Cerebral ventricles. Medical search

Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.

One of three principal openings in the SUBARACHNOID SPACE. They are also known as cerebellomedullary cistern, and collectively as cisterns.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.

Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.

A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.

Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.

A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. Included are drugs that act at histamine receptors, affect the life cycle of histamine, or affect the state of histaminergic cells.

The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Substances capable of increasing BODY TEMPERATURE and cause FEVER and may be used for FEVER THERAPY. They may be of microbial origin, often POLYSACCHARIDES, and may contaminate distilled water.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.

A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.

Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.

The consumption of liquids.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

Veins draining the cerebrum.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

(11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The consumption of edible substances.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.

Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right HEART VENTRICLE.

Incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the AORTA and the PULMONARY ARTERY arise from the RIGHT VENTRICLE. The only outlet of the LEFT VENTRICLE is a large ventricular septal defect (VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS or VSD). The various subtypes are classified by the location of the septal defect, such as subaortic, subpulmonary, or noncommitted.

Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.

Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)

The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.

Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).

Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.

A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.

A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.

Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

Narrow channel in the MESENCEPHALON that connects the third and fourth CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.

This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.

Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the ARACHNOID and the DURA MATER.

Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.

Adult subventricular zone neuronal precursors continue to proliferate and migrate in the absence of the olfactory bulb. (1/1602)

Neurons continue to be born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of adult mice. These cells migrate as a network of chains through the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into mature neurons. The OB is the only known target for these neuronal precursors. Here, we show that, after elimination of the OB, the SVZ and RMS persist and become dramatically larger. The proportion of dividing [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled] or dying (pyknotic or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end-labeled) cells in the RMS was not significantly affected at 3 d or 3 weeks after bulbectomy (OBX). However, by 3 months after OBX, the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in the RMS decreased by half and that of dying cells doubled. Surprisingly, the rostral migration of precursors continued along the RMS after OBX. This was demonstrated by focal microinjections of BrdU and grafts of SVZ cells carrying LacZ under the control of a neuron-specific promoter gene. Results indicate that the OB is not essential for proliferation and the directional migration of SVZ precursors. (+info)

Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep. (2/1602)

The subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) were ablated either individually or in various combinations, and the effects on drinking induced by either intravenous infusion of hypertonic 4 M NaCl (1.3 ml/min for 30 min) or water deprivation for 48 h were studied. Ablation of either the OVLT or SFO alone did not affect drinking in response to intravenous 4 M NaCl, although combined ablation of these two circumventricular organs substantially reduced but did not abolish such drinking. Ablation of the MnPO or MnPO and SFO together also substantially reduced, but did not abolish, drinking in response to intravenous hypertonic NaCl. Only near-total destruction of the lamina terminalis (OVLT, MnPO, and part or all of the SFO) abolished acute osmotically induced drinking. The large lesions also reduced drinking after water deprivation, whereas none of the other lesions significantly affected such drinking. None of these lesions altered feeding. The results show that all parts of the lamina terminalis play a role in the drinking induced by acute increases in plasma tonicity. The lamina terminalis appears to play a less crucial role in the drinking response after water deprivation than for the drinking response to acute intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. (+info)

Volumetric change of the lateral ventricles in the human brain following glucose loading. (3/1602)

Lateral ventricular volumes were monitored and quantified using accurately registered magnetic resonance images (MRIs) in six healthy individuals 30 min before and up to 4 h after ingestion of a glucose drink. The volume of the lateral ventricles increased by an average (+/- S.E.M.) of 2.4 +/- 0.4% as blood glucose levels rose from 4.8 +/- 0.2 mmol l-1 to 8.4 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1. This was followed by a peak decrease of 5.99 +/- 3.3% below initial fasting volumes as blood glucose levels fell to 5.0 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1. We suggest that the secondary volume decrease demonstrates a homeostatic process of brain volume regulation for which the mechanism remains uncertain. (+info)

Hyaline membrane disease, alkali, and intraventricular haemorrhage. (4/1602)

The relation between intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was studied in singletons that came to necropsy at Hammersmith Hospital over the years 1966-73. The incidence of IVH in singleton live births was 3-22/1000 and of HMD 4-44/1000. Although the high figures were partily due to the large number of low birthweight infants born at this hospital, the incidence of IVH in babies weighing 1001-1500 g was three times as great as that reported in the 1658 British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Most IVH deaths were in babies with HMD, but the higher frequency of IVH was not associated with any prolongation of survival time of babies who died with HMD as compared with the 1958 survey. IVH was seen frequently at gestations of up to 36 weeks in babies with HMD but was rare above 30 weeks' gestation in babies without HMD. This indicated that factors associated with HMD must cause most cases of IVH seen at gestations above 30 weeks. Comparison of clinical details in infants with HMD who died with or without IVH (at gestations of 30-37 weeks) showed no significant differences between the groups other than a high incidence of fits and greater use of alkali therapy in the babies with IVH. During the 12 hours when most alkali therapy was given, babies dying with IVD received a mean total alkali dosage of 10-21 mmol/kg and those dying without IVH 6-34 mmol/kg (P less than 0-001). There was no difference in severity of hypoxia or of metabolic acidosis between the 2 groups. Babies who died with HMD and germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) without IVH had received significantly more alkali than those who died with HMD alone, whereas survivors of severe respiratory distress syndrome had received lower alkali doses than other groups. It is suggested that the greatly increased death rate from IVH in babies with HMD indicates some alteration of management of HMD (since 1958) as a causative factor. Liberal use of hypertonic alkali solutions is the common factor which distinguishes babies dying with GLH and IVH from other groups of babies with HMD. Although the causal nature of this association remains unproved, it seems justifiable to lrge caution in alkali usage. (+info)

Apparent loss and hypertrophy of interneurons in a mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: evidence for partial response to insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment. (5/1602)

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders with onset from infancy to adulthood that are manifested by blindness, seizures, and dementia. In NCL, lysosomes accumulate autofluorescent proteolipid in the brain and other tissues. The mnd/mnd mutant mouse was first characterized as exhibiting adult-onset upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, but closer examination revealed early, widespread pathology similar to that seen in NCL. We used the autofluorescent properties of accumulated storage material to map which CNS neuronal populations in the mnd/mnd mouse show NCL-like pathological changes. Pronounced, early accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment was found in subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, including interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Staining for phenotypic markers normally present in these neurons revealed progressive loss of staining in the cortex and hippocampus of mnd/mnd mice, with pronounced hypertrophy of remaining detectable interneurons. In contrast, even in aged mutant mice, many hippocampal interneurons retained staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 partially restored interneuronal number and reduced hypertrophy in some subregions. These results provide the first evidence for the involvement of interneurons in a mouse model of NCL. Moreover, our findings suggest that at least some populations of these neurons persist in a growth factor-responsive state. (+info)

A quantitative MR study of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in healthy subjects 40 to 90 years of age. (6/1602)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several investigators have defined normal age-specific values for the medial temporal lobe structures in neurologically normal elderly subjects, but, to our knowledge, no one has reported those values for a large sample of healthy volunteers. The purpose of our study was to define normal age-specific values for the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle by age group, ranging from 40 to 90 years, in order to generate a guideline for the quantitative MR diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early Alzheimer disease. METHODS: MR-based volumetric measurements of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn, standardized by total intracranial volume, were obtained from oblique coronal and sagittal T1-weighted MR images in 619 healthy volunteers and two cadaveric specimens. RESULTS: Differences in standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn were significant among the 61- to 70-year-old, 71- to 80-year-old, and 81- to 90-year-old groups, and were not significant between the 40- to 50-year-old and 51- to 60-year-old groups. We found no significant differences in side or sex among the age groups for any of the structures. CONCLUSION: Differences in the mean value and in the 95% normal range of standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn correspond to differences in age among healthy subjects; therefore, age should be considered a factor in correlative research, especially in that involving patients in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. (+info)

Blood pressure reduction and diabetes insipidus in transgenic rats deficient in brain angiotensinogen. (7/1602)

Angiotensin produced systemically or locally in tissues such as the brain plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and in the development of hypertension. We have established transgenic rats [TGR(ASrAOGEN)] expressing an antisense RNA against angiotensinogen mRNA specifically in the brain. In these animals, the brain angiotensinogen level is reduced by more than 90% and the drinking response to intracerebroventricular renin infusions is decreased markedly compared with control rats. Blood pressure of transgenic rats is lowered by 8 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa) compared with control rats. Crossbreeding of TGR(ASrAOGEN) with a hypertensive transgenic rat strain exhibiting elevated angiotensin II levels in tissues results in a marked attenuation of the hypertensive phenotype. Moreover, TGR(ASrAOGEN) exhibit a diabetes insipidus-like syndrome producing an increased amount of urine with decreased osmolarity. The observed reduction in plasma vasopressin by 35% may mediate these phenotypes of TGR(ASrAOGEN). This new animal model presenting long-term and tissue-specific down-regulation of angiotensinogen corroborates the functional significance of local angiotensin production in the brain for the central regulation of blood pressure and for the pathogenesis of hypertension. (+info)

Recovery from anterograde and retrograde amnesia after percutaneous drainage of a cystic craniopharyngioma. (8/1602)

A case is reported of a cystic craniopharyngioma involving the floor and walls of the third ventricle. Pronounced anterograde and retrograde amnesia were documented preoperatively by formal testing. Rapid improvement in both new learning capacity and remote memory occurred after percutaneous twist drill drainage of the cystic portion of the tumour. The relevance of these observations to the amnesic syndrome and its neuropathological basis is discussed. (+info)

Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.

There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.

Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

The symptoms of cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on their size, location, and growth rate. They may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or cognitive function. As the tumor grows, it can press on surrounding brain tissue and disrupt normal brain function.

Diagnosis of cerebral ventricle neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue sampling through a biopsy procedure. Treatment options for cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat these tumors.

Examples of types of cerebral ventricle neoplasms include:

1. Choroid plexus papilloma: A benign tumor that arises from the choroid plexus, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Choroid plexus carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the choroid plexus.
3. Ventricular ependymoma: A tumor that arises from the ependyma, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and helps to move cerebrospinal fluid through the brain.
4. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): A rare benign tumor that arises from the subependymal layer of tissue, which is located beneath the ependyma.

Overall, cerebral ventricle neoplasms are a complex and diverse group of brain tumors that can have significant impacts on the brain and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of tumor and the individual patient's needs.

Causes:

1. Brain injury during fetal development or birth
2. Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) to the brain, often due to complications during labor and delivery
3. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
4. Stroke or bleeding in the brain
5. Traumatic head injury
6. Genetic disorders
7. Premature birth
8. Low birth weight
9. Multiples (twins, triplets)
10. Maternal infections during pregnancy.

Symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the body
2. Lack of coordination and balance
3. Difficulty with movement, posture, and gait
4. Spasticity (stiffness) or hypotonia (looseness) of muscles
5. Intellectual disability or learning disabilities
6. Seizures
7. Vision, hearing, or speech problems
8. Swallowing difficulties
9. Increased risk of infections and bone fractures
10. Delays in reaching developmental milestones.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans
3. Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity
4. Developmental assessments to evaluate cognitive and motor skills
5. Genetic testing to identify underlying causes.

Treatment:

1. Physical therapy to improve movement, balance, and strength
2. Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills and fine motor activities
3. Speech therapy for communication and swallowing difficulties
4. Medications to control seizures, spasticity, or pain
5. Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release contracted muscles
6. Assistive devices, such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs, to aid mobility and independence.

It's important to note that each individual with Cerebral Palsy may have a unique combination of symptoms and require a personalized treatment plan. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Cerebral Palsy can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals despite the challenges they face.

There are several types of hydrocephalus, including:

1. Aqueductal stenosis: This occurs when the aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to an accumulation of CSF in the brain.
2. Choroid plexus papilloma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the choroid plexus, which is a layer of tissue that produces CSF.
3. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: This occurs when there is a decrease in the volume of brain tissue due to injury or disease, leading to an accumulation of CSF.
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): This is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in adults and is characterized by an enlarged ventricle, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline, despite normal pressure levels.
5. Symptomatic hydrocephalus: This type of hydrocephalus is caused by other conditions such as brain tumors, cysts, or injuries.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus can include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and difficulty walking or speaking. Treatment options for hydrocephalus depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a shunt to drain excess CSF. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Prognosis for hydrocephalus varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Infarction Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the middle cerebral artery. This artery supplies blood to the temporal lobe of the brain, which controls many important functions such as memory, language, and spatial reasoning. When this artery becomes blocked or ruptured, it can cause a lack of blood supply to the affected areas resulting in tissue death (infarction).

The symptoms of an MCA infarction can vary depending on the location and severity of the blockage. Some common symptoms include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Patients may also experience sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

The diagnosis of MCA infarction is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests. Imaging studies can help to identify the location and severity of the blockage, while laboratory tests may be used to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment for MCA infarction depends on the underlying cause of the blockage or rupture. In some cases, medications such as thrombolytics may be given to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow to the affected areas. Surgery may also be required to remove any blockages or repair damaged blood vessels. Other interventions such as endovascular procedures or brain bypass surgery may also be used to restore blood flow.

In summary, middle cerebral artery infarction is a type of stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue. It can cause a range of symptoms including weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment options include medications, surgery, endovascular procedures, or brain bypass surgery.

Cerebral malaria occurs when the parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infect and multiply in red blood cells in the brain, causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue. This can lead to a range of symptoms including seizures, coma, and even death.

Cerebral malaria is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood smears or PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can help to clear the parasites from the bloodstream and reduce inflammation in the brain. In severe cases, treatment may also involve supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation or dialysis, to manage complications related to the disease.

Prevention of cerebral malaria is challenging, but measures such as using insecticide-treated bed nets, wearing protective clothing, and applying insect repellents can help reduce the risk of infection. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities where mosquitoes can breed can also help reduce the incidence of malaria.

The prognosis for cerebral malaria varies depending on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes, while delayed or inadequate treatment can lead to serious complications or death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cerebral malaria is a leading cause of mortality in African children under the age of five, with an estimated 20% to 30% mortality rate in severe cases.

The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.

There are different types of brain ischemia, including:

1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.

The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.

There are different types of fever, including:

1. Pyrexia: This is the medical term for fever. It is used to describe a body temperature that is above normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
2. Hyperthermia: This is a more severe form of fever, where the body temperature rises significantly above normal levels.
3. Febrile seizure: This is a seizure that occurs in children who have a high fever.
4. Remittent fever: This is a type of fever that comes and goes over a period of time.
5. Intermittent fever: This is a type of fever that recurs at regular intervals.
6. Chronic fever: This is a type of fever that persists for an extended period of time, often more than 3 weeks.

The symptoms of fever can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Elevated body temperature
* Chills
* Sweating
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite

In some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone in your care has a fever, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or chest pain.

Treatment for fever depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen may be prescribed to help reduce the fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully and to consult with a healthcare professional before giving medication to children.

In addition to medication, there are other ways to help manage fever symptoms at home. These include:

* Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
* Taking cool baths or using a cool compress to reduce body temperature
* Resting and avoiding strenuous activities
* Using over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen, to help manage headache and muscle aches.

Preventive measures for fever include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying up to date on vaccinations, which can help prevent certain infections that can cause fever.

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.

Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:

1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.

Example sentence: "The patient experienced a transient ischemic attack, which was caused by a temporary blockage in one of the blood vessels in their brain."

Synonyms: TIA, mini-stroke.

The term "cerebral" refers to the brain, "amyloid" refers to the abnormal protein deposits, and "angiopathy" refers to the damage caused to the blood vessels. CAA is often associated with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, and other forms of dementia.

CAA is a type of small vessel ischemic disease (SVID), which affects the smaller blood vessels in the brain. The exact cause of CAA is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for CAA, but researchers are working to develop new treatments to slow its progression and manage its symptoms.

Some common symptoms of CAA include:

* Cognitive decline
* Seizures
* Stroke-like episodes
* Memory loss
* Confusion
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

If you suspect you or a loved one may be experiencing symptoms of CAA, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. A thorough medical history and physical examination, along with imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, can help confirm the presence of CAA.

While there is no cure for CAA, there are several treatment options available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include medications to control seizures, improve cognitive function, and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery or endovascular procedures may be necessary to repair or remove damaged blood vessels.

It is important to note that CAA is a complex condition, and its management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, geriatricians, radiologists, and other healthcare professionals. With proper diagnosis and treatment, however, many individuals with CAA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The word "edema" comes from the Greek word "oidema", meaning swelling.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.

DORV is usually diagnosed during fetal echocardiography or after birth when symptoms such as cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing are present. Treatment options for DORV may include medications to manage symptoms, surgery to repair the defect, or a combination of both. In some cases, the condition may be fatal if left untreated.

It's important to note that while double outlet right ventricle is a rare condition, it can be part of a more complex heart defect known as tetralogy of Fallot, which also includes other congenital heart defects such as a narrow pulmonary valve and an enlarged aorta.

1. Atrial fibrillation (a type of irregular heartbeat)
2. Heart disease or valve problems
3. Blood clots in the legs or lungs
4. Infective endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves)
5. Cancer and its treatment
6. Trauma to the head or neck
7. High blood pressure
8. Atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries)

When a blockage occurs in one of the blood vessels of the brain, it can deprive the brain of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and potentially causing a range of symptoms including:

1. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
2. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
4. Sudden severe headache
5. Dizziness or loss of balance
6. Fainting or falling

Intracranial embolism and thrombosis can be diagnosed through a variety of imaging tests, including:

1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
3. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
4. Cerebral angiography
5. Doppler ultrasound

Treatment options for intracranial embolism and thrombosis depend on the underlying cause of the blockage, but may include:

1. Medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clotting
2. Surgery to remove the blockage or repair the affected blood vessel
3. Endovascular procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels
4. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Types of congenital heart defects include:

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

If you suspect vasospasm, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options may include medications to dilate blood vessels, surgery to relieve pressure on affected areas, or other interventions depending on the severity of the condition.

Preventing vasospasm can be challenging, but some measures can reduce the risk of developing this condition. These include managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol levels; avoiding head injuries by wearing protective gear during sports and other activities; and adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in managing vasospasm and preventing long-term damage to the brain tissue. If you experience any symptoms suggestive of vasospasm, seek medical attention promptly to receive appropriate care and improve outcomes.

Synonyms: RV dysfunction

See also: Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Cardiac Dysfunction, Heart Failure

Note: This term is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term used to indicate the specific location of cardiac dysfunction. A more comprehensive diagnosis would require further evaluation and testing by a healthcare provider.

Brain hypoxia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients. Treatment options may include oxygen therapy, medications to improve blood flow to the brain, and surgery to remove any blockages or obstructions in blood vessels.

In a normal heart, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle. In TGV, the positions of these vessels are reversed, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arising from the left ventricle. This can lead to a variety of complications, including cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing.

TGV is often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, and treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect. In some cases, a procedure called an arterial switch may be performed, in which the aorta and pulmonary artery are surgically reversed to their normal positions. In other cases, a heart transplant may be necessary. With proper treatment, many individuals with TGV can lead active and healthy lives. However, they may require ongoing monitoring and care throughout their lives to manage any potential complications.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

The symptoms of RVH can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. If left untreated, RVH can lead to heart failure and other complications.

RVH is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and right heart catheterization. Treatment options for RVH depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to reduce blood pressure, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, heart transplantation.

Preventing RVH involves managing underlying conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, managing high blood pressure, and avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and alcohol. Early detection and treatment of RVH can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

There are several types of heart septal defects, including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and mitral valve defects. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type and occur when there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles.

Symptoms of heart septal defects can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, the defect may not cause any symptoms at all until later in life.

Diagnosis of heart septal defects is typically made using echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), or chest X-rays. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the defect and can include medication to manage symptoms, surgery to repair the defect, or catheter procedures to close the opening. In some cases, heart septal defects may be treated with a procedure called balloon atrial septostomy, in which a balloon is inserted through a catheter into the abnormal opening and inflated to close it.

Prognosis for patients with heart septal defects depends on the severity of the defect and the presence of any other congenital heart defects. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and endocardrial infection.

In summary, heart septal defects, ventricular type, are congenital heart defects that occur when there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet. Diagnosis is typically made using echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), or chest X-rays. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the defect and can include medication, surgery, or catheter procedures. Prognosis is generally good for patients with heart septal defects if they receive early diagnosis and treatment.

Knock out mice with homozygous mutations have non-viable offspring with enlarged cerebral ventricles. A consanginous couple has ... Post mortem showed enlarged cerebral ventricles and contracted limbs. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000036333 - Ensembl ... Homozygous KIDINS220 loss-of-function variants in fetuses with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Hum Mol Genet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIDINS220

Dandy, W. E. (July 1918). "Ventriculography Following the Injection of Air into the Cerebral Ventricles". Annals of Surgery. 68 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy's_point

Intracerebroventricular (into the cerebral ventricles) administration into the ventricular system of the brain. One use is as a ... "A potential application for the intracerebral injection of drugs entrapped within liposomes in the treatment of human cerebral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration

In his book he described finding a large amount of fluid between cerebral ventricles. This fluid is known now to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolò_Massa

... cerebral ventricles, and spinal cord. Asymptomatic infections and calcified cysticerci probably will not require treatment. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_hydatigena

He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the ... He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci

The lateral ventricles are the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cerebral ... Fetal lateral ventricles may be diagnosed using linear or planar measurements. The volume of the lateral ventricles is known to ... The body of the lateral ventricle, or central part is the part of the ventricle between the anterior horn and the trigone. Its ... The anterior horn connects to the third ventricle, via the interventricular foramen. This portion of the lateral ventricle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricles

It is located in the posterior part of the third ventricle, overlying the cerebral aqueduct. In severe cases of hydrocephalus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprapineal_recess

In June 2020, Cunego was hospitalised due to ventriculitis, an infection of the cerebral ventricle. 1998 1st Overall Giro della ... "Damiano Cunego hospitalised after contracting brain ventricle infection". cyclingnews.com. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_Cunego

"Deletion including the oligophrenin-1 gene associated with enlarged cerebral ventricles, cerebellar hypoplasia, seizures and ... A small cerebellum and large ventricles can be seen on brain imaging (MRI). Treatment is supportive and includes physical, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPHN1

Ultrasonography demonstrated fetal hydrops, diaphragmatic hernia, and striking dilatation of the cerebral ventricles in both ... Progressive cerebral and brainstem atrophy was noted on serial MRIs made at 3 months and after 6 months of age. Van Hove et al ... cerebral ventricular dilation, camptodactyly, agenesis of sacrum, low-set ear.[citation needed] In a newborn boy thought to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryns_syndrome

... and then the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain. From the fourth ventricle it can pass into the central ... View of ventricles and choroid plexus Lateral ventricles along with subcortical structures, in glass brain Brain Ventricles ... The ventricles contained within the telencephalon become the lateral ventricles, and the ventricles within the diencephalon ... The ventricles contained within the rhombencephalon become the fourth ventricle, and the ventricles contained within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system

Additionally, blockage of ventricles could cause buildup of cerebral spinal fluid resulting in swelling around the tumor. The ... The cysts are benign tumors that usually appear in the anterior third ventricle. The cysts occur in the epithelium putting ... has still not been resolved as neural chimeras have been shown to circulate throughout the ventricles and incorporate into all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroepithelial_cell

"Inhibition of post-partum maternal behaviour in the rat by injecting an oxytocin antagonist into the cerebral ventricles". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin

Also noticed were hemorrhages in the gray matter around the third and fourth ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct. Brain ... the walls of the 3rd ventricle, the floor of the 4th ventricle, the cerebellum, and the frontal lobe. In addition to the damage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke–Korsakoff_syndrome

He described in great detail the structure of the brainstem, the cerebellum, the ventricles, and the cerebral hemispheres. The ... Broca performed an autopsy and determined that the patient had a lesion in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere. ... Galen further theorized that the brain functioned by the movement of animal spirits through the ventricles. He also noted that ... He was also the first person to associate mental deficits with deficits in the brain's middle ventricle or frontal lobe. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neuroscience

... cerebral ventricle dilatation and hydronephrosis were observed. One of the brothers had microcephaly that was detectable by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdermot-Winter_syndrome

Hydrocephalus blocks cerebral fluid in the brain and creates pressure within the ventricles. In Baccouche's case, that pressure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziza_Baccouche

Walker and Blackfan discovered where cerebrospinal fluid originated by tracking dye injected into the cerebral ventricle of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Blackfan

In HDLS, there is enlargement of the lateral ventricles and marked thinning or weakening of cerebral white matter. The loss of ... is a rare adult onset autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cerebral white matter degeneration with demyelination and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_leukoencephalopathy_with_spheroids

CT will usually show distortion of third and lateral ventricles with displacement of anterior and middle cerebral arteries. ... but with a preference for the cerebral hemispheres; they occur usually in adults, and have an intrinsic tendency to progress to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytoma

"Effects of some benzodiazepines on the acetylcholine release in the anterior horn of the lateral cerebral ventricle of the cat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam

... gray matter heterotopia is the presence of gray matter within the cerebral white matter or ventricles. Heterotopia within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopia_(medicine)

... is a neurosurgical procedure that involves creating a hole (stoma) within a cerebral ventricle for drainage. It ... It is done by surgically penetrating the skull, dura mater, and brain such that the ventricle of the brain is accessed. When ... For example, a "third ventriculostomy" is a neurosurgical procedure that creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriculostomy

The cranial pia mater joins with the ependyma, which lines the cerebral ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce ... This layer goes in between the cerebral gyri and cerebellar laminae, folding inward to create the tela chorioidea of the third ... It is absent only at the natural openings between the ventricles, the median aperture, and the lateral aperture. The pia firmly ... The CSF travels from the ventricles and cerebellum through three foramina in the brain, emptying into the cerebrum, and ending ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater

... third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle in adulthood originated from these ... These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon; the lateral ventricles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain_development_timeline

The fluid-filled cerebral ventricles (lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle) are also ... Cerebral- and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, neural cell bodies, or shorter axons,[citation needed] which can ... The total number of long range fibers within a cerebral hemisphere is 2% of the total number of cortico-cortical fibers (across ... "Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Volume and Oxygen Utilization". Brain. 113: 27-47. doi:10.1093/brain/113.1.27. PMID 2302536. Marner ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter

... enlarged ventricles, cerebral atrophy and asymmetry). A criticism of the TN model is that most individuals who experience ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumagenic_neurodevelopmental_model_of_psychosis

... choroid plexus of the ventricles and post-cerebral rigidity, among other topics. She showed that meningitis in patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Zand

... then the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes into the subarachnoid space ... The ventricles are a series of cavities filled with CSF. The majority of CSF is produced from within the two lateral ventricles ... CSF also serves a vital function in the cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. CSF occupies the subarachnoid space ( ... As the forebrain develops, the neural cord within it becomes a ventricle, ultimately forming the lateral ventricles. Along the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid

It also inhibits the sensitisation of the response when injected into the lateral ventricles. A case study reports a family ... Cerebral Cortex. 18 (1): 53-66. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm031. PMID 17478416. Tran H, Sawatari A, Leamey CA (January 2015). "The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENM3

The cerebral aqueduct is a narrow channel in the midbrain, which connects the third and fourth ventricles. When a tumor blocks ... The ependymal cells line the inside of the ventricles of the brain. These cells have proteins that make up the characteristics ... This symptom however occurs secondary to hydrocephalus, which is a result from compression of the cerebral aqueduct. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_tumors_of_the_pineal_region

... cysts Cerebral hypoxia Cerebral malformations hypertrichosis claw hands Cerebral palsy Cerebral thrombosis Cerebral ventricle ... opalescent teeth phosphaturia Cerebral cavernous malformation Cerebral cavernous malformations Cerebral gigantism Cerebral ... familial Cerebral aneurysm Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy Cerebral ... Cerebelloolivary atrophy Cerebelloparenchymal disorder 3 Cerebellum agenesis hydrocephaly Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Cerebral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(C)

Ventriculomegaly can also be observed in MRI where the lateral ventricles become dilated in the foetus and can contribute to ... Children with ZTTK syndrome may present with vision problems including optic atrophy and cerebral visual impairment, resulting ... Characteristic abnormalities include cerebral cortex malformations, vision difficulties, musculoskeletal abnormalities and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome

The corticospinal tract serves as the motor pathway for upper motor neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex and from ... Following the closure of the caudal neuropore and formation of the brain's ventricles that contain the choroid plexus tissue, ... This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid ... The actual blood flow caudally through these arteries, derived from the posterior cerebral circulation, is inadequate to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

The abnormalities seen in the SPECT images are very similar to those seen in people with cerebral vacuities and Creutzfeldt- ... Neuroimaging findings in an MRI include lesions in the periventricular white matter, as well as enlarged ventricles and ... Fallon BA, Keilp J, Prohovnik I, Heertum RV, Mann JJ (2003). "Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

... the lateral ventricle and the fourth ventricle are common locations, About 5% of all CPTs are located in the third ventricle. ... Cerebral T.L. Coates, D.B. Hinshaw Jr., N. Peckman, J.R. Thompson, A.N. Hasso, B.A. Holshouser, D.S. Knierim, Pediatric choroid ... S.J. Pawar, R.R. Sharma, A.K. Mahapatra, S.D. Lad, M.M. Musa, Choroid plexus papilloma of the posterior third ventricle during ... 37 (2) (2014) 179-192 H.M. Do, W.F. Marx, H. Khanam, M.E. Jensen, Choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle: angiography ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_tumor

... a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form ... In mammals, the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep, faster alpha waves when the animal is awake ... The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the ... The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

... with the goal of placing the catheter tip in the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle or in the third ventricle. The catheter ... The cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) can be calculated from data obtained from the EVD and systemic blood pressure. In order ... In draining the ventricle, the EVD can also remove blood products from the ventricular spaces. This is important because blood ... The brain can swell due to pressure build up in the ventricles and permanent brain damage can occur. Physicians or nurses may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ventricular_drain

They are structurally isolated in their respective cerebral hemispheres by the separation of the cerebral fissure. At the front ... Occipital lobe in blue Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. ... The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The name derives from its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_lobe

... and enlargement of brain ventricles suggestive of cerebral atrophy, Leigh Silverton and colleagues found that low birthweight ( ... These signs suggestive of cerebral atrophy were associated with schizophrenia symptoms. In a follow up study, Silverton et al. ... The risk of enlarged ventricles on brain scan (associated with schizophrenia symptoms and biologically suggestive of Emil ... and cerebral ventricular enlargement". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 97. 97 (3): 496-498. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.496. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

In one study, CT scans of patients with HACE exhibited ventricle compression and low density in the cerebellum. Only a few ... High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological ... If a lumbar puncture is performed, it will show normal cerebral spinal fluid and cell counts but an increase in pressure. ... One study demonstrated that normal autorelation of cerebral blood flow does not cause HACE. What role the sympathetic nervous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema

Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia.Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection. Powell, Meshell (13 January 2014). " ... These fibers are responsible for connecting the cerebral cortex to another cortical area. The capsule itself appears as a thin ... The external capsule is a route for cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. The putamen separates ... External capsule External capsule Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia. Superior view. Horizontal section. Deep dissection. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_capsule

... reasoning the ventricles of the brain. Of particular importance to the location of the soul was the 4th ventricle of the brain ... He further identified 8 of the cerebral nerves and tracked them to the spinal cord and throughout the body. The choroid plexus ... Da Vinci used wax to fill the ventricles of an ox brain in order to have a physical model of the location of the "senso comune ... In his treatise, On Anatomy, pneuma was inhaled by the lungs and sent to the brain ventricles via the vessels of the body where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_location_of_the_soul

This may lead to various neurological sequelae including presentation with cerebral palsy, mental retardation and seizures. The ... in the floor of the lateral ventricle, and caudothalamic groove. The germinal matrix contains a rich network of fragile thin- ... hemorrhage is a bleeding into the subependymal germinal matrix with or without subsequent rupture into the lateral ventricle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage

Wilder Penfield was able to develop a map of the cerebral cortex through studying epileptic patients along with Rassmussen. ... during a surgical procedure into the ventricles or into specific brain structures. For example, NMDA antagonist AP5 has been ... in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an MRI apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience

The hippocampus can be seen as a ridge of gray matter tissue, elevating from the floor of each lateral ventricle in the region ... Due to bilateral symmetry the brain has a hippocampus in each cerebral hemisphere. If damage to the hippocampus occurs in only ... The earliest description of the ridge running along the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle comes from the ... MRI studies have found a smaller brain volume and larger ventricles in people with schizophrenia - however researchers do not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

Each of the two auricles collects blood from the gills on one side, while the muscular ventricle pumps blood through the aorta ... However, chitons lack a cerebral ganglion. Similar to many species of saltwater limpets, several species of chiton are known to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton

Cerebral contusion is bruising of the brain tissue. The piamater is not breached in contusion in contrary to lacerations. The ... bleeding within the brain's ventricles (particularly of premature infants). Intra-axial hemorrhages are more dangerous and ... Cerebral concussion is the most common head injury seen in children. Types of intracranial hemorrhage are roughly grouped into ... Complications may include cerebral edema and transtentorial herniation. The goal of treatment should be to treat the increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_injury

The left ventricle connector is filled with sterile saline to displace any air and then inserted into the hole. The sutures are ... Computational flow studies conclude that the presence of an aortic valve bypass conduit has no effect on cerebral blood flow. ... The Hancock left ventricle connectors, with inner diameters of 12 to 22 mm, have been used clinically for the vast majority of ... The free ends of the sutures are looped through a sewing ring on the left ventricle connector. At this point, CPB is typically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicoaortic_Conduit

In 1564 a prominent feature on the floor of the lateral ventricles of the brain was named the hippocampus by Aranzi as its ... The book also includes six pages of small print giving "a succinct History of the Controversy respecting the Cerebral Structure ... on the cerebral distinction between men and monkeys, should cease? ... Continued on its present footing, it becomes a hindrance ... "all the homologous parts of the human cerebral organ exist". However, he still believed that this did not invalidate his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hippocampus_Question

... wherein a large tumor was removed from the left ventricle of a 29-year-old patient. This was the first operation of its kind in ... A rare tumor with review of literature Cerebral intraventricular echinococcosis in an adult, Bilateral occipital extradural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Panday

This work contained 11 woodcuts, depicting the dura mater and pia mater as well as the ventricles. A revolution took place in ... A hemiplegic patient who could not speak led Paul Broca (1824-1880) to the view that functions in the cerebral cortex were ... Thomas Willis in 1664, published his Anatomy of the Brain, followed by Cerebral Pathology in 1667. He removed the brain from ... Vesalius, unlike many of his contemporaries, did not subscribe to the then common belief that the ventricles were responsible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neurology_and_neurosurgery

At the conclusion of cortical development, most radial glia lose their attachment to the ventricles, and migrate towards the ... Using the Golgi method, Giuseppe Magini then studied the mammalian fetal cerebral cortex in 1888, confirming the similar ... which affects the surface area expansion of the cerebral cortex and its ability to form surface convolutions known as gyri (see ... are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_glial_cell

Following extended sobriety, the volume of the lateral and third ventricles was decreased, and abstainers showed an improvement ... Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an ... Besides brain atrophy, aging has also been associated with cerebral microbleeds. Many diseases that cause cerebral atrophy are ... High resolution MRI scans have shown the progression of cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease) Cerebral palsy, in which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_atrophy

The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta through the aortic valve. There are many potential causes of heart valve damage, ... or cerebral arteries, leading to stroke). A desirable characteristic of artificial heart valves is that they are non- or ... Blood enters the heart in the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. From there, blood is ... After being oxygenated, blood passes to the left atrium, where is it pumped through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve

SNAP29 Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 3; 612936; AP4M1 Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic; 612900; KANK1 Cerebral ... DAX1 Double outlet right ventricle; 217095; CFC1 Double outlet right ventricle; 217095; GDF1 Dowling-Degos disease; 179850; ... NOTCH3 Cerebral cavernous malformations 3; 603285; PDCD10 Cerebral cavernous malformations-1; 116860; CCM1 Cerebral cavernous ... VLDLR Cerebral amyloid angiopathy; 105150; CST3 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Dutch, Italian, Iowa, Flemish, Arctic variants; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

It is situated just rostral to the third ventricle. It contains: The anterior cerebral arteries (A1 and proximal A2) The ... It contains: The middle cerebral artery The middle cerebral veins The fronto-orbital veins Collaterals to the basal vein ... It is situated at the base of the brain, between the two cerebral peduncles of midbrain and dorsum sellae and continuous below ... It receives CSF from the fourth ventricle via the median aperture (foramen of Magendie). The cisterna magna contains: The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_cisterns

Computerized tomography of the head showed diffuse cerebral edema and dilated ventricles. Later that day, the results of a ... An autopsy found diffuse cerebral edema. A hair sample lead concentration was 31 µg/g in the distal centimeter and 67 µg/g in ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5022a1.htm

5] total cerebral volume, lateral ventricle size, [6] reduced hippocampal volume, altered anterofrontal perfusion, [7] and ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914192-overview

Cerebral Ventricles. Blood Pressure. Avoidance Learning. Aziridines. Choline. Maze Learning. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/174701/network/researchareas/timeline

Categories: Cerebral Ventricles Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Cerebral+Ventricles&parentid=4776&catid=5839

Cerebral ventricular volume is important for the diagnosis and treatment of many neurological disorders. A significant change ... Being able to segment the cerebral ventricles to determine the quantity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles has ... Automatic segmentation approach to extracting neonatal cerebral ventricles from 3D ultrasound images. Medical Image Analysis. ... The CSF within the AC appears the same as CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space. The reason why the algorithm failed is ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193152

The small number of fetuses available for study showed incomplete skeletal ossification, enlarged cerebral ventricles or ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=carbon+disulfide&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=9&RecNo=85&View=f&

This report describes a rare case of coenurus cyst in the left lateral cerebral ventricle of a ewe and the associated lesion. ... Grossly, a large cyst measuring 7 × 4 cm and weighing 145 g occupied the dilated left lateral ventricle. The overlying cerebral ... Coenurus cerebralis Cysts in the Left Lateral Cerebral Ventricle of a Ewe ... Primary Cerebral T-Cell Lymphoma in a Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris). Natsuki TANAKA, Takeshi IZAWA, Emi KASHIWAGI-YAMAMOTO, ...

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jvms/75/0/_contents/-char/ja

Enlarged cerebral ventricles are found in 80% of individuals with schizophrenia, yet the mechanisms that lead to ventricular ... Study seeks participants with VCFS-related psychosis to help create biobank of cerebral organoids A landmark study is calling ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Chromosome-22

Other sites that may be involved include the basal ganglia, thalamus, and, less frequently, the ventricles, cerebral ... The diagnostic utility of lumbar CSF is better validated and more reliable than that obtained from the ventricles (see Table 1 ... Several patterns of spread may occur in germinomas, such as subependymal dissemination in the lateral or third ventricles and ... The supratentorium contains the cerebrum, ventricles (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), choroid plexus, hypothalamus, ...

https://www.oncolink.org/healthcare-professionals/nci/pqid-cdr0000712041

Potondi A, & Barsi B: [Instantaneous death caused by a colloid cyst of the 3rd cerebral ventricle.] Ann Med Leg Criminol Police ... Kelly R: Colloid cysts of the third ventricle. Brain 74:23-65, 1951 Kelly R: Colloid cysts of the third ventricle. Brain 74:23- ... Brun A, & Egund N: The pathogenesis of cerebral symptoms in colloid cysts of the third ventricle: a clinical and ... The pathogenesis of cerebral symptoms in colloid cysts of the third ventricle: a clinical and pathoanatomical study.. Acta ...

https://thejns.org/abstract/journals/j-neurosurg/92/5/article-jns.2000.92.5.0903.xml.xml?rskey=EP0pMN&result=1

The third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal are exposed. In the telencephalon the actual, cut ... The brain is divided in the mid-sagittal plane to expose the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and midline structures ... In the diencephalon the structures divided are the optic chiasma, infundibulum and floor of the third ventricle, massa ... The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery to the hemisphere is shown. ...

https://lane.stanford.edu/biomed-resources/bassett/bassettView.html?bn=15-6

The CSF flows down toward the third ventricle through the foramen of Monro and into the fourth ventricle through the cerebral ... A shunt is usually placed from the right ventricle to the peritoneal space. The right side is normally used to avoid injury to ... It then flows to the lateral and superior surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, where it is largely absorbed through the ... 9] In NPH, ventricles enlarge despite normal or even slightly reduced intracranial pressure and they continue to press against ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326411-overview

This image, depicting the layers of the scalp and cerebral ventricles, is reproduced from the Royal Academys fascinating new ... By giving the drawings a very specific weighting that casts the cerebral ventricles at its center as secondary information, he ...

https://www.artbook.com/9781912520091.html

... is usually symmetric and represents a primary defect or arrest in the development of the cerebral ventricles. ... Wang Y et al. Resveratrols neural protective effects for the injured embryoid body and cerebral organoid. BMC Pharmacol ...

https://www.abcam.com/products/primary-antibodies/collagen-iv-antibody-ab6586.html?

Martin-21_automatic segmentation and location learning of neonatal cerebral ventricles in 3D cUS.pdf (4.07 MB) ... Automatic Segmentation and Location Learning of Neonatal Cerebral Ventricles in 3D Ultrasound Data Combining CNN and CPPN », ... Training database elaboration strategies for preterm neonate cerebral ventricular system segmentation with 2D convolutional ...

https://www.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/site7/fr/view/biblio/author/153?cid_1=153

cerebral ventricles - English → Magyar. parálisis cerebral - Español → Magyar. cerebral palsy (CP) - English → Magyar. cerebral ... cerebral kontusion - Svenska → Magyar. amígdala cerebral - Español → Magyar. cerebral ventricle - English → Magyar. cerebral ... cerebral - English → Magyar. cerebral - Español → Magyar. cerebral - Português → Magyar. cerebral - Svenska → Magyar. cerebral ... cerebral SVD - English → Magyar. cerebral base - English → Magyar. cerebral paly - English → keresési javaslat. edem cerebral ...

https://super55.com/index.php?s=1&q=cerebral+embolism

choroid plexus-, lateral ventricles- third ventricles- cerebral aqueduct- fourth ventricle, subarachnoid space- dural venous ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/anatomy-5-space-occupying-lesions-4176676/packs/6245378

Effects of calcium and potassium injected into the cerebral ventricles of the cat. ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/BrainPharm/Data/82438

A small catheter is passed into a ventricle of the brain. A pump (valve which controls flow of fluid) ... During a cerebral shunt procedure a flap is cut in the scalp and a small hole is drilled in the skull. ... During a cerebral shunt procedure a flap is cut in the scalp and a small hole is drilled in the skull. A small catheter is ... passed into a ventricle of the brain. A pump (valve which controls flow of fluid) is attached to the catheter to keep the fluid ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9569.htm

Malignant neoplasm of cerebral ventricle C716 Malignant neoplasm of cerebellum C717 Malignant neoplasm of brain stem C718 ... Middle cerebral artery syndrome G461 Anterior cerebral artery syndrome G462 Posterior cerebral artery syndrome G601 Refsums ... Spastic diplegic cerebral palsy G802 Spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy G803 Athetoid cerebral palsy G8100 Flaccid hemiplegia ... Other transient cerebral ischemic attacks and related syndromes G459 Transient cerebral ischemic attack, unspecified G460 ...

https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/sites/default/files/hhs-guidance-documents/v31R-full_appendix_F_J.txt

... the emergence of a theory in the 1970s and 1980s which associated schizophrenia with larger lateral cerebral ventricles in the ...

https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/video/what-can-history-schizophrenia-teach-us-about-revolutionary-breakthroughs-science-and

BEaST is designed to include cerebral spinal fluid (in the ventricles, cerebellar cistern, deep sulci, along surface of brain ... 4Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00144/full

... cerebral ventricle dilatation, cerebrovascular accident, cognitive disorder, convulsion, coordination abnormal, encephalitis, ... Nervous system disorders: Aphasia, brain injury, bulbar palsy, central nervous system lesion, cerebral microangiopathy, ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=559e353c-2dc0-16ba-e054-00144ff8d46c&audience=consumer

Extraventricular drain (EVD) is the most useful method; a catheter is placed through the skull into a cerebral ventricle ( ... Right ventricular failure: The right ventricle should be 60% the size of the left ventricle, triangular, and have a rough ... AVMs occur most often at the junction of cerebral arteries, usually within the... read more . These devices are used to monitor ... Entry into the right ventricle is indicated by a sudden increase in systolic pressure to about 30 mm Hg; diastolic pressure ...

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/approach-to-the-critically-ill-patient/monitoring-and-testing-the-critical-care-patient

Cerebral Ventricles Entry term(s). Cerebral Ventricle Cerebral Ventricular System Cerebral Ventricular Systems System, Cerebral ... Ventricle, Cerebral Ventricles, Cerebral Ventricular System, Cerebral Ventricular Systems, Cerebral Foramen of Monro - Narrower ... Ventricle, Cerebral. Ventricles, Cerebral. Ventricular System, Cerebral. Ventricular Systems, Cerebral. Tree number(s):. ... Cerebral Ventricle. Cerebral Ventricular System. Cerebral Ventricular Systems. Foramen of Monro. Monro Foramen. System, ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=2591&filter=ths_exact_term&q=VENTR%C3%8DCULOS+CEREBRAIS

... and enlarged cerebral ventricles (4/10; 40%). Larger multicenter studies are required to further characterize this airway ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Meaike,+Jesse+D

An intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is when bleeding occurs inside the ventricles or fluid filled spaces inside of the brain. ... Cerebral Palsy*. CP Tool Kit. Download our free Cerebral Palsy Tool Kit in English, Portuguese and Spanish. ... Donate today and help us change the lives of people with cerebral palsy and their families! ...

https://cprn.org/glossary/intraventricular-hemorrhage/

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or bot ... draining the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the subependymal veins of the lateral ventricles. The brush sign was ... OBJECTIVE Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or both, is a rare cerebrovascular ... Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the international study on cerebral vein and dural sinus ...

https://journals.lww.com/continuum/Fulltext/2023/04000/Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Cerebral_Venous.10.aspx

The third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal are exposed. (stanford.edu)

Cerebral ventricular volume is important for the diagnosis and treatment of many neurological disorders. (plos.org)
Enlarged cerebral ventricles are found in 80% of individuals with schizophrenia, yet the mechanisms that lead to ventricular enlargement are mostly unknown. (news-medical.net)
Patients must not have blood in the 4th ventricle and may only have blood in the 3rd ventricle in the absence of ventricular expansion. (who.int)

In communicating hydrocephalus (also referred to as nonobstructive hydrocephalus), full communication between the ventricles and subarachnoid space exists. (medscape.com)
An intrameningeal route that begins within the subarachnoid space in the cerebrospinal fluid, at any level of the cerebrospinal axis, including within the cerebral ventricles. (cdc.gov)

Trace or mild haemorrhage in either or both lateral ventricles is permitted. (who.int)

Unlike arterial strokes, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, tends to affect younger patients with a female predominance, and is often nonapoplectic in onset. (lww.com)
OBJECTIVE Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or both, is a rare cerebrovascular disease. (lww.com)

Being able to segment the cerebral ventricles to determine the quantity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles has widespread applicability in many neurological conditions. (plos.org)

Thrombophlebitis originating in the mucosal veins progressively involves the emissary veins of the skull, the dural venous sinuses, the subdural veins, and, finally, the cerebral veins. (medscape.com)

The brain is divided in the mid-sagittal plane to expose the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and midline structures of the brain stem and cerebellum. (stanford.edu)

Eventually, other hormonal symptoms and visual deficits may emerge as the tumor expands dorsally and compresses or invades the optic chiasm and/or fills the third ventricle to cause hydrocephalus. (oncolink.org)

Colloid cysts of the third ventricle responsible for sudden death. (thejns.org)
131 , 1991 (Fr) Achard JM, Le Gars D, Veyssier P: [Colloid cysts of the third ventricle responsible for sudden death. (thejns.org)
The pathogenesis of cerebral symptoms in colloid cysts of the third ventricle: a clinical and pathoanatomical study. (thejns.org)
Colloid cysts of the third ventricle with fatal outcome: a report of two cases and review of the literature. (thejns.org)
260 - 266 , 1997 Büttner A, Winkler PA, Eisenmenger W, et al: Colloid cysts of the third ventricle with fatal outcome: a report of two cases and review of the literature. (thejns.org)
Cardiac hydatid cysts are uncom- ventricle, local intracavitary rupture is shells protect them from environmental mon in cases of hydatid disease. (who.int)

Download our free Cerebral Palsy Tool Kit in English, Portuguese and Spanish. (cprn.org)

First-ever, spontaneous, supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage in cerebral cortex or deep brain structures (putamen, thalamus, caudate, and associated deep white matter tracts) with a volume = 5 mL and = 60 mL determined by non-contrast CT scan. (who.int)

The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery to the hemisphere is shown. (stanford.edu)
These abscesses are more commonly multiple and multiloculated and are frequently found in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery. (medscape.com)

An intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is when bleeding occurs inside the ventricles or fluid filled spaces inside of the brain. (cprn.org)

In the diencephalon the structures divided are the optic chiasma, infundibulum and floor of the third ventricle, massa intermedia, tela chorioidea of the roof of the third ventricle, pineal body and the habenular and posterior commissures. (stanford.edu)

Computerized tomography of the head showed diffuse cerebral edema and dilated ventricles. (cdc.gov)
An autopsy found diffuse cerebral edema. (cdc.gov)

This image, depicting the layers of the scalp and cerebral ventricles, is reproduced from the Royal Academy's fascinating new study, Leonardo da Vinci: Under the Skin, published on the five-hundredth anniversary of the artist's death. (artbook.com)
By giving the drawings a very specific weighting that casts the cerebral ventricles at its center as secondary information, he allows what is essentially the frame his comparison of the layers of the scalp to an onion to become the focus. (artbook.com)
During a cerebral shunt procedure a flap is cut in the scalp and a small hole is drilled in the skull. (medlineplus.gov)

Freeborn recounts the emergence of a theory in the 1970s and 1980s which associated schizophrenia with larger lateral cerebral ventricles in the brain. (mpg.de)

[ 9 ] In NPH, ventricles enlarge despite normal or even slightly reduced intracranial pressure and they continue to press against brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
A small catheter is passed into a ventricle of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

A landmark study is calling for at least 50 people in the U.S. with Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (VCFS)-related psychosis to provide blood samples to create the world's largest VCFS biobank to date of tiny spheres of neural tissue called "cerebral organoids. (news-medical.net)
Furthermore, increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Gsn −/− mice was associated with a special microenvironment characterized by enhanced density of perfused vessels, increased regional cerebral blood flow, and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-III) expression in hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)

The small number of fetuses available for study showed incomplete skeletal ossification, enlarged cerebral ventricles or hydrocephaly. (cdc.gov)

bed into the left ventricle, from where or intramyocardial, However, when a Most patients with calcification of it could reach any part of the body cyst is located in subendocardial en- the cyst wall remain asymptomatic for through systemic circulation [1-3]. (who.int)

The more frequent than in the left ventricle extremes. (who.int)

Effects of calcium and potassium injected into the cerebral ventricles of the cat. (yale.edu)

The ventricular system is composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle (see the images below). (medscape.com)
The neural canal dilates within the prosencephalon, leading to the formation of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle. (medscape.com)
The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through interventricular foramens, and the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The 2 interventricular foramens (or foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. (medscape.com)
Flow voids in the third ventricle and transependymal fluid exudates are helpful. (medscape.com)
Ballooning of frontal horns of lateral ventricles and third ventricle (ie, "Mickey mouse" ventricles) may indicate aqueductal obstruction. (medscape.com)
Third ventricle may herniate into the sella turcica. (medscape.com)
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres ( LATERAL VENTRICLES ), in the midline ( THIRD VENTRICLE ) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA ( FOURTH VENTRICLE ). (nih.gov)

The largest cavities of the ventricular system are the lateral ventricles. (medscape.com)

The cavity of the mesencephalon forms the cerebral aqueduct. (medscape.com)
MRI cine is an MRI technique to measure CSF stroke volume (SV) in the cerebral aqueduct. (medscape.com)
Cine phase-contrast MRI measurements of SV in the cerebral aqueduct does not appear to be useful in predicting response to shunting. (medscape.com)

[ 1 ] During early development, the septum pellucidum is formed by the thinned walls of the 2 cerebral hemispheres and contains a fluid-filled cavity, named the cavum, which may persist. (medscape.com)

The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)

Each lateral ventricle is divided into a central portion, formed by the body and atrium (or trigone), and 3 lateral extensions or horns of the ventricles. (medscape.com)
The body of the lateral ventricle is connected with the occipital and temporal horns by a wide area named the atrium. (medscape.com)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a novel imaging technique that detects differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of the brain parenchyma surrounding the ventricles. (medscape.com)

Capillaries of the choroid arteries from the pia mater project into the ventricular cavity, forming the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (see the image below). (medscape.com)

16. Imaging Features of Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Cerebral Ventricles. (nih.gov)

Anatomy30

Organisms7

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes23

Information Science1

Health Care1

Adult subventricular zone neuronal precursors continue to proliferate and migrate in the absence of the olfactory bulb. (1/1602)

Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep. (2/1602)

Volumetric change of the lateral ventricles in the human brain following glucose loading. (3/1602)

Hyaline membrane disease, alkali, and intraventricular haemorrhage. (4/1602)

Apparent loss and hypertrophy of interneurons in a mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: evidence for partial response to insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment. (5/1602)

A quantitative MR study of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in healthy subjects 40 to 90 years of age. (6/1602)

Blood pressure reduction and diabetes insipidus in transgenic rats deficient in brain angiotensinogen. (7/1602)

Recovery from anterograde and retrograde amnesia after percutaneous drainage of a cystic craniopharyngioma. (8/1602)

Cerebral Ventricles

Injections, Intraventricular

Fourth Ventricle

Cisterna Magna

Heart Ventricles

Shivering

Cerebral Arteries

Injections

Body Temperature

Lateral Ventricles

Brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Pempidine

Hypothalamus

Ependyma

Cerebral Infarction

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Body Temperature Regulation

Physostigmine

Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms

Hexamethonium Compounds

Tranylcypromine

Cats

Third Ventricle

Subarachnoid Space

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Consciousness

Histamine Agents

Middle Cerebral Artery

Perfusion

Pyrogens

Serotonin

Hydrocephalus

Choroid Plexus

Norepinephrine

Blood Pressure

Dogs

Phentolamine

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Drinking

Rats, Wistar

Cerebral Angiography

Parasympathomimetics

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

Injections, Intravenous

Malaria, Cerebral

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Time Factors

Reserpine

Cerebral Veins

Pentobarbital

Atropine

Heart Rate

Brain Ischemia

Fever

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Depression, Chemical

Naloxone

Respiration

Rats, Inbred Strains

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ventricular Function

Arginine Vasopressin

Sheep

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Prostaglandins

Stimulation, Chemical

Neurons

Rabbits

Vasopressins

Carbachol

Electroencephalography

Prostaglandins E

Myocardium

Epinephrine

Heart

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Behavior, Animal

Morphine