Cerebral cortex. Medical search

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)

Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.

Veins draining the cerebrum.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the ARACHNOID and the DURA MATER.

Posterior portion of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES responsible for processing visual sensory information. It is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

The decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. It is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of MIGRAINE WITH AURA. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting RODENTS and/or RABBITS and as a laboratory animal. It is in the subfamily Mustelinae, family MUSTELIDAE.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage.

Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).

Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.

Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.

Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.

The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.

A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/15480)

It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections. (+info)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (2/15480)

Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine. (+info)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (3/15480)

Murine cortical cultures containing both neurons and glia (days in vitro 13-15) were exposed to periods of oxygen-glucose deprivation (5-30 min) too brief to induce neuronal death. Cultures "preconditioned" by sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation exhibited 30-50% less neuronal death than controls when exposed to a 45-55 min period of oxygen-glucose deprivation 24 hr later. This preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was specific in that neuronal death induced by exposure to excitotoxins or to staurosporine was not attenuated. Neuroprotection was lost if the time between the preconditioning and severe insult were decreased to 7 hr or increased to 72 hr and was blocked if the NMDA antagonist 100 microM 3-((D)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid was applied during the preconditioning insult. This was true even if the duration of preconditioning was increased as far as possible (while still remaining sublethal). A similar preconditioning effect was also produced by sublethal exposure to high K+, glutamate, or NMDA but not to kainate or trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid. (+info)

Fas/Apo [apoptosis]-1 and associated proteins in the differentiating cerebral cortex: induction of caspase-dependent cell death and activation of NF-kappaB. (4/15480)

The developing cerebral cortex undergoes a period of substantial cell death. The present studies examine the role of the suicide receptor Fas/Apo[apoptosis]-1 in cerebral cortical development. Fas mRNA and protein are transiently expressed in subsets of cells within the developing rat cerebral cortex during the peak period of apoptosis. Fas-immunoreactive cells were localized in close proximity to Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing cells. The Fas-associated signaling protein receptor interacting protein (RIP) was expressed by some Fas-expressing cells, whereas Fas-associated death domain (FADD) was undetectable in the early postnatal cerebral cortex. FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an inhibitor of Fas activation, was also expressed in the postnatal cerebral cortex. Fas expression was more ubiquitous in embryonic cortical neuroblasts in dissociated culture compared to in situ within the developing brain, suggesting that the environmental milieu partly suppresses Fas expression at this developmental stage. Furthermore, FADD, RIP, and FLIP were also expressed by subsets of dissociated cortical neuroblasts in culture. Fas activation by ligand (FasL) or anti-Fas antibody induced caspase-dependent cell death in primary embryonic cortical neuroblast cultures. The activation of Fas was also accompanied by a rapid downregulation of Fas receptor expression, non-cell cycle-related incorporation of nucleic acids and nuclear translocation of the RelA/p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Together, these data suggest that adult cortical cell number may be established, in part, by an active process of receptor-mediated cell suicide, initiated in situ by killer (FasL-expressing) cells and that Fas may have functions in addition to suicide in the developing brain. (+info)

Integrated visualization of functional and anatomic brain data: a validation study. (5/15480)

Two-dimensional SPECT display and three methods for integrated visualization of SPECT and MRI patient data are evaluated in a multiobserver study to determine whether localization of functional data can be improved by adding anatomical information to the display. METHODS: SPECT and MRI data of 30 patients were gathered and presented using four types of display: one of SPECT in isolation, two integrated two-dimensional displays and one integrated three-dimensional display. Cold and hot spots in the peripheral cortex were preselected and indicated on black-and-white hard copies of the image data. Nuclear medicine physicians were asked to assign the corresponding spots in the image data on the computer screen to a lobe and a gyrus and give a confidence rating for both localizations. Interobserver agreement using kappa statistics and average confidence ratings were assessed to interpret the reported observations. RESULTS: Both the interobserver agreement and the confidence of the observers were greater for the integrated two-dimensional displays than for the two-dimensional SPECT display. An additional increase in agreement and confidence was seen with the integrated three-dimensional display. CONCLUSION: Integrated display of SPECT and MR brain images provides better localization of cerebral blood perfusion abnormalities in the peripheral cortex in relation to the anatomy of the brain than single-modality display and increases the confidence of the observer. (+info)

Identifying homologous anatomical landmarks on reconstructed magnetic resonance images of the human cerebral cortical surface. (6/15480)

Guided by a review of the anatomical literature, 36 sulci on the human cerebral cortical surface were designated as homologous. These sulci were assessed for visibility on 3-dimensional images reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brains of 20 normal volunteers by 2 independent observers. Those sulci that were found to be reproducibly identifiable were used to define 24 landmarks around the cortical surface. The interobserver and intraobserver variabilities of measurement of the 24 landmarks were calculated. These reliably reproducible landmarks can be used for detailed morphometric analysis, and may prove helpful in the analysis of suspected cerebral cortical structured abnormalities in patients with such conditions as epilepsy. (+info)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/15480)

Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning. (+info)

The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/15480)

cAMP signals are received and transmitted by multiple isoforms of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, typically determined by their specific regulatory subunits. In the brain the major regulatory isoform RIIbeta and the RII-anchor protein, AKAP150 (rat) or 75 (bovine), are differentially expressed. Cortical neurons express RIIbeta and AKAP75; conversely, granule cerebellar cells express predominantly RIalpha and RIIalpha. Cortical neurons accumulate PKA catalytic subunit and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein very efficiently into nuclei upon cAMP induction, whereas granule cerebellar cells fail to do so. Down-regulation of RIIbeta synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cAMP-induced nuclear signaling in cortical neurons. Expression in cerebellar granule cells of RIIbeta and AKAP75 genes by microinjection of specific expression vectors, markedly stimulated cAMP-induced transcription of the lacZ gene driven by a cAMP-responsive element promoter. These data indicate that the composition of PKA in cortical and granule cells underlies the differential ability of these cells to transmit cAMP signals to the nucleus. (+info)

Cerebral Cortex. Jan/Feb 1998. Vogel, R., Sary, G., Dupont, P., Orban, G. Human Brain Regions Involved in Visual Categorization ... The basis of this work takes place in the visual cortex of the brain. The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the ... Brain areas involved in recognition are the inferior temporal cortex, the superior parietal cortex, and the cerebellum. During ... The primary visual cortex is located within the occipital lobe in the back of infant's brain and is responsible for processing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_learning

Cerebral Cortex. 14 (11): 1185-99. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh079. PMID 15142952. G. Edelman, G Tononi (2000). A Universe of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)

Cerebral Cortex. 21 (6): 1379-1388. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq216. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 21041200. Nolen-Hoeksema, S.; Morrow, J. ( ... These regions include the orbital prefrontal cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ... Cerebral Cortex. 17 (6): 1412-1422. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl052. PMID 16908493. Urry, H. L. (2010). "Seeing, thinking, and ... This is a result of both increased amygdala activity and a disconnect between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation

Cerebral Volume Influences Sex Differences in Neuroanatomy". Cerebral Cortex. 18 (12): 2920-2931. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn052. ... It connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, which allows them to communicate with each other. With ... more synapses per mm3 of cerebral cortex. Another difference is that females generally have faster blood flow to their brains ... Cortex. 9 (8): 896-901. doi:10.1093/cercor/9.8.896. PMID 10601007. Ellis, Lee, Sex differences: summarizing more than a century ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_human_physiology

Cerebral Cortex. 18 (11): 2523-31. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435.[permanent dead link] Kolata G (27 March 2008). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Substrates for Neuroregulation in Prefrontal Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 19 (9): 2145-55. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCG-4986

Cerebral Cortex. 18 (2): 337-343. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm058. PMID 17556772. Cohen Kadosh, R; Cohen Kadosh, K; Henik, A; Linden ... In these studies the most consistent finding was the involvement of the parietal cortex, with increased activation for ... Pinel, P; Piazza, M; Le Bihan, D; Dehaene, S (2004). "Distributed and overlapping cerebral representations of number, size, and ... Cortex. 44 (4): 439-448. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.008. PMID 18387576.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Stroop_effect

Cerebral Cortex. 26 (6): 2895-2904. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw051. ISSN 1047-3211. PMC 4869820. PMID 26946126. Wiemerslage L, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinpirole

Sergent, J (1992). "Varieties of functional deficits in prospagnosia". Cerebral Cortex. 2 (5): 375-388. doi:10.1093/cercor/2.5. ... Sergent, J., Corballis, M. C. (1991). 10 ups and downs in cerebral lateralization. In F. L. Kitterle (Ed.), Cerebral laterality ... Cerebral Cortex. 2 (5): 389-400. doi:10.1093/cercor/2.5.389. PMID 1422093. Sergent, J.; Zuck, E.; Terriah, S.; MacDonald, B. ( ... Cerebral Cortex. 2 (1): 68-80. doi:10.1093/cercor/2.1.68. PMID 1633409. Sergent, J.; Signoret, J. (1992). "Implicit access to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Sergent

Abe, Nobuhito (December 2008). "Neural Correlates of True Memory, False Memory, and Deception" (PDF). Cerebral Cortex. 18 (12 ... Sapolsky, Robert M. (2004-11-26). "The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system" (PDF). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 359 ... Findings have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activates when subjects are pretending to know information, but ... Contemporary research conducted on the prefrontal cortex has criticized this standpoint because it considers impaired volition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolaw

Cerebral Cortex. 19 (3): 537-542. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn104. PMID 18562330. Havas, D. A.; Glenberg, A. M.; Gutowski, K. A.; ... Cerebral Cortex. 19 (3): 537-542. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn104. PMID 18562330. Davis, Joshua Ian; Senghas, Ann; Brandt, Fredric; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_feedback_hypothesis

2018). "Core differences in synaptic signaling between primary visual and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 28 ... Cerebral Cortex. 25: 1596-1607. Bar-Shira O, Maor R, Chechik G (December 2015). "Gene Expression Switching of Receptor Subunits ... However, in pyramidal cell synapses in the newly evolved primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, GluN2B are exclusively within ... 2013). "NMDA receptors subserve working memory persistent neuronal firing In dorsolateral prefrontal cortex". Neuron. 77 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

"Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices". Cerebral Cortex. 13 (3): 308- ... Cerebral Cortex. 21 (3): 719-726. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq146. PMID 20713505. Rolls E. T.; O'Doherty J.; Kringelbach M. L.; ... anterior cingulate cortex, and the insular cortex have all been suggested to be pleasure causing substrates in the brain. One ... Ploner M.; Lee M. C.; Wiech K.; Bingel U.; Tracey I. (2011). "Flexible Cerebral Connectivity Patterns Subserve Contextual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_and_pleasure

Cerebral Cortex. 14 (5): 543-554. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh016. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 15054070. Ferreira, T; Blackman, A; Oyrer, J ... Dendritic organization in the neurons of the visual and motor cortices of the cat. J. Anat. 87, 387-406 O'Neill KM1, Akum BF2, ... first used to describe the differences in the visual and motor cortices of cats. Sholl was interested in comparing the ... intersections correlated with distance from the cell body is compared between neurons from the motor and visual cortex. Sholl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholl_analysis

Cerebral Cortex. 17 (12): 2788-95. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm007. PMID 17404390. Kubatka P, Zubor P, Busselberg D, Kwon TK, Adamek ... January 2009). "Activation of suprachiasmatic nuclei and primary visual cortex depends upon time of day". primary. The European ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm

I: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli". Cerebral Cortex. 9 (5): 415-430. doi:10.1093/ ... found that N170 can be modulated by top-down influences from prefrontal cortex. The N170 was first described by Shlomo Bentin ... and object processing in the visual cortex". NeuroImage. 20 (3): 1609-1624. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.010. PMID 14642472 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N170

Cerebral Cortex. 12 (6): 590-600. doi:10.1093/cercor/12.6.590. PMID 12003859. Zhou, Yuan; Yu, Chunshui; Zheng, Hua; Liu, Yong; ... Astafiev, S. V.; Stanley, C. M.; Shulman, G. L.; Corbetta, M. (2004). "Extrastriate body area in human occipital cortex ... "Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (3): 292- ... "Functional organization of human intraparietal and frontal cortex for attending, looking, and pointing". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task-negative

2006). "Anatomical Differences in the Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition Network in Autism". Cerebral Cortex. 16 (9): ... the primary somatosensory cortex, and the inferior parietal cortex. The function of the mirror system in humans is a subject of ... anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal cortex) are active when people experience an emotion (disgust, happiness, pain ... These additional areas include the somatosensory cortex and are thought to make the observer feel what it feels like to move in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron

Cerebral Cortex. 17 (11): 2744-51. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm001. PMID 17283202. Chainay H, Louarn C, Humphreys GW (2006). " ... Cortex. 43 (3): 319-37. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70458-1. PMID 17533756. Rumiati RI, Zanini S, Vorano L, Shallice T (2001). "A ... Cortex. 30 (1): 167-70. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80332-2. PMID 8004986. Unsworth, C.A. (2007). Cognitive and Perceptual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideational_apraxia

Cerebral Cortex. 23 (6): 1444-1452. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs126. ISSN 1047-3211. PMC 3643719. PMID 22645253. Toschi, Nicola; ... "The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity". Journal of Neurophysiology. 106 ... such as the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, amygdala, and other regions in the subcortex. On the other hand, Openness and ... In one MRI study, Novelty Seeking correlated with increased grey matter volume in regions of the cingulate cortex, Harm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_basis_of_personality

Cerebral Cortex. 15 (2): 170-186. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh120. PMID 15238437.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ... However, it is now known that sensory input is processed by the occipital cortex by 56 ms and this is communicated to the ... The origin of the wave for a long time was unknown and only linked to the auditory cortex in 1970. Due to ... Alho, K. (1995). "Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N100

Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY, Peng L, Lee S, Pearlson GD (1995). "Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy ... Cerebral Cortex. 15 (8): 1261-9. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi009. PMID 15635062. Devlin JT, Matthews PM, Rushworth MF (January 2003 ... Caplan D (May 2006). "Why is Broca's area involved in syntax?". Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System ... Fadiga L, Craighero L (May 2006). "Hand actions and speech representation in Broca's area". Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_area

... and can support this ability even in the absence of the cerebral cortex. Thus, cats with major damage to the visual cortex ... Visual input from the retina, or "command" input from the cerebral cortex, create a "bump" of activity in the tectal map, which ... Instead of a large cerebral cortex, zebrafish have a relatively large optic tectum that is hypothesized to carry out some of ... Most areas of the cerebral cortex project to these layers, although the input from "association" areas tends to be heavier than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus

Cerebral Cortex. 12 (4): 357-68. doi:10.1093/cercor/12.4.357. PMID 11884351. Driver, Jon; Spence, Charles (1998). "Crossmodal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmodal_attention

Cerebral Cortex. 17 (10): 2387-2399. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl147. PMC 2896890. PMID 17218482. Campbell, R; MacSweeney, M; ... doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.006. PMC 4475441. PMID 25890390. Campbell, R (2008). "The processing of audio-visual speech: ... 1991 Seeing Speech: visual information from lip movements modifies activity in the human auditory cortex". Neuroscience Letters ... 1997). "Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading". Science. 276 (5312): 593-6. doi:10.1126/science.276.5312.593. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_reading

Amunts K, Schleicher A, Zilles K (2007b). "Cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex: More than localization". NeuroImage. 37 (4 ... that the caudal shift of the lunate sulcus in Homo sapiens was due to the evolutionary rapid overgrowth of the cerebral cortex ... Preuss M and Coleman Q (2002). "Human-specific organization of primary visual cortex: Alternating compartments of dense Cat-301 ... and calbindin immunore- activity in layer 4A". Cerebral Cortex. 12 (7): 671-691. doi:10.1093/cercor/12.7.671. PMID 12050080.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate_sulcus

Top-down Influences on the Orbitofrontal and Pregenual Cingulate Cortices". Cerebral Cortex. 18 (7): 1549-1559. doi:10.1093/ ... This modulation can be seen in the orbitofrontal cortex and pregenual cingulate cortex. Taste serves to identify potential ... gray matter volume in multiple prefrontal cortices, spontaneous activity in the right amygdala, and even emotional intelligence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_sensation

"A model of representational spaces in human cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 26 (6): 2919-2934. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw068. PMC 4869822 ... Cerebral Cortex. 20 (1): 130-140. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp085. PMC 2792192. PMID 19420007. Haxby, J. V.; Guntupalli, J. S.; ... Kanwisher, N.; McDermott, J. & Chun, M. M. (1997). "The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized ... high-dimensional model of the representational space in human ventral temporal cortex". Neuron. 72 (2): 404-416. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Haxby

Cerebral Cortex. 20 (3): 517-523. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp120. ISSN 1460-2199. PMC 2820696. PMID 19531538. Henschen, SL (1919). " ... Cortex. 20 (11): 2636-2646. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq011. PMC 2951845. PMID 20154013. Rushworth, MF; Behrens, TE; Johansen-Berg, H ... 2006). "Connection patterns distinguish 3 regions of human parietal cortex". Cereb Cortex. 16 (10): 1418-1430. CiteSeerX 10.1. ... Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. Angular gyrus is shown in orange. Lateral view of a human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_gyrus

Cerebral Cortex. 19 (9): 2025-2037. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn228. PMC 2722423. PMID 19150924. Petersen S.; Robinson D.; Morris J ... Medial pulvinar nucleus sends its widespread projections to the different areas of association cortex, including cingulate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pulvinar_nucleus

The prefrontal cortex is thought essential for all goal-directed and socially-mediated behavior. The PFC is an ideal target for ... PIR has a poorer resolution than NIR and this treatment typically focuses on more global increases in cerebral blood flow.[3] ... To keep up with the nutritional and waste removal demands of a higher metabolic rate, cerebral blood flow to the cortical area ... Most research in HEG has focused on disorders of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the cortical region directly behind the forehead ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoencephalography

March 1999). "In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer's disease". Neurology. 52 (4): ... 2006). "D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with F-18fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia". ... Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 20 (3): 423-451. doi:10.1097/00004647-200003000-00001. PMID 10724107.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

... receptors containing alpha1 and alpha4 subunits in the cerebral cortex: selective effects of chronic ethanol consumption". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

"Cerebral Cortex. 11 (9): 868-877. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.9.868. PMID 11532891.. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link). ... For the cerebral cortex, it has been shown that volume differences identified with VBM may reflect mostly differences in ... Construction of symmetric grey and white matter templates by averaging right and left cerebral hemispheres. ... "Cerebral Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handedness on Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxel-based_morphometry

... although glial cells outnumber neurons roughly 4 to 1 in the cerebral cortex. Glia come in several types, which perform a ... Brain metastasis in the right cerebral hemisphere from lung cancer, shown on magnetic resonance imaging. ... Early imaging methods - invasive and sometimes dangerous - such as pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography have been ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumors

Hof, Patrick R.; Van Der Gucht, Estel (2007). "Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale

... it is somewhat close to the contemporary view of cerebral cortex and formation of associations. The intellectuality of all ... Libet, B. (1985). "Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action". Behavioral and Brain ... motor area on the medial surface of the frontal lobe and progressing to the primary motor cortex and then to parietal cortex ... with this orderly sequential network activation incorporating premotor association cortices together with primary motor cortex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In ... DasGupta R, Kavia RB, Fowler CJ (2007). "Cerebral mechanisms and voiding function". BJU Int. 99 (4): 731-4. doi:10.1111/j.1464- ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ادرار_کردن?match=en

cerebral cortex development. • canonical Wnt signaling pathway. • dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning. • neural retina ... cerebral cortex cell migration. • positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. • L- ... cell cortex. • integral component of membrane. • azurophil granule membrane. • Z disc. • neuronal cell body. • perinuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Arnott, S., Thaler, L., Milne, J., Kish, D., & Goodale, M. (n.d). Shape-specific activation of occipital cortex in an early ... Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness

Cerebral cortex of frontal lobe in the human brain. Identifiers. Latin. Area triangularis. ... Prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory[edit]. Pars triangularis has been shown to have a role in cognitive ... Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to ... 1999). "Effects of repetition and competition on activity of left prefrontal cortex during word generation". Neuron. 23 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus

cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration. • glucose import. • visual learning. • sensitization. • positive regulation of ...

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дофаминовый_рецептор_D1

Instead of using the cerebral cortex like mammals, birds use the mediorostral HVC for cognition.[74] Not only have parrots ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes

The left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex generate causal inferences and explanations of events ... The left cerebral hemisphere of the brain.. The left-brain interpreter is a neuropsychological concept developed by the ... A hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex has been developed in which different regions are categorized ... of the left prefrontal cortex in exerting control over one's environment in contrast to the role of the right prefrontal cortex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_brain_interpreter

With more difficult rhythms such as a 1:2.5, more areas in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are involved.[14] EEG recordings ... Role of right auditory cortex in fine pitch resolution[edit]. The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated ... The actively taught students were also found to have greater cerebral cortex activation. It should also be noted that the ... orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, midbrain, and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Many of these areas appear to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music

"The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs", Brain; 135: 11. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine

Tychsen, Lawrence (August 2012). "The Cause of Infantile Strabismus Lies Upstairs in the Cerebral Cortex, Not Downstairs in the ...

https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/మెల్లకన్ను

... of the exterior part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex, or patches of damaged tissue (lesions) on some parts of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_

Cerebral cortices. *Visual cortex. *Auditory cortex. *Vestibular cortex. *Olfactory cortex. *Gustatory cortex ... The third-order neurons then send the signal to the somatosensory cortex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor

layer formation in cerebral cortex. • cerebellum development. • positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2

cerebral cortex development. · growth. · vocal learning. · camera-type eye development. · negative regulation of transcription ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2

"BDNF regulates reelin expression and Cajal-Retzius cell development in the cerebral cortex". Neuron. 21 (2): 305-15. doi: ... cortex, and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[12] BDNF is also expressed in the retina, ... It has been shown that BDNF mRNA levels are decreased in cortical layers IV and V of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of ... Activation of Dopamine receptor D5 also promotes expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex neurons.[36] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

Finally, during orgasm, upward neural signals go to the cerebral cortex and feelings of intense pleasure are experienced. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia

ঐক্ষিক বহিঃস্তর (গুরুমস্তিষ্ক) (Visual cortex). *কান (Ear) *বহিঃকর্ণ (Outer ear) *কানের লতি (Earlobe) ... মস্তিষ্ক গোলার্ধ (Cerebral hemisphere). *আন্তর মস্তিষ্ক (Diencephalon). *মস্তিষ্ককাণ্ড (Brain stem) *মধ্যমস্তিষ্ক ( ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/নিতম্বাস্থি

He also conceded that at this stage of development there would be no cognition of pain in the cerebral cortex.[18] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_Scream

... of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. ... For creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, MEG is most often combined with fMRI, as the ... imaging analysis software that facilitates the visualization of the functional regions of the highly folded cerebral cortex. ... there is also an increased amount of cerebral blood flow to that area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is enabled by the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping

... suggesting that this damage may have been more significant to Gage's mental changes than the cerebral cortex (gray matter) ... Fiber pathway damage extended beyond the left frontal cortex to regions of the left temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices ... Fuster, Joaquin M. (2008). The prefrontal cortex. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-12-373644-7.. ... 1878). "The Goulstonian lectures of the localisation of cerebral disease. LectureI (concluded)". Br Med J. 1 (900): 443-7.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?diff=589273712

Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2012, pp372-380. Slotnick, S. D., Thompson, W. L., and Kosslyn, S. M., Visual memory and ... Kosslyn, S. M., Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres-A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No. 2 ... Kosslyn, S. M. (1987). Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres-A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94 ... A role for the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2010, pp775-789. Tiggemann, M., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_therapy

An MRI with increased signal in the posterior part of the internal capsule that can be tracked to the motor cortex, consistent ... The defining feature of ALS is the death of both upper motor neurons (located in the motor cortex of the brain) and lower motor ... motor cortex atrophy, sclerosis of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, thinning of the hypoglossal nerves (which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

... to the cerebral cortex.[21] The Arons (1997) recognized Albert Mehrabian's (1976, 1980, 1991) concept of filtering the " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity

The cerebral cortex (plural cortices), also known as the cerebral mantle,[1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the ... Cerebral cortex. Tissue slice from the brain of an adult macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). The cerebral cortex is the outer ... Blood supply to the cerebral cortex is part of the cerebral circulation. Cerebral arteries supply the blood that perfuses the ... See also: Development of the cerebral cortex. The prenatal development of the cerebral cortex is a complex and finely tuned ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Cortex

Cerebral Cortex is a scientific journal in the neuroscience area, focusing on the development, organization, plasticity, and ... function of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus. It is published by Oxford University Press, and had as its founding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Cortex_(journal)

... and Migration of Embryonic Cerebral Cortical Precursors. Cerebral Cortex, 21(8), 1840-1856. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq254 Toba, S ... The cerebral cortex is divided into layers. Each layer is formed by radial glial cells located in the ventricular zone or ... Corticogenesis is the process in which the cerebral cortex of the brain is formed during the development of the nervous system ... The migration of subcortical brain functions to the cortex is known as corticalization. Appropriate formation of the cerebral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_cerebral_cortex

The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structurepresent in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... The structure of the cerebral cortex. The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. Sensory cortices ( ... The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. The cerebral cortex is ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000090.html

... the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on ... title = {Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex},. journal = {Cereb Cortex},. year = {1991},. pages ... primate cerebral cortex distributed hierarchical processing hierarchical organization visual system many new cortical area ... cerebral cortex visual-association area recent year cortical area connectivity pattern identified connection extensive visual ...

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.225.165&rank=9

White E.L. (1989) GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex. In: Cortical Circuits. Birkhäuser Boston. * DOI https://doi.org/ ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-8721-3_6

Tag: cerebral cortex. Researchers Map Central Hub of the Human Brain. By Eliza Strickland , July 1, 2008 12:54 pm ... Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex, ... They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brains two hemispheres. According ...

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/tag/cerebral-cortex/

The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. This sector is primarily ... Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other ... Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or ...

https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/cerebral-cortex

Purchase The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 1st Edition. Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neuropsychiatric Disorders*Chapter 11. Prefrontal Cortical Abnormalities in Cognitive Deficits of ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-cerebral-cortex-in-neurodegenerative-and-neuropsychiatric-disorders/cechetto/978-0-12-801942-9

The cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. All our abilities to process ... www.healthcentral.com/article/pathways-to-anxiety-the-cerebral-cortex. Anxiety Disorders. Pathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral ... In this post, Im looking at a second anxiety pathway, the cerebral cortex, and its role in both anticipating and interpreting ... are associated with the functions of the cerebral cortex.. Our brains allow us to imagine the future, and thus we are able to ...

https://www.healthcentral.com/article/pathways-to-anxiety-the-cerebral-cortex

... motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform cortex; Ent Cx, entorhinal cortex; TeA Cx, TA ... Abbreviations: Cg Cx, cingulate cortex; M Cx, motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/105/29/10227?ijkey=d6400ac9d6fae482fea4699f4c1da178f85789d2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Gene That Creates Cerebral Cortex Discovered. Print this page THURSDAY, Jan. 17 -- Researchers have identified the gene ... The gene, called Lhx2, tells stem cells in the developing brain to form the cerebral cortex, which controls functions such as ...

https://www.drugs.com/news/gene-creates-cerebral-cortex-discovered-10696.html

The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In ... Connections of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is connected to various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and ... Isocortex (homotypical cortex), the part of the cortex with six layers * Allocortex (heterotypical cortex) with variable number ... Primary motor cortex, which executes voluntary movements * Supplementary motor areas and premotor cortex, which select ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Cerebral_cortex.html

CEREBRAL CORTEX script on images, illustrations and vectors perfectly priced to fit your projects budget. ... Render illustration of CEREBRAL CORTEX script on head silhouette with cloudy sky as a background.. Stock Photo ID: 171711674 ... abstract, accurate, anatomy, art, brain, cerebral, complexity, concept, consciousness, cortex, education, function, genius, ...

https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-171711674/stock-photo-cerebral-cortex-concept

1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 1:1-47. ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/115/30/E7202

... Yoshiaki Tagawa1,2 and Tomoo Hirano1 ... Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano, "Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex," Neural ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/797295/cta/

G. Innocenti, "General organization of callosal connections in the cerebral cortex," in Cerebral Cortex, E. G. Jones and A. ... Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Yoshiaki Tagawa1,2 and Tomoo Hirano1 ... M. Sur and J. L. Rubenstein, "Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex," Science, vol. 310, no. 5749, pp. 805-810, 2005 ... R. Khazipov and H. J. Luhmann, "Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing cerebral cortex of humans and rodents ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/797295/ref/

... and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically... ... we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. ... 2011). Von Economo neurons in autism: a stereological study of frontoinsular cortex in children. Brain Research, 1380, 206-217. ... Simms, M. L., Kemper, T. L., Timbie, C. M., Bauman, M. L., & Blatt, G. J. (2009). The anterior cingulate cortex in autism: ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-012-1513-0

Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units of cortex, are interconnected through a massive yet highly ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units ... Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajals conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/168/wiring-principles-of-cerebral-cortex

The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... Cerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical Localization. Paul M Thompson, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA ... a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002195.html

... Title. Computational analysis of ... Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra- ... These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver ... Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex. *ISI News ...

https://www.isi.edu/people/burns/publications/computational_analysis_functional_connectivity_between_areas_primate_cereb

Cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual ... Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new ... The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried ... The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. ... News tagged with cerebral cortex. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day ...

https://phys.org/tags/cerebral+cortex/

The New York Times Jeb Bush and the biblethumpers cant even spell a dead cerebral cortex---their cortex , all reasoning power ... Homestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpers. Tvoivozhd tvoivozd at infionline.net Wed Sep 29 13:02:52 ... A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone ...

https://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/homestead/2004-September/001048.html

... the cerebral cortex and the prefrontal cortex, a part of the cerebral cortex. And like I said, the prefrontal cortex is really ... And thats because he no longer had a functioning prefrontal cortex. So thats the cerebral cortex. So if you ever wonder what ... Now, why are we looking at a brain? Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how ... And theres a number of different ways that you can divide up the cerebral cortex and organize it. So were going to look at a ...

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/emotion/v/emotions-cerebral-hemispheres-and-prefrontal-cortex

... Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):427-37. doi: 10.1038/nrn2151. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17514196/?dopt=Abstract

Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice.. Mallamaci A1, Muzio L, Chan CH, Parnavelas J, ... The specification of area identities in the cerebral cortex is a complex process, primed by intrinsic cortical cues and refined ... Proto-mapping the areas of cerebral cortex: transcription factors make the grade. [Nat Neurosci. 2000] ... but the distinctive expression pattern of the homeogene Emx2 in the developing cortex has prompted suggestions that it is ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10862700?dopt=Abstract

Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution. Mar 05, 2015 ... NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during ... Home » Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/epigenetics-research/study-links-regulatory-changes-during-development-human-cerebral-cortex

A schizophrenia-associated mutation of DISC1 perturbs cerebral cortex development.. Kamiya A1, Kubo K, Tomoda T, Takaki M, Youn ... These results indicate that DISC1 is involved in cerebral cortex development, and suggest that loss of DISC1 function may ... of endogenous DISC1 or expression of mutDISC1 impairs neurite outgrowth in vitro and proper development of the cerebral cortex ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299498

The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that ... The Protomap/Protocortex controversy no longer remains: It is clear that the parcellation of the cerebral cortex into discrete ... Adapted from (130) and (135). (B) The orientation map in primary visual cortex (V1) of a normal ferret and in auditory cortex ( ... The growth of thalamic axons to the cortex appears to be influenced by axons growing from the cortex to the thalamus. Mice with ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/310/5749/805?ijkey=af9958629d730d1313bbe2ca01a06ef1fb8d70a2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

High impact information on Cerebral Cortex. *The hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait) mouse shows a markedly small cerebral cortex ... Chemical compound and disease context of Cerebral Cortex. *Loss of M2 muscarine receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimers ... Cerebral glucose utilization is markedly increased in most areas of the cerebral cortex and reduced in many subcortical ... Ablation of NF1 function in neurons induces abnormal development of cerebral cortex and reactive gliosis in the brain. Zhu, Y ...

http://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/326.html

One of the most clear examples of cortical layering is the Stria of Gennari in the primary visual cortex. (bionity.com)
According to the standard model of visual processing, all visual information from the retina must first pass through the primary visual cortex (V1) in the back of the brain, which extracts simple features like lines and edges, before being distributed to a number of "higher order" visual areas that extract increasingly complex features like shapes, shading, movement, and so on. (ucsf.edu)
In contrast to the dogma that all visual areas in the cerebral cortex get their inputs from primary visual cortex (V1), the new study shows that postrhinal cortex (POR) gets information about moving objects via a parallel visual pathway from an evolutionarily ancient brainstem area called superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
It's as if we've discovered a second primary visual cortex," said study senior author Massimo Scanziani , PhD, a professor of physiology at UCSF and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. (ucsf.edu)
In normally aging subjects, primary visual cortex has been shown to have reduced responses to visual stimulation [5]. (scirp.org)
It is not known, however, to what extent aging affects visual field repre-sentations and population receptive sizes in human primary visual cortex. (scirp.org)
Here we use func-tional MRI (fMRI) and population receptive field (pRF) modeling [6] to measure angular and ec-centric retinotopic representations and population receptive fields in primary visual cortex in healthy aging subjects ages 57 - 70 and in healthy young volunteers ages 24 - 36 (n = 9). (scirp.org)
Primary visual cortex (V1) was clearly identifiable along the calcarine sulcus in all hemispheres. (scirp.org)
Understanding the extent of changes that occur in primary visual cortex during normal aging is essential both for understanding the normal aging process and for comparisons of healthy, aging subjects with aging patients suffering from age-related visual and cortical disorders. (scirp.org)
Researchers have shows the post rhinal cortex obtains visual data from the superior colliculus and is not dependent upon information from primary visual cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)

Cortical areas have specific functions such as movement in the motor cortex , and sight in the visual cortex . (wikipedia.org)
The thickness of different cortical areas varies but in general, sensory cortex is thinner than motor cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Structure-function relationships in association, sensory, or motor cortex. (frontiersin.org)
Properties and plasticity of the primate somatosensory and motor cortex related to orofacial sensorimotor function. (springer.com)
Effects of reversible bilateral inactivation of face primary motor cortex on mastication and swallowing. (springer.com)
Driving plasticity in adult human motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. (springer.com)
Gut feelings about recovery after stroke: the organisation and reorganisation of human swallowing motor cortex. (springer.com)
Brodmann area 4 is the primary motor cortex (somatomotor cortex ), although the premotor. (picsearch.com)
The ipsilateral motor pathway from the unaffected motor cortex to the affected extremity is one of the motor recovery mechanisms following stroke. (eurekalert.org)
A few functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can activate ipsilateral motor cortex neurons and a single session of rTMS can produce an immediate effect on the unaffected motor cortex. (eurekalert.org)
However, there have been no functional neuroimaging studies on the effect of rTMS on unaffected motor cortex in patients with stroke. (eurekalert.org)
Dr. Sung Ho Jang and his team, College of Medicine of Yeungnam University in Republic of Korea found using functional MRI technology that unaffected motor cortex activation disappeared in a patient with cerebral infarct after 2 weeks of rTMS. (eurekalert.org)
Below you will find a brief overview of one of those parts of the brain that's known as the motor cortex and how it relates to cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
The motor cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex, and its main function is to help control muscle movements that occur throughout the body. (lawfitz.com)
The motor cortex is a very intricate part of the brain and it controls very specific parts of the body. (lawfitz.com)
Therefore, it's possible for someone who has suffered an injury to one of the portions of the motor cortex to experience problems with one limb or one muscle group in the body and not any others. (lawfitz.com)
When a child suffers damage to the motor cortex during birth because of the deprivation of oxygen, the cells in the motor cortex are permanently damaged and some are killed. (lawfitz.com)
The motor cortex is just in front of the somatosensory cortex and it sends out signals to muscles to make them move. (healthpages.org)
what is primary motor cortex? (brainscape.com)
what are the secondary motor cortex areas? (brainscape.com)
what is the importance of the supplemental motor cortex area? (brainscape.com)

It is separated into two cortices , by the longitudinal fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres . (wikipedia.org)
The two hemispheres are joined beneath the cortex by the corpus callosum . (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and is folded into peaks called gyri , and grooves called sulci . (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. (els.net)
Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. (els.net)
They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brain's two hemispheres. (discovermagazine.com)
The most-frontal part of the neural tube, the telencephalon , gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and the neocortex . (bionity.com)
Human Cerebral Cortex The human cerebrum is divided into two mirror image cerebral hemispheres by. (picsearch.com)
The superficial layer of the cerebral hemispheres, composed of gray matter and concerned with coordination of higher nervous activity. (thefreedictionary.com)
One can think of the cerebral cortex as a unified covering, or mantle, over the surface of the hemispheres. (thefreedictionary.com)
The considerable external level of grey case of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for greater mind features, including feeling, voluntary muscle motion, believed, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
The extensive outer level of grey question of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for higher brain functions, including feeling, voluntary muscle tissue motion, thought, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
It has two hemispheres and an outer cortex of gray matter and an inner core of white matter. (healthpages.org)
It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus which lie deep in the cerebral hemispheres. (healthpages.org)
Made entirely of gray matter and distinguished by its characteristic folds, the cerebral cortex is the brain's outermost layer covering the hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)
Those who expressed a stronger spiritual bent also displayed thicker cortices above both the left and right hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)

We have identified a population of cells in the cortex that is activated during sleep in three mammalian species. (pnas.org)
These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver the first functional evidence for 'small-world' architecture of primate cerebral cortex. (isi.edu)
This undermines the whole concept of the visual system in mammalian cortex as a perfect hierarchy with V1 as the gatekeeper and raises a multitude of questions, including how these two parallel visual systems evolved and how they cooperate to produce a unified visual experience. (ucsf.edu)
In a recent study in the journal Cell [1], NIH grantee Jeff Lichtman of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA and his colleagues unveiled the first digitized reconstruction of tissue from the mammalian cerebral cortex-the outermost part of the brain, responsible for complex behaviors. (georgetown.edu)
The mammalian cerebral cortex is divided into functionally distinct areas. (biologists.org)
The columnar organization of the cerebral cortex is a broadly documented principle of design preserved throughout mammalian evolution ( Mountcastle, 1997 ), which has been proposed to be important to allow a large number of neurons to be connected without a significant increase in cortical volume. (frontiersin.org)
A key event in the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex is the generation of neuronal populations during embryonic life. (biologists.org)
In this study, we present evidence that mammalian Fat4 and Dachsous1 cadherins regulate the apical plasma membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)
In this study, we analyzed the role of the mammalian Fat-Dachsous system in the embryonic cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)

The cerebral cortex (plural cortices ), also known as the cerebral mantle , [1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals . (wikipedia.org)
In mammals with a small brain there is no folding and the cortex is smooth. (wikipedia.org)
In the human brain the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible from the outside, but buried in the sulci, [5] and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
When unfolded in the human, each hemispheric cortex has a total surface area of about 0.12 square metres (1.3 sq ft). [9] The folding is inward away from the surface of the brain, and is also present on the medial surface of each hemisphere within the longitudinal fissure . (wikipedia.org)
The larger sulci and gyri mark the divisions of the cortex of the cerebrum into the lobes of the brain . (wikipedia.org)
[12] Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) makes it possible to get a measure for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex and relate it to other measures. (wikipedia.org)
Corticogenesis is the process in which the cerebral cortex of the brain is formed during the development of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The cortex is the outer layer of the brain and is composed of up to six layers. (wikipedia.org)
The migration of subcortical brain functions to the cortex is known as corticalization. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex , suggesting that electrical signals travel through this hub on their way to more specialized regions. (discovermagazine.com)
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. (microscopyu.com)
Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or neocortex , it is most highly developed in the human brain. (microscopyu.com)
The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. (healthcentral.com)
Although sleep-active neurons have been identified in other brain areas, neurons that are specifically activated during slow-wave sleep have not previously been described in the cerebral cortex. (pnas.org)
The gene, called Lhx2, tells stem cells in the developing brain to form the cerebral cortex, which controls functions such as language, decision-making and vision, according to a University of California, Irvine, study published in the Jan. 18 issue of Science . (drugs.com)
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. (bionity.com)
The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick, and plays a central role in many complex brain functions including memory , attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (bionity.com)
The glial fibres produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially-oriented, spanning all the thickness of the cortex, and will provide scafolding for the future migration of neurones from the ventricular zone to the external surface of the brain. (bionity.com)
The layered structure of the cerebral cortex, formed during development, can be still observed in the adult vertebrate brain. (bionity.com)
The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: specific regions control vision, sensory and motor function, hearing, and language. (els.net)
a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket cells (B) and chandelier cells (C). (b) In Alzheimer disease, patients lose cortical grey matter (labelled in green). (els.net)
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (phys.org)
A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone. (ibiblio.org)
Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how it plays a role in emotions. (khanacademy.org)
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. (sciencemag.org)
Early development of the cortex is highly integrated with development of other parts of the brain, including midline patterning centers, the basal ganglia primordia that produce many of the cortical local circuit neurons, and axonal inputs from the thalamus and brain stem. (sciencemag.org)
Instead, this region, known as the post-rhinal cortex (POR), appears to obtain visual data directly from an evolutionarily ancient sensory processing center at the base of the brain called the superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
Of all portions of the brain the cerebral cortex possesses the most direct interest to the. (picsearch.com)
The study, published June 9 in the early online edition of Nature Neuroscience, describes vascular architecture within a well-known region of the cerebral cortex and explores what that structure means for functional imaging of the brain and the onset of a kind of dementia. (innovations-report.com)
Scientists at the Max Planck Institute have discovered that the brain uses the cortex for making sensory associations, not the hippocampus. (scitechdaily.com)
Highly accurate surface models of the cerebral cortex are becoming increasingly important as tools in the investigation of the functional organization of the human brain. (psu.edu)
Tissue sections of the cerebral cortex regions expressing CD38 were examined by in situ hybridization to indicate that the astrocytes, one type of glial cells, in the cerebral cortex at the late stages of the postnatal brain development highly expressed CD38. (eurekalert.org)
These new insights and tools should help to explain how our cortex evolved and the roles of its specialised areas in health and disease, and could eventually hold promise for unprecedented precision in brain surgery and clinical work-ups,' said Bruce Cuthbert the acting director of the National Institute of Mental Health. (wired.co.uk)
Analysis of the orientations of [3H]thymidine-labeled migrating cells suggests that nonradial migration is equally common in brain slices and the intact cortex and that it increases during neurogenesis. (biologists.org)
One of the most common diagnoses that results from a loss of oxygen to the brain during birth is that of cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
There are several different types of cerebral palsy and which type someone has could depend somewhat on the portion of the brain that's been damaged. (lawfitz.com)
A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main and Helene Schmidt at the Bernstein-Center of Humboldt-University in Berlin have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space. (neurosciencenews.com)
They found that the internet addicted teens displayed grey matter atrophy in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, the area of the brain responsible for higher order processing, like thinking, memory and speech - and that longer durations of internet addiction resulted in worsened grey matter atrophy. (choosehelp.com)
Researchers from the UCLA School of Nursing examined clinical records and magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of patients who were recently diagnosed with sleep apnea, and discovered several apparent connections between thinning of the brain's cerebral cortex and apnea symptoms. (ucla.edu)
Many of the signals our brain receives from our senses are registered in the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
The visual cortex is in the lower back part of the brain and is where our brain registers what we see. (healthpages.org)
The somatosensory cortex is a band that runs over the top of the brain is where our brain registers a touch on any part of our body. (healthpages.org)
This complex of densely connected regions in posterior medial and parietal cortex is both spatially and topologically central within the brain. (dericbownds.net)
The frontal areas took over most of the cortex, while the sensory areas were drastically reduced in size and relegated to a small domain at the back of the brain. (bio-medicine.org)
But how did the outer surface of the brain, the layered cortex of neuronal gray matter, get its folds? (harvard.edu)
Cerebral cortical neuron degeneration occurs in brain disorders manifesting throughout life, but the mechanisms are understood poorly. (scialert.net)
Sulcal and gyral landmarks on the human cerebral cortex are required for various studies of the human brain. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The examination of the patterns of variation in the human brain often relies upon the accurate identification of structures on the surface of the cerebral cortex. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Human brain cerebral Cortex tissue membrane protein lysate was prepared by isolating the membrane protein from whole tissue homogenates using a proprietary technique. (creativebiomart.net)
For quality control purposes, the isolated brain cerebral Cortex tissue membrane protein pattern on SDS-PAGE gel is shown to be consistent for each lot by visualization with coomassie blue staining. (creativebiomart.net)
The isolated brain cerebral Cortex tissue membrane protein is then Western analyzed by either GAPDH or β-actin antibody to confirm there is no signal or very weak signal. (creativebiomart.net)
Brain: cerebral cortex membrane protein lysate is for use in Western blotting, 10 μg to 20 μg per lane is recommended for mini gel. (creativebiomart.net)
The cerebral cortex is the most complex and essential structure of our brain. (medicalxpress.com)
In this study, the researchers tested the therapeutic potential of cortical neurons generated in the laboratory, which were then transplanted into the brains of adult mice who had undergone brain damage resulting in massive neuronal loss in the visual cortex. (medicalxpress.com)
Remarkably, the researchers found that the transplanted neurons integrated effectively into the brain after injury, but most importantly they could connect with the host brain, as some of them even responded to visual stimuli, like the visual cortex . (medicalxpress.com)
Moreover, a part of the brain called the cerebral cortex - which plays a key role in memory, attention, awareness and thought - contains twice as many cells in humans as the same region in chimpanzees. (elifesciences.org)
Networks of brain cells in the cerebral cortex also behave differently in the two species. (elifesciences.org)
How these species differences arise is not clear, but it likely occurs in the earliest phases of development when brain stem and progenitor cells divide and give rise to cerebral cortex cells in the growing brain. (elifesciences.org)
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure frontal regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in a person whose brain was under the influence of pharmacological agents while the person was performing a complex task. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
These results suggest that caffeine helps to protect the brain from excessive hyperemia in addition to activating the neurons in the prefrontal cortex. (spiedigitallibrary.org)

Most of the cerebral cortex consists of the six-layered neocortex . (wikipedia.org)
Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new" areas such as the six-layered "neocortex," found only in mammals and most prominently in humans. (phys.org)
The pallium is further subdivided into medial pallium (MP), dorsal pallium (DP), lateral pallium (LP), and ventral pallium (VP), which will respectively give rise to the hippocampal formation (limbic lobe), the neocortex, the olfactory/piriform cortex, and the claustrum and parts of the amygdala ( 3 , 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
Therefore, we studied infarction in cerebral neocortex of male and female mice with deletion of the clock gene Bmal1 ( Bmal1 −/− ) after focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT). (mdpi.com)

Activity-dependent development of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex," Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 27, no. 42, pp. 11334-11342, 2007. (hindawi.com)

The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex is folded in a way that allows a large surface area of neural tissue to fit within the confines of the neurocranium . (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex develops from the neural plate, a specialised part of the embryonic ectoderm . (bionity.com)
We examined how this transformation progresses along multiple levels of the hierarchy by comparing neural representations in visual, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices in monkeys categorizing across three visual domains (shape, motion direction, and color). (pnas.org)
Paralleling these representational differences, the dimensionality of neural population activity decreased progressively from sensory to intermediate to frontal cortex. (pnas.org)
Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano, "Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex," Neural Plasticity , vol. 2012, Article ID 797295, 10 pages, 2012. (hindawi.com)
Understanding these data will help improve the fidelity of neural models of cerebral cortical function and take into account the diversity of connections at both micro- and mesoscopic scales not seen at such a depth before. (frontiersin.org)
The new evidence indicates that the development of cortical areas involves a rich array of signals, with considerable interplay between mechanisms intrinsic to cortical progenitors and neurons and mechanisms extrinsic to the cortex, including those requiring neural activity. (sciencemag.org)
Summary: Researchers from Max Planck Institute have identified a neural connectivity pattern in the medial entorhinal cortex that appears to assist with navigation. (neurosciencenews.com)
In neural progenitor cells of the cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 were concentrated together in a cell-cell contact area positioned more apically than the adherens junction (AJ). (rupress.org)

Each cerebral cortex hemisphere is made of four anatomically distinct lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. (els.net)
Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. (springer.com)
Decreases were more pronounced in the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BAS 31/7) and right inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) during language-related tasks and more pronounced in left inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47) during nonlanguage tasks. (mit.edu)
Blood flow decreases did not generally show significant differences across the active task states within an experiment, but a verb-generation task produced larger decreases than a read task in right and left inferior parietal lobe (BA 40) and the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BA 31/7), while the read task produced larger decreases in left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47). (mit.edu)
The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal are. (bio-medicine.org)
The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal areas that control higher functions related to emotions and the movements of our bodies versus areas that interpret our sensory environment and allow us to see, hear and feel. (bio-medicine.org)
Importance of religion or spirituality, but not frequency of [house of worship] attendance, was associated with thicker cortices in the left and right parietal and occipital regions, the mesial frontal lobe of the right hemisphere, and the cuneus and precuneus in the left hemisphere," wrote the authors in their study , published this month in JAMA Psychology . (medicaldaily.com)
During the UKP testing, changes in the rCBV in the inferior frontal cortex were continuously measured using NIRS. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
Although the performance of the mental work improved following caffeine intake, the improvement was not reflected in the rCBV in the inferior frontal cerebral cortex. (spiedigitallibrary.org)

We found that categorical abstraction occurred in a gradual fashion across the cortical hierarchy and reached an apex in prefrontal cortex. (pnas.org)
In contrast, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) largely represented the abstracted behavioral relevance of stimuli (task rule, motion category, and color category). (pnas.org)
They then pass the baton to the temporal love (dark green area) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (light green area) that allows short-term memorisation. (sciencephoto.com)

The cerebral cortex is involved in many higher‐level functions such as sensory perception, cognition, language, memory, decision making, motor planning and control. (els.net)
A large part of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing sensory stimuli from the environment. (els.net)
The remainder of the cortex is devoted to motor planning and control, as well as integration of multiple sensory cues and cognitive processing. (els.net)
The complex networks of the cerebral cortex are specified in development using intrinsic molecular cues and spontaneous neuronal activity, although sensory‐driven activity can also play a role. (els.net)
Sensory cortices (visual, auditory and somatosensory) process information received from peripheral sense organs, motor areas plan and instruct motor output and association areas integrate cortical inputs to create meaningful motor outputs and cognitive and emotional constructs. (els.net)
de Villers‐Sedani E and Merzenich MM (2011) Lifelong plasticity in the rat auditory cortex: basic mechanisms and the role of sensory experience. (els.net)
The earliest stages of processing in cerebral cortex reflect a relatively faithful copy of sensory inputs, but intelligent behavior requires abstracting behaviorally relevant concepts and categories. (pnas.org)
The ancestral superior colliculus (called optic tectum in non-mammals) is the main sensory processing center in creatures with little or no cortex, such as fish, amphibians, lizards and birds. (ucsf.edu)
Many areas of the cerebral cortex process sensory information or coordinate motor output necessary. (picsearch.com)
The cerebral cortex consists of distinct cytoarchitectonic areas, each serving a function ranging from sensory perception and motor control to symbolic thinking and language in humans. (frontiersin.org)
The more nerve endings a part of the body has, the more of the sensory cortex it occupies. (healthpages.org)
A big portion of the sensory cortex is taken up by our lips and face. (healthpages.org)
The thalamus is involved with sensory signals sent to the higher forebrain, in particular the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
Although the mice lacking COUP-TF1 in their cortex do not have any obvious sensory or motor problems, the researchers believe that a closer look will reveal substantial deficits. (bio-medicine.org)
what is the primary sensory cortex? (brainscape.com)

Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra-connected and hierarchically organized structural systems. (isi.edu)

Photothrombotic cerebral infarction was induced in the rat parietal cortex according to the method of Watson et al 17 as described in detail elsewhere. (ahajournals.org)

The structure of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)

Cerebral Cortex is a scientific journal in the neuroscience area, focusing on the development, organization, plasticity, and function of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
The phylogenetically more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus , is differentiated in five layers of neurons , whereas the more recent neo-cortex is differentiated in six basic layers. (bionity.com)
the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. (phys.org)
Kenny, P. J., File, S. E. and Rattray, M. (2001), Nicotine regulates 5-HT 1A receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. (wiley.com)

This article reviews the recent research into ways of restoring swallowing function in these patients through promoting plasticity and reorganisation of the remaining, viable cerebral cortex. (springer.com)
CEREBRAL CORTEX is an interdisciplinary journal publishing papers on the development, organization, plasticity and function of the cerebral cortex. (periodicals.com)

In their most extreme interpretations, the former postulated that the cortical progenitor zone contains the information that generates cortical areas, whereas the latter postulated that thalamic afferent axons, through activity-dependent mechanisms, impose cortical areal identity on an otherwise homogeneous cortex. (sciencemag.org)
So OLeary and his team collaborated with Italian researchers, led by Dr. Michele Studer, who is co-senior author with OLeary of the study, to develop mice in which COUP-TF1 can be selectively removed from progenitor cells in the cortex just before they start generating cortical neurons. (bio-medicine.org)
then used live microscopy to show that progenitor cells that form the human cerebral cortex spend around 50% more time in a stage of the cell division process called metaphase compared to the same cells from chimpanzees or orangutans. (elifesciences.org)

We found that the normal spectrum of cortical areal identities was encoded in these mutants, but areas with caudal-medial identities were reduced and those with anterior-lateral identities were relatively expanded in the cortex. (nih.gov)
Effects of functional disruption of lateral pericentral cerebral cortex on primate swallowing. (springer.com)
their apical surfaces face the lateral ventricle, and their basal end feet are located on the roof of the cortex. (rupress.org)

The specification of area identities in the cerebral cortex is a complex process, primed by intrinsic cortical cues and refined after the arrival of afferent fibers from the thalamus. (nih.gov)
These different cortical areas have a precise connectivity, particularly with nuclei within the dorsal thalamus, which provides some of the principal inputs to the cerebral cortex ( Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
layer VI sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus (Creutzfeldt, 1995). (humpath.com)
The thalamus also participates in motor control and regulating cortex excitement. (healthpages.org)

ICD-9 code 851.39 for Cortex (cerebral) laceration with open intracranial wound with concussion unspecified is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)
ICD-9 code 851.06 for Cortex (cerebral) contusion without open intracranial wound with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)

We are only beginning to define the mechanisms that determine the area identity of neurons in the cortex. (bio-medicine.org)

Staining the nervous tissue to reveal the position of the neuronal cell bodies of the intracortical myelin sheats allowed the neuroanatomists in the early 20th century to produced a detailed description of the laminar structure of the cortex in different species. (bionity.com)
As both Fat4 and Dachsous1 were highly expressed in embryonic cerebral cortices, we decided to investigate the function of them in this tissue. (rupress.org)
The human cerebral Cortex tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after excision and then stored at -70?C. The membrane protein is provided in a buffer including HEPES (pH 7.9), MgCl2, KCl, EDTA, Sucrose, Glycerol, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. (creativebiomart.net)

The cerebral cortex resembles a six layer sheet of neurons that in many animals, including humans, is folded to fit into the confines of the skull. (els.net)

A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). (wikipedia.org)
About two thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the sulci and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
Most mammals have a cerebral cortex that is convoluted with the peaks known as gyri and the troughs or grooves known as sulci. (wikipedia.org)
The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, wherein more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (bionity.com)
The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (phys.org)
They present numerical simulations and physical mimics of the constrained growth of the cortex which show how compressive mechanical forces sculpt it to form characteristic sulci and gyri, consistent with observations across species in both normal and pathological situations. (harvard.edu)

Neuropilin 1-Sema signaling regulates crossing of cingulate pioneering axons during development of the corpus callosum," Cerebral cortex , vol. 19, pp. i11-i21, 2009. (hindawi.com)

We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. (psu.edu)
Powell TPS and Mountcastle VB (1959) Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. (els.net)
Mature cortical areas differ by their location within the cortex, molecular properties, histological organization, patterns of connectivity, and function. (sciencemag.org)
Organization of the cerebral cortex in the marmoset, one of the smallest simian primates. (picsearch.com)
Does cell lineage in the developing cerebral cortex contribute to its columnar organization? (frontiersin.org)
From these results, we propose that Fat4 and Dachsous1 regulate the subapical membrane organization in concert with the Pals1 complex in the developing cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)

The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. (els.net)
The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. (phys.org)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during development, researchers from Yale School of Medicine and elsewhere uncovered enhancers and promoters that have increased activity in humans. (genomeweb.com)
Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H 2 15 O PET activation. (springer.com)
The human cerebral cortex . (picsearch.com)
Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas,' the researchers wrote in their paper, published in Nature . (wired.co.uk)
The types of molecules which stimulate IRS release, the electrophysiologic effects of somatostatin, and the recognition of abnormal IRS levels in human CNS diseases were all used to formulate a working model of the role of the somatostatinergic cell in ongoing cerebral cortical function. (springer.com)
In this new study, titled, " Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex ," the authors use a similar magnetic resonance imaging technology called diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) along with fMRI for comparison. (anthropology.net)
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex. (anthropology.net)
provides evidence for the existence of a structural core in human cerebral cortex. (dericbownds.net)
The new translations include all Cajal's very early contributions on the cortex of small mammals, relevant chapters from his definitive textbook, and all his great works on the human cerebral cortex made at the peak of his career. (oup.com)
1996) Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. (scirp.org)
Here, we have searched for such differences by analysing cerebral organoids from human and chimpanzees using immunohistofluorescence, live imaging, and single-cell transcriptomics. (elifesciences.org)

Even though researchers have been studying cerebral palsy for years, there is no one known cause for this condition. (lawfitz.com)
In fact, a columnar distribution of neurons displaying similar functional properties throughout the cerebral cortex has been observed by many researchers. (frontiersin.org)
Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans, the researchers looked at cortex thickness of 12 women and 36 men who had diagnoses of mild to severe obstructive sleep apnea (who were not being treated for their condition), and compared those findings to 40 male and 22 female controls (who did not have sleep apnea). (ucla.edu)
The researchers then compared clinical findings of each patient with evidence of cortex thinning. (ucla.edu)
Researchers from New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University find the importance of spirituality to individuals may be linked to the thickness of their cerebral cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
The researchers imaged the brains of all the participants to determine the thickness of the cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
Trying to explain their results, the researchers wrote, "A thicker cortex associated with a high importance of religion or spirituality may confer resilience to the development of depressive illness in individuals at high familial risk for major depression, possibly by expanding a cortical reserve that counters to some extent the vulnerability that cortical thinning poses for developing familial depressive illness. (medicaldaily.com)
The work of ULB team of researchers led by Pierre Vanderhaeghen, Kimmo Michelsen and Sandra Acosta (WELBIO, IRIBHM and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI)), in collaboration with the laboratory of Afsaneh Gaillard (INSERM / U. Poitiers , France), opens new perspectives for the repair of damaged cell replacement cerebral cortex . (medicalxpress.com)

Here, we have examined the patterns of neuronal migration in the intact cortex. (biologists.org)

In most mammals, apart from small mammals that have small brains, the cerebral cortex is folded, providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the cranium . (wikipedia.org)
Some small mammals including some small rodents have smooth cerebral surfaces without gyrification . (wikipedia.org)
For species of mammals, larger brains (in absolute terms, not just in relation to body size) tend to have thicker cortices. (wikipedia.org)
However, the superior colliculus did not disappear with the development of the cortex in mammals. (ucsf.edu)
This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. (neurosciencenews.com)

These are organised into cortical columns and minicolumns of neurons that make up the layers of the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons formed in the ventricular zone migrate to their final locations in one of the six layers of the cortex. (wikipedia.org)

Neurons with similar properties are arranged in a columnar manner suggesting that single columns containing canonical circuits may be the basic unit of processing in the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
Area-specific reestablishment of damaged circuits in the adult cerebral cortex by cortical neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)

The cerebral cortex is well‐organised anatomical structure with six neuronal layers and subareas that are anatomically and functionally distinct. (els.net)

This layer is unique in the aspect that these cells migrate to the outer edge of the cortex opposed to the migration experienced by the other 5 layers. (wikipedia.org)
Throughout the process of creating the six cortical layers, all the neurons and cells migrate from the ventricular zone, through the subplate, and come to rest at their appropriate layer of the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Cells and circuitry of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
We also observed a large number of weakly stained nNOS cells in the cortex. (pnas.org)
Since we observed increased densities of microglia in two functionally and anatomically disparate cortical areas, we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. (springer.com)
The smaller, pale cells are present in the middle layers of cortex (layers IV and/or V). Colocalization studies indicate that virtually all the small tachykinin-immunoreactive neurons also display GABA immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
The project focused on a region of the cerebral cortex in which the nerve cells are so well known that they can be traced to individual whiskers. (innovations-report.com)
Jones, E. G. is the author of 'Cerebral Cortex: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells', published 1984 under ISBN 9780306417559 and ISBN 0306417553. (valorebooks.com)
In the present study, with the CD38 gene-knockout mice, developmental abnormality of glial cells has been shown, suggesting glial cell development to be important in the cerebral cortex development. (eurekalert.org)
Additionally, cells appear to follow nonradial trajectories at all levels of the developing cerebral wall, suggesting that tangential migration may be more prevalent than previously suspected from the imaging studies. (biologists.org)
These results suggest that tangential migration in the intact cortex plays a pivotal role in the tangential dispersion of clonally related cells revealed by retroviral lineage studies (Walsh, C. and Cepko, C. L. (1992) Science 255, 434-440). (biologists.org)
The spaces between the bodies and projections of the nerve cells of the cortex are filled with neuroglia and a vascular network (capillaries). (thefreedictionary.com)
The neurons of the cortex are subdivided into three basic types: pyramidal (80-90 percent of the cells of the cortex), stel-late, and fusiform, or spindle. (thefreedictionary.com)
Stellate cells are distinguished by poorly developed dendrites and by highly developed axons that remain within the diameter of the cortex and embrace groups of pyramidal cells with their branches. (thefreedictionary.com)
While programmed cell death has been documented in other parts of the embryonic central nervous system, its operation has not been previously reported in the embryonic cortex because of the lack of cell death markers and the difficulty in following the entire population of cortical cells. (biologists.org)
Here, we have investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of dying cells in the embryonic cortex using an in situ endlabelling technique called 'ISEL+' that identifies fragmented nuclear DNA in dying cells with increased sensitivity. (biologists.org)
This number declined to 50% by embryonic day 18, and few dying cells were observed in the adult cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
Surprisingly, while dying cells were observed throughout the cerebral cortical wall, the majority were found within zones of cell proliferation rather than in regions of postmitotic neurons. (biologists.org)

Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the subventricular zone and upper layers II-IV of the cerebral cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology , vol. 479, no. 2, pp. 168-180, 2004. (hindawi.com)

The cortex, more generally known as the pallium, develops from a morphologically uniform ventricular zone located in the dorsocaudal part of the telencephalic vesicles. (sciencemag.org)

McDonald J, Parnavelas J, Karamanlidis A, Brecha N, Koenig J 1982 The morphology and distribution of peptide-containing neurons in the adult and developing visual cortex of the rat. (springer.com)
A developmental model based on these physiological observations, and on comparative studies of cortical organisation, is then proposed, in order to explain how a combination of molecular specification steps and activity-driven processes can generate the variety of visuotopic organisations observed in adult cortex. (scielo.br)

Layer I, which plays an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex, expands in size and diversity in primates. (jneurosci.org)
Previously, the research team found that the CD38 gene-knockout mice showed social abnormality, whose cerebral cortex development was aberrant. (eurekalert.org)
1989 ) Visual cortex development in the ferret. (biologists.org)
Christopher Walsh and his team are interested in genetic mechanisms of cerebral cortical development and abnormalities of cortical development resulting in intellectual disability, autism and epilepsy. (sfari.org)
In this paper I will review some characteristics of cortical visuotopic maps in adults, and the implications that they may have for our understanding of the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. (scielo.br)

In the embryonic cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 proteins accumulated at the cell-cell boundaries located apical to the adherens junction (AJ), which we defined as subapical membrane apposition. (rupress.org)

Kaas JH, Nelson RJ, Sur M, Lin CS and Merzenich MM (1979) Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. (els.net)

The ventricular and subventricular zones exist below the intermediate zone and communicate to other zones through cell signalling, also creating neurons destined to migrate to other areas in the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
The cerebral cortex is composed of different neuronal subtypes that are organised into networks that connect neurons within and between distinct functional areas. (els.net)
These disease‐specific differences are initially greatest in temporal and parietal association areas, and spread to engulf the rest of the cortex. (els.net)
The assemblies suggest a principal division of the cortex into visual, somatomotor and orbito-temporo-insular systems, while motor and somatosensory areas are inseparably interrelated. (isi.edu)
Proto-mapping the areas of cerebral cortex: transcription factors make the grade. (nih.gov)
The immunocytochemically stained beaded processes and punctate profiles from plexuses that vary in density and laminar distribution among different areas of monkey cortex. (jneurosci.org)
ASSOCIATION AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX The subdivision of the cerebral cortex into the. (picsearch.com)
The cerebral cortex has premotor and motor areas that control speech and writing. (picsearch.com)
Nerve fibers from the motor areas join fibers leading to&from other areas of the cortex (the corona. (picsearch.com)
First, adjacent radial columns in the cortex represent partially overlapping regions of the visual field, irrespective of whether these columns are part of the same or different cortical areas. (scielo.br)
There are, in addition to V1, many other visual areas, which collectively form the extrastriate cortex. (scielo.br)
Thus, visuotopic organisation has become one of the key criteria for the subdivision of cortex: charting the various re-representations of the visual field should, in theory, be sufficient to define the limits of the various visual areas. (scielo.br)
Other cortical fields that were initially described as forming equally well-organised visuotopic maps have since been further subdivided, or had parts recombined with adjacent cortex to form 'new' areas, which continue to be the subject of much controversy (6,7). (scielo.br)
LA JOLLA, CA In the cerebral cortex, the brains powerful central processing unit responsible for higher functions, specialized subdivisions known as areas are laid out like a map, but little is known about the genetic forces that shape the geography of our brains. (bio-medicine.org)

[10] The limbic lobe is a rim of cortex on the medial side of each hemisphere and is also often included. (wikipedia.org)
In man, the cortex constitutes 44 percent of the volume of each hemisphere on the average. (thefreedictionary.com)

The principal functional element of the cortex is the long-axon afferent-efferent (that is, centripetal, receiving stimuli, and centrifugal, sending stimuli) pyramidal neuron. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. (ca.gov)

The cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia make up the forebrain. (healthpages.org)

Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 106, no. 35, pp. 15049-15054, 2009. (hindawi.com)
We immunocytochemically identified microglia in fronto-insular (FI) and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically quantified the microglial densities. (springer.com)
Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajal's conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others have shown some unexpected connectivity features that may refine the traditional view of how corticocortical connections are organised with regard to functional representations of auditory, somatosensory and visual cortices. (frontiersin.org)
Hubel DH and Wiesel TN (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. (els.net)
The visual cortex (pink area) and the reading area (light blue area) are active when decrypting information. (sciencephoto.com)

Reduction of arginine-vasopressin in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer type senile dementia. (bmj.com)

Appropriate formation of the cerebral cortex relies heavily on a densely intertwined network of multiple signaling pathways and distinct signaling molecules. (wikipedia.org)

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer depicted in dark violet. (wikipedia.org)
The outer layer, the cerebral cortex, is made of nerve fibers called gray matter. (healthpages.org)
A cortex is the outer layer of any organ. (healthpages.org)

The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on how pre-clinical investigations are addressing the clinical issues surrounding the involvement of the cerebral cortex in selected conditions of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's, addiction, and cardiovascular dysregulation. (elsevier.com)
Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system . (bionity.com)
Because of its bilateral connections with the lower sections of the nervous system, the cortex can participate in the regulation and coordination of all body functions. (thefreedictionary.com)

a) The German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann divided the cortex into 52 regions, based on their cellular content. (els.net)
Since the pioneer work of Lorente de Nó, Ramón y Cajal, Brodmann, Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel and others, the cerebral cortex has been seen as a jigsaw of anatomic and functional modules involved in the processing of different sets of information. (frontiersin.org)

The greater cortex injury in cognitive centers of women's brains may underlie their more common cognitive problems compared with men, while thinning associated with both men and women who have sleep apnea may be behind the disordered breathing seen between both. (ucla.edu)
LA JOLLA CA In the cerebral cortex the brains powerful central proc. (bio-medicine.org)

1990 ) Cellular migration patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
1965 ) The migration of neuroblasts in the developing cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)

Immunocytochemical methods were used to localize tachykinin-like immunoreactivity within neurons of the monkey cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy70

Organisms18

Diseases34

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology16

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care2

Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/15480)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (2/15480)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (3/15480)

Fas/Apo [apoptosis]-1 and associated proteins in the differentiating cerebral cortex: induction of caspase-dependent cell death and activation of NF-kappaB. (4/15480)

Integrated visualization of functional and anatomic brain data: a validation study. (5/15480)

Identifying homologous anatomical landmarks on reconstructed magnetic resonance images of the human cerebral cortical surface. (6/15480)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/15480)

The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/15480)

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Arteries

Prefrontal Cortex

Visual Cortex

Brain

Cerebral Infarction

Motor Cortex

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Somatosensory Cortex

Auditory Cortex

Cerebral Palsy

Neurons

Middle Cerebral Artery

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

Brain Mapping

Brain Ischemia

Cerebral Angiography

Malaria, Cerebral

Entorhinal Cortex

Cerebral Veins

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Neural Pathways

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Cerebellar Cortex

Kidney Cortex

Brain Chemistry

Cats

Rats, Wistar

Functional Laterality

Frontal Lobe

Time Factors

Cerebellum

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Ischemic Attack, Transient

Cerebral Ventricles

Animals, Newborn

Electroencephalography

Hippocampus

Dominance, Cerebral

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Telencephalon

Parietal Lobe

Brain Diseases

Photic Stimulation

Rats, Inbred Strains

Nerve Net

Disease Models, Animal

Neocortex

Adrenal Cortex

Hypoxia, Brain

Neuroglia

Autoradiography

Brain Edema

Oxygen

Models, Neurological

Synaptosomes

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Reaction Time

Immunohistochemistry

Cerebrum

Electric Stimulation

Prosencephalon

Analysis of Variance

Thalamus

Neuronal Plasticity

Gyrus Cinguli

Temporal Lobe

Macaca

Vibrissae

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Tomography, Emission-Computed

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neuroprotective Agents

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Psychomotor Performance

Brain Injuries

Blood Flow Velocity

Pyramidal Cells