Cerebral Ventricles
Fourth Ventricle
Cisterna Magna
Heart Ventricles
Shivering
Lateral Ventricles
Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Pempidine
Hypothalamus
Ependyma
Cerebral Infarction
Hypnosis, Anesthetic
Body Temperature Regulation
Physostigmine
Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms
Hexamethonium Compounds
Tranylcypromine
Cats
Third Ventricle
Subarachnoid Space
Cerebral Palsy
Histamine Agents
Middle Cerebral Artery
Pyrogens
Serotonin
Hydrocephalus
Choroid Plexus
Norepinephrine
Dogs
Phentolamine
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Rats, Wistar
Cerebral Angiography
Parasympathomimetics
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Malaria, Cerebral
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Reserpine
Pentobarbital
Atropine
Brain Ischemia
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Depression, Chemical
Naloxone
Respiration
Rats, Inbred Strains
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Arginine Vasopressin
Sheep
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Prostaglandins
Stimulation, Chemical
Neurons
Rabbits
Vasopressins
Carbachol
Electroencephalography
Prostaglandins E
Myocardium
Epinephrine
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Morphine
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Sympathetic Nervous System
Blood Flow Velocity
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Brain Diseases
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Angiotensin II
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Brain Edema
Cerebral Ventriculography
Disease Models, Animal
Intracranial Pressure
Hemodynamics
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Ventricular Function, Right
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis
Heart Defects, Congenital
Intracranial Aneurysm
Echocardiography
Cerebral Revascularization
Ventricular Function, Left
Cerebrum
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Ventricular Dysfunction, Right
Oxygen
Neuroprotective Agents
Models, Cardiovascular
Hypoxia, Brain
Pericardium
Tomography, Emission-Computed
Transposition of Great Vessels
Blood-Brain Barrier
Carbon Dioxide
Electrocardiography
Xenon Radioisotopes
Stroke
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Treatment Outcome
Basilar Artery
Cerebral Aqueduct
Heart Septum
Reperfusion
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
Pia Mater
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Adult subventricular zone neuronal precursors continue to proliferate and migrate in the absence of the olfactory bulb. (1/1602)
Neurons continue to be born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of adult mice. These cells migrate as a network of chains through the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into mature neurons. The OB is the only known target for these neuronal precursors. Here, we show that, after elimination of the OB, the SVZ and RMS persist and become dramatically larger. The proportion of dividing [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled] or dying (pyknotic or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end-labeled) cells in the RMS was not significantly affected at 3 d or 3 weeks after bulbectomy (OBX). However, by 3 months after OBX, the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in the RMS decreased by half and that of dying cells doubled. Surprisingly, the rostral migration of precursors continued along the RMS after OBX. This was demonstrated by focal microinjections of BrdU and grafts of SVZ cells carrying LacZ under the control of a neuron-specific promoter gene. Results indicate that the OB is not essential for proliferation and the directional migration of SVZ precursors. (+info)Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep. (2/1602)
The subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) were ablated either individually or in various combinations, and the effects on drinking induced by either intravenous infusion of hypertonic 4 M NaCl (1.3 ml/min for 30 min) or water deprivation for 48 h were studied. Ablation of either the OVLT or SFO alone did not affect drinking in response to intravenous 4 M NaCl, although combined ablation of these two circumventricular organs substantially reduced but did not abolish such drinking. Ablation of the MnPO or MnPO and SFO together also substantially reduced, but did not abolish, drinking in response to intravenous hypertonic NaCl. Only near-total destruction of the lamina terminalis (OVLT, MnPO, and part or all of the SFO) abolished acute osmotically induced drinking. The large lesions also reduced drinking after water deprivation, whereas none of the other lesions significantly affected such drinking. None of these lesions altered feeding. The results show that all parts of the lamina terminalis play a role in the drinking induced by acute increases in plasma tonicity. The lamina terminalis appears to play a less crucial role in the drinking response after water deprivation than for the drinking response to acute intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. (+info)Volumetric change of the lateral ventricles in the human brain following glucose loading. (3/1602)
Lateral ventricular volumes were monitored and quantified using accurately registered magnetic resonance images (MRIs) in six healthy individuals 30 min before and up to 4 h after ingestion of a glucose drink. The volume of the lateral ventricles increased by an average (+/- S.E.M.) of 2.4 +/- 0.4% as blood glucose levels rose from 4.8 +/- 0.2 mmol l-1 to 8.4 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1. This was followed by a peak decrease of 5.99 +/- 3.3% below initial fasting volumes as blood glucose levels fell to 5.0 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1. We suggest that the secondary volume decrease demonstrates a homeostatic process of brain volume regulation for which the mechanism remains uncertain. (+info)Hyaline membrane disease, alkali, and intraventricular haemorrhage. (4/1602)
The relation between intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was studied in singletons that came to necropsy at Hammersmith Hospital over the years 1966-73. The incidence of IVH in singleton live births was 3-22/1000 and of HMD 4-44/1000. Although the high figures were partily due to the large number of low birthweight infants born at this hospital, the incidence of IVH in babies weighing 1001-1500 g was three times as great as that reported in the 1658 British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Most IVH deaths were in babies with HMD, but the higher frequency of IVH was not associated with any prolongation of survival time of babies who died with HMD as compared with the 1958 survey. IVH was seen frequently at gestations of up to 36 weeks in babies with HMD but was rare above 30 weeks' gestation in babies without HMD. This indicated that factors associated with HMD must cause most cases of IVH seen at gestations above 30 weeks. Comparison of clinical details in infants with HMD who died with or without IVH (at gestations of 30-37 weeks) showed no significant differences between the groups other than a high incidence of fits and greater use of alkali therapy in the babies with IVH. During the 12 hours when most alkali therapy was given, babies dying with IVD received a mean total alkali dosage of 10-21 mmol/kg and those dying without IVH 6-34 mmol/kg (P less than 0-001). There was no difference in severity of hypoxia or of metabolic acidosis between the 2 groups. Babies who died with HMD and germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) without IVH had received significantly more alkali than those who died with HMD alone, whereas survivors of severe respiratory distress syndrome had received lower alkali doses than other groups. It is suggested that the greatly increased death rate from IVH in babies with HMD indicates some alteration of management of HMD (since 1958) as a causative factor. Liberal use of hypertonic alkali solutions is the common factor which distinguishes babies dying with GLH and IVH from other groups of babies with HMD. Although the causal nature of this association remains unproved, it seems justifiable to lrge caution in alkali usage. (+info)Apparent loss and hypertrophy of interneurons in a mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: evidence for partial response to insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment. (5/1602)
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders with onset from infancy to adulthood that are manifested by blindness, seizures, and dementia. In NCL, lysosomes accumulate autofluorescent proteolipid in the brain and other tissues. The mnd/mnd mutant mouse was first characterized as exhibiting adult-onset upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, but closer examination revealed early, widespread pathology similar to that seen in NCL. We used the autofluorescent properties of accumulated storage material to map which CNS neuronal populations in the mnd/mnd mouse show NCL-like pathological changes. Pronounced, early accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment was found in subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, including interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Staining for phenotypic markers normally present in these neurons revealed progressive loss of staining in the cortex and hippocampus of mnd/mnd mice, with pronounced hypertrophy of remaining detectable interneurons. In contrast, even in aged mutant mice, many hippocampal interneurons retained staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 partially restored interneuronal number and reduced hypertrophy in some subregions. These results provide the first evidence for the involvement of interneurons in a mouse model of NCL. Moreover, our findings suggest that at least some populations of these neurons persist in a growth factor-responsive state. (+info)A quantitative MR study of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in healthy subjects 40 to 90 years of age. (6/1602)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several investigators have defined normal age-specific values for the medial temporal lobe structures in neurologically normal elderly subjects, but, to our knowledge, no one has reported those values for a large sample of healthy volunteers. The purpose of our study was to define normal age-specific values for the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle by age group, ranging from 40 to 90 years, in order to generate a guideline for the quantitative MR diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early Alzheimer disease. METHODS: MR-based volumetric measurements of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn, standardized by total intracranial volume, were obtained from oblique coronal and sagittal T1-weighted MR images in 619 healthy volunteers and two cadaveric specimens. RESULTS: Differences in standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn were significant among the 61- to 70-year-old, 71- to 80-year-old, and 81- to 90-year-old groups, and were not significant between the 40- to 50-year-old and 51- to 60-year-old groups. We found no significant differences in side or sex among the age groups for any of the structures. CONCLUSION: Differences in the mean value and in the 95% normal range of standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn correspond to differences in age among healthy subjects; therefore, age should be considered a factor in correlative research, especially in that involving patients in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. (+info)Blood pressure reduction and diabetes insipidus in transgenic rats deficient in brain angiotensinogen. (7/1602)
Angiotensin produced systemically or locally in tissues such as the brain plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and in the development of hypertension. We have established transgenic rats [TGR(ASrAOGEN)] expressing an antisense RNA against angiotensinogen mRNA specifically in the brain. In these animals, the brain angiotensinogen level is reduced by more than 90% and the drinking response to intracerebroventricular renin infusions is decreased markedly compared with control rats. Blood pressure of transgenic rats is lowered by 8 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa) compared with control rats. Crossbreeding of TGR(ASrAOGEN) with a hypertensive transgenic rat strain exhibiting elevated angiotensin II levels in tissues results in a marked attenuation of the hypertensive phenotype. Moreover, TGR(ASrAOGEN) exhibit a diabetes insipidus-like syndrome producing an increased amount of urine with decreased osmolarity. The observed reduction in plasma vasopressin by 35% may mediate these phenotypes of TGR(ASrAOGEN). This new animal model presenting long-term and tissue-specific down-regulation of angiotensinogen corroborates the functional significance of local angiotensin production in the brain for the central regulation of blood pressure and for the pathogenesis of hypertension. (+info)Recovery from anterograde and retrograde amnesia after percutaneous drainage of a cystic craniopharyngioma. (8/1602)
A case is reported of a cystic craniopharyngioma involving the floor and walls of the third ventricle. Pronounced anterograde and retrograde amnesia were documented preoperatively by formal testing. Rapid improvement in both new learning capacity and remote memory occurred after percutaneous twist drill drainage of the cystic portion of the tumour. The relevance of these observations to the amnesic syndrome and its neuropathological basis is discussed. (+info)Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.
There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:
1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.
Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
The symptoms of cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on their size, location, and growth rate. They may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or cognitive function. As the tumor grows, it can press on surrounding brain tissue and disrupt normal brain function.
Diagnosis of cerebral ventricle neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue sampling through a biopsy procedure. Treatment options for cerebral ventricle neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat these tumors.
Examples of types of cerebral ventricle neoplasms include:
1. Choroid plexus papilloma: A benign tumor that arises from the choroid plexus, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Choroid plexus carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the choroid plexus.
3. Ventricular ependymoma: A tumor that arises from the ependyma, a layer of tissue that lines the ventricles and helps to move cerebrospinal fluid through the brain.
4. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): A rare benign tumor that arises from the subependymal layer of tissue, which is located beneath the ependyma.
Overall, cerebral ventricle neoplasms are a complex and diverse group of brain tumors that can have significant impacts on the brain and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of tumor and the individual patient's needs.
Causes:
1. Brain injury during fetal development or birth
2. Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) to the brain, often due to complications during labor and delivery
3. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
4. Stroke or bleeding in the brain
5. Traumatic head injury
6. Genetic disorders
7. Premature birth
8. Low birth weight
9. Multiples (twins, triplets)
10. Maternal infections during pregnancy.
Symptoms:
1. Weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the body
2. Lack of coordination and balance
3. Difficulty with movement, posture, and gait
4. Spasticity (stiffness) or hypotonia (looseness) of muscles
5. Intellectual disability or learning disabilities
6. Seizures
7. Vision, hearing, or speech problems
8. Swallowing difficulties
9. Increased risk of infections and bone fractures
10. Delays in reaching developmental milestones.
Diagnosis:
1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans
3. Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity
4. Developmental assessments to evaluate cognitive and motor skills
5. Genetic testing to identify underlying causes.
Treatment:
1. Physical therapy to improve movement, balance, and strength
2. Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills and fine motor activities
3. Speech therapy for communication and swallowing difficulties
4. Medications to control seizures, spasticity, or pain
5. Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release contracted muscles
6. Assistive devices, such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs, to aid mobility and independence.
It's important to note that each individual with Cerebral Palsy may have a unique combination of symptoms and require a personalized treatment plan. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Cerebral Palsy can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals despite the challenges they face.
There are several types of hydrocephalus, including:
1. Aqueductal stenosis: This occurs when the aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to an accumulation of CSF in the brain.
2. Choroid plexus papilloma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the choroid plexus, which is a layer of tissue that produces CSF.
3. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: This occurs when there is a decrease in the volume of brain tissue due to injury or disease, leading to an accumulation of CSF.
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): This is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in adults and is characterized by an enlarged ventricle, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline, despite normal pressure levels.
5. Symptomatic hydrocephalus: This type of hydrocephalus is caused by other conditions such as brain tumors, cysts, or injuries.
Symptoms of hydrocephalus can include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and difficulty walking or speaking. Treatment options for hydrocephalus depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a shunt to drain excess CSF. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Prognosis for hydrocephalus varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead active and fulfilling lives.
Infarction Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the middle cerebral artery. This artery supplies blood to the temporal lobe of the brain, which controls many important functions such as memory, language, and spatial reasoning. When this artery becomes blocked or ruptured, it can cause a lack of blood supply to the affected areas resulting in tissue death (infarction).
The symptoms of an MCA infarction can vary depending on the location and severity of the blockage. Some common symptoms include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Patients may also experience sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
The diagnosis of MCA infarction is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests. Imaging studies can help to identify the location and severity of the blockage, while laboratory tests may be used to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Treatment for MCA infarction depends on the underlying cause of the blockage or rupture. In some cases, medications such as thrombolytics may be given to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow to the affected areas. Surgery may also be required to remove any blockages or repair damaged blood vessels. Other interventions such as endovascular procedures or brain bypass surgery may also be used to restore blood flow.
In summary, middle cerebral artery infarction is a type of stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue. It can cause a range of symptoms including weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, memory loss, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment options include medications, surgery, endovascular procedures, or brain bypass surgery.
Cerebral malaria occurs when the parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infect and multiply in red blood cells in the brain, causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue. This can lead to a range of symptoms including seizures, coma, and even death.
Cerebral malaria is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood smears or PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can help to clear the parasites from the bloodstream and reduce inflammation in the brain. In severe cases, treatment may also involve supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation or dialysis, to manage complications related to the disease.
Prevention of cerebral malaria is challenging, but measures such as using insecticide-treated bed nets, wearing protective clothing, and applying insect repellents can help reduce the risk of infection. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities where mosquitoes can breed can also help reduce the incidence of malaria.
The prognosis for cerebral malaria varies depending on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes, while delayed or inadequate treatment can lead to serious complications or death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cerebral malaria is a leading cause of mortality in African children under the age of five, with an estimated 20% to 30% mortality rate in severe cases.
The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.
There are different types of brain ischemia, including:
1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.
The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:
1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.
It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.
There are different types of fever, including:
1. Pyrexia: This is the medical term for fever. It is used to describe a body temperature that is above normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
2. Hyperthermia: This is a more severe form of fever, where the body temperature rises significantly above normal levels.
3. Febrile seizure: This is a seizure that occurs in children who have a high fever.
4. Remittent fever: This is a type of fever that comes and goes over a period of time.
5. Intermittent fever: This is a type of fever that recurs at regular intervals.
6. Chronic fever: This is a type of fever that persists for an extended period of time, often more than 3 weeks.
The symptoms of fever can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:
* Elevated body temperature
* Chills
* Sweating
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
In some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone in your care has a fever, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or chest pain.
Treatment for fever depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen may be prescribed to help reduce the fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully and to consult with a healthcare professional before giving medication to children.
In addition to medication, there are other ways to help manage fever symptoms at home. These include:
* Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
* Taking cool baths or using a cool compress to reduce body temperature
* Resting and avoiding strenuous activities
* Using over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen, to help manage headache and muscle aches.
Preventive measures for fever include:
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying up to date on vaccinations, which can help prevent certain infections that can cause fever.
Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.
Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.
Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:
1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.
Example sentence: "The patient experienced a transient ischemic attack, which was caused by a temporary blockage in one of the blood vessels in their brain."
Synonyms: TIA, mini-stroke.
The term "cerebral" refers to the brain, "amyloid" refers to the abnormal protein deposits, and "angiopathy" refers to the damage caused to the blood vessels. CAA is often associated with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, and other forms of dementia.
CAA is a type of small vessel ischemic disease (SVID), which affects the smaller blood vessels in the brain. The exact cause of CAA is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for CAA, but researchers are working to develop new treatments to slow its progression and manage its symptoms.
Some common symptoms of CAA include:
* Cognitive decline
* Seizures
* Stroke-like episodes
* Memory loss
* Confusion
* Difficulty with coordination and balance
If you suspect you or a loved one may be experiencing symptoms of CAA, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. A thorough medical history and physical examination, along with imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, can help confirm the presence of CAA.
While there is no cure for CAA, there are several treatment options available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include medications to control seizures, improve cognitive function, and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery or endovascular procedures may be necessary to repair or remove damaged blood vessels.
It is important to note that CAA is a complex condition, and its management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, geriatricians, radiologists, and other healthcare professionals. With proper diagnosis and treatment, however, many individuals with CAA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.
Some common types of brain diseases include:
1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.
It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The word "edema" comes from the Greek word "oidema", meaning swelling.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.
It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.
DORV is usually diagnosed during fetal echocardiography or after birth when symptoms such as cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing are present. Treatment options for DORV may include medications to manage symptoms, surgery to repair the defect, or a combination of both. In some cases, the condition may be fatal if left untreated.
It's important to note that while double outlet right ventricle is a rare condition, it can be part of a more complex heart defect known as tetralogy of Fallot, which also includes other congenital heart defects such as a narrow pulmonary valve and an enlarged aorta.
1. Atrial fibrillation (a type of irregular heartbeat)
2. Heart disease or valve problems
3. Blood clots in the legs or lungs
4. Infective endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves)
5. Cancer and its treatment
6. Trauma to the head or neck
7. High blood pressure
8. Atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries)
When a blockage occurs in one of the blood vessels of the brain, it can deprive the brain of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and potentially causing a range of symptoms including:
1. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
2. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
4. Sudden severe headache
5. Dizziness or loss of balance
6. Fainting or falling
Intracranial embolism and thrombosis can be diagnosed through a variety of imaging tests, including:
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
3. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
4. Cerebral angiography
5. Doppler ultrasound
Treatment options for intracranial embolism and thrombosis depend on the underlying cause of the blockage, but may include:
1. Medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clotting
2. Surgery to remove the blockage or repair the affected blood vessel
3. Endovascular procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels
4. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Types of congenital heart defects include:
1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.
Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.
Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.
If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.
Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.
Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.
Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.
Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.
In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
If you suspect vasospasm, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options may include medications to dilate blood vessels, surgery to relieve pressure on affected areas, or other interventions depending on the severity of the condition.
Preventing vasospasm can be challenging, but some measures can reduce the risk of developing this condition. These include managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol levels; avoiding head injuries by wearing protective gear during sports and other activities; and adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in managing vasospasm and preventing long-term damage to the brain tissue. If you experience any symptoms suggestive of vasospasm, seek medical attention promptly to receive appropriate care and improve outcomes.
Synonyms: RV dysfunction
See also: Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Cardiac Dysfunction, Heart Failure
Note: This term is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term used to indicate the specific location of cardiac dysfunction. A more comprehensive diagnosis would require further evaluation and testing by a healthcare provider.
Brain hypoxia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients. Treatment options may include oxygen therapy, medications to improve blood flow to the brain, and surgery to remove any blockages or obstructions in blood vessels.
In a normal heart, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle. In TGV, the positions of these vessels are reversed, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arising from the left ventricle. This can lead to a variety of complications, including cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing.
TGV is often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, and treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect. In some cases, a procedure called an arterial switch may be performed, in which the aorta and pulmonary artery are surgically reversed to their normal positions. In other cases, a heart transplant may be necessary. With proper treatment, many individuals with TGV can lead active and healthy lives. However, they may require ongoing monitoring and care throughout their lives to manage any potential complications.
1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.
Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:
* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke
Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.
There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:
* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet
In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.
The symptoms of RVH can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. If left untreated, RVH can lead to heart failure and other complications.
RVH is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and right heart catheterization. Treatment options for RVH depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to reduce blood pressure, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, heart transplantation.
Preventing RVH involves managing underlying conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, managing high blood pressure, and avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and alcohol. Early detection and treatment of RVH can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.
There are several types of heart septal defects, including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and mitral valve defects. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type and occur when there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles.
Symptoms of heart septal defects can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, the defect may not cause any symptoms at all until later in life.
Diagnosis of heart septal defects is typically made using echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), or chest X-rays. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the defect and can include medication to manage symptoms, surgery to repair the defect, or catheter procedures to close the opening. In some cases, heart septal defects may be treated with a procedure called balloon atrial septostomy, in which a balloon is inserted through a catheter into the abnormal opening and inflated to close it.
Prognosis for patients with heart septal defects depends on the severity of the defect and the presence of any other congenital heart defects. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and endocardrial infection.
In summary, heart septal defects, ventricular type, are congenital heart defects that occur when there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet. Diagnosis is typically made using echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), or chest X-rays. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the defect and can include medication, surgery, or catheter procedures. Prognosis is generally good for patients with heart septal defects if they receive early diagnosis and treatment.
KIDINS220
Dandy's point
Route of administration
Niccolò Massa
Taenia hydatigena
Leonardo da Vinci
Lateral ventricles
Suprapineal recess
Damiano Cunego
OPHN1
Fryns syndrome
Ventricular system
Neuroepithelial cell
Oxytocin
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
History of neuroscience
Macdermot-Winter syndrome
Aziza Baccouche
Kenneth Blackfan
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids
Astrocytoma
Clonazepam
Heterotopia (medicine)
Ventriculostomy
Pia mater
Human brain development timeline
White matter
Traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis
Nathalie Zand
Cerebrospinal fluid
TENM3
Papillary tumors of the pineal region
List of diseases (C)
ZTTK syndrome
Spinal cord
Lyme disease
Choroid plexus tumor
Brain
External ventricular drain
Occipital lobe
Risk factors of schizophrenia
High-altitude cerebral edema
External capsule
History of the location of the soul
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Behavioral neuroscience
Hippocampus
Chiton
Head injury
Apicoaortic Conduit
Great Hippocampus Question
Sharad Panday
History of neurology and neurosurgery
Radial glial cell
Cerebral atrophy
Artificial heart valve
List of OMIM disorder codes
Subarachnoid cisterns
Fatal Pediatric Lead Poisoning --- New Hampshire, 2000
Pediatric Depression: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Tahir Tellioglu, M.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Automatically measuring brain ventricular volume within PACS using artificial intelligence | PLOS ONE
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
Chromosome 22 News, Research
Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Treatment (PDQ®) (Health professionals) | OncoLink
Colloid Cysts in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 92 Issue 5 (2000) Journals
Bassett Collection - Lane Medical Library - Stanford University School of Medicine
Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Leonardo da Vinci: Under the Skin - ARTBOOK|D.A.P.
Anti-Collagen IV antibody (ab6586) | Abcam
CREATIS
ORVOSI SZÓTÁR - cerebral embolism jelentése
Anatomy 5: Space Occupying Lesions Flashcards by Jennifer Steen | Brainscape
BrainPharm: Paper - FELDBERG W, SHERWOOD SL (1957)
Craniotomy for cerebral shunt: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image
Appendix F Unrelated Operating Room Procedures (MS-DRGs 981-989
What Can the History of Schizophrenia Teach Us about "Revolutionary" Breakthroughs in Science and Medicine? | MPIWG
Frontiers | Larger Amygdala Volume Mediates the Association Between Prenatal Maternal Stress and Higher Levels of Externalizing...
DailyMed - TEPADINA- thiotepa injection, powder, for solution
Monitoring and Testing the Critical Care Patient - Critical Care Medicine - MSD Manual Professional Edition
DeCS
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
intraventricular hemorrhage | Cerebral Palsy Research Network
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis : CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology
Fourth ventricle1
- The third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal are exposed. (stanford.edu)
Ventricular3
- Cerebral ventricular volume is important for the diagnosis and treatment of many neurological disorders. (plos.org)
- Enlarged cerebral ventricles are found in 80% of individuals with schizophrenia, yet the mechanisms that lead to ventricular enlargement are mostly unknown. (news-medical.net)
- Patients must not have blood in the 4th ventricle and may only have blood in the 3rd ventricle in the absence of ventricular expansion. (who.int)
Subarachnoid space2
- In communicating hydrocephalus (also referred to as nonobstructive hydrocephalus), full communication between the ventricles and subarachnoid space exists. (medscape.com)
- An intrameningeal route that begins within the subarachnoid space in the cerebrospinal fluid, at any level of the cerebrospinal axis, including within the cerebral ventricles. (cdc.gov)
Lateral ventricles1
- Trace or mild haemorrhage in either or both lateral ventricles is permitted. (who.int)
Venous thrombosis2
- Unlike arterial strokes, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, tends to affect younger patients with a female predominance, and is often nonapoplectic in onset. (lww.com)
- OBJECTIVE Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or both, is a rare cerebrovascular disease. (lww.com)
Cerebrospinal fluid1
- Being able to segment the cerebral ventricles to determine the quantity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles has widespread applicability in many neurological conditions. (plos.org)
Dural venous1
- Thrombophlebitis originating in the mucosal veins progressively involves the emissary veins of the skull, the dural venous sinuses, the subdural veins, and, finally, the cerebral veins. (medscape.com)
Midline1
- The brain is divided in the mid-sagittal plane to expose the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and midline structures of the brain stem and cerebellum. (stanford.edu)
Hydrocephalus1
- Eventually, other hormonal symptoms and visual deficits may emerge as the tumor expands dorsally and compresses or invades the optic chiasm and/or fills the third ventricle to cause hydrocephalus. (oncolink.org)
Cysts6
- Colloid cysts of the third ventricle responsible for sudden death. (thejns.org)
- 131 , 1991 (Fr) Achard JM, Le Gars D, Veyssier P: [Colloid cysts of the third ventricle responsible for sudden death. (thejns.org)
- The pathogenesis of cerebral symptoms in colloid cysts of the third ventricle: a clinical and pathoanatomical study. (thejns.org)
- Colloid cysts of the third ventricle with fatal outcome: a report of two cases and review of the literature. (thejns.org)
- 260 - 266 , 1997 Büttner A, Winkler PA, Eisenmenger W, et al: Colloid cysts of the third ventricle with fatal outcome: a report of two cases and review of the literature. (thejns.org)
- Cardiac hydatid cysts are uncom- ventricle, local intracavitary rupture is shells protect them from environmental mon in cases of hydatid disease. (who.int)
Palsy1
- Download our free Cerebral Palsy Tool Kit in English, Portuguese and Spanish. (cprn.org)
Cortex1
- First-ever, spontaneous, supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage in cerebral cortex or deep brain structures (putamen, thalamus, caudate, and associated deep white matter tracts) with a volume = 5 mL and = 60 mL determined by non-contrast CT scan. (who.int)
Artery2
- The distribution of the anterior cerebral artery to the hemisphere is shown. (stanford.edu)
- These abscesses are more commonly multiple and multiloculated and are frequently found in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery. (medscape.com)
Intraventricular1
- An intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is when bleeding occurs inside the ventricles or fluid filled spaces inside of the brain. (cprn.org)
Posterior1
- In the diencephalon the structures divided are the optic chiasma, infundibulum and floor of the third ventricle, massa intermedia, tela chorioidea of the roof of the third ventricle, pineal body and the habenular and posterior commissures. (stanford.edu)
Edema2
Scalp3
- This image, depicting the layers of the scalp and cerebral ventricles, is reproduced from the Royal Academy's fascinating new study, Leonardo da Vinci: Under the Skin, published on the five-hundredth anniversary of the artist's death. (artbook.com)
- By giving the drawings a very specific weighting that casts the cerebral ventricles at its center as secondary information, he allows what is essentially the frame his comparison of the layers of the scalp to an onion to become the focus. (artbook.com)
- During a cerebral shunt procedure a flap is cut in the scalp and a small hole is drilled in the skull. (medlineplus.gov)
Schizophrenia1
- Freeborn recounts the emergence of a theory in the 1970s and 1980s which associated schizophrenia with larger lateral cerebral ventricles in the brain. (mpg.de)
Brain2
- [ 9 ] In NPH, ventricles enlarge despite normal or even slightly reduced intracranial pressure and they continue to press against brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
- A small catheter is passed into a ventricle of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Blood2
- A landmark study is calling for at least 50 people in the U.S. with Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (VCFS)-related psychosis to provide blood samples to create the world's largest VCFS biobank to date of tiny spheres of neural tissue called "cerebral organoids. (news-medical.net)
- Furthermore, increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Gsn −/− mice was associated with a special microenvironment characterized by enhanced density of perfused vessels, increased regional cerebral blood flow, and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-III) expression in hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
Study1
- The small number of fetuses available for study showed incomplete skeletal ossification, enlarged cerebral ventricles or hydrocephaly. (cdc.gov)
Patients1
- bed into the left ventricle, from where or intramyocardial, However, when a Most patients with calcification of it could reach any part of the body cyst is located in subendocardial en- the cyst wall remain asymptomatic for through systemic circulation [1-3]. (who.int)
Left1
- The more frequent than in the left ventricle extremes. (who.int)
Effects1
- Effects of calcium and potassium injected into the cerebral ventricles of the cat. (yale.edu)
Third ventricle8
- The ventricular system is composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle (see the images below). (medscape.com)
- The neural canal dilates within the prosencephalon, leading to the formation of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle. (medscape.com)
- The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through interventricular foramens, and the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- The 2 interventricular foramens (or foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. (medscape.com)
- Flow voids in the third ventricle and transependymal fluid exudates are helpful. (medscape.com)
- Ballooning of frontal horns of lateral ventricles and third ventricle (ie, "Mickey mouse" ventricles) may indicate aqueductal obstruction. (medscape.com)
- Third ventricle may herniate into the sella turcica. (medscape.com)
- Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres ( LATERAL VENTRICLES ), in the midline ( THIRD VENTRICLE ) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA ( FOURTH VENTRICLE ). (nih.gov)
Ventricular system1
- The largest cavities of the ventricular system are the lateral ventricles. (medscape.com)
Aqueduct3
- The cavity of the mesencephalon forms the cerebral aqueduct. (medscape.com)
- MRI cine is an MRI technique to measure CSF stroke volume (SV) in the cerebral aqueduct. (medscape.com)
- Cine phase-contrast MRI measurements of SV in the cerebral aqueduct does not appear to be useful in predicting response to shunting. (medscape.com)
Hemispheres1
- [ 1 ] During early development, the septum pellucidum is formed by the thinned walls of the 2 cerebral hemispheres and contains a fluid-filled cavity, named the cavum, which may persist. (medscape.com)
Cavities1
- The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
Horns2
- Each lateral ventricle is divided into a central portion, formed by the body and atrium (or trigone), and 3 lateral extensions or horns of the ventricles. (medscape.com)
- The body of the lateral ventricle is connected with the occipital and temporal horns by a wide area named the atrium. (medscape.com)
Parenchyma1
- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a novel imaging technique that detects differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of the brain parenchyma surrounding the ventricles. (medscape.com)
Image1
- Capillaries of the choroid arteries from the pia mater project into the ventricular cavity, forming the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Features1
- 16. Imaging Features of Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Cerebral Ventricles. (nih.gov)