Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
Leukoaraiosis
Brain Infarction
Stroke, Lacunar
Leukoencephalopathies
Dementia, Vascular
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Microvessels
Glaucoma, Neovascular
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
CADASIL
Venules
Stroke
Cognition Disorders
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
Netherlands
Cohort Studies
Cerebral Infarction
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. (1/41)
(+info)Diffusion tensor imaging and cognition in cerebral small vessel disease: the RUN DMC study. (2/41)
(+info)Vascular inflammation in cerebral small vessel disease. (3/41)
(+info)Arterial stiffness and cognitive decline in well-functioning older adults. (4/41)
(+info)Cerebral small vessel disease and risk of death, ischemic stroke, and cardiac complications in patients with atherosclerotic disease: the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Magnetic Resonance (SMART-MR) study. (5/41)
(+info)The pathologic cascade of cerebrovascular lesions in SHRSP: is erythrocyte accumulation an early phase? (6/41)
(+info)Frontal and temporal microbleeds are related to cognitive function: the Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Cohort (RUN DMC) Study. (7/41)
(+info)Angiogenic T-cells and putative endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension-related cerebral small vessel disease. (8/41)
(+info)The term "small vessel disease" encompasses a range of conditions that affect the small blood vessels in the brain, including:
1. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): A condition characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides in the walls of small blood vessels, leading to vascular inflammation and degeneration.
2. Cerebral infarction (CI): A condition caused by a blockage or rupture of small blood vessels in the brain, resulting in tissue damage or death due to lack of oxygen and nutrients.
3. Leukoaraiosis: A condition characterized by the degeneration of white matter in the brain, leading to a loss of myelin and axonal damage.
4. Moyamoya disease (MMD): A rare condition caused by stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain.
5. Small vessel ischemic change (SVIC): A condition characterized by the degeneration of small blood vessels in the brain due to chronic hypoperfusion or other factors.
6. Vasculitis: An inflammatory condition affecting the blood vessels in the brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Other conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia can also contribute to the development of CSVD.
The exact pathophysiology of CSVD is complex and involves multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular damage. The symptoms of CSVD can vary depending on the location and severity of the affected blood vessels, but may include cognitive decline, memory loss, difficulty with speech and language, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and vision problems.
CSVD is often difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms can be similar to other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke. A comprehensive diagnostic workup may include a physical examination, medical history, neuroimaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions.
There is currently no cure for CSVD, but various treatment options are available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include medications to control hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia; lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a healthy diet; and rehabilitation therapies to improve cognitive and motor function. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as bypass surgery or endarterectomy may be necessary.
In conclusion, CSVD is a complex and multifactorial condition that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to a range of cognitive and motor symptoms. While there is currently no cure for CSVD, various treatment options are available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Early detection and management of underlying risk factors can help to slow the progression of CSVD and improve outcomes for affected individuals.
Leukoaraiosis can cause a range of cognitive, motor, and behavioral symptoms depending on the severity and location of the degeneration. In some cases, it may lead to difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination, as well as cognitive impairments such as memory loss and difficulty with language processing.
The term "leukoaraiosis" comes from the Greek words "leukos," meaning white, and "araia," meaning matter. It is often used interchangeably with the term "white matter degeneration."
Leukoaraiosis can be diagnosed using a variety of neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI). Treatment for leukoaraiosis is typically focused on managing the underlying cause of the condition, such as addressing inflammation or oxidative stress, and may include medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.
In summary, leukoaraiosis refers to the loss or degeneration of white matter in the brain, leading to a range of cognitive, motor, and behavioral symptoms. It is often seen in neurodegenerative diseases and can be diagnosed using various neuroimaging techniques. Treatment is focused on managing the underlying cause of the condition.
Types: There are several types of brain infarction, including:
1. Cerebral infarction: This type of infarction occurs when there is a blockage or obstruction in the blood vessels that supply the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain.
2. Cerebellar infarction: This type of infarction occurs when there is a blockage or obstruction in the blood vessels that supply the cerebellum, which is located at the base of the brain.
3. Brain stem infarction: This type of infarction occurs when there is a blockage or obstruction in the blood vessels that supply the brain stem, which is the part of the brain that controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Symptoms: The symptoms of brain infarction can vary depending on the location and size of the affected area, but common symptoms include:
1. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
2. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden difficulty seeing or blindness
4. Sudden difficulty walking or loss of balance
5. Sudden severe headache
6. Difficulty with coordination and movement
7. Slurred speech
8. Vision changes
9. Seizures
Diagnosis: Brain infarction is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Other diagnostic tests may include blood tests to check for signs of infection or blood clotting abnormalities, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the electrical activity of the brain.
Treatment: The treatment of brain infarction depends on the underlying cause, but common treatments include:
1. Medications: To control symptoms such as high blood pressure, seizures, and swelling in the brain.
2. Endovascular therapy: A minimally invasive procedure to open or remove blockages in the blood vessels.
3. Surgery: To relieve pressure on the brain or repair damaged blood vessels.
4. Rehabilitation: To help regain lost function and improve quality of life.
Prognosis: The prognosis for brain infarction depends on the location and size of the affected area, as well as the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier treatment is received, the better the outcome. However, some individuals may experience long-term or permanent disability, or even death.
Lacunar strokes typically affect only a small area of the brain, resulting in a relatively mild stroke with few symptoms. However, they can sometimes occur in clusters, leading to more severe and widespread damage.
The most common cause of lacunar stroke is the buildup of plaque in the small blood vessels of the brain, which can narrow or block the flow of blood. Other risk factors for lacunar stroke include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, and obesity.
Symptoms of lacunar stroke may include weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and loss of balance or coordination.
Diagnosis of lacunar stroke is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for lacunar stroke may include medications to dissolve blood clots, manage blood pressure, and control symptoms such as seizures or swelling. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the blockage or repair the damaged blood vessel.
Overall, while lacunar stroke is a relatively rare type of stroke, it can have a significant impact on cognitive and physical functioning, and prompt medical attention is essential for effective treatment and recovery.
There are several types of leukoencephalopathies, each with its own unique set of causes and characteristics. Some of the most common include:
1. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD): A genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of fatty acids in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain.
2. Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD): A genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of certain fats in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain.
3. Krabbe disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of a substance called galactocerebroside in the brain, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and progressive damage to the nervous system.
4. Niemann-Pick disease: A group of inherited disorders that affect the metabolism of certain fats in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain and other organs.
5. Alexander disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of a substance called galactose in the brain, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and progressive damage to the nervous system.
The symptoms of leukoencephalopathies can vary depending on the specific type of disorder and the severity of the disease. Common symptoms include:
* Cognitive impairment: Difficulty with learning, memory, and problem-solving skills.
* Motor dysfunction: Weakness, rigidity, or tremors in the muscles.
* Seizures: Abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause convulsions or other symptoms.
* Vision loss: Blindness or vision impairment due to damage to the optic nerve.
* Speech difficulties: Slurred speech, difficulty with articulation, or other communication challenges.
* Behavioral changes: Increased irritability, aggression, or other behavioral problems.
There is no cure for leukoencephalopathies, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:
1. Physical therapy: To improve motor function and reduce muscle weakness.
2. Occupational therapy: To improve daily living skills and cognitive function.
3. Speech therapy: To improve communication skills and address swallowing difficulties.
4. Medications: To control seizures, muscle spasms, or other symptoms.
5. Nutritional support: To ensure adequate nutrition and address any feeding challenges.
6. Respiratory support: To assist with breathing and manage respiratory infections.
7. Psychological support: To address behavioral changes and other psychological issues.
The prognosis for leukoencephalopathies is generally poor, as the diseases tend to progress rapidly and can lead to significant disability or death within a few years of onset. However, with appropriate management and support, many individuals with these conditions can achieve a good quality of life and live well into adulthood. It is important for families to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses their child's specific needs and provides ongoing support throughout their lives.
The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain, but common symptoms include:
* Memory loss, such as difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information
* Confusion and disorientation
* Difficulty with communication, including trouble finding the right words or understanding what others are saying
* Difficulty with problem-solving, decision-making, and judgment
* Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety, or agitation
* Personality changes, such as becoming more passive or suspicious
* Difficulty with coordination and movement, including trouble walking or balance
Vascular dementia can be caused by a variety of conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain, including:
* Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA, or "mini-stroke")
* Small vessel disease, such as tiny strokes or changes in the blood vessels that occur over time
* Moyamoya disease, a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches
* Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a condition in which abnormal protein deposits build up in the blood vessels of the brain
* Other conditions that can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease
There is no cure for vascular dementia, but there are several treatment options available to help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include medications to improve memory and cognitive function, physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise. In some cases, surgery or endovascular procedures may be recommended to treat the underlying cause of the dementia, such as a stroke or blocked blood vessel.
It is important for individuals with vascular dementia to receive timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, as well as ongoing support and care from healthcare professionals, family members, and caregivers. With appropriate management, many people with vascular dementia are able to maintain their independence and quality of life for as long as possible.
1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.
It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.
There are several subtypes of neovascular glaucoma, including:
1. Rubeosis iridis: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs when new blood vessels grow on the surface of the iris.
2. Uveitic glaucoma: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs in people with uveitis, an inflammatory condition that affects the inner layers of the eye.
3. Chronic ocular inflammation: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs when there is chronic inflammation in the eye, leading to the growth of new blood vessels.
Neovascular glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for neovascular glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce inflammation and pressure in the eye, as well as laser surgery to destroy the new blood vessels. In some cases, a trabeculectomy, or filter surgery, may be performed to drain excess fluid from the eye and reduce pressure.
It is caused by a mutation in the NOTCH3 gene, which is involved in the development and maintenance of blood vessels in the brain. The mutation leads to the formation of abnormal blood vessels that can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain, leading to stroke-like episodes.
Symptoms of CADASIL can vary widely among affected individuals and may include:
* Stroke-like episodes, which can cause weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, and loss of sensation in the limbs
* Cognitive decline, including memory loss and difficulty with concentration and attention
* Behavioral changes, such as depression, anxiety, and mood swings
* Seizures
* Vision loss
* Headaches
* Weakness or paralysis of the extremities
CADASIL is typically diagnosed in adulthood, although some individuals may experience symptoms earlier in life. There is no cure for CADASIL, but treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include medications to control blood pressure, seizures, and other symptoms, as well as physical therapy and rehabilitation to improve function and mobility.
Overall, CADASIL is a rare and debilitating genetic disorder that can have a significant impact on quality of life. However, with proper diagnosis and management, individuals with CADASIL can lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges posed by the disease.
1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.
Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:
* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke
Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.
There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:
* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet
In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.
Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:
1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.
Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:
1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.
It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.
Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.
There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:
1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.
Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
The term "cerebrovascular disease" refers specifically to conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain, such as stroke, cerebral vasculitis, and Moyamoya disease. The basal ganglia are particularly vulnerable to cerebrovascular disease because they rely heavily on a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream.
Basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease can result from a variety of causes, including:
1. Stroke or bleeding in the brain: A stroke or bleed in the brain can damage the basal ganglia and lead to basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease.
2. Cerebral vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels supplying the basal ganglia can cause damage and lead to basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease.
3. Moyamoya disease: A rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and basal ganglia.
4. Other conditions that affect blood flow to the brain, such as hypoperfusion or vasospasm.
The symptoms of basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage, but may include:
1. Difficulty with movement, including weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis) or difficulty with coordination and balance.
2. Cognitive impairment, including memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving.
3. Behavioral changes, such as depression, anxiety, or personality changes.
4. Seizures or other neurological symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the damage.
Diagnosis of basal ganglia cerebrovascular disease typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, as well as blood flow studies such as SPECT or PET scans. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control symptoms, surgery to repair or bypass blocked blood vessels, or other interventions as appropriate.
The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.
There are different types of brain ischemia, including:
1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.
The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:
1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.
It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.
Familial Danish dementia
Microangiopathy
Vascular bypass
Perivascular space
Lipohyalinosis
Joanna Wardlaw
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
Systemic vasculitis
Blood pressure
Helene Benveniste
Porencephaly
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Charles Jacques Bouchard
Microinfarct
Charles Foix
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Anne Joutel
Notch 3
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Thrombotic storm
Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
Susac's syndrome
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations
Hypertension and the brain
Stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Interventional radiology
Central sulcus
Brain ischemia
Papillary tumors of the pineal region
CADASIL
Spinal cord
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency controversy
Whale
Brain
Pheochromocytoma
Cervical artery dissection
Human penis
Brain-computer interface
High-altitude cerebral edema
History of the location of the soul
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Contrast CT
Head injury
Menkes disease
Adrenal medulla
Apicoaortic Conduit
Blackwater fever
Clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells
Brain implant
List of skin conditions
Hypokinesia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Outline of the human brain
Functional and morphological changes of the retinal vessels in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment | Scientific...
Sphingosine 1 phosphate signaling in cerebral small vessel disease | NIH
Gene-mapping study of extremes of cerebral small vessel disease reveals TRIM47 as a strong candidate. | Brain;145(6): 1992...
Advanced coronary artery calcification and cerebral small vessel diseases in the healthy elderly<...
Synergistic associations of cognitive and motor impairments with functional outcome in covert cerebral small vessel disease |...
Structural brain network measures in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease and depressive symptoms | BMC...
Treatment Protocol of Replagal for Patients With Fabry Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Cell Senescence and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in the Brains of People Aged 80 Years and Older. - Nuffield Department of...
COL4A1-related brain small-vessel disease: MedlinePlus Genetics
Xiaoli Liu - NeL.edu
Influenza Vaccination and Incident Tuberculosis among Elderly Persons, Taiwan - Volume 24, Number 3-March 2018 - Emerging...
RePub, Erasmus University Repository:
Cortical superficial siderosis: Detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid...
Stroke Imaging: Practice Essentials, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Low-Tension Glaucoma: An Oxymoron in Ophthalmology
Latest News and Comment
The role of pontine lesion location in differentiating multiple sclerosis from vascular risk factor-related small vessel...
Diabetes Accelerates Brain Ageing and Associated Slower Information Processing
Neurology - Research output - Mayo Clinic
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Journal of Alzheimer's Disease - Volume 73, issue 4 - Journals - IOS Press
Projects | Anil Man Tuladhar
Department of Internal Medicine - Research output - National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Academic Hub
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Department of Neurology - Fingerprint - Ewha Womans University
Dementia13
- Alzheimer's disease is preceded by a variable transitional phase, which affects older subjects with heterogeneous cognitive and functional impairment, the latter not crossing the threshold for dementia. (nature.com)
- Cerebral small vessel disease is a leading cause of stroke and a major contributor to cognitive decline and dementia , but our understanding of specific genes underlying the cause of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease is limited. (bvsalud.org)
- Although cortical superficial siderosis has many possible causes, it is emerging as a key feature of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a common and important age-related cerebral small vessel disorder leading to intracerebral haemorrhage and dementia. (eur.nl)
- The presumed etiology of subcortical vascular dementia is small vessel occlusive disease. (ajnr.org)
- Functional radioisotope studies such as positron emission tomography and single-photon emission CT (SPECT), and functional MR imaging reports such as the current study, have shown decreases in cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, NAA, and NAA/Cr in subcortical vascular dementia. (ajnr.org)
- However, little is known of cardiometabolic risk factors in the subcortical small vessel type of dementia (SSVD), in which WMHs are one of the most prominent manifestations. (iospress.com)
- Objective: To determine whether the profile of cardiometabolic risk factors differed between SSVD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), mixed dementia (combined AD and SSVD), and healthy controls. (iospress.com)
- Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a frequent finding on CT and MRI scans of elderly people and is related to vascular risk factors and cognitive and motor impairment, ultimately leading to dementia or parkinsonism in some. (tuladhar.net)
- I am also interested in studying the early risk factors of dementia, and how cerebral small vessel disease is involved in early dementia pathogenesis. (cam.ac.uk)
- In particular, I am interested in how cerebral small vessel disease relates to established dementia risk factors and molecular imaging markers of dementia (e.g., amyloid, tau, neuroinflammation), as a way to further our understanding of how various pathologies interact in their contribution to neurodegeneration and clinical outcomes. (cam.ac.uk)
- Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia and midlife cerebral small vessel disease in cognitively healthy midlife adults: the PREVENT-Dementia study. (cam.ac.uk)
- CAIDE dementia risk score relates to severity and progression of cerebral small vessel disease in healthy midlife adults: the PREVENT-Dementia study. (cam.ac.uk)
- Inherited risk of dementia and the progression of cerebral small vessel disease and inflammatory markers in cognitively healthy midlife adults: the PREVENT-Dementia study. (cam.ac.uk)
Microbleeds5
- Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs), including white matter lesions (WML), silent lacunar infarction (SLI) and cerebral microbleeds (CMB), are considered to develop in conjunction with pro-atherogenic conditions, measured by CAC scores. (korea.ac.kr)
- After providing information on demographics, anthropometry and cardiovascular risk factors, participants underwent 3-T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure markers of CSVD, including cerebral microbleeds, cortical cerebral microinfarcts, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces and white matter hyperintensities, as well as neurodegenerative markers, including cortical thickness and subcortical structure volumes quantified using FreeSurfer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) include lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds and cortical cerebral microinfarcts, whereas surrogate markers of neurodegeneration include cortical and subcortical atrophy. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, the association of haemoglobin with cerebral microbleeds, and cortical cerebral microinfarcts remain unstudied. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cerebral microbleeds in CADASIL: a gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy study. (cdc.gov)
Intracranial1
- Flow velocity and pulsatility index were measured in the middle cerebral, basilar and intracranial internal carotid arteries of a sample of 141 diabetic patients with no other risk factors, and 132 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. (who.int)
Brain22
- Combined evidence from summary-based Mendelian randomization studies and profiling of human loss-of-function allele carriers showed an inverse relation between TRIM47 expression in the brain and blood vessels and extensive small vessel disease severity . (bvsalud.org)
- We observed significant enrichment of Trim47 in isolated brain vessel preparations compared to total brain fraction in mice , in line with the literature showing Trim47 enrichment in brain endothelial cells at single cell level. (bvsalud.org)
- Functional evaluation of TRIM47 by small interfering RNAs-mediated knockdown in human brain endothelial cells showed increased endothelial permeability , an important hallmark of cerebral small vessel disease pathology . (bvsalud.org)
- Myocyte senescence and cSVD may represent alternative vessel fates in the aging human brain. (ox.ac.uk)
- COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease is part of a group of conditions called the COL4A1 -related disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease is characterized by weakening of the blood vessels in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with COL4A1 -related brain small vessel disease also have leukoencephalopathy, which is a change in a type of brain tissue called white matter that can be seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (medlineplus.gov)
- Some people with COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease have an eye abnormality called Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some individuals with COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease do not have any signs or symptoms of the condition. (medlineplus.gov)
- COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease is a rare condition, although the exact prevalence is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
- As the name suggests, mutations in the COL4A1 gene cause COL4A1 -related brain small vessel disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- The COL4A1 gene mutations that cause COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease result in the production of a protein that disrupts the structure of type IV collagen. (medlineplus.gov)
- In people with COL4A1 -related brain small-vessel disease, the vasculature in the brain weakens, which can lead to blood vessel breakage and stroke . (medlineplus.gov)
- Ischemia also directly results in dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature, with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier occurring within 4-6 hours after infarction. (medscape.com)
- In the impressive brain-behavior multidisciplinary study in this issue of the AJNR (page 621), Capizzano et al evaluated four study groups: demented patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD)(n = 11), demented patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (n = 18), a mildly cognitively impaired group with white matter disease (n = 14), and a healthy control group (n = 20). (ajnr.org)
- Senior author Dr. Caterina Rosano, associate professor in Pitt Public Health's Department of Epidemiology, said that severity of cognitive complications and cerebral small vessel disease which can starve the brain of oxygen is much more intense than they expected, but it can be measured in a clinical setting. (medindia.net)
- The RUN DMC study is a prospective cohort study on the risk factors and cognitive and motor consequences of brain changes among 503 non-demented elderly, aged between 50-85 years, with cerebral SVD. (tuladhar.net)
- Currently, my research focuses on the associations between cerebral small vessel disease, inflammation, and blood brain barrier permeability. (cam.ac.uk)
- As a recipient of multiple awards and research grants from AHA and SNIS, his research areas include management of acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, vessel wall imaging, and hemodynamic analysis of brain aneurysms. (mountsinai.org)
- Inflammation describes a coordinated series of molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic responses that drive the pathology of various diseases including T/HS and traumatic brain injury (TBI). (who.int)
- Cerebral edema and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain contribute to this CNS toxicity (Bey et al. (cdc.gov)
- [ 49 ] In the brain, the bacilli may form small subpial or subependymal foci of metastatic caseous lesions, termed Rich foci. (medscape.com)
Mild cognitive3
- Imaging and histopathological studies have demonstrated that structural changes of the retina affect subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). (nature.com)
- In vivo neuroinflammation and cerebral small vessel disease in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. (cam.ac.uk)
- Different cognitive profiles between mild cognitive impairment due to cerebral small vessel disease and mild cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease origin. (bvsalud.org)
Hemorrhage1
- Hemorrhagic infarctions constitute most of the remainder of strokes, with a smaller number due to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage . (medscape.com)
Occlusive disease1
- Noncoronary atherosclerosis refers to atherosclerotic disease affecting large and medium-sized noncoronary arteries (eg, extracranial cerebrovascular disease, lower extremity occlusive disease, aneurysmal disease). (medscape.com)
Variants5
- The genome-wide association study identified significant association of common variants in 11 loci with extreme small vessel disease , of which the chr12q24.11 locus was not previously reported to be associated with any MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease . (bvsalud.org)
- The whole- exome association study identified significant associations of extreme small vessel disease with common variants in the 5' UTR region of EFEMP1 (chr2p16.1) and one probably damaging common missense variant in TRIM47 (chr17q25.1). (bvsalud.org)
- The study sheds light on the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder and provides more insights into the contribution of mosaic variants in human diseases. (medindia.net)
- Genetic variants of the NOTCH3 gene in the elderly and magnetic resonance imaging correlates of age-related cerebral small vessel disease. (cdc.gov)
- Common NOTCH3 Variants and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease. (cdc.gov)
Stroke1
- Mendelian randomization supports the causal association of extensive small vessel disease severity with increased risk of stroke and Alzheimer's disease . (bvsalud.org)
Arteries3
- Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) in penetrating arteries is a major cause of age-related morbidity. (ox.ac.uk)
- Senescent-appearing mural cells were present in small arteries of all cases. (ox.ac.uk)
- Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall. (medscape.com)
Cortical3
- Cortical superficial siderosis describes a distinct pattern of blood-breakdown product deposition limited to cortical sulci over the convexities of the cerebral hemispheres, sparing the brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord. (eur.nl)
- In this review we focus on recent developments in neuroimaging and detection, aetiology, prevalence, pathophysiology and clinical significance of cortical superficial siderosis, with a particular emphasis on cerebral amyloid angiopathy. (eur.nl)
- Cortical NAA measures were inversely correlated with the number of lacunes and with the volume of white matter disease. (ajnr.org)
Retinal1
- The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the retinal vessels in these disorders, using dynamic vessel analyzer (DVA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis. (nature.com)
Functional4
- Overall, our comprehensive gene -mapping study and preliminary functional evaluation suggests a putative role of TRIM47 in the pathophysiology of cerebral small vessel disease , making it an important candidate for extensive in vivo explorations and future translational work . (bvsalud.org)
- 1 Symptomatic treatment of chorea in patients with Huntington's disease should be considered when it causes functional disability, discomfort, or social embarrassment. (thelancet.com)
- Thus, the order of magnitude of the functional differences in this article, and in similar studies in the literature, is quite small. (ajnr.org)
- However, many patients with anatomically advanced disease may have no symptoms and experience no functional impairment. (medscape.com)
Atherosclerosis2
- Background: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores are widely accepted to predict risk of coronary heart diseases and are associated with atherosclerosis in other vasculatures. (korea.ac.kr)
- Patients with mild atherosclerosis may present with clinically important symptoms and signs of disease. (medscape.com)
Pathophysiology1
- As the disease progresses, the Rich foci enlarge and may eventually rupture into the subarachnoid space, resulting in meningitis (See Pathophysiology ). (medscape.com)
Systematic review2
- COL4A1 mutations as a monogenic cause of cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review. (medlineplus.gov)
- Inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review. (cam.ac.uk)
Hyperintensities2
- We report a genome-wide association study and a whole- exome association study on a composite extreme phenotype of cerebral small vessel disease derived from its most common MRI features white matter hyperintensities and lacunes. (bvsalud.org)
- Among only the participants with type 1 diabetes, those with greater volumes of white matter hyperintensities averaged lower cognitive scores than those with smaller volumes, though the difference was less pronounced. (medindia.net)
Disorder3
- Wang C, Wei Q, Guo L, Liu H, Guo Q. Association of cognitive impairment and mood disorder with event-related potential P300 in patients with cerebral small vessel diseases Neuro Endocrinol Lett. (nel.edu)
- Chorea, the prototypical movement disorder in Huntington's disease, is a syndrome characterised by abrupt involuntary movements resulting from a continuous flow of random muscle contractions. (thelancet.com)
- Although a substantive disease-modifying therapy might not be available for the presenting disorder in some patients, autoimmune encephalitis is eminently treatable. (thelancet.com)
Patients8
- This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of Replagal in patients with Fabry disease who are either naive to treatment, who were previously treated with agalsidase beta, or who had previously received Replagal. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Patients diagnosed with Fabry disease who have not previously received treatment, who have received agalsidase beta, or who had previously received Replagal will be eligible to enroll in the study and will receive Replagal at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight administered by an IV infusion over 40 minutes every other week. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- An Open-label Treatment Protocol to Evaluate the Safety of Replagal Treatment in Patients With Fabry Disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- This study assessed its validity in determining cerebral small vessel disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
- Transcranial doppler may be useful in early diagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
- La vitesse d'écoulement du flux sanguin et l'index de pulsatilité ont été mesurés dans les artères carotides internes intercrâniennes, les artères basilaires et cérébrales moyennes d'un échantillon de 141 patients diabétiques sans autre facteur de risque et de 132 témoins en bonne santé appariés pour l'âge et le sexe. (who.int)
- Les patients ont été répartis en deux groupes : 73 patients souffrant d'un diabète compliqué dans le premier groupe et 68 patients atteints d'un diabète non compliqué dans le deuxième groupe. (who.int)
- Le présent article décrit les manifestations cliniques, le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la schistosomiase médullaire chez cinq patients admis dans les hôpitaux Shaab et Ibn Khaldoun de Khartoum entre 1997 et 2007. (who.int)
Cognitive impairment1
- We aimed to examine the association of decreased haemoglobin levels with markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in an elderly Asian population. (biomedcentral.com)
Ischemic1
- Acute ischemic strokes are the result of vascular occlusion secondary to thromboembolic disease. (medscape.com)
Including renal1
- An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Dysfunction1
- However, the mechanisms underlying this association with cognitive dysfunction, either through cerebrovascular disease or neurodegeneration, remain poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
CSVD3
- To investigate the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indicators and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) with depressive states, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of white matter damage in CSVD with depression. (biomedcentral.com)
- With the gradual increase in the number of elderly people in China, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are frequent, and the incidence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is also on the rise. (biomedcentral.com)
- CSVD is a highly prevalent age-related disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Centers3
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- Activity, COCA, with the Emergency Risk Communication Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- We congratulate the Centers for Disease Control in its efforts to update this guide and wish it the same success as the previous edition. (cdc.gov)
Abnormalities1
- Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms2
- The conditions in this group have a range of signs and symptoms that involve fragile blood vessels . (medlineplus.gov)
- Identification of biological changes underlying the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will help to identify and stage individuals prior to symptom onset. (iospress.com)
Carotid1
- Carotid artery disease in NIDDM diabetes. (who.int)
Impairments1
- Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs) are common causes of cognitive impairments and mood disorders. (nel.edu)
Fabry Disease1
- Confirmed diagnosis of Fabry disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Infectious Diseases1
- Open Forum Infectious Diseases. (elsevier.com)
Alzheimer's Disease3
- Nevertheless, the presence of coexisting Alzheimer's disease remains an issue the investigators acknowledge. (ajnr.org)
- The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease is an international multidisciplinary journal to facilitate progress in understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetics, behavior, treatment and psychology of Alzheimer's disease. (iospress.com)
- The journal is dedicated to providing an open forum for original research that will expedite our fundamental understanding of Alzheimer's disease. (iospress.com)
Interaction1
- Although several reports have indicated a possible interaction between influenza vaccination and TB, little is known regarding the association between influenza vaccine and subsequent TB development. (cdc.gov)
Acute1
- TBM must be differentiated not only from other forms of acute and subacute meningitis, but also from conditions such as viral infections and cerebral abscesses (See Diagnosis ). (medscape.com)
Congenital1
- Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disease which results in hypopituitarism. (nel.edu)
Communicable1
- In addition, 35 communicable diseases are a constant, and potential pandemics are foreseeable [8-10]. (who.int)
White matter1
- In the SIVD group, NAA and NAA/Cr in the cerebral cortex and white matter, but not in the hippocampus, were reduced independent of atrophy and tissue composition when compared with the control group, suggesting neuron loss or metabolic impairment in these regions. (ajnr.org)
Reveals1
- Gene-mapping study of extremes of cerebral small vessel disease reveals TRIM47 as a strong candidate. (bvsalud.org)