fatal. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment is usually with melarsoprol or eflornithine, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue or organs.

Prevention of trypanosomiasis involves controlling the population of tsetse flies through the use of insecticides, traps, and other methods, as well as educating people about how to avoid being bitten by infected flies. There is also ongoing research into the development of a vaccine against trypanosomiasis.

Symptoms of Spinal Cord Ischemia may include weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, and loss of reflexes in the affected area. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests.

Treatment for Spinal Cord Ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to repair arterial damage, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further damage. In severe cases, Spinal Cord Ischemia can lead to permanent neurological damage or death.

Spinal Cord Ischemia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term neurological damage or death.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

Symptoms of ES can range from mild to severe and may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, ES can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

Diagnosis of ES typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as PCR or ELISA), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment usually involves antiviral medication and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

ES is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, especially in severe cases. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for patients with ES.

There are several types of fistulas, including:

1. Anal fistula: a connection between the anus and the skin around it, usually caused by an abscess or infection.
2. Rectovaginal fistula: a connection between the rectum and the vagina, often seen in women who have had radiation therapy for cancer.
3. Vesicovaginal fistula: a connection between the bladder and the vagina, often caused by obstetric injuries or surgery.
4. Enterocutaneous fistula: a connection between the intestine and the skin, often seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or cancer.
5. Fistula-in-ano: a connection between the rectum and the skin around the anus, often caused by chronic constipation or previous surgery.

Symptoms of fistulas can include pain, bleeding, discharge, and difficulty controlling bowel movements. Treatment depends on the type and location of the fistula, but may include antibiotics, surgery, or other interventional procedures.

CNS bacterial infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, these infections can lead to meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain or spinal cord.

The diagnosis of CNS bacterial infections is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to identify the causative bacteria. Imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used to visualize the extent of the infection.

Treatment of CNS bacterial infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and prevent further complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.

Preventive measures for CNS bacterial infections include vaccination against certain types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, good hygiene practices, and appropriate use of antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing long-term neurological damage or death.

In conclusion, CNS bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections is essential for effective management and optimal outcomes for patients affected by them.

Echoviruses are transmitted through contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or feces. The virus can also be spread through contaminated food and water, as well as through insect vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks.

The symptoms of echovirus infection can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include fever, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, echovirus infections can lead to complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.

There is no specific treatment for echovirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and antipyretic medications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide appropriate medical care.

Prevention of echovirus infections includes practicing good hygiene, avoiding contact with people who are infected, and avoiding contaminated food and water. Vaccines are also available for some types of echoviruses, such as the coxsackievirus B vaccine, which is recommended for children under the age of 5.

Overall, while echovirus infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, with proper medical care and support, most people recover fully from these infections.

Types of Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections:

1. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus-like protozoan Cryptococcus neoformans, which can infect the CNS and cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
3. Microsporidiosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Microsporidia, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
4. Babesiosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia, which can infect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
5. Leishmaniasis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Poor sanitation and hygiene
2. Contact with infected animals or contaminated food and water
3. Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or cancer treatment
4. Traveling to areas where the infection is common
5. Pregnancy

Symptoms:

1. Headache
2. Fever
3. Confusion
4. Seizures
5. Weakness or paralysis
6. Vision problems
7. Speech difficulties
8. Swelling of the brain

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Laboratory tests such as blood smears, PCR, and ELISA
3. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans
4. Lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing

Treatment:

1. Antiparasitic drugs such as pentavalent antimonials, chloroquine, and quinine
2. Supportive care such as antibiotics for secondary infections, and management of fever and pain
3. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications

Prevention:

1. Avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated food and water
2. Proper sanitation and hygiene practices
3. Use of insecticides and protective clothing when traveling to areas where the infection is common
4. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce mosquito breeding sites
5. Vaccination against the disease, which is not currently available but being developed.

During relapses, new symptoms may appear or existing ones may worsen, such as vision problems, muscle weakness, coordination and balance difficulties, and cognitive impairment. The immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body.

During remissions, the inflammation and symptoms may subside, but the disease is still active, and some residual disability may persist. RRMS is the most common form of MS, accounting for approximately 85% of all cases.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, confusion, seizures, and loss of sensation or paralysis in parts of the body. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to life-threatening complications such as brain damage, stroke, and respiratory failure.

The diagnosis of encephalomyelitis is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of inflammatory markers or antibodies against specific infectious agents. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans can help to identify inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.

Treatment of encephalomyelitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to treat infections such as herpes simplex or West Nile virus. In other cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and physical therapy may also be necessary to manage symptoms and promote recovery.

In conclusion, encephalomyelitis is a serious condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Benign CNS neoplasms include:

1. Meningiomas: These are the most common type of benign CNS tumor, arising from the meninges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).
2. Acoustic neuromas: These tumors arise from the nerve cells that connect the inner ear to the brain.
3. Pineal gland tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the remnants of the embryonic pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms including headaches, vision loss, and hormonal imbalances.

Malignant CNS neoplasms include:

1. Gliomas: These are the most common type of malignant CNS tumor and arise from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and medulloblastomas.
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can occur in the CNS.
3. Melanomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the skin and can spread to other parts of the body, including the CNS.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the CNS from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors, with five-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Lymphomas and melanomas have better prognoses, with five-year survival rates of up to 80%. Metastatic tumors have a more guarded prognosis, with five-year survival rates depending on the primary site of the cancer.

In summary, central nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths of tissue in the brain and spinal cord that can cause a variety of symptoms and can be benign or malignant. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment, but in general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors.

The symptoms of CNS helminthiasis can vary depending on the type of worm present, but may include:

* Seizures
* Headaches
* Vision problems
* Weakness or paralysis
* Confusion or disorientation
* Personality changes

CNS helminthiasis is caused by a variety of parasites, including tapeworms, roundworms, and hookworms. These worms can enter the body through contaminated food or water, or through contact with an infected person or animal.

The diagnosis of CNS helminthiasis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood tests or imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI scans). Treatment usually involves anti-parasitic medications to kill the worms, and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms.

Preventive measures to avoid CNS helminthiasis include:

* Avoiding undercooked meat, especially pork and wild game
* Avoiding raw or undercooked fish and shellfish
* Avoiding contact with animals that may be infected
* Properly storing and cooking food to kill parasites
* Avoiding drinking untreated water
* Washing hands and fruits/vegetables before eating

Overall, CNS helminthiasis is a serious condition that can cause significant neurological symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

The symptoms of GBS can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Weakness or tingling sensations in the legs, arms, or face
* Muscle weakness that progresses to paralysis
* Loss of reflexes
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or pain in the hands and feet
* Fatigue and fever

The diagnosis of GBS is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. There is no cure for GBS, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin therapy, and corticosteroids are common treatments used to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease.

GBS is a rare condition that affects about one in 100,000 people per year in the United States. It can affect anyone, but it is more common in children and young adults. The prognosis for GBS varies depending on the severity of the disease, but most people recover fully within a few weeks or months with proper treatment.

In conclusion, Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. While there is no cure for GBS, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. With proper care, most people with GBS can recover fully within a few weeks or months.

If you suspect vasospasm, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options may include medications to dilate blood vessels, surgery to relieve pressure on affected areas, or other interventions depending on the severity of the condition.

Preventing vasospasm can be challenging, but some measures can reduce the risk of developing this condition. These include managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol levels; avoiding head injuries by wearing protective gear during sports and other activities; and adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in managing vasospasm and preventing long-term damage to the brain tissue. If you experience any symptoms suggestive of vasospasm, seek medical attention promptly to receive appropriate care and improve outcomes.

Paraplegia is classified into two main types:

1. Complete paraplegia: Total loss of motor function in both legs and pelvis.
2. Incomplete paraplegia: Some degree of motor function remains in the affected limbs.

Symptoms of paraplegia can include weakness, paralysis, numbness, or tingling sensations below the level of the spinal cord injury. Loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, and changes in sensation (such as decreased sensitivity to touch and temperature) are also common.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, neurological tests such as reflexes and muscle strength, and imaging studies like X-rays or MRIs to determine the underlying cause of paraplegia. Treatment depends on the specific cause of the condition and may include medications, rehabilitation therapy, and assistive devices such as braces, canes, or wheelchairs.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

There are several risk factors for developing venous insufficiency, including:

* Age: As we age, our veins become less effective at pumping blood back to the heart, making us more susceptible to venous insufficiency.
* Gender: Women are more likely to develop venous insufficiency than men due to hormonal changes and other factors.
* Family history: If you have a family history of venous insufficiency, you may be more likely to develop the condition.
* Injury or trauma: Injuries or traumas to the veins can damage valves or cause blood clots, leading to venous insufficiency.
* Obesity: Excess weight can put extra pressure on the veins, increasing the risk of venous insufficiency.

Symptoms of venous insufficiency may include:

* Pain, aching, or cramping in the legs
* Swelling, edema, or water retention in the legs
* Skin discoloration or thickening of the skin on the legs
* Itching or burning sensations on the skin
* Ulcers or sores on the skin

If left untreated, venous insufficiency can lead to more serious complications such as:

* Chronic wounds or ulcers
* Blood clots or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
* Increased risk of infection
* Decreased mobility and quality of life

To diagnose venous insufficiency, a healthcare provider may perform one or more of the following tests:

* Physical examination: A healthcare provider will typically examine the legs and ankles to check for swelling, discoloration, and other symptoms.
* Duplex ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow in the veins and can detect blockages or other problems.
* Venography: This test involves injecting a dye into the vein to visualize the veins and check for any blockages or abnormalities.
* Imaging tests: Such as MRI, CT scan, or X-rays may be used to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment options for venous insufficiency depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include one or more of the following:

* Compression stockings: These specialized stockings provide gentle pressure to the legs and ankles to help improve blood flow and reduce swelling.
* Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting can help improve symptoms.
* Medications: Such as diuretics, anticoagulants, or pain relievers may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
* Endovenous laser therapy: This minimally invasive procedure uses a laser to heat and seal off the damaged vein, redirecting blood flow to healthier veins.
* Sclerotherapy: This involves injecting a solution into the affected vein to cause it to collapse and be absorbed by the body.
* Vein stripping: In this surgical procedure, the affected vein is removed through small incisions.

It's important to note that these treatments are usually recommended for more severe cases of venous insufficiency, and for those who have not responded well to other forms of treatment. Your healthcare provider will help determine the best course of treatment for your specific case.

The symptoms of MT can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis in the arms and legs
2. Numbness or tingling sensations in the limbs
3. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
4. Pain and stiffness in the neck, back, and limbs
5. Fatigue and fever
6. Difficulty with coordination and balance
7. Vision problems

The exact cause of MT is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as infections, genetic predisposition, and exposure to toxins.

Diagnosis of MT is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI. Treatment options include corticosteroids, immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, which can help reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compressive symptoms or remove abscesses.

Prognosis for MT varies depending on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. While some individuals may experience a full recovery, others may have persistent neurological deficits or recurrent episodes of inflammation.

The symptoms of cerebral ventriculitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the inflammation. Common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, the condition can lead to brain damage, hydrocephalus (an accumulation of CSF in the brain), and even death.

The diagnosis of cerebral ventriculitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, electrolyte panels, and liver function tests to assess the overall health of the patient. Imaging studies can help to identify any abnormalities in the brain, such as abscesses or inflammation in the ventricles.

Treatment of cerebral ventriculitis typically involves the use of antibiotics to clear the infection. In severe cases, surgical drainage of the abscess may be necessary. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and monitoring of vital signs, is also important to ensure the patient's overall health and stability.

Prognosis for cerebral ventriculitis depends on the severity of the infection and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome. However, the condition can be life-threatening, especially if it is not recognized and treated promptly.

Prevention of cerebral ventriculitis involves good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and properly sterilizing medical equipment. Vaccination against common infections, such as meningitis, can also help to prevent the development of cerebral ventriculitis.

Overall, cerebral ventriculitis is a serious condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment to improve outcomes for affected individuals. With appropriate care and supportive measures, many people with this condition are able to recover fully or partially. However, in severe cases or those that are not treated promptly, the condition can be life-threatening.

There are several types of Arnold-Chiari malformation, ranging from Type I to Type IV, with Type I being the most common and mildest form. In Type I, the cerebellar tonsils extend into the spinal canal, while in Type II, a portion of the cerebellum itself is pushed down into the spinal canal. Types III and IV are more severe and involve more extensive protrusion of brain tissue into the spinal canal.

The symptoms of Arnold-Chiari malformation can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include headaches, dizziness, balance problems, numbness or weakness in the limbs, and difficulty swallowing. The condition is often diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and other diagnostic procedures.

Treatment for Arnold-Chiari malformation depends on the severity of the condition and may range from observation to surgery. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in more severe cases, surgery may be required to relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord. The goal of surgery is to restore the normal position of the brain and spinal cord and to alleviate symptoms.

In conclusion, Arnold-Chiari malformation is a congenital condition that affects the brainstem and cerebellum, resulting in protrusion of brain tissue into the spinal canal. The severity of the condition varies, and treatment ranges from observation to surgery, depending on the symptoms and severity of the condition.

The parasite enters the body through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, and can cause a wide range of symptoms in people with healthy immune systems, including fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. However, those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe symptoms, including seizures, confusion, and coma.

Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis is often made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as PCR or IgG antibody detection), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves a combination of antiparasitic medications and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In severe cases, cerebral toxoplasmosis can lead to long-term neurological damage, including cognitive impairment and seizure disorders. Prevention of the disease is primarily focused on avoiding exposure to the parasite, which can be achieved through good hygiene practices (such as proper handling and cooking of meat) and avoiding contact with cat feces, which are a common source of infection.

Overall, cerebral toxoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can have significant neurological consequences in individuals with compromised immune systems. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for preventing long-term complications and improving outcomes.

In medical terminology, coma is defined as a state of prolonged unconsciousness that lasts for more than 24 hours and is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to stimuli, including pain, light, sound, or touch. Coma can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Traumatic brain injury: Coma can result from a severe head injury that causes damage to the brain.
2. Stroke: A stroke can cause coma if it affects a large part of the brain.
3. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can spread to the brain and cause coma.
4. Poisoning: Toxic substances, such as drugs or chemicals, can cause coma by damaging the brain.
5. Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen to the brain can cause coma.
6. Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar can cause coma.
7. Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypothyroidism, can cause coma.
8. Electrolyte imbalance: An imbalance of electrolytes, such as sodium or potassium, can cause coma.
9. Chronic conditions: Certain chronic conditions, such as brain tumors or degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, can cause coma over time.

It is important to note that a coma is different from a vegetative state, which is characterized by awakening and opening one's eyes but lacking any meaningful response to stimuli. A comatose patient may also exhibit automatic responses, such as breathing or reacting to pain, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate.

The diagnosis of coma is typically made by a neurologist based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and results of diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment of coma depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, medication, or surgical intervention.

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.

Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:

1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.

The exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other environmental factors that set off an abnormal immune response. The disease typically affects children, especially those under the age of 10, and is more common in males than females.

The symptoms of ADEM can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease and the areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Confusion or disorientation
* Seizures or convulsions
* Weakness or paralysis in the limbs or other parts of the body
* Difficulty with speech, vision, or hearing
* Poor coordination and balance

ADEM can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or meningitis. A definitive diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans.

There is no cure for ADEM, but treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord. Corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation, and antiviral medications may be prescribed if the disease is thought to be caused by a viral infection. Rehabilitation therapy may also be necessary to help regain lost function and mobility.

The prognosis for ADEM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the age of the patient. In general, children under the age of 5 have a better prognosis than older children and adults. With appropriate treatment, many patients are able to recover significant function and lead active lives. However, some individuals may experience long-term neurological deficits or disability.

Prevention of ADEM is not currently possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not fully understood. However, research is ongoing to identify potential risk factors and develop effective treatments. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of ADEM and seek medical attention if they suspect their child may have the condition.

In conclusion, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare but potentially debilitating autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. While the exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other factors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, headache, confusion, weakness, and difficulty with speech and coordination. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord, and may include corticosteroids and antiviral medications. While there is no cure for ADEM, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes for affected children.

There are many different types of seizures, each with its own unique set of symptoms. Some common types of seizures include:

1. Generalized seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
2. Focal seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and can cause more specific symptoms, such as weakness or numbness in a limb, or changes in sensation or vision.
3. Tonic-clonic seizures: These seizures are also known as grand mal seizures and can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
4. Absence seizures: These seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and can cause a brief loss of consciousness or staring spell.
5. Myoclonic seizures: These seizures can cause sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches.
6. Atonic seizures: These seizures can cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, which can lead to falls or drops.
7. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.

Seizures can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment for seizures usually involves anticonvulsant medications, but in some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

Overall, seizures are a complex and multifaceted symptom that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing seizures, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with varicella zoster encephalitis and was immediately admitted to the intensive care unit.
2. The risk of developing encephalitis from varicella zoster is higher in individuals with weakened immune systems.
3. Early diagnosis and treatment of varicella zoster encephalitis are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage.

The diagnosis of MCI requires a comprehensive medical evaluation, including a thorough history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and cognitive assessments. The goal of the diagnosis is to differentiate MCI from normal aging and other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as depression or medication side effects.

There are several subtypes of MCI, including:

1. Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI): Characterized by memory loss, especially for episodic memory (memory of events and experiences).
2. Non-amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (naMCI): Characterized by cognitive impairment without memory loss.
3. Mixed Mild Cognitive Impairment (mMCI): Characterized by a combination of amnestic and non-amnestic symptoms.

The main risk factor for developing MCI is advancing age, but other factors such as family history, genetics, and lifestyle factors may also contribute to the development of the condition. There is currently no cure for MCI, but there are several treatment options available to slow down cognitive decline and improve quality of life. These include:

1. Cognitive training and rehabilitation: To improve memory, attention, and other cognitive functions.
2. Medications: Such as cholinesterase inhibitors, which can improve cognitive function and slow down decline.
3. Lifestyle changes: Such as regular exercise, social engagement, and management of chronic health conditions.
4. Alternative therapies: Such as cognitive training, mindfulness-based interventions, and herbal supplements.

Early detection and treatment of MCI can potentially delay progression to dementia, improve quality of life, and reduce caregiver burden. However, the exact timing and duration of these benefits are not yet fully understood. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying MCI and to develop more effective treatments for this condition.

In summary, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition characterized by cognitive decline beyond what is expected for an individual's age and education level, but not severe enough to interfere with daily life. There are three subtypes of MCI, and the main risk factor is advancing age. Treatment options include cognitive training and rehabilitation, medications, lifestyle changes, and alternative therapies. Early detection and treatment may potentially delay progression to dementia and improve quality of life.

Symptoms of CNS lupus vasculitis can include headaches, seizures, confusion, weakness or paralysis, vision problems, and changes in personality or behavior. The condition can be difficult to diagnose, as it may mimic other conditions such as stroke, infection, or tumors.

Treatment of CNS lupus vasculitis typically involves high doses of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. In severe cases, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis may be used to remove harmful antibodies from the blood. Anticoagulation therapy may also be prescribed to prevent blood clots.

While CNS lupus vasculitis can be a life-threatening condition, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes. However, long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrences of the disease and manage any ongoing neurological symptoms.

There are several types of polyradiculoneuropathy, each with its own set of causes and characteristics:

1. Polyneuropathy: This is the most common type of polyradiculoneuropathy and affects multiple nerves throughout the body. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, alcoholism, and certain medications.
2. Mononeuritis multiplex: This is a condition in which there is damage to multiple nerves that innervate a specific area of the body, such as the legs or arms. It can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications.
3. Radiculoneuropathy: This type of polyradiculoneuropathy affects the nerves that originate from the spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body. It can be caused by compression or inflammation of the nerve roots, such as in the case of herniated discs or spinal stenosis.
4. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of polyradiculoneuropathy affects the nerves that control involuntary functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, and certain medications.

The symptoms of polyradiculoneuropathy can vary depending on the specific type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the affected areas
* Pain or discomfort in the affected areas
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as buttoning a shirt or tying shoelaces
* Digestive problems, such as constipation or diarrhea
* Urinary incontinence or retention

The diagnosis of polyradiculoneuropathy is typically made based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as nerve conduction studies or electromyography. Treatment options for polyradiculoneuropathy depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include:

* Medications to manage pain or inflammation
* Physical therapy to improve strength and coordination
* Lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking or losing weight, to reduce pressure on the nerves
* Surgery to relieve compression or repair damaged nerves

In some cases, polyradiculoneuropathy may be a symptom of an underlying condition that can be treated or managed with medication or other therapies. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of polyradiculoneuropathy to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Symptoms:

* Rapidly progressive dementia
* Ataxia (loss of coordination and balance)
* Myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks)
* Visual disturbances
* Cognitive decline

Diagnosis:

* Clinical evaluation
* Neuroimaging studies (MRI, CT scans)
* Electroencephalography (EEG)
* Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination

Treatment and Management:

* There is no cure for CJD, but various medications can be used to manage the symptoms.
* Palliative care is essential to alleviate suffering and improve quality of life.
* Supportive care includes physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.

Prognosis:

* CJD is a rapidly progressive disease with a poor prognosis, typically leading to death within 1-2 years after onset of symptoms.

Causes and Risk Factors:

* The cause of CJD is the transmission of misfolded prions, which are infectious proteins that accumulate in the brain.
* The most common form of transmission is through medical procedures using contaminated tissue, such as corneal transplants or dura mater grafts.
* There is also a rare genetic form of CJD, which is inherited from one's parents.

Complications:

* CJD can lead to various complications, including pneumonia, seizures, and coma.
* The disease can also cause psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and hallucinations.

In conclusion, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome is a rare and fatal brain disorder characterized by rapid neurological deterioration, prion accumulation in the brain, and poor prognosis. It is important to be aware of the causes and risk factors of CJD, as well as its symptoms and complications, to provide appropriate diagnosis and treatment for affected individuals.

Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. However, it can also occur in people without narcolepsy. In these cases, cataplexy may be a symptom of another condition or a side effect of certain medications.

The exact cause of cataplexy is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an imbalance in the brain chemicals that regulate muscle tone and emotion. Treatment for cataplexy typically involves addressing any underlying conditions or adjusting medications that may be contributing to the condition. In some cases, botulinum toxin injections may be recommended to reduce muscle stiffness and spasms.

Examples of 'Cataplexy' in a sentence:

1. The patient experienced cataplexy during laughing attacks, causing temporary paralysis of their limbs.
2. The doctor diagnosed the patient with cataplexy, a symptom of their narcolepsy.
3. The medication side effect was causing cataplexy, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

There are several types of dementia, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common types of dementia include:

* Alzheimer's disease: This is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of all cases. It is a progressive disease that causes the death of brain cells, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
* Vascular dementia: This type of dementia is caused by problems with blood flow to the brain, often as a result of a stroke or small vessel disease. It can cause difficulty with communication, language, and visual-spatial skills.
* Lewy body dementia: This type of dementia is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. It can cause a range of symptoms, including memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, and difficulty with movement.
* Frontotemporal dementia: This is a group of diseases that affect the front and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language.

The symptoms of dementia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Memory loss: Difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information.
* Communication and language difficulties: Struggling to find the right words or understand what others are saying.
* Disorientation: Getting lost in familiar places or having difficulty understanding the time and date.
* Difficulty with problem-solving: Trouble with planning, organizing, and decision-making.
* Mood changes: Depression, anxiety, agitation, or aggression.
* Personality changes: Becoming passive, suspicious, or withdrawn.
* Difficulty with movement: Trouble with coordination, balance, or using utensils.
* Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that are not there.
* Sleep disturbances: Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.

The symptoms of dementia can be subtle at first and may progress slowly over time. In the early stages, they may be barely noticeable, but as the disease progresses, they can become more pronounced and interfere with daily life. It is important to seek medical advice if you or a loved one is experiencing any of these symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes.

Meningioma can occur in various locations within the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. The most common type of meningioma is the meningothelial meningioma, which arises from the arachnoid membrane, one of the three layers of the meninges. Other types of meningioma include the dural-based meningioma, which originates from the dura mater, and the fibrous-cap meningioma, which is characterized by a fibrous cap covering the tumor.

The symptoms of meningioma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they often include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or cognitive function. As the tumor grows, it can compress the brain tissue and cause damage to the surrounding structures, leading to more severe symptoms such as difficulty speaking, walking, or controlling movement.

The diagnosis of meningioma typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue sampling through biopsy or surgery. Treatment options for meningioma depend on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Overall, the prognosis for meningioma is generally good, with many patients experiencing a good outcome after treatment. However, some types of meningioma can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and the tumor may recur in some cases.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The term "papilledema" comes from the Greek words "papilla," meaning "little nipple," and "dema," meaning "swelling." This refers to the appearance of the optic disc when it is swollen, as it looks like a small, round nipple on the surface of the retina.

Papilledema can be caused by a variety of conditions, including high blood pressure, brain tumors, and aneurysms. It can also be a symptom of other conditions such as meningitis or multiple sclerosis. The diagnosis of papilledema is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes visual acuity testing, refraction, and retinoscopy. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to evaluate the cause of the swelling.

Treatment of papilledema depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In cases where high blood pressure is the cause, medication to lower blood pressure may be prescribed. In other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain and reduce swelling in the optic disc.

It's important for individuals with papilledema to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor and manage their condition, as untreated papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

The most common symptoms of amebiasis are:

1. Diarrhea
2. Abdominal pain
3. Fever
4. Blood in the stool
5. Rectal pain
6. Tenesmus (a feeling of needing to have a bowel movement even when the bowels are empty)
7. Weakness and fatigue
8. Loss of appetite
9. Nausea and vomiting
10. Constipation

The infection is usually caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with feces, or by direct contact with someone who has the infection.

The disease is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene, and can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as stool samples or blood tests.

Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole, and supportive care to manage symptoms such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications such as perforation of the colon, peritonitis, or abscesses.

Prevention measures include proper hand washing, avoiding consumption of contaminated food or water, and good sanitation and hygiene practices. Vaccines are not available for amebiasis, but research is ongoing to develop one.

Some common autoimmune diseases of the nervous system include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic condition that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, causing a range of symptoms including numbness, weakness, and vision problems.
2. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): A rare condition that causes inflammation in the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to vision loss and muscle weakness.
3. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A rare autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and paralysis, often after a viral infection.
4. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): A chronic condition that affects the peripheral nerves, causing numbness, weakness, and pain in the hands and feet.
5. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A rare condition that causes inflammation in the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and muscle weakness.

The exact cause of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system is not fully understood, but they are believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition, but may include medications to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, as well as physical therapy and lifestyle modifications.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

There are several different types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear skull fractures: These are fractures that occur in a straight line and do not involve the brain.
2. Depressed skull fractures: These are fractures that cause the bone to be pushed inward, creating a depression in the skull.
3. Comminuted skull fractures: These are fractures that involve multiple pieces of bone breaking off and fragmenting.
4. Basilar skull fractures: These are fractures that occur at the base of the skull and can involve the brainstem or cranial nerves.
5. Cerebral edema: This is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain as a result of a head injury or other traumatic event.
6. Epidural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater, which is the membrane that covers the brain.
7. Subdural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
8. Intracerebral hematoma: This is a collection of blood within the brain tissue.

Skull fractures can be diagnosed using a variety of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for skull fractures may involve observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury and any other complications that may have arisen.

Complications of skull fractures can include:

1. Cerebral edema
2. Epidural hematoma
3. Subdural hematoma
4. Intracerebral hematoma
5. Brain contusion
6. Skull base fractures
7. Facial trauma
8. Sinus fractures
9. Orbital blowout fractures
10. Meningitis or sepsis.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any of the following symptoms are present:

1. Severe headache
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
4. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
5. Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
6. Difficulty with balance or coordination
7. Seizures or convulsions
8. Fever
9. Stiff neck
10. Loss of consciousness or coma.

Symptoms of meningism may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the condition can lead to seizures, coma, and even death.

Diagnosis of meningism typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as lumbar puncture or imaging studies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve antibiotics, antiviral medication, corticosteroids, or surgery.

In some cases, meningism can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as meningitis or encephalitis, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of atrophy that can occur in different parts of the body. For example:

1. Muscular atrophy: This occurs when muscles weaken and shrink due to disuse or injury.
2. Neuronal atrophy: This occurs when nerve cells degenerate, leading to a loss of cognitive function and memory.
3. Cardiac atrophy: This occurs when the heart muscle weakens and becomes less efficient, leading to decreased cardiac output.
4. Atrophic gastritis: This is a type of stomach inflammation that can lead to the wasting away of the stomach lining.
5. Atrophy of the testes: This occurs when the testes shrink due to a lack of use or disorder, leading to decreased fertility.

Atrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may involve physical therapy, medication, or surgery. In some cases, atrophy can be prevented or reversed with proper treatment and care.

In summary, atrophy is a degenerative process that can occur in various parts of the body due to injury, disease, or disuse. It can lead to a loss of function and decreased quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it may be possible to prevent or reverse some forms of atrophy.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

There are several types of narcolepsy, including:

* Type 1 narcolepsy: This is the most common form of the disorder, and it is characterized by the presence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
* Type 2 narcolepsy: This form of narcolepsy is similar to type 1, but it does not involve cataplexy. Instead, people with type 2 narcolepsy may experience other symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression.
* Narcolepsy with cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 1 narcolepsy that is characterized by the presence of both cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.
* Narcolepsy without cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 2 narcolepsy that is characterized by the absence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.

There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medications such as stimulants, modafinil, and sodium oxybate can help manage symptoms. Behavioral interventions such as scheduled napping and exercise can also be helpful in managing the disorder.

Strongylidae is a family of parasitic nematodes that includes several genera, such as Strongyloides, Ollulanus, and Habronema. These nematodes have a worldwide distribution and can infect a wide range of animals, including humans, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses.

Infection with strongyles can occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected animals or their feces. The parasites migrate to the intestines, where they feed on the host's blood and tissues, causing a range of symptoms.

The most common species of strongyles to infect humans are S. stercoralis and S. fuellebornii. Infection with these parasites can lead to a condition known as strongyloidiasis, which can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Diarrhea
* Weight loss
* Anemia
* Poor appetite
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue

Strongyloidiasis is typically diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool samples or through the use of serological tests. Treatment typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which can kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Preventive measures against strongyles include:

* Avoiding contact with infected animals or their feces
* Properly cooking meat before consumption
* Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat
* Maintaining good personal hygiene
* Using clean water and sanitation facilities.

Some common types of cerebellar diseases include:

1. Cerebellar atrophy: This is a condition where the cerebellum shrinks or degenerates, leading to symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and difficulty with movement.
2. Cerebellar degeneration: This is a condition where the cerebellum deteriorates over time, leading to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and difficulties with speech and language.
3. Cerebellar tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the cerebellum, which can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location.
4. Cerebellar stroke: This is a condition where blood flow to the cerebellum is interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue and symptoms such as weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups.
5. Cerebellar vasculature disorders: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
6. Inflammatory diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.
7. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the cerebellum and cause a range of symptoms.
8. Trauma: Head injuries or other forms of trauma can damage the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and memory loss.
9. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic mutations can affect the development and function of the cerebellum, leading to a range of symptoms.
10. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease can cause degeneration of the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other causes of cerebellar symptoms not included here. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause of your symptoms based on a thorough medical history and examination.

In contrast to relapsing-remitting MS, which is the most common form of the disease and is marked by acute relapses followed by periods of recovery, CPMS is characterized by a gradual and persistent worsening of symptoms. This can include difficulties with walking, balance, and coordination, as well as cognitive impairment, fatigue, and other neurological problems.

The cause of CPMS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger an abnormal immune response against the protective covering of nerve fibers in the CNS. This leads to inflammation, demyelination (loss of the fatty insulation around nerve fibers), and axonal damage, which can result in a range of neurological symptoms.

There is currently no cure for CPMS, but various treatments are available that can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression. These may include medications to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, as well as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of supportive care.

The prognosis for CPMS is generally poorer than for relapsing-remitting MS, with a more rapid decline in neurological function over time. However, the rate of progression can vary widely between individuals, and some people with CPMS may experience a relatively slow decline, while others may experience a more rapid decline.

Overall, chronic progressive multiple sclerosis is a debilitating and challenging condition that requires careful management and supportive care to help improve quality of life and slow disease progression.

People with akinetic mutism may experience a range of symptoms, including:

1. Loss of voluntary movements: Individuals with akinetic mutism may have difficulty initiating and performing voluntary movements, such as walking, talking, or writing.
2. Mutism: Akinetic mutism is often accompanied by mutism, which means that the individual is unable to speak or communicate verbally.
3. Limited facial expressions: People with akinetic mutism may have limited ability to express emotions through facial expressions.
4. Decreased eye movements: The disorder can also cause decreased eye movements and difficulty tracking objects visually.
5. Difficulty with automatic movements: Automatic movements, such as blinking or swinging their arms, may be difficult or impossible for individuals with akinetic mutism.
6. Loss of initiative: People with akinetic mutism may have difficulty initiating actions or tasks, and may require prompting or assistance to perform daily activities.
7. Decreased attention and concentration: The disorder can also affect the individual's ability to attend and concentrate on tasks.
8. Memory loss: Some individuals with akinetic mutism may experience memory loss and difficulty learning new information.
9. Emotional changes: Akinetic mutism can also cause emotional changes, such as depression, anxiety, or apathy.

The exact cause of akinetic mutism is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to damage to the parietal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for motor and sensory functions. Treatment options for akinetic mutism are limited and vary depending on the underlying cause of the disorder. Physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy may be helpful in improving movement and communication skills. Medication may also be prescribed to manage related symptoms such as depression or anxiety.

Benign spinal cord neoplasms are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress or damage the surrounding healthy tissue, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis.

Malignant spinal cord neoplasms are more aggressive and can grow rapidly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body. They can cause similar symptoms to benign tumors, as well as other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and weight loss.

The diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The prognosis for spinal cord neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, benign tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, even with successful treatment, some patients may experience long-term neurological deficits or other complications.

Synonyms: JE

Definition:

A viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted by the bite of an infected Culex species mosquito. The virus is found throughout Asia and the western Pacific region.

Symptoms:

* Fever
* Headache
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Confusion
* Weakness in the limbs

Diagnosis:

* Blood tests to detect antibodies against the virus
* Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans to look for signs of brain inflammation

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, to manage symptoms and prevent complications
* Antiviral medications may be given in some cases

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for Japanese encephalitis is generally good if treatment is received promptly and the patient is otherwise healthy. However, in severe cases or those with underlying medical conditions, the virus can cause significant brain damage and lead to long-term complications or death.

Prevention:

* Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for people who live in or travel to areas where the virus is common, particularly children and adults who plan to spend extended periods of time outdoors. The vaccine is effective in preventing severe illness and death from the virus.
* Mosquito control measures, such as using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing, can also help reduce the risk of infection.

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... is a procedure that is used to drain fluid from the brain and spinal cord. A shunt is placed in a ... Garton HJ (2004). "Cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures". J Neuroophthalmol. 24 (2): 146-55. doi:10.1097/00041327-200406000 ...
... (CSF rhinorrhoea) refers to the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose (rhinorrhoea ... CSF rhinorrhoea involves drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. This appears as a clear, colourless liquid. Aldroubi ... CSF Rhinorrhea at eMedicine Kerr, Julie T.; Chu, Felix W.K.; Bayles, Stephen W. (2005). "Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: ... Makhmurian, Meri S. (23 September 2020). "MIN - Spontaneous cranial cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF liquorrhea)". www.minclinic. ...
A cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF leak or CSFL) is a medical condition where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain ... "Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leak: Symptoms & Treatment". "Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak (CSF Leak) FAQ". Mokri, B (2001). "Spontaneous ... Mokri, B. (1999). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: from intracranial hypotension to cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia-- ... A cerebrospinal fluid leak can be either cranial or spinal, and these are two different disorders. A spinal CSF leak can be ...
... (aCSF) is a buffer solution prepared with a composition representative of cerebrospinal fluid ...
CSF Fluid Flow MRI detects back and forth flow of Cerebrospinal fluid that corresponds to vascular pulsations from mostly the ... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow MRI is used to assess pulsatile CSF flow both qualitatively and quantitatively. Time-resolved 2D ... CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The rate of CSF formation in humans is about 0.3-0.4 ml per ... The VENC is used as the highest estimated fluid velocity in PC-MRI. Underestimating VENC leads to aliasing artifacts, as any ...
Following is a list of reference ranges for cerebrospinal fluid: PATHOLOGY 425 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID [CSF] Archived 2005-10-27 at ...
Cerebrospinal fluid flows in bulk from sites of production to sites of absorption. Fluid formed in the lateral ventricles flows ... The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull and spine provides further protection and also buoyancy, and is found in the ... As cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles, a blockage of outflow leads to ... This allows the cerebrospinal fluid to flow directly to the basal cisterns, thereby bypassing any obstruction. A surgical ...
... investigates the role of intracranial fluid hydrodynamics (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral blood flow, ... Malucci, Conor; Sgouros, Spyros (December 2008). Cerebrospinal fluid disorders. [Informa Healthcare]. doi:10.3109/9781420016284 ... Marmarou was considered a world authority on fluid dynamics within the brain and spinal cord. Dr. Marmarou was the recipient of ... It combines fluid mechanics principles with neuroscience to improve neurological disorder healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and ...
Altered compliance (elasticity) of the ventricular walls, as well as increased viscosity of the cerebrospinal fluid, may play a ... Martin BA, Loth F (December 2009). "The influence of coughing on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in an in vitro syringomyelia ... Pogodzinski MS, Shallop JK, Sprung J, Weingarten TN, Wong GY, McDonald TJ (March 2008). "Hearing loss and cerebrospinal fluid ... Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain. This typically ...
Most importantly however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected via lumbar puncture (also known as spinal tap). This fluid, ... Increasingly, cerebrospinal fluid PCR tests have become especially useful for diagnosing viral meningitis, with an estimated ... Fomin, Dean A. Seehusen,Mark Reeves,Demitri (2003-09-15). "Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis". American Family Physician. 68 (6): ... cerebrospinal fluid). The new method will first be developed using CSF samples where the microorganism is known, but then will ...
As part of the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF), SCO-spondin is of the uttermost importance in the development of the ... Vera A, Stanic K, Montecinos H, Torrejón M, Marcellini S, Caprile T (2013). "SCO-spondin from embryonic cerebrospinal fluid is ... Ependymal cells secrete high molecular mass glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, in which the bulk of them condense to ... The ependyma consists of long, columnar cells that release their secretions into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. The ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 7 (Suppl 1): S40. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-7-S1-S40. PMC 3026519. "John D Pickard - List of ... Registry was funded by the UK Department of Health Medical Devices Agency and contains data on over 70,000 cerebrospinal fluid ...
In addition, a shunt may be surgically installed to provide a continuous drain for the excess cerebrospinal fluid produced in ... Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 7 (1): S18. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-7-S1-S18. PMC 3026494. Farmer DL, von Koch CS, Peacock WJ, ... External sac with cerebrospinal fluid (2) Spinal cord wedged between the vertebrae Physical signs of spina bifida may include: ... cerebrospinal fluid, and parts of the spinal cord and nerve roots. Myelomeningocele is also associated with Arnold-Chiari ...
... is a measurement used to determine the levels of albumin in cerebrospinal fluid. A closely related test, CSF total ... "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: CSF total protein". Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA (September 2003). "Cerebrospinal fluid ... "Changes with aging of steroidal levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of women". Maturitas. 33 (1): 71-80. doi:10.1016/S0378-5122( ... protein is a measurement used to determine the levels of protein in cerebrospinal fluid. It combines the albumin, IgG, and ...
"Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease". Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 5 (1): 10. ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 6 (13): 13. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-6-13. PMC 2777116. PMID 19878608. Nigou J, Gilleron M, Puzo G ( ...
... or glycorrhachia is a measurement used to determine the concentration of glucose in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ... Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA (September 2003). "Cerebrospinal fluid analysis". Am Fam Physician. 68 (6): 1103-8. PMID ... "Relationship between Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose and Serum Glucose". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (6): 576-8. doi: ... Lillian A. Mundt; Kristy Shanahan (2010). Graff's Textbook of Routine Urinalysis and Body Fluids. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Spector, Reynold; Johanson, Conrad E. (2010). "Choroid plexus failure in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome". Cerebrospinal Fluid ... a syndrome in which 5-MTHF levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid despite being normal in serum. Treatment with ... cerebellar ataxia and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid protein. Kearns-Sayre syndrome occurs spontaneously in the ... of the mechanisms in the choroid plexus that are responsible for passage of folates from the serum to the cerebrospinal fluid. ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 6 (Suppl 2): S6. doi:10.1186/1743-8454-6-s2-s6. PMC 2786161. Davis, Andrew, ed. (2011). Handbook ...
Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin are present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein ... Pandy's test (or Pandy's reaction) is done on the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) to detect the elevated levels of proteins (mainly ... "Cerebrospinal fluid analysis". Am Fam Physician. 68: 1103-8. PMID 14524396. Diagnostic test (Articles lacking in-text citations ... The normal CSF is clear and transparent fluid. The Pandy's reaction makes it translucent or opaque. A positive test shows a ...
Cotugno wrote a classic monograph on sciatic neuralgia, and is also credited the discovery of the cerebrospinal fluid in 1774. ... Liquor Cotunni: The cerebrospinal fluid. De aquaeductibus auris humane internae anatomica dissertatio. 1761, Ex typographica ... Di Ieva, Antonio; Yaşargil M Gazi (Aug 2008). "Liquor cotunnii: the history of cerebrospinal fluid in Domenico Cotugno's work ... Pearce, J M S (Sep 2004). "Cotugno and cerebrospinal fluid". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. England. 75 (9): 1299. doi: ...
"Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid." Emerging infectious diseases 10.9 (2004): 1692. Schutzer, S. E.; Fraser-Liggett, C ...
The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. CRC Press, New York. 2005 (with Chodobski, A) Publications can be found in Google ...
"The protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid in myxedema" (1928, with Willard Owen Thompson, Phebe K. Thompson, and Mary ... "The protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid in myxedema." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 6, no. 2 (1928): 251-255. ... Thompson, Willard Owen (1929-09-01). "The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Myxedema". Archives of Internal Medicine. 44 (3): 368. doi: ... "The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Myxedema" (1929, with Willard Owen Thompson, Phebe K. Thompson, and Mary Elizabeth Dailey) "Benign ...
Diagnosis of TB meningitis is made by analysing cerebrospinal fluid collected by lumbar puncture. When collecting CSF for ... Irani, David N. (2008). Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 196. ISBN 978-1416029083. Gram- ... "Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-02. ... suspected TB meningitis, a minimum of 1ml of fluid should be taken (preferably 5 to 10ml). The CSF usually has a high protein, ...
... in a variety of biological fluids from patients including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Early detection of ctDNA (as in ... European Society for Medical Oncology (17 Nov 2017). "Study analyzes mutations in cerebrospinal fluid in lung cancer with brain ... Podlesniy P, Trullas R (2018). "Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Analysis of Cell-Free Circulating Mitochondrial DNA by ... detection in cerebrospinal fluid". Hematological Oncology. 36 (2): 429-435. doi:10.1002/hon.2489. PMID 29210102. S2CID 4968214 ...
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid-brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate ... Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport of substances ... The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier has also been shown to modulate the entry of leukocytes from the blood to the central ... Multiple cilia on the ependymal cells move to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. There is a choroid plexus in each of the four ...
The cerebrospinal fluid also serves to cushion the brain. Excess cerebrospinal fluid in the central canal of the spinal cord is ... It is unclear if syrinx fluid originates from bulk movement of cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal cord, from bulk transmural ... This term refers to increased cerebrospinal fluid that is contained within the ependyma of the central canal. When fluid ... This is done with a shunt, which uses tubes and valves to let cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drain from the syrinx into another ...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations vary; peak CSF concentrations are lower than serum ones, due to slow diffusion across ... linezolid was found to penetrate well into cerebrospinal fluid, but its effectiveness was inferior to that of other antibiotics ... Notably, the concentration of linezolid in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lower respiratory tract is at least equal ... perhaps because the penetration of linezolid into bronchial fluids is much higher than that of vancomycin. Several issues in ...
Other diagnostic tools, such as analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, magnetic resonance imaging scans looking for brain shrinkage ...
Doctors discovered that, after she had been deemed cured, the virus had remained in her cerebrospinal fluid and feared that it ... The Ebola virus can only be transmitted by direct contact with the blood or bodily fluids of an infected person while they are ... including fluid in the eye, the central nervous system and, in men, the testes and semen. Cafferkey went to a 24-hour GP clinic ... since the virus can be spread through exposure to the infected person's body fluids, though they said the risk was likely to be ...
When a tumor blocks the pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid, this will cause headaches in the patient. Often when hydrocephalus ...
"Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid ubiquitin in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease". Neuroscience Letters. 139 (1): 47-9. doi: ...
"Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by detection of tuberculostearic acid in cerebrospinal fluid". The Lancet. 330 (8551): 117- ...
Lovett did examine the cerebrospinal fluid and knew very well that a high level of white blood cells was consistent with ... Paralysis can be determined by test of the spinal fluid.": 66 Eleanor communicated with Keen, who "very strenuously" resisted ... 454 They further stated that such fluid testing is most effective within the first several days of paralysis onset, and Lovett ...
While virus has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid of autopsies, the exact mechanism by which it invades the CNS remains ... The largest droplets of respiratory fluid do not travel far, but can be inhaled or land on mucous membranes on the eyes, nose, ... Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via ...
The inferior part of the vertebral canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the space is called the lumbar cistern. ... This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid ... The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be sampled with a lumbar puncture, or "spinal tap" ... which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the ...
Rarely, orthopoxviruses may be detected in cerebrospinal fluid.[citation needed] Regarding specific Orthopoxvirus infections, ...
... cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and very soft tissue (the brain). While both the blood and CSF have poor compression capacity, the ...
... a network of channels in the brain whose purpose is to eliminate toxins using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). She called it the " ...
... es have also been found in the feces of healthy humans and chimpanzees and in samples of cerebrospinal fluid from ... "Novel Cyclovirus in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid, Malawi, 2010-2011". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (9). doi:10.3201/ ...
In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of HVA are measured as a marker of metabolic stress caused ...
Lymphocytic meningitis causes characteristic changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and may be accompanied for several weeks ... PCR often shows false-negative results because few Borrelia cells can be found in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during ... and protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically rise to characteristically abnormal levels, while glucose level remains ... "Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antigen in antibody-negative cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic Lyme disease". ...
"Serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein and cerebrospinal fluid tau: marker candidates for dementia with Lewy bodies". ... "Identification of post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid proteins as potential biomarkers of ischemia and neurodegeneration". ...
Examples are metabomics, where biomarkers are identified in body fluids (urine, blood, cerebrospinal) and forensic sciences, ...
Elevated protein expression of alpha II-spectrin has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Guillain-Barré ... "Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 185 (1-2): 190-4. doi: ...
AD pathology frequently co-occurs in DLB and is associated with more rapid decline; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing may ... Compression stockings and elevating the head of the bed may also help, and increasing fluid intake or table salt can be tried ... "Fluid biomarkers". Hershey & Coleman-Jackson 2019, pp. 316-317. Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). "Chapter 7: Movement ... and increasing fluids or dietary fiber to treat constipation. Stool softeners and exercise also help with constipation. Excess ...
... lead to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural haematoma. Arterial occlusion may be due to thrombi, amniotic fragments or ... as well as intravenous fluids. Various vascular disorders occasionally cause psychosis, especially cerebral venous thrombosis. ...
... virus can also be found in cerebrospinal fluid. Control of the Mastomys rodent population is impractical, so ... Lassa Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid but Not in Serum". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 184 (3): 345-349. doi:10.1086/322033 ... Fluid replacement, blood transfusions, and medication for low blood pressure may be required. Intravenous interferon therapy ... All persons suspected of Lassa fever infection should be admitted to isolation facilities and their body fluids and excreta ...
... and criticism as other researchers found normal ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. Additionally iron ... Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI) is a term invented by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to ... March 2014). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive meta-analysis of case-control ... Later, in 1935, Tracy Putnam was able to produce similar lesions in dogs blocking their veins The term "chronic cerebrospinal ...
Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by ... Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, ... a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form ...
... cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSF leaking from the nose) or from the ears (cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea); periorbital ... and brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations in the underlying leptomeningeal cystic mass. A cranial burst skull fracture, ... a craniocerebral erosion or leptomeningeal cyst due to the usual development of a cystic mass filled with cerebrospinal fluid ...
In 1911, La Cava released a paper titled "On the Presence of Leishmanie in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Child with Kala-azar", ... everything characterized by a great prose and a precise and fluid style. The study received a wide approval because of the ...
Diagnosis can be made by testing blood, cerebrospinal fluids, joint or pleural fluids for bacterial DNA via PCR or bacterial ...
... including blood and cerebrospinal fluid) and air. The sealant film is synthetic and incorporates absorbable polymers, including ... "Use of a new absorbable sealing film for preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks: remarks on a new approach". ... preformed flexible patch that is applied to supplement sutures and surgical staples to seal tissues and prevent leaks of fluid ...
This can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea, CSF rhinorrhea), a condition ... The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils. Rhinorrhea can be caused by a head injury, a ... Rhinorrhea, rhinorrhoea, or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common ... spinal fluid leak, and tobacco smoke. Rhinorrhea is especially common in cold weather. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a ...
Leveling the EVD to a set pressure level is the basis for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage; hydrostatic pressure dictates CSF ... check and record cerebrospinal fluid drainage and intracranial pressure at least hourly. Continuous CSF drainage is associated ... The fluid column pressure must be greater than the weight of the CSF in the system before drainage occurs. It is therefore ... The purpose of external ventricular drainage is to divert fluid from the ventricles of the brain and allow for monitoring of ...
This fluid is known now to be cerebrospinal fluid. This major discovery is considered an important milestone in the history of ... In 1536 he described the cerebrospinal fluid. Massa graduated from the Venetian College of Physicians with a degree in surgery ... Herbowski, Leszek (2013-12-12). "The Maze of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Discovery". Anatomy Research International. 2013: 596027. ... Massa is credited with being the first physician to discover intraventricular fluid intracranially during an autopsy. Massa ...
with Lil Träskman and Peter Thorén) '5-HIAA in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Biochemical Suicide Predictor?', Archives of General ... Marie Åsberg; Lil Träskman; Peter Thorén (1996). "5-HIAA in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Biochemical Suicide Predictor?". In John ... Neurotransmitters and Suicidal Behavior: The evidence from cerebrospinal fluid studies', Annals of the New York Academy of ...
A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of tests that help diagnose diseases and conditions affecting the brain and ... What is a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis?. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and ... medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/cerebrospinal-fluid-csf-analysis/ Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis. ... www.nationalmssociety.org/Symptoms-Diagnosis/Diagnosing-Tools/Cerebrospinal-Fluid-(CSF). *Rammohan KW. Cerebrospinal fluid in ...
Studies show that treating live neurons using cerbrospinal fluid from progressive MS patients causes mitochondrial dysfunction ... Home Topics Drug Discovery Multiple Sclerosis Patients Cerebrospinal Fluid Offers New Clues for Potential Therapeutic ... Multiple Sclerosis Patients Cerebrospinal Fluid Offers New Clues for Potential Therapeutic Strategies. ... By studying the effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from MS patients on mitochondria in mouse neurons, U.S. researchers have ...
Here, we report that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) recapitulates the genomic alterations of the ... heterogeneity of paediatric medulloblastomas can be reliably detected in circulating tumour DNA from the cerebrospinal fluid - ... Detection of tumor-derived DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with primary tumors of the brain and spinal cord. Proc. Natl ... Evaluating cancer of the central nervous system through next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Oncol. 34, ...
Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(9):1692-1693. doi:10.3201/eid1009.030439.. ... Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A. Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Emerg Infect Dis. ... Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Volume 10, Number 9-September 2004. Article Views: 579. Data is collected weekly ... Diza, E., Papa, A., Vezyri, E., Tsounis, S., Milonas, I., & Antoniadis, A. (2004). Borrelia valaisiana in Cerebrospinal Fluid. ...
abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta 40 isoform level +. 2. abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta 42 isoform level +. ... any functional anomaly of the fluid that the occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the ...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. CSF protects the ... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. CSF protects the ... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is a test to look at the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. ... CSF total protein is a test to determine the amount of protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that is in ...
Quantitation of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis by the polymerase ... in cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). ...
... and separation by capillary electrophoresis of amino acids from cerebrospinal fluids. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad ... TY - JOUR T1 - Stacking, derivatization, and separation by capillary electrophoresis of amino acids from cerebrospinal fluids. ... Stacking, derivatization, and separation by capillary electrophoresis of amino acids from cerebrospinal fluids.. ... Stacking, derivatization, and separation by capillary electrophoresis of amino acids from cerebrospinal fluids. Electrophoresis ...
... sample introduction system has been applied for the first time to the multielement analysis of non-diluted cerebrospinal fluids ... Cerebrospinal fluid elemental analysis by using a total sample consumption system operated at high temperature adapted to ... Cerebrospinal fluid elemental analysis by using a total sample consumption system operated at high temperature adapted to ... sample introduction system has been applied for the first time to the multielement analysis of non-diluted cerebrospinal fluids ...
The Cerebrospinal Fluid Management Products Market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and ... 1.8 Overview of Global Cerebrospinal Fluid Management Products Market. 1.8.1 Global Cerebrospinal Fluid Management Products ... 3.1 Top Manufacturers Headquarters, Rank by Cerebrospinal Fluid Management Products Production. 3.2 Global Cerebrospinal Fluid ... Ranking by Cerebrospinal Fluid Management Products Revenue. 1.4 Market Analysis by Type. 1.4.1 Global Cerebrospinal Fluid ...
Accordingly, our primary objective is to provide proof-of-concept that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based biomarkers measuring ... Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microtubule-mediated axonal transport for monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic ... Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microtubule-mediated axonal transport for monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic ... Accordingly, our primary objective is to provide proof-of-concept that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based biomarkers measuring ...
Studies of the blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier to antibodies and other proteins. A. L. Sherwin, M. Richter, J. B. R. Cosgrove ... Studies of the blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier to antibodies and other proteins ...
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from extra-ventricular drainage (EVD) systems is routinely analysed to diagnose EVD-related bacterial ... Effect of sample processing and time delay on cell count and chemistry tests in cerebrospinal fluid collected from drainage ... cerebrospinal fluid, extra-ventricular drainage system, cell count, biochemistry analyses, turnaround time ... Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from extra-ventricular drainage (EVD) systems is routinely analysed to diagnose EVD- ...
Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of ... We developed a microRNA profiling strategy for exosomal miRNAs isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PD and AD. Sixteen ... As molecular changes in the brain are reflected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, the CSF represents an optimal source ... Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinsons disease: a pathogenetically based approach. Neurobiol Dis. 2010; 39: ...
The fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid, commonly referred to as CSF. The CSF is located and produced within fluid compartments ... Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage system Patient information A-Z. Print this page. ... Putting in an EVD is a temporary method of draining too much fluid from the brain. The EVD system uses a catheter (a thin ... The tube drains excess CSF that fills the fluid compartment of the brain and around the spinal cord. The flexible tube from the ...
Erratum to "Direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the ... Erratum to "Direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation. Further testing with CSF evaluation is warranted for persons with clinical signs of ...
Concentration of Procaine in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Human Being after Subarachnoid Injection: third report H. Koster H ... H. Koster; Concentration of Procaine in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Human Being after Subarachnoid Injection: third report. ... Cerebrospinal Fluid Density Influences Extent of Plain Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia Anesthesiology (June 2002) ... Density of Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Humans Anesthesiology (August 1996) ...
Background: Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a rare entity that can lead to intracranial hypotension and ... Dive into the research topics of Full Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous Ventral Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in the Spine: ... Full Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous Ventral Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in the Spine: Systematic Review of Surgical Treatment ... N2 - Background: Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a rare entity that can lead to intracranial hypotension ...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis. CSF markers are helpful in early dementia, when the diagnosis may be confusing. These markers, ... Prevention of AIDS dementia by HAART does not depend on cerebrospinal fluid drug penetrance. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 ... HIV infection in the CNS can be detected and monitored by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load measurements. A positive ... Factors influencing virological response to antiretroviral drugs in cerebrospinal fluid of advanced HIV-1-infected patients. ...
Mutations in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Lung Cancer with Brain Metastases -.... Peter Hofland, Ph.D - November 17, 2017. ...
Cerebrospinal fluid Xanthochromia. Specimen for Cerebrospinal fluid Xanthochromia. *Cerebrospinal fluid is needed. ... Pathophysiology of Cerebrospinal fluid Xanthochromia. *The normal color of the C S F is clear and colorless. ... Cerebrospinal fluid Xanthochromia indicates increased CSF proteins. ...
This is shaped by the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid from the sacrum up. The way I visualize it is that the cerebrospinal ... Cerebrospinal Fluid. Brain Detox. by Increased Circulation. &. ​IMPROVE:. Brain fog. Reading comprehension. Sleep. Stress. ... Release hip tension to increase circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (cfs) to the top of the head, as with the cranial sacral ... Several factors impact glymphatic vessel flow and help detox the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, CFS,. These can be done through ...
Insulin was significantly decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of both women and men with mild AD. Insulin deficits were seen ... Insulin levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of women with prodomal Alzheimers disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;22(2 ... Previous studies have failed to reach consensus on insulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimers disease (AD) patients ... Insulin levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of women with prodomal Alzheimers disease ...
Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology Bridel C., van Wieringen WN., Zetterberg H., ...
The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important aid in the diagnosis of neurological diseases. The number of ... Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers. NEUROMETHODS. Series Editor Wolfgang Walz University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. ... The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier [1 ed.] 0415320747, 9780415320740. Despite the existence of two barrier systems in the ... Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols [1st ed. 2019] 978-1-4939-9705-3, 978-1-4939-9706-0. This volume ...
ALVES, Flavio Geraldes et al. Laboratory parameters of cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with enterovirus meningitis. Rev. ... Keywords : enterovirus; cerebrospinal fluid; viral meningitis. · abstract in Portuguese · text in English , Portuguese · ... and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. However, the reference values of some ...
T1 - Cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity and clinical outcomes after amphotericin-based induction therapy for cryptococcal ... Cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity and clinical outcomes after amphotericin-based induction therapy for cryptococcal ... Cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity and clinical outcomes after amphotericin-based induction therapy for cryptococcal ... Cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity and clinical outcomes after amphotericin-based induction therapy for cryptococcal ...
Cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor. / Nelson, Peter T.; Jicha, Gregory A. In: JAMA Neurology, Vol. 72, No. ... Nelson, P. T., & Jicha, G. A. (2015). Cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor. JAMA Neurology, 72(5), 502-503. ... Nelson, Peter T. ; Jicha, Gregory A. / Cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor. In: JAMA Neurology. 2015 ; Vol. ... Nelson, PT & Jicha, GA 2015, Cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor, JAMA Neurology, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 502- ...
... Adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus have been shown to have altered cerebrospinal (CSF) flow through the cerebral ...
  • Accordingly, our primary objective is to provide proof-of-concept that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based biomarkers measuring microtubule-mediated transport of cargo molecules in neurons are altered in people with Parkinson's disease. (michaeljfox.org)
  • As molecular changes in the brain are reflected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, the CSF represents an optimal source of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Erratum to "Direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the VP1 region" [J. Clin. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CSF total protein is a test to determine the amount of protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (limamemorial.org)
  • The total protein test measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the fluid portion of your blood. (limamemorial.org)
  • The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, protein, and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoimmune disorders , such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome and multiple sclerosis (MS). CSF tests for these disorders look for high levels of certain proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Parkinson's shares with other neurodegenerative diseases altered microtubule function and neuronal transport deficits which can be detected and quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans using isotopic labeling of transported cargo proteins. (michaeljfox.org)
  • HIV infection in the CNS can be detected and monitored by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load measurements. (medscape.com)
  • Previous studies have failed to reach consensus on insulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and on its relation to pathological features. (unav.edu)
  • Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 10 or 40 microg of multi-walled carbon nanotube s (MWCNT-7, 49 nm mean diameter and 3.86 microm mean length) or vehicle (0.6 mg/ml mouse albumin and 0.01 mg/ml 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) by oropharyngeal aspiration with serum, cerebrospinal, and bronchial lavage fluids collected 4 h post-exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from extra-ventricular drainage (EVD) systems is routinely analysed to diagnose EVD-related bacterial meningitis. (srce.hr)
  • A spinal tap may also be done to establish the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus or bleeding into the spinal fluid from an aneurysm. (limamemorial.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is a buildup of spinal fluid inside the fluid chambers of the brain. (limamemorial.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is an abnormal (too much) collection of fluid in the head. (cuh.nhs.uk)
  • Adults with normal pressure hydrocephalus have been shown to have altered cerebrospinal (CSF) flow through the cerebral aqueduct . (bvsalud.org)
  • Acute hydrocephalus , which results from an interruption of cerebrospinal fluid flow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The third major circulation system, cerebrospinal fluid also seems to flow from some source of pressure, although it is not clear whether it moves pushed by blood, breath, or movement by its own mechanism, researcher will state that they don't know everything about the glymph and cfs. (primalrejuvenation.com)
  • Circulation removes toxicity and metabolic waste from cells out the interstitial fluid into the lymph or glymph and into the blood, liver and out the gut. (primalrejuvenation.com)
  • Blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Do you work in public safety and come in contact with blood or body fluids (for example, police officer or firefighter)? (cdc.gov)
  • S. pneumoniae from a normally sterile body site (e.g. blood or cerebrospinal fluid). (cdc.gov)
  • We demonstrate the diagnostic potential of this approach for the determination of amino acids, including GABA and glutamine, in biological samples through the analysis of large volumes of cerebral spinal fluids without the need for sample pretreatment. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Here, we report that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) recapitulates the genomic alterations of the tumour and facilitates subgrouping and risk stratification, providing valuable information about diagnosis and prognosis. (nature.com)
  • Quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow and volume in enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces of infancy using MRI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid acts like a cushion that helps protect your brain and spinal cord from sudden impact or injury. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A CSF analysis is a group of tests that use a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid to help diagnose diseases of the brain and spinal cord and other conditions that affect the central nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What is a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis? (medlineplus.gov)
  • A CSF analysis is used to measure different substances in your cerebrospinal fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A total consumption low sample introduction system has been applied for the first time to the multielement analysis of non-diluted cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A 2.5 μL sample volume has been injected into an air carrier stream in agreement with the air-segmented injection principle. (rsc.org)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is a test to look at the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. (limamemorial.org)
  • The tube drains excess CSF that fills the fluid compartment of the brain and around the spinal cord. (cuh.nhs.uk)
  • however, B. valaisiana has not been isolated from cerebrspinal fluid (CSF) until this report. (cdc.gov)
  • To get a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, a provider will do a procedure called a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This test is done to measure pressures within the CSF and to collect a sample of the fluid for further testing. (limamemorial.org)
  • CSF may also be collected from a tube that is already placed in the fluid, such as a shunt or a ventricular drain. (limamemorial.org)
  • The fluid also removes waste products from the brain and helps your central nervous system work properly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The EVD system uses a catheter (a thin plastic tube), which is placed in the fluid compartment in the brain via a hole done in the head through surgery. (cuh.nhs.uk)
  • By studying the effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from MS patients on mitochondria in mouse neurons, U.S. researchers have now identified a biological mechanism that might ultimately help develop new therapeutic strategies against the progressive form of the disease. (genengnews.com)
  • Previous studies have shown the diagnostic utility of qualitative detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). (nih.gov)
  • However, 40%-50% of individuals have positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fungal cultures at completion of 2 weeks of amphotericin induction therapy. (umn.edu)
  • Your provider will withdraw a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A CSF glucose test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (limamemorial.org)
  • Release hip tension to increase circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (cfs) to the top of the head, as with the cranial sacral rhythm of the cranial sacral theory, and this may provide hydrostatic pressure to move the glymph. (primalrejuvenation.com)
  • This is to prevent fluid from leaking around the site of the puncture. (limamemorial.org)
  • The test is also used to measure pressure in the spinal fluid. (limamemorial.org)
  • Lumbar puncture with fluid collection may also be part of other procedures such as an x-ray or CT scan after dye has been inserted into the CSF. (limamemorial.org)