Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Visual Cortex
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Somatosensory Cortex
Auditory Cortex
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)
Neurons
Middle Cerebral Artery
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Brain Mapping
Brain Ischemia
Cerebral Angiography
Malaria, Cerebral
A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)
Entorhinal Cortex
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebellar Cortex
Kidney Cortex
Brain Chemistry
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Rats, Wistar
Functional Laterality
Frontal Lobe
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Cerebral Ventricles
Electroencephalography
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Telencephalon
Parietal Lobe
Brain Diseases
Photic Stimulation
Rats, Inbred Strains
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Disease Models, Animal
Neocortex
Adrenal Cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.
Hypoxia, Brain
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Autoradiography
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Oxygen
Models, Neurological
Synaptosomes
Immunohistochemistry
Cerebrum
Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.
Prosencephalon
Analysis of Variance
Thalamus
Neuronal Plasticity
Gyrus Cinguli
Temporal Lobe
Macaca
Vibrissae
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Tomography, Emission-Computed
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Neuroprotective Agents
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Psychomotor Performance
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Blood Flow Velocity
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Basal Ganglia
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Pia Mater
Occipital Lobe
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Aging
Visual Pathways
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis
Action Potentials
Macaca fascicularis
Blood-Brain Barrier
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Glutamic Acid
Visual Perception
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Nervous System Malformations
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Interneurons
Neurogenesis
Parvalbumins
Reperfusion
Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.
Gerbillinae
Neural Inhibition
Corpus Callosum
Cortical Spreading Depression
Intracranial Pressure
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Carbon Dioxide
Radioligand Assay
Mice, Transgenic
Memory
Limbic System
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
In Situ Hybridization
Brain Stem
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Cerebral Revascularization
Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.
Afferent Pathways
Synaptic Membranes
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).
Dendrites
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
Cell Count
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Seizures
Ferrets
Oximes
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage.
Caudate Nucleus
Thalamic Nuclei
Neuropsychological Tests
Receptors, GABA-A
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Pregnancy
Electrodes, Implanted
Haplorhini
Pyramidal Tracts
Atrophy
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Muscimol
Electrophysiology
Stereotaxic Techniques
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Xenon Radioisotopes
Acetylcholine
Substantia Innominata
Reference Values
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
Embryo, Mammalian
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Cell Movement
Iofetamine
Evoked Potentials, Visual
Pentobarbital
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
Touch
Evoked Potentials, Motor
Oxygen Consumption
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.
Cells, Cultured
Auditory Perception
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Papio
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Basilar Artery
Dizocilpine Maleate
A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.
Stem Cells
Fetus
Microdialysis
Attention
Wakefulness
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory
Glucose
Amygdala
Microelectrodes
Guinea Pigs
Xenon
Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/15480)
It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections. (+info)Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (2/15480)
Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine. (+info)Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (3/15480)
Murine cortical cultures containing both neurons and glia (days in vitro 13-15) were exposed to periods of oxygen-glucose deprivation (5-30 min) too brief to induce neuronal death. Cultures "preconditioned" by sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation exhibited 30-50% less neuronal death than controls when exposed to a 45-55 min period of oxygen-glucose deprivation 24 hr later. This preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was specific in that neuronal death induced by exposure to excitotoxins or to staurosporine was not attenuated. Neuroprotection was lost if the time between the preconditioning and severe insult were decreased to 7 hr or increased to 72 hr and was blocked if the NMDA antagonist 100 microM 3-((D)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid was applied during the preconditioning insult. This was true even if the duration of preconditioning was increased as far as possible (while still remaining sublethal). A similar preconditioning effect was also produced by sublethal exposure to high K+, glutamate, or NMDA but not to kainate or trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid. (+info)Fas/Apo [apoptosis]-1 and associated proteins in the differentiating cerebral cortex: induction of caspase-dependent cell death and activation of NF-kappaB. (4/15480)
The developing cerebral cortex undergoes a period of substantial cell death. The present studies examine the role of the suicide receptor Fas/Apo[apoptosis]-1 in cerebral cortical development. Fas mRNA and protein are transiently expressed in subsets of cells within the developing rat cerebral cortex during the peak period of apoptosis. Fas-immunoreactive cells were localized in close proximity to Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing cells. The Fas-associated signaling protein receptor interacting protein (RIP) was expressed by some Fas-expressing cells, whereas Fas-associated death domain (FADD) was undetectable in the early postnatal cerebral cortex. FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an inhibitor of Fas activation, was also expressed in the postnatal cerebral cortex. Fas expression was more ubiquitous in embryonic cortical neuroblasts in dissociated culture compared to in situ within the developing brain, suggesting that the environmental milieu partly suppresses Fas expression at this developmental stage. Furthermore, FADD, RIP, and FLIP were also expressed by subsets of dissociated cortical neuroblasts in culture. Fas activation by ligand (FasL) or anti-Fas antibody induced caspase-dependent cell death in primary embryonic cortical neuroblast cultures. The activation of Fas was also accompanied by a rapid downregulation of Fas receptor expression, non-cell cycle-related incorporation of nucleic acids and nuclear translocation of the RelA/p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Together, these data suggest that adult cortical cell number may be established, in part, by an active process of receptor-mediated cell suicide, initiated in situ by killer (FasL-expressing) cells and that Fas may have functions in addition to suicide in the developing brain. (+info)Integrated visualization of functional and anatomic brain data: a validation study. (5/15480)
Two-dimensional SPECT display and three methods for integrated visualization of SPECT and MRI patient data are evaluated in a multiobserver study to determine whether localization of functional data can be improved by adding anatomical information to the display. METHODS: SPECT and MRI data of 30 patients were gathered and presented using four types of display: one of SPECT in isolation, two integrated two-dimensional displays and one integrated three-dimensional display. Cold and hot spots in the peripheral cortex were preselected and indicated on black-and-white hard copies of the image data. Nuclear medicine physicians were asked to assign the corresponding spots in the image data on the computer screen to a lobe and a gyrus and give a confidence rating for both localizations. Interobserver agreement using kappa statistics and average confidence ratings were assessed to interpret the reported observations. RESULTS: Both the interobserver agreement and the confidence of the observers were greater for the integrated two-dimensional displays than for the two-dimensional SPECT display. An additional increase in agreement and confidence was seen with the integrated three-dimensional display. CONCLUSION: Integrated display of SPECT and MR brain images provides better localization of cerebral blood perfusion abnormalities in the peripheral cortex in relation to the anatomy of the brain than single-modality display and increases the confidence of the observer. (+info)Identifying homologous anatomical landmarks on reconstructed magnetic resonance images of the human cerebral cortical surface. (6/15480)
Guided by a review of the anatomical literature, 36 sulci on the human cerebral cortical surface were designated as homologous. These sulci were assessed for visibility on 3-dimensional images reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brains of 20 normal volunteers by 2 independent observers. Those sulci that were found to be reproducibly identifiable were used to define 24 landmarks around the cortical surface. The interobserver and intraobserver variabilities of measurement of the 24 landmarks were calculated. These reliably reproducible landmarks can be used for detailed morphometric analysis, and may prove helpful in the analysis of suspected cerebral cortical structured abnormalities in patients with such conditions as epilepsy. (+info)Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/15480)
Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning. (+info)The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/15480)
cAMP signals are received and transmitted by multiple isoforms of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, typically determined by their specific regulatory subunits. In the brain the major regulatory isoform RIIbeta and the RII-anchor protein, AKAP150 (rat) or 75 (bovine), are differentially expressed. Cortical neurons express RIIbeta and AKAP75; conversely, granule cerebellar cells express predominantly RIalpha and RIIalpha. Cortical neurons accumulate PKA catalytic subunit and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein very efficiently into nuclei upon cAMP induction, whereas granule cerebellar cells fail to do so. Down-regulation of RIIbeta synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cAMP-induced nuclear signaling in cortical neurons. Expression in cerebellar granule cells of RIIbeta and AKAP75 genes by microinjection of specific expression vectors, markedly stimulated cAMP-induced transcription of the lacZ gene driven by a cAMP-responsive element promoter. These data indicate that the composition of PKA in cortical and granule cells underlies the differential ability of these cells to transmit cAMP signals to the nucleus. (+info)
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Neuroscience of music
With more difficult rhythms such as a 1:2.5, more areas in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are involved.[14] EEG recordings ... Role of right auditory cortex in fine pitch resolution[edit]. The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated ... The actively taught students were also found to have greater cerebral cortex activation. It should also be noted that the ... orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, midbrain, and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Many of these areas appear to be ...
Antonio Damasio
"Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 21 (9): 2113-2121. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq289. PMC 3155604. PMID 21330469.. ...
NMDA receptor
"Cerebral Cortex. 28 (4): 1458-1471. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx357. PMC 6041807. PMID 29351585.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 25 (6): 1596-1607. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht354. PMC 4428301. PMID 24408959.. ... However, in pyramidal cell synapses in the newly evolved primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, GluN2B are exclusively within ... "NMDA receptors subserve working memory persistent neuronal firing In dorsolateral prefrontal cortex". Neuron. 77 (4): 736-749 ...
Synaptic pruning
"Cerebral Cortex. 17 (11): 2573-2578. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163. PMID 17218480.. ... Therefore, the neurons in the visual cortex prune the synapses with neurons in the spinal cord, and the motor cortex severs ... At birth, the neurons in the visual and motor cortices have connections to the superior colliculus, spinal cord, and pons. The ... neurons in each cortex are selectively pruned, leaving connections that are made with the functionally appropriate processing ...
Sound
"Cerebral Cortex. 13 (7): 765-772. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.7.765. PMID 12816892.. ... When a new sound is noticed (see Figure 2, Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the ... Cariani, Peter; Micheyl, Christophe (2012). "Toward a Theory of Information Processing in Auditory Cortex". The Human Auditory ... and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note name). ...
Theory of mind
"Cerebral Cortex. 18 (2): 262-71. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm051. PMID 17551089.. ... in the prefrontal cortex develop. The prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in planning and decision-making.[29] Children ... Kalbe, Elke (2010), "Dissociating Cognitive from Affective Theory of Mind: A TMS Study", Cortex, 46 (6): 769-780, doi:10.1016/j ... However, the fact that the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction are necessary for theory of mind tasks does ...
Fusiform face area
"Cerebral Cortex. 15 (8): 1234-1242. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi006. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 15677350.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 26 (3): 1004-1014. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu272. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 25452573.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 1988-1995. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht046. ISSN 1460-2199. PMID 23463339.. ... The image shows increased blood flow in cerebral cortex that recognizes faces (FFA). ...
Gyrification
"Cerebral Cortex. 13 (7): 728-735. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.7.728. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 12816888.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 2219-28. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht082. PMC 4089386. PMID 23542881.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 2219-28. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht082. PMC 4089386. PMID 23542881.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 22 (2): 465-8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr336. PMC 3256413. PMID 22116731.. ...
Neuroscience
... that language was localized and that certain psychological functions were localized in specific areas of the cerebral cortex.[ ... "Cerebral Cortex. 17 (1): 149-162. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj132. PMID 16481565.. ... Modern research through neuroimaging techniques, still uses the Brodmann cerebral cytoarchitectonic map (referring to study of ... "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" [76] ...
Thyroid hormones
"Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral ... Cortex. 20 (6): 1462-75. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212. PMC 2871377 . PMID 19812240.. ...
Reading
"Cerebral Cortex. 19 (11): 2699-707. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp024. PMC 2758683. PMID 19293398.. ... Temple CM (August 2006). "Developmental and acquired dyslexias". Cortex. 42 (6): 898-910. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70434-9. ...
Somatosensory system
"Cerebral Cortex. 22 (8): 1834-50. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr257. PMC 3388892. PMID 21955920.. ... possibly because of cross modal plasticity in the cerebral cortex of blind individuals. Perhaps also due to cortical plasticity ... signal in the anterior cingulate cortex as well as the prefrontal cortex is highly correlated with pleasantness scores of an ... In the cortex, it is also referred to as the cortical homunculus. This brain-surface ("cortical") map is not immutable, however ...
Psychiatric epidemiology
Cerebral Cortex. 20 (9): 2122-2131. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp282. PMC 2923214 . PMID 20051363. Blanken, LM; Mous, SE; Ghassabian, ...
Causes of transsexuality
Savic I, Arver S (November 2011). "Sex dimorphism of the brain in male-to-female transsexuals". Cerebral Cortex. 21 (11): 2525- ... Like earlier studies, it concluded that transsexuality was associated with a distinct cerebral pattern.[16] (MRI allows easier ... Nawata H, Ogomori K, Tanaka M, Nishimura R, Urashima H, Yano R, Takano K, Kuwabara Y (April 2010). "Regional cerebral blood ... Cerebral Cortex. 18 (8): 1900-8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm216. PMID 18056697.. ...
Superior colliculus
... and can support this ability even in the absence of the cerebral cortex.[11] Thus, cats with major damage to the visual cortex ... Visual input from the retina, or "command" input from the cerebral cortex, create a "bump" of activity in the tectal map, which ... Most areas of the cerebral cortex project to these layers, although the input from "association" areas tends to be heavier than ... The superficial layers receive input mainly from the retina, vision-related areas of the cerebral cortex, and two tectal- ...
Asperger syndrome
"Cerebral Cortex. 17 (4): 951-61. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl006. PMC 4500121. PMID 16772313.. ... Uekermann J, Daum I (May 2008). "Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?". Addiction. 103 (5 ...
Proneural genes
Together these groups of bHLH factors promote the generation of all cerebral cortex progenitors. Mash1 is the only gene ... Cerebral Cortex. 16 Suppl 1: i138-51. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj168. PMID 16766700. Chen, C. K.; Chien, C. T. (1999). "Negative ...
Temporal dynamics of music and language
The primary auditory cortex is located on the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. This region is important in music ... The medial prefrontal cortex along with the primary auditory cortex has also been implicated in tonality, or determining pitch ... These areas include the primary motor cortex, the Brocas area, the cerebellum, and the primary auditory cortices. The imaging ... Cerebral Cortex. 11 (3): 183-193. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.183. PMID 11230091. Theunissen, F; David, SV; Singh, NC; Hsu, A; ...
Neuroscience of sleep
... published erratum appears in Cereb Cortex 1997 Dec;7(8):779]". Cerebral Cortex. 7 (6): 583-604. doi:10.1093/cercor/7.6.583. ... One of the earliest proposals was to define sleep as the deactivation of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus[17] because of ... Jones EG (March 2009). "Synchrony in the interconnected circuitry of the thalamus and cerebral cortex". Annals of the New York ... This is done in synchrony with state changes in the cortex (DOWN/UP state) and coordinated by the slow oscillations in cortex. ...
Evolution of human intelligence
"Cerebral Cortex. 20 (3): 730-42. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp138. PMC 2820707. PMID 19620620.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 25 (9): 2556-65. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu055. PMC 6276920. PMID 24658616.. ... The cerebral cortex is significantly larger in humans than in any other animal and is responsible for higher thought processes ... The cerebral cortex, particularly in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, are populated with neural circuits dedicated to ...
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex (allocortical)[1][2][3] and in primates in the medial temporal lobe. It ... The most thoroughly investigated alterations involve the cerebral cortex, but effects on the hippocampus have also been ... "Spatial organization of direct hippocampal field CA1 axonal projections to the rest of the cerebral cortex". Brain Research ... cingulate cortex, olfactory cortex, and amygdala. Paul MacLean later suggested that the limbic structures comprise the neural ...
Astrocyte
That message is then relayed to the cerebral cortex, where we translate those EPSPs into "pain." Since the discovery of ... Müller cells of the retina and Bergmann glia cells of the cerebellar cortex represent an exception, being present still during ... Cerebral Cortex. 17 (3): 610-20. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk007. PMID 16614165.. ... The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ...
Sexual dimorphism
"Cerebral Cortex. 18 (12): 2920-31. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn052. PMC 2583156. PMID 18440950.. ... It was shown[118] that the graph-theoretical differences are due to the sex and not to the differences in the cerebral volume, ... "Size matters: cerebral volume influences sex differences in neuroanatomy" ...
Binding problem
"Cerebral Cortex. 14 (11): 1185-1199. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh079. PMID 15142952.. ... For example, Bartels and Zeki have shown that different areas in the visual cortex specialize in processing the different ... "Synchrony and the binding problem in macaque visual cortex", Journal of Vision, 8 (7): 1-16, doi:10.1167/8.7.30, PMC 2647779, ... In the primary visual cortex, Dong et al. found that whether two neurons were responding to contours of the same shape or ...
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 607. Feinberg, I., de Bie, E., Davis, N. M., & Campbell, I. G. (n.d). Topographic Differences in the ... Schreiner T., Rasch B. (2014). "Boosting vocabulary learning by verbal cueing during sleep". Cerebral Cortex. 25 (11): 4169- ... Sleep spindles involve activation in the brain in the areas of the thalamus, anterior cingulate and insular cortices, and the ... as well as recruitment of the mesial frontal cortex and hippocampus. There is no clear answer as to what these sleep spindles ...
Mental image
"Cerebral Cortex. 25 (11): 4638-4650. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv134. ISSN 1047-3211. PMC 4816805. PMID 26092220.. ... "Cortex. 73: 378-380. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.019. hdl:10871/17613. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 26115582. Retrieved 2015-06-24.. ... activation begins in the visual association cortex, the parietal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex - all higher cognitive ... Damage to this component can produce permanent perceptual damage, however when damage is inflicted upon the cerebral cortex, ...
Neurotransmitter
it is clear that 5HT influences sleep, arousal, attention, processing of sensory information in the cerebral cortex, and ... FCN → Limbic cortex and sensory cortex. Brainstem cholinergic nuclei (BCN):. Pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmentum, ... The] dorsal raphe preferentially innervates the cerebral cortex, thalamus, striatal regions (caudate-putamen and nucleus ... Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, ...
Cortical column
Mammalian cerebral cortex[edit]. Main article: Cerebral cortex. The mammalian cerebral cortex, the grey matter encapsulating ... and reflects the local connectivity of the cerebral cortex. Connections "up" and "down" within the thickness of the cortex are ... "The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12593-12598. doi: ... "Generating Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 31 (1): 699- ...
Subvocalization
Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1047-1055 *^ a b c d e Hubbard, T.L. (2010). Auditory imagery: empirical findings. Psychological Bulletin ... These tasks show activation in the frontal cortices, hippocampus and the thalamus for silent counting.[13] Silent-reading ... lateral and medial premotor cortices and the cerebellum.[17] ... activates similar areas of the auditory cortex that are ...
International student
Cerebral Cortex, 23(11), 2712-2723. *^ Kenneth Cushner. U.S Classroom Culture. (2009). NAFSA: Association of International ...
Hemoencephalography
The prefrontal cortex is thought essential for all goal-directed and socially-mediated behavior. The PFC is an ideal target for ... PIR has a poorer resolution than NIR and this treatment typically focuses on more global increases in cerebral blood flow.[3] ... To keep up with the nutritional and waste removal demands of a higher metabolic rate, cerebral blood flow to the cortical area ... Most research in HEG has focused on disorders of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the cortical region directly behind the forehead ...
Positron emission tomography
March 1999). "In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer's disease". Neurology. 52 (4): ... 2006). "D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with F-18fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia". ... Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 20 (3): 423-451. doi:10.1097/00004647-200003000-00001. PMID 10724107.. ...
GABRA4
... receptors containing alpha1 and alpha4 subunits in the cerebral cortex: selective effects of chronic ethanol consumption". J. ...
Voxel-based morphometry
"Cerebral Cortex. 11 (9): 868-877. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.9.868. PMID 11532891.. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link). ... For the cerebral cortex, it has been shown that volume differences identified with VBM may reflect mostly differences in ... Construction of symmetric grey and white matter templates by averaging right and left cerebral hemispheres. ... "Cerebral Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handedness on Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal ...
Lyme disease
The abnormalities seen in the SPECT images are very similar to those seen in people with cerebral vacuities and Creutzfeldt- ... Images produced using SPECT show numerous areas where an insufficient amount of blood is being delivered to the cortex and ... Fallon BA, Keilp J, Prohovnik I, Heertum RV, Mann JJ (2003). "Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic ...
Brain tumor
... although glial cells outnumber neurons roughly 4 to 1 in the cerebral cortex. Glia come in several types, which perform a ... Brain metastasis in the right cerebral hemisphere from lung cancer, shown on magnetic resonance imaging. ... Early imaging methods - invasive and sometimes dangerous - such as pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography have been ...
Whale
Hof, Patrick R.; Van Der Gucht, Estel (2007). "Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae ( ...
Free will
... it is somewhat close to the contemporary view of cerebral cortex and formation of associations. The intellectuality of all ... Libet, B. (1985). "Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action". Behavioral and Brain ... motor area on the medial surface of the frontal lobe and progressing to the primary motor cortex and then to parietal cortex ... with this orderly sequential network activation incorporating premotor association cortices together with primary motor cortex ...
ادرار کردن - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In ... DasGupta R, Kavia RB, Fowler CJ (2007). "Cerebral mechanisms and voiding function". BJU Int. 99 (4): 731-4. doi:10.1111/j.1464- ...
PSEN1
cerebral cortex development. • canonical Wnt signaling pathway. • dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning. • neural retina ... cerebral cortex cell migration. • positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. • L- ... cell cortex. • integral component of membrane. • azurophil granule membrane. • Z disc. • neuronal cell body. • perinuclear ...
Visual impairment
Arnott, S., Thaler, L., Milne, J., Kish, D., & Goodale, M. (n.d). Shape-specific activation of occipital cortex in an early ... Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, ...
Brodmann area 45
Cerebral cortex of frontal lobe in the human brain. Identifiers. Latin. Area triangularis. ... Prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory[edit]. Pars triangularis has been shown to have a role in cognitive ... Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to ... 1999). "Effects of repetition and competition on activity of left prefrontal cortex during word generation". Neuron. 23 (3): ...
Дофаминовый рецептор D1 - Википедия
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration. • glucose import. • visual learning. • sensitization. • positive regulation of ...
Parrot
Instead of using the cerebral cortex like mammals, birds use the mediorostral HVC for cognition.[74] Not only have parrots ...
Left-brain interpreter
The left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex generate causal inferences and explanations of events ... The left cerebral hemisphere of the brain.. The left-brain interpreter is a neuropsychological concept developed by the ... A hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex has been developed in which different regions are categorized ... of the left prefrontal cortex in exerting control over one's environment in contrast to the role of the right prefrontal cortex ...
National Museum of Health and Medicine
"The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs", Brain; 135: 11. ...
మెల్లకన్ను - వికీపీడియా
Tychsen, Lawrence (August 2012). "The Cause of Infantile Strabismus Lies Upstairs in the Cerebral Cortex, Not Downstairs in the ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2
... of the exterior part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex, or patches of damaged tissue (lesions) on some parts of the ...
Mechanoreceptor
Cerebral cortices. *Visual cortex. *Auditory cortex. *Vestibular cortex. *Olfactory cortex. *Gustatory cortex ... The third-order neurons then send the signal to the somatosensory cortex. ...
CDK5R2
layer formation in cerebral cortex. • cerebellum development. • positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity ...
FOXP2 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
cerebral cortex development. · growth. · vocal learning. · camera-type eye development. · negative regulation of transcription ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
"BDNF regulates reelin expression and Cajal-Retzius cell development in the cerebral cortex". Neuron. 21 (2): 305-15. doi: ... cortex, and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[12] BDNF is also expressed in the retina, ... It has been shown that BDNF mRNA levels are decreased in cortical layers IV and V of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of ... Activation of Dopamine receptor D5 also promotes expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex neurons.[36] ...
Olfactory system
Cerebral cortices. *Visual cortex. *Auditory cortex. *Vestibular cortex. *Olfactory cortex. *Gustatory cortex ... The uncus houses the olfactory cortex which includes the piriform cortex (posterior orbitofrontal cortex), amygdala, olfactory ... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is heavily correlated with the cingulate gyrus and septal area to act out positive/negative ... Destruction to olfactory bulb, tract, and primary cortex (brodmann area 34) results in anosmia on the same side as the ...
Sexual anhedonia
Finally, during orgasm, upward neural signals go to the cerebral cortex and feelings of intense pleasure are experienced. ...
নিতম্বাস্থি - উইকিপিডিয়া
ঐক্ষিক বহিঃস্তর (গুরুমস্তিষ্ক) (Visual cortex). *কান (Ear) *বহিঃকর্ণ (Outer ear) *কানের লতি (Earlobe) ... মস্তিষ্ক গোলার্ধ (Cerebral hemisphere). *আন্তর মস্তিষ্ক (Diencephalon). *মস্তিষ্ককাণ্ড (Brain stem) *মধ্যমস্তিষ্ক ( ...
The Silent Scream
He also conceded that at this stage of development there would be no cognition of pain in the cerebral cortex.[18] ...
Outline of brain mapping
... of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. ... For creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, MEG is most often combined with fMRI, as the ... imaging analysis software that facilitates the visualization of the functional regions of the highly folded cerebral cortex. ... there is also an increased amount of cerebral blood flow to that area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is enabled by the ...
Phineas Gage: Difference between revisions
... suggesting that this damage may have been more significant to Gage's mental changes than the cerebral cortex (gray matter) ... Fiber pathway damage extended beyond the left frontal cortex to regions of the left temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices ... Fuster, Joaquin M. (2008). The prefrontal cortex. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-12-373644-7.. ... 1878). "The Goulstonian lectures of the localisation of cerebral disease. LectureI (concluded)". Br Med J. 1 (900): 443-7.. ...
Cerebral cortex - Wikipedia
The cerebral cortex (plural cortices), also known as the cerebral mantle,[1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the ... Cerebral cortex. Tissue slice from the brain of an adult macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). The cerebral cortex is the outer ... Blood supply to the cerebral cortex is part of the cerebral circulation. Cerebral arteries supply the blood that perfuses the ... See also: Development of the cerebral cortex. The prenatal development of the cerebral cortex is a complex and finely tuned ...
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structurepresent in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... The structure of the cerebral cortex. The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. Sensory cortices ( ... The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. The cerebral cortex is ...
CiteSeerX - Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex
... the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on ... title = {Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex},. journal = {Cereb Cortex},. year = {1991},. pages ... primate cerebral cortex distributed hierarchical processing hierarchical organization visual system many new cortical area ... cerebral cortex visual-association area recent year cortical area connectivity pattern identified connection extensive visual ...
GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex | SpringerLink
Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cortex (gray matter) and the inner layer (white ... matter). There are four lobes in the cortex, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe. ... Review Neuroanatomy, Cerebral Cortex[StatPearls. 2021]. Review Neuroanatomy, Cerebral Cortex. Javed K, Reddy V, Lui F. ... Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions. Khalid H. Jawabri; Sandeep Sharma.. Author Information. Authors. Khalid H. Jawabri1; ...
cerebral cortex
Tag: cerebral cortex. Researchers Map Central Hub of the Human Brain. By Eliza Strickland , July 1, 2008 12:54 pm ... Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex, ... They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brains two hemispheres. According ...
Cerebral Cortex | MicroscopyU
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. This sector is primarily ... Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other ... Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or ...
The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st Edition
Purchase The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 1st Edition. Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neuropsychiatric Disorders*Chapter 11. Prefrontal Cortical Abnormalities in Cognitive Deficits of ...
Pathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral Cortex - Causes - Anxiety
The cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. All our abilities to process ... www.healthcentral.com/article/pathways-to-anxiety-the-cerebral-cortex. Anxiety Disorders. Pathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral ... In this post, Im looking at a second anxiety pathway, the cerebral cortex, and its role in both anticipating and interpreting ... are associated with the functions of the cerebral cortex.. Our brains allow us to imagine the future, and thus we are able to ...
Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons | PNAS
... motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform cortex; Ent Cx, entorhinal cortex; TeA Cx, TA ... Abbreviations: Cg Cx, cingulate cortex; M Cx, motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ...
Gene That Creates Cerebral Cortex Discovered - Drugs.com MedNews
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In ... Connections of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is connected to various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and ... Isocortex (homotypical cortex), the part of the cortex with six layers * Allocortex (heterotypical cortex) with variable number ... Primary motor cortex, which executes voluntary movements * Supplementary motor areas and premotor cortex, which select ...
Cerebral Cortex Image & Photo (Free Trial) | Bigstock
CEREBRAL CORTEX script on images, illustrations and vectors perfectly priced to fit your projects budget. ... Render illustration of CEREBRAL CORTEX script on head silhouette with cloudy sky as a background.. Stock Photo ID: 171711674 ... abstract, accurate, anatomy, art, brain, cerebral, complexity, concept, consciousness, cortex, education, function, genius, ...
Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex | PNAS
1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 1:1-47. ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ...
Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex
Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex
G. Innocenti, "General organization of callosal connections in the cerebral cortex," in Cerebral Cortex, E. G. Jones and A. ... Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Yoshiaki Tagawa1,2 and Tomoo Hirano1 ... M. Sur and J. L. Rubenstein, "Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex," Science, vol. 310, no. 5749, pp. 805-810, 2005 ... R. Khazipov and H. J. Luhmann, "Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing cerebral cortex of humans and rodents ...
Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism | SpringerLink
... and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically... ... we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. ... 2011). Von Economo neurons in autism: a stereological study of frontoinsular cortex in children. Brain Research, 1380, 206-217. ... Simms, M. L., Kemper, T. L., Timbie, C. M., Bauman, M. L., & Blatt, G. J. (2009). The anterior cingulate cortex in autism: ...
Wiring Principles of Cerebral Cortex | Frontiers Research Topic
Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units of cortex, are interconnected through a massive yet highly ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units ... Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajals conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others ...
Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy
Cerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical Localization
The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... Cerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical Localization. Paul M Thompson, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA ... a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket ...
Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex
... Title. Computational analysis of ... Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra- ... These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver ... Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex. *ISI News ...
Phys.org - cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual ... Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new ... The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried ... The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. ... News tagged with cerebral cortex. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day ...
Homestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpers
The New York Times Jeb Bush and the biblethumpers cant even spell a dead cerebral cortex---their cortex , all reasoning power ... Homestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpers. Tvoivozhd tvoivozd at infionline.net Wed Sep 29 13:02:52 ... A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone ...
Emotions: cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal cortex (video) | Khan Academy
... the cerebral cortex and the prefrontal cortex, a part of the cerebral cortex. And like I said, the prefrontal cortex is really ... And thats because he no longer had a functioning prefrontal cortex. So thats the cerebral cortex. So if you ever wonder what ... Now, why are we looking at a brain? Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how ... And theres a number of different ways that you can divide up the cerebral cortex and organize it. So were going to look at a ...
Citation Form | CEREBRAL-CORTEX | Review | Citation Machine
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice. - PubMed - NCBI
Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice.. Mallamaci A1, Muzio L, Chan CH, Parnavelas J, ... The specification of area identities in the cerebral cortex is a complex process, primed by intrinsic cortical cues and refined ... Proto-mapping the areas of cerebral cortex: transcription factors make the grade. [Nat Neurosci. 2000] ... but the distinctive expression pattern of the homeogene Emx2 in the developing cortex has prompted suggestions that it is ...
Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution | GenomeWeb
Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution. Mar 05, 2015 ... NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during ... Home » Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution ...
Patterning and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex | Science
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that ... The Protomap/Protocortex controversy no longer remains: It is clear that the parcellation of the cerebral cortex into discrete ... Adapted from (130) and (135). (B) The orientation map in primary visual cortex (V1) of a normal ferret and in auditory cortex ( ... The growth of thalamic axons to the cortex appears to be influenced by axons growing from the cortex to the thalamus. Mice with ...
Motor cortexPrimary sensorHemispheresNeocortexJournal of NeuroscieSensoryNeuronalPrefrontal cortexCerebellumPrimate cerebralParietal cortexNeuralThalamusFound in the cerebral cortexLayers of the cerebral cortexModels of the cerebral cortexStructure of the cerebral cortexBrainHippocampusPlasticityFrontalLateralOpen intracranial woundCellsNeurons in the cortexSheet of neuronsPost-rhinal cortexSulciCorpus callosumProgenitorMammalsResearchersOrganizationModel of the cortexBasal gangliaAlzheimer's DiseaseFunctionally distinctNeurologyPalliumMammalian CortexEmbryonic cortexSomatosensory cortexAdultPhysiologyHemispherePyramidalHuman cortexSenile DementiaCircuitsDevelopmentBrodmannVisualOuterAreasImmunoreactivityTissuePrimatesMouse cerebral
Motor cortex20
- Cortical areas have specific functions such as movement in the motor cortex , and sight in the visual cortex . (wikipedia.org)
- The thickness of different cortical areas varies but in general, sensory cortex is thinner than motor cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- A recent study shows that the exact function of Broca's area is to mediate sensory representations that originate in the temporal cortex and going to the motor cortex. (nih.gov)
- The frontal lobe has the motor cortex divided into two regions: the primary motor area located posterior to the precentral sulcus and non-primary motor areas, including the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cingulate motor areas. (nih.gov)
- Structure-function relationships in association, sensory, or motor cortex. (frontiersin.org)
- Properties and plasticity of the primate somatosensory and motor cortex related to orofacial sensorimotor function. (springer.com)
- Effects of reversible bilateral inactivation of face primary motor cortex on mastication and swallowing. (springer.com)
- Driving plasticity in adult human motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. (springer.com)
- Gut feelings about recovery after stroke: the organisation and reorganisation of human swallowing motor cortex. (springer.com)
- Brodmann area 4 is the primary motor cortex (somatomotor cortex ), although the premotor. (picsearch.com)
- The ipsilateral motor pathway from the unaffected motor cortex to the affected extremity is one of the motor recovery mechanisms following stroke. (eurekalert.org)
- A few functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can activate ipsilateral motor cortex neurons and a single session of rTMS can produce an immediate effect on the unaffected motor cortex. (eurekalert.org)
- However, there have been no functional neuroimaging studies on the effect of rTMS on unaffected motor cortex in patients with stroke. (eurekalert.org)
- Dr. Sung Ho Jang and his team, College of Medicine of Yeungnam University in Republic of Korea found using functional MRI technology that unaffected motor cortex activation disappeared in a patient with cerebral infarct after 2 weeks of rTMS. (eurekalert.org)
- Below you will find a brief overview of one of those parts of the brain that's known as the motor cortex and how it relates to cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
- The motor cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex, and its main function is to help control muscle movements that occur throughout the body. (lawfitz.com)
- The motor cortex is a very intricate part of the brain and it controls very specific parts of the body. (lawfitz.com)
- Therefore, it's possible for someone who has suffered an injury to one of the portions of the motor cortex to experience problems with one limb or one muscle group in the body and not any others. (lawfitz.com)
- When a child suffers damage to the motor cortex during birth because of the deprivation of oxygen, the cells in the motor cortex are permanently damaged and some are killed. (lawfitz.com)
- The motor cortex is just in front of the somatosensory cortex and it sends out signals to muscles to make them move. (healthpages.org)
Primary sensor1
- The anterior parietal lobe contains the primary sensory cortex (SI), located in the postcentral gyrus (Broadman area BA 3, 1, 2). (nih.gov)
Hemispheres18
- It is separated into two cortices , by the longitudinal fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres . (wikipedia.org)
- The two hemispheres are joined beneath the cortex by the corpus callosum . (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and is folded into peaks called gyri , and grooves called sulci . (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. (els.net)
- Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. (els.net)
- The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cortex (gray matter) and the inner layer (white matter). (nih.gov)
- They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brain's two hemispheres. (discovermagazine.com)
- The most-frontal part of the neural tube, the telencephalon , gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and the neocortex . (bionity.com)
- Human Cerebral Cortex The human cerebrum is divided into two mirror image cerebral hemispheres by. (picsearch.com)
- The superficial layer of the cerebral hemispheres, composed of gray matter and concerned with coordination of higher nervous activity. (thefreedictionary.com)
- One can think of the cerebral cortex as a unified covering, or mantle, over the surface of the hemispheres. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The considerable external level of grey case of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for greater mind features, including feeling, voluntary muscle motion, believed, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
- The extensive outer level of grey question of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for higher brain functions, including feeling, voluntary muscle tissue motion, thought, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
- It has two hemispheres and an outer cortex of gray matter and an inner core of white matter. (healthpages.org)
- It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus which lie deep in the cerebral hemispheres. (healthpages.org)
- Primary visual cortex (V1) was clearly identifiable along the calcarine sulcus in all hemispheres. (scirp.org)
- Made entirely of gray matter and distinguished by its characteristic folds, the cerebral cortex is the brain's outermost layer covering the hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)
- Those who expressed a stronger spiritual bent also displayed thicker cortices above both the left and right hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)
Neocortex5
- Most of the cerebral cortex consists of the six-layered neocortex . (wikipedia.org)
- Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or neocortex , it is most highly developed in the human brain. (microscopyu.com)
- Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new" areas such as the six-layered "neocortex," found only in mammals and most prominently in humans. (phys.org)
- The pallium is further subdivided into medial pallium (MP), dorsal pallium (DP), lateral pallium (LP), and ventral pallium (VP), which will respectively give rise to the hippocampal formation (limbic lobe), the neocortex, the olfactory/piriform cortex, and the claustrum and parts of the amygdala ( 3 , 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Therefore, we studied infarction in cerebral neocortex of male and female mice with deletion of the clock gene Bmal1 ( Bmal1 −/− ) after focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT). (mdpi.com)
Journal of Neuroscie1
- Activity-dependent development of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex," Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 27, no. 42, pp. 11334-11342, 2007. (hindawi.com)
Sensory21
- The cerebral cortex is involved in many higher‐level functions such as sensory perception, cognition, language, memory, decision making, motor planning and control. (els.net)
- A large part of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing sensory stimuli from the environment. (els.net)
- The remainder of the cortex is devoted to motor planning and control, as well as integration of multiple sensory cues and cognitive processing. (els.net)
- The complex networks of the cerebral cortex are specified in development using intrinsic molecular cues and spontaneous neuronal activity, although sensory‐driven activity can also play a role. (els.net)
- Sensory cortices (visual, auditory and somatosensory) process information received from peripheral sense organs, motor areas plan and instruct motor output and association areas integrate cortical inputs to create meaningful motor outputs and cognitive and emotional constructs. (els.net)
- de Villers‐Sedani E and Merzenich MM (2011) Lifelong plasticity in the rat auditory cortex: basic mechanisms and the role of sensory experience. (els.net)
- The earliest stages of processing in cerebral cortex reflect a relatively faithful copy of sensory inputs, but intelligent behavior requires abstracting behaviorally relevant concepts and categories. (pnas.org)
- Paralleling these representational differences, the dimensionality of neural population activity decreased progressively from sensory to intermediate to frontal cortex. (pnas.org)
- The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: specific regions control vision, sensory and motor function, hearing, and language. (els.net)
- Instead, this region, known as the post-rhinal cortex (POR), appears to obtain visual data directly from an evolutionarily ancient sensory processing center at the base of the brain called the superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
- The ancestral superior colliculus (called optic tectum in non-mammals) is the main sensory processing center in creatures with little or no cortex, such as fish, amphibians, lizards and birds. (ucsf.edu)
- Many areas of the cerebral cortex process sensory information or coordinate motor output necessary. (picsearch.com)
- Scientists at the Max Planck Institute have discovered that the brain uses the cortex for making sensory associations, not the hippocampus. (scitechdaily.com)
- The cerebral cortex consists of distinct cytoarchitectonic areas, each serving a function ranging from sensory perception and motor control to symbolic thinking and language in humans. (frontiersin.org)
- The human cerebral cortex shows remarkable functional specialization into regions devoted to motor, sensory, or visual functions, and these functional areas correlate with dramatic differences in cellular composition, or cytoarchitecture. (harvard.edu)
- The more nerve endings a part of the body has, the more of the sensory cortex it occupies. (healthpages.org)
- A big portion of the sensory cortex is taken up by our lips and face. (healthpages.org)
- The thalamus is involved with sensory signals sent to the higher forebrain, in particular the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
- The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal areas that control higher functions related to emotions and the movements of our bodies versus areas that interpret our sensory environment and allow us to see, hear and feel. (bio-medicine.org)
- The frontal areas took over most of the cortex, while the sensory areas were drastically reduced in size and relegated to a small domain at the back of the brain. (bio-medicine.org)
- Although the mice lacking COUP-TF1 in their cortex do not have any obvious sensory or motor problems, the researchers believe that a closer look will reveal substantial deficits. (bio-medicine.org)
Neuronal7
- The cerebral cortex is well‐organised anatomical structure with six neuronal layers and subareas that are anatomically and functionally distinct. (els.net)
- The cerebral cortex is composed of different neuronal subtypes that are organised into networks that connect neurons within and between distinct functional areas. (els.net)
- Staining the nervous tissue to reveal the position of the neuronal cell bodies of the intracortical myelin sheats allowed the neuroanatomists in the early 20th century to produced a detailed description of the laminar structure of the cortex in different species. (bionity.com)
- Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 106, no. 35, pp. 15049-15054, 2009. (hindawi.com)
- Here, we have examined the patterns of neuronal migration in the intact cortex. (biologists.org)
- But how did the outer surface of the brain, the layered cortex of neuronal gray matter, get its folds? (harvard.edu)
- A key event in the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex is the generation of neuronal populations during embryonic life. (biologists.org)
Prefrontal cortex4
- One of the most important cases was about Phineas Gage, who was a gentle, polite sociable young, man until a large iron rod went through his eye-damaging his prefrontal cortex. (nih.gov)
- We found that categorical abstraction occurred in a gradual fashion across the cortical hierarchy and reached an apex in prefrontal cortex. (pnas.org)
- In contrast, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) largely represented the abstracted behavioral relevance of stimuli (task rule, motion category, and color category). (pnas.org)
- They then pass the baton to the temporal love (dark green area) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (light green area) that allows short-term memorisation. (sciencephoto.com)
Cerebellum1
- In addition, the analysis of cerebro-cerebellar interactions strongly supports the concept of the close functional unity and harmonization of the brain and the cerebellum, underlining the important role that the cerebellar cortex plays in the performance of higher mental faculties, creativity, emotional processes, and homeostatic equilibrium of the human body. (intechopen.com)
Primate cerebral2
- Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra-connected and hierarchically organized structural systems. (isi.edu)
- These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver the first functional evidence for 'small-world' architecture of primate cerebral cortex. (isi.edu)
Parietal cortex3
- Decreases were more pronounced in the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BAS 31/7) and right inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) during language-related tasks and more pronounced in left inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47) during nonlanguage tasks. (mit.edu)
- Photothrombotic cerebral infarction was induced in the rat parietal cortex according to the method of Watson et al 17 as described in detail elsewhere. (ahajournals.org)
- This complex of densely connected regions in posterior medial and parietal cortex is both spatially and topologically central within the brain. (dericbownds.net)
Neural11
- The cerebral cortex (plural cortices ), also known as the cerebral mantle , [1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals . (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex is folded in a way that allows a large surface area of neural tissue to fit within the confines of the neurocranium . (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex develops from the most anterior part, the forebrain region, of the neural tube. (nih.gov)
- The cerebral cortex develops from the neural plate, a specialised part of the embryonic ectoderm . (bionity.com)
- We examined how this transformation progresses along multiple levels of the hierarchy by comparing neural representations in visual, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices in monkeys categorizing across three visual domains (shape, motion direction, and color). (pnas.org)
- Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano, "Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex," Neural Plasticity , vol. 2012, Article ID 797295, 10 pages, 2012. (hindawi.com)
- Understanding these data will help improve the fidelity of neural models of cerebral cortical function and take into account the diversity of connections at both micro- and mesoscopic scales not seen at such a depth before. (frontiersin.org)
- The new evidence indicates that the development of cortical areas involves a rich array of signals, with considerable interplay between mechanisms intrinsic to cortical progenitors and neurons and mechanisms extrinsic to the cortex, including those requiring neural activity. (sciencemag.org)
- Summary: Researchers from Max Planck Institute have identified a neural connectivity pattern in the medial entorhinal cortex that appears to assist with navigation. (neurosciencenews.com)
- In neural progenitor cells of the cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 were concentrated together in a cell-cell contact area positioned more apically than the adherens junction (AJ). (rupress.org)
Thalamus4
- Early development of the cortex is highly integrated with development of other parts of the brain, including midline patterning centers, the basal ganglia primordia that produce many of the cortical local circuit neurons, and axonal inputs from the thalamus and brain stem. (sciencemag.org)
- These different cortical areas have a precise connectivity, particularly with nuclei within the dorsal thalamus, which provides some of the principal inputs to the cerebral cortex ( Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
- layer VI sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus (Creutzfeldt, 1995). (humpath.com)
- The thalamus also participates in motor control and regulating cortex excitement. (healthpages.org)
Found in the cerebral cortex1
- a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket cells (B) and chandelier cells (C). (b) In Alzheimer disease, patients lose cortical grey matter (labelled in green). (els.net)
Layers of the cerebral cortex1
- Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. (ca.gov)
Models of the cerebral cortex1
- Highly accurate surface models of the cerebral cortex are becoming increasingly important as tools in the investigation of the functional organization of the human brain. (psu.edu)
Structure of the cerebral cortex2
- The structure of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
- The layered structure of the cerebral cortex, formed during development, can be still observed in the adult vertebrate brain. (bionity.com)
Brain36
- In mammals with a small brain there is no folding and the cortex is smooth. (wikipedia.org)
- In the human brain the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible from the outside, but buried in the sulci, [5] and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
- When unfolded in the human, each hemispheric cortex has a total surface area of about 0.12 square metres (1.3 sq ft). [9] The folding is inward away from the surface of the brain, and is also present on the medial surface of each hemisphere within the longitudinal fissure . (wikipedia.org)
- The larger sulci and gyri mark the divisions of the cortex of the cerebrum into the lobes of the brain . (wikipedia.org)
- [12] Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) makes it possible to get a measure for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex and relate it to other measures. (wikipedia.org)
- The cerebral cortex is involved in complex brain functions, such as language and information processing. (kidshealth.org)
- Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex , suggesting that electrical signals travel through this hub on their way to more specialized regions. (discovermagazine.com)
- The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. (microscopyu.com)
- The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. (healthcentral.com)
- Although sleep-active neurons have been identified in other brain areas, neurons that are specifically activated during slow-wave sleep have not previously been described in the cerebral cortex. (pnas.org)
- The gene, called Lhx2, tells stem cells in the developing brain to form the cerebral cortex, which controls functions such as language, decision-making and vision, according to a University of California, Irvine, study published in the Jan. 18 issue of Science . (drugs.com)
- The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. (bionity.com)
- The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick, and plays a central role in many complex brain functions including memory , attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (bionity.com)
- The glial fibres produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially-oriented, spanning all the thickness of the cortex, and will provide scafolding for the future migration of neurones from the ventricular zone to the external surface of the brain. (bionity.com)
- The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (phys.org)
- A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone. (ibiblio.org)
- Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how it plays a role in emotions. (khanacademy.org)
- The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. (sciencemag.org)
- According to the standard model of visual processing, all visual information from the retina must first pass through the primary visual cortex (V1) in the back of the brain, which extracts simple features like lines and edges, before being distributed to a number of "higher order" visual areas that extract increasingly complex features like shapes, shading, movement, and so on. (ucsf.edu)
- Of all portions of the brain the cerebral cortex possesses the most direct interest to the. (picsearch.com)
- The study, published June 9 in the early online edition of Nature Neuroscience, describes vascular architecture within a well-known region of the cerebral cortex and explores what that structure means for functional imaging of the brain and the onset of a kind of dementia. (innovations-report.com)
- In a recent study in the journal Cell [1], NIH grantee Jeff Lichtman of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA and his colleagues unveiled the first digitized reconstruction of tissue from the mammalian cerebral cortex-the outermost part of the brain, responsible for complex behaviors. (georgetown.edu)
- Tissue sections of the cerebral cortex regions expressing CD38 were examined by in situ hybridization to indicate that the astrocytes, one type of glial cells, in the cerebral cortex at the late stages of the postnatal brain development highly expressed CD38. (eurekalert.org)
- These new insights and tools should help to explain how our cortex evolved and the roles of its specialised areas in health and disease, and could eventually hold promise for unprecedented precision in brain surgery and clinical work-ups,' said Bruce Cuthbert the acting director of the National Institute of Mental Health. (wired.co.uk)
- Analysis of the orientations of [3H]thymidine-labeled migrating cells suggests that nonradial migration is equally common in brain slices and the intact cortex and that it increases during neurogenesis. (biologists.org)
- One of the most common diagnoses that results from a loss of oxygen to the brain during birth is that of cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
- There are several different types of cerebral palsy and which type someone has could depend somewhat on the portion of the brain that's been damaged. (lawfitz.com)
- A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main and Helene Schmidt at the Bernstein-Center of Humboldt-University in Berlin have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space. (neurosciencenews.com)
- They found that the internet addicted teens displayed grey matter atrophy in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, the area of the brain responsible for higher order processing, like thinking, memory and speech - and that longer durations of internet addiction resulted in worsened grey matter atrophy. (choosehelp.com)
- Researchers from the UCLA School of Nursing examined clinical records and magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of patients who were recently diagnosed with sleep apnea, and discovered several apparent connections between thinning of the brain's cerebral cortex and apnea symptoms. (ucla.edu)
- Many of the signals our brain receives from our senses are registered in the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
- The visual cortex is in the lower back part of the brain and is where our brain registers what we see. (healthpages.org)
- The somatosensory cortex is a band that runs over the top of the brain is where our brain registers a touch on any part of our body. (healthpages.org)
- Cerebral cortical neuron degeneration occurs in brain disorders manifesting throughout life, but the mechanisms are understood poorly. (scialert.net)
- Sulcal and gyral landmarks on the human cerebral cortex are required for various studies of the human brain. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The examination of the patterns of variation in the human brain often relies upon the accurate identification of structures on the surface of the cerebral cortex. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Hippocampus4
- The phylogenetically more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus , is differentiated in five layers of neurons , whereas the more recent neo-cortex is differentiated in six basic layers. (bionity.com)
- the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. (phys.org)
- Cerebral Cortex is a scientific journal in the neuroscience area, focusing on the development, organization, plasticity, and function of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
- Kenny, P. J., File, S. E. and Rattray, M. (2001), Nicotine regulates 5-HT 1A receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. (wiley.com)
Plasticity2
- This article reviews the recent research into ways of restoring swallowing function in these patients through promoting plasticity and reorganisation of the remaining, viable cerebral cortex. (springer.com)
- CEREBRAL CORTEX is an interdisciplinary journal publishing papers on the development, organization, plasticity and function of the cerebral cortex. (periodicals.com)
Frontal5
- Each cerebral cortex hemisphere is made of four anatomically distinct lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. (els.net)
- Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. (springer.com)
- Blood flow decreases did not generally show significant differences across the active task states within an experiment, but a verb-generation task produced larger decreases than a read task in right and left inferior parietal lobe (BA 40) and the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BA 31/7), while the read task produced larger decreases in left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47). (mit.edu)
- The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal are. (bio-medicine.org)
- Importance of religion or spirituality, but not frequency of [house of worship] attendance, was associated with thicker cortices in the left and right parietal and occipital regions, the mesial frontal lobe of the right hemisphere, and the cuneus and precuneus in the left hemisphere," wrote the authors in their study , published this month in JAMA Psychology . (medicaldaily.com)
Lateral2
- Effects of functional disruption of lateral pericentral cerebral cortex on primate swallowing. (springer.com)
- their apical surfaces face the lateral ventricle, and their basal end feet are located on the roof of the cortex. (rupress.org)
Open intracranial wound2
- ICD-9 code 851.39 for Cortex (cerebral) laceration with open intracranial wound with concussion unspecified is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)
- ICD-9 code 851.06 for Cortex (cerebral) contusion without open intracranial wound with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)
Cells20
- Cells and circuitry of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
- We have identified a population of cells in the cortex that is activated during sleep in three mammalian species. (pnas.org)
- We also observed a large number of weakly stained nNOS cells in the cortex. (pnas.org)
- Since we observed increased densities of microglia in two functionally and anatomically disparate cortical areas, we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. (springer.com)
- In most, but not in all cases, grotesque cells, probably of glial origin, were also present in the depths of the affected cortex and in the subjacent white matter. (nih.gov)
- The smaller, pale cells are present in the middle layers of cortex (layers IV and/or V). Colocalization studies indicate that virtually all the small tachykinin-immunoreactive neurons also display GABA immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
- The project focused on a region of the cerebral cortex in which the nerve cells are so well known that they can be traced to individual whiskers. (innovations-report.com)
- The adjective internal is used in opposition to the external granular layer of the cortex, the term granular refers to the granule cells found here. (wikipedia.org)
- Jones, E. G. is the author of 'Cerebral Cortex: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells', published 1984 under ISBN 9780306417559 and ISBN 0306417553. (valorebooks.com)
- In the present study, with the CD38 gene-knockout mice, developmental abnormality of glial cells has been shown, suggesting glial cell development to be important in the cerebral cortex development. (eurekalert.org)
- Additionally, cells appear to follow nonradial trajectories at all levels of the developing cerebral wall, suggesting that tangential migration may be more prevalent than previously suspected from the imaging studies. (biologists.org)
- These results suggest that tangential migration in the intact cortex plays a pivotal role in the tangential dispersion of clonally related cells revealed by retroviral lineage studies (Walsh, C. and Cepko, C. L. (1992) Science 255, 434-440). (biologists.org)
- The spaces between the bodies and projections of the nerve cells of the cortex are filled with neuroglia and a vascular network (capillaries). (thefreedictionary.com)
- The neurons of the cortex are subdivided into three basic types: pyramidal (80-90 percent of the cells of the cortex), stel-late, and fusiform, or spindle. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Stellate cells are distinguished by poorly developed dendrites and by highly developed axons that remain within the diameter of the cortex and embrace groups of pyramidal cells with their branches. (thefreedictionary.com)
- So OLeary and his team collaborated with Italian researchers, led by Dr. Michele Studer, who is co-senior author with OLeary of the study, to develop mice in which COUP-TF1 can be selectively removed from progenitor cells in the cortex just before they start generating cortical neurons. (bio-medicine.org)
- While programmed cell death has been documented in other parts of the embryonic central nervous system, its operation has not been previously reported in the embryonic cortex because of the lack of cell death markers and the difficulty in following the entire population of cortical cells. (biologists.org)
- Here, we have investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of dying cells in the embryonic cortex using an in situ endlabelling technique called 'ISEL+' that identifies fragmented nuclear DNA in dying cells with increased sensitivity. (biologists.org)
- This number declined to 50% by embryonic day 18, and few dying cells were observed in the adult cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
- Surprisingly, while dying cells were observed throughout the cerebral cortical wall, the majority were found within zones of cell proliferation rather than in regions of postmitotic neurons. (biologists.org)
Neurons in the cortex1
- We are only beginning to define the mechanisms that determine the area identity of neurons in the cortex. (bio-medicine.org)
Sheet of neurons1
- The cerebral cortex resembles a six layer sheet of neurons that in many animals, including humans, is folded to fit into the confines of the skull. (els.net)
Post-rhinal cortex1
- Researchers have shows the post rhinal cortex obtains visual data from the superior colliculus and is not dependent upon information from primary visual cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)
Sulci6
- A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). (wikipedia.org)
- About two thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the sulci and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
- Most mammals have a cerebral cortex that is convoluted with the peaks known as gyri and the troughs or grooves known as sulci. (wikipedia.org)
- The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, wherein more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (bionity.com)
- The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (phys.org)
- They present numerical simulations and physical mimics of the constrained growth of the cortex which show how compressive mechanical forces sculpt it to form characteristic sulci and gyri, consistent with observations across species in both normal and pathological situations. (harvard.edu)
Corpus callosum1
- Neuropilin 1-Sema signaling regulates crossing of cingulate pioneering axons during development of the corpus callosum," Cerebral cortex , vol. 19, pp. i11-i21, 2009. (hindawi.com)
Progenitor1
- In their most extreme interpretations, the former postulated that the cortical progenitor zone contains the information that generates cortical areas, whereas the latter postulated that thalamic afferent axons, through activity-dependent mechanisms, impose cortical areal identity on an otherwise homogeneous cortex. (sciencemag.org)
Mammals6
- In most mammals, apart from small mammals that have small brains, the cerebral cortex is folded, providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the cranium . (wikipedia.org)
- Some small mammals including some small rodents have smooth cerebral surfaces without gyrification . (wikipedia.org)
- For species of mammals, larger brains (in absolute terms, not just in relation to body size) tend to have thicker cortices. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the superior colliculus did not disappear with the development of the cortex in mammals. (ucsf.edu)
- This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. (neurosciencenews.com)
- The new translations include all Cajal's very early contributions on the cortex of small mammals, relevant chapters from his definitive textbook, and all his great works on the human cerebral cortex made at the peak of his career. (oup.com)
Researchers9
- NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during development, researchers from Yale School of Medicine and elsewhere uncovered enhancers and promoters that have increased activity in humans. (genomeweb.com)
- Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas,' the researchers wrote in their paper, published in Nature . (wired.co.uk)
- Even though researchers have been studying cerebral palsy for years, there is no one known cause for this condition. (lawfitz.com)
- In fact, a columnar distribution of neurons displaying similar functional properties throughout the cerebral cortex has been observed by many researchers. (frontiersin.org)
- Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans, the researchers looked at cortex thickness of 12 women and 36 men who had diagnoses of mild to severe obstructive sleep apnea (who were not being treated for their condition), and compared those findings to 40 male and 22 female controls (who did not have sleep apnea). (ucla.edu)
- The researchers then compared clinical findings of each patient with evidence of cortex thinning. (ucla.edu)
- Researchers from New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University find the importance of spirituality to individuals may be linked to the thickness of their cerebral cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
- The researchers imaged the brains of all the participants to determine the thickness of the cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
- Trying to explain their results, the researchers wrote, "A thicker cortex associated with a high importance of religion or spirituality may confer resilience to the development of depressive illness in individuals at high familial risk for major depression, possibly by expanding a cortical reserve that counters to some extent the vulnerability that cortical thinning poses for developing familial depressive illness. (medicaldaily.com)
Organization8
- We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. (psu.edu)
- Powell TPS and Mountcastle VB (1959) Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. (els.net)
- Mature cortical areas differ by their location within the cortex, molecular properties, histological organization, patterns of connectivity, and function. (sciencemag.org)
- Organization of the cerebral cortex in the marmoset, one of the smallest simian primates. (picsearch.com)
- Does cell lineage in the developing cerebral cortex contribute to its columnar organization? (frontiersin.org)
- The columnar organization of the cerebral cortex is a broadly documented principle of design preserved throughout mammalian evolution ( Mountcastle, 1997 ), which has been proposed to be important to allow a large number of neurons to be connected without a significant increase in cortical volume. (frontiersin.org)
- In this study, we present evidence that mammalian Fat4 and Dachsous1 cadherins regulate the apical plasma membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)
- From these results, we propose that Fat4 and Dachsous1 regulate the subapical membrane organization in concert with the Pals1 complex in the developing cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)
Model of the cortex2
- In order to address this need we have developed a technique for taking a model of the cortex, detecting and fixing the topological defects while leaving that majority of the model intact, resulting in a surface that is both geometrically accurate and topologically correct. (psu.edu)
- To attempt to provide a concise account for these experimental properties we have used a lumped continuum model of the cortex which provides an account of the general spectral content of EEG [Wright 1998]. (paulbourke.net)
Basal ganglia1
- The cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia make up the forebrain. (healthpages.org)
Alzheimer's Disease1
- The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on how pre-clinical investigations are addressing the clinical issues surrounding the involvement of the cerebral cortex in selected conditions of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's, addiction, and cardiovascular dysregulation. (elsevier.com)
Functionally distinct1
- The mammalian cerebral cortex is divided into functionally distinct areas. (biologists.org)
Neurology1
- Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the subventricular zone and upper layers II-IV of the cerebral cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology , vol. 479, no. 2, pp. 168-180, 2004. (hindawi.com)
Pallium1
- The cortex, more generally known as the pallium, develops from a morphologically uniform ventricular zone located in the dorsocaudal part of the telencephalic vesicles. (sciencemag.org)
Mammalian Cortex2
- This undermines the whole concept of the visual system in mammalian cortex as a perfect hierarchy with V1 as the gatekeeper and raises a multitude of questions, including how these two parallel visual systems evolved and how they cooperate to produce a unified visual experience. (ucsf.edu)
- The internal granular layer of the cortex, also commonly referred to as the granular layer of the cortex, is the layer IV in the subdivision of the mammalian cortex into 6 layers. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic cortex1
- In the embryonic cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 proteins accumulated at the cell-cell boundaries located apical to the adherens junction (AJ), which we defined as subapical membrane apposition. (rupress.org)
Somatosensory cortex1
- Kaas JH, Nelson RJ, Sur M, Lin CS and Merzenich MM (1979) Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. (els.net)
Adult2
- McDonald J, Parnavelas J, Karamanlidis A, Brecha N, Koenig J 1982 The morphology and distribution of peptide-containing neurons in the adult and developing visual cortex of the rat. (springer.com)
- A developmental model based on these physiological observations, and on comparative studies of cortical organisation, is then proposed, in order to explain how a combination of molecular specification steps and activity-driven processes can generate the variety of visuotopic organisations observed in adult cortex. (scielo.br)
Physiology1
- It's as if we've discovered a second primary visual cortex," said study senior author Massimo Scanziani , PhD, a professor of physiology at UCSF and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. (ucsf.edu)
Hemisphere2
- [10] The limbic lobe is a rim of cortex on the medial side of each hemisphere and is also often included. (wikipedia.org)
- In man, the cortex constitutes 44 percent of the volume of each hemisphere on the average. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pyramidal1
- The principal functional element of the cortex is the long-axon afferent-efferent (that is, centripetal, receiving stimuli, and centrifugal, sending stimuli) pyramidal neuron. (thefreedictionary.com)
Human cortex2
- Furthermore, the human cortex is subject to clonal mutations, occasionally leading to a predisposition to focal epilepsies and tumors. (harvard.edu)
- Here we use naturally occurring somatic mutations, typically functionally neutral, to provide the first map of clonal structure of the human cortex in relation to major cytoarchitectonic regions. (harvard.edu)
Senile Dementia1
- Reduction of arginine-vasopressin in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer type senile dementia. (bmj.com)
Circuits1
- Neurons with similar properties are arranged in a columnar manner suggesting that single columns containing canonical circuits may be the basic unit of processing in the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
Development5
- Layer I, which plays an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex, expands in size and diversity in primates. (jneurosci.org)
- Previously, the research team found that the CD38 gene-knockout mice showed social abnormality, whose cerebral cortex development was aberrant. (eurekalert.org)
- 1989 ) Visual cortex development in the ferret. (biologists.org)
- Christopher Walsh and his team are interested in genetic mechanisms of cerebral cortical development and abnormalities of cortical development resulting in intellectual disability, autism and epilepsy. (sfari.org)
- In this paper I will review some characteristics of cortical visuotopic maps in adults, and the implications that they may have for our understanding of the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. (scielo.br)
Brodmann2
- a) The German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann divided the cortex into 52 regions, based on their cellular content. (els.net)
- Since the pioneer work of Lorente de Nó, Ramón y Cajal, Brodmann, Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel and others, the cerebral cortex has been seen as a jigsaw of anatomic and functional modules involved in the processing of different sets of information. (frontiersin.org)
Visual15
- One of the most clear examples of cortical layering is the Stria of Gennari in the primary visual cortex. (bionity.com)
- We immunocytochemically identified microglia in fronto-insular (FI) and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically quantified the microglial densities. (springer.com)
- Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajal's conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others have shown some unexpected connectivity features that may refine the traditional view of how corticocortical connections are organised with regard to functional representations of auditory, somatosensory and visual cortices. (frontiersin.org)
- Hubel DH and Wiesel TN (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. (els.net)
- The assemblies suggest a principal division of the cortex into visual, somatomotor and orbito-temporo-insular systems, while motor and somatosensory areas are inseparably interrelated. (isi.edu)
- In contrast to the dogma that all visual areas in the cerebral cortex get their inputs from primary visual cortex (V1), the new study shows that postrhinal cortex (POR) gets information about moving objects via a parallel visual pathway from an evolutionarily ancient brainstem area called superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
- The visual cortex (pink area) and the reading area (light blue area) are active when decrypting information. (sciencephoto.com)
- First, adjacent radial columns in the cortex represent partially overlapping regions of the visual field, irrespective of whether these columns are part of the same or different cortical areas. (scielo.br)
- There are, in addition to V1, many other visual areas, which collectively form the extrastriate cortex. (scielo.br)
- Thus, visuotopic organisation has become one of the key criteria for the subdivision of cortex: charting the various re-representations of the visual field should, in theory, be sufficient to define the limits of the various visual areas. (scielo.br)
- 1996) Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. (scirp.org)
- In normally aging subjects, primary visual cortex has been shown to have reduced responses to visual stimulation [5]. (scirp.org)
- It is not known, however, to what extent aging affects visual field repre-sentations and population receptive sizes in human primary visual cortex. (scirp.org)
- Here we use func-tional MRI (fMRI) and population receptive field (pRF) modeling [6] to measure angular and ec-centric retinotopic representations and population receptive fields in primary visual cortex in healthy aging subjects ages 57 - 70 and in healthy young volunteers ages 24 - 36 (n = 9). (scirp.org)
- Understanding the extent of changes that occur in primary visual cortex during normal aging is essential both for understanding the normal aging process and for comparisons of healthy, aging subjects with aging patients suffering from age-related visual and cortical disorders. (scirp.org)
Outer3
- The cerebral cortex is the outer layer depicted in dark violet. (wikipedia.org)
- The outer layer, the cerebral cortex, is made of nerve fibers called gray matter. (healthpages.org)
- A cortex is the outer layer of any organ. (healthpages.org)
Areas10
- The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. (els.net)
- These disease‐specific differences are initially greatest in temporal and parietal association areas, and spread to engulf the rest of the cortex. (els.net)
- The immunocytochemically stained beaded processes and punctate profiles from plexuses that vary in density and laminar distribution among different areas of monkey cortex. (jneurosci.org)
- ASSOCIATION AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX The subdivision of the cerebral cortex into the. (picsearch.com)
- The cerebral cortex has premotor and motor areas that control speech and writing. (picsearch.com)
- Nerve fibers from the motor areas join fibers leading to&from other areas of the cortex (the corona. (picsearch.com)
- Oxidative Status in Different Areas of the Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Rats during Focal Ischemia and Its Modulation with Carnosine. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Oxidative status was assessed in different areas of the cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats under normal condition and during permanent 24-h focal ischemia. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Other cortical fields that were initially described as forming equally well-organised visuotopic maps have since been further subdivided, or had parts recombined with adjacent cortex to form 'new' areas, which continue to be the subject of much controversy (6,7). (scielo.br)
- LA JOLLA, CA In the cerebral cortex, the brains powerful central processing unit responsible for higher functions, specialized subdivisions known as areas are laid out like a map, but little is known about the genetic forces that shape the geography of our brains. (bio-medicine.org)
Immunoreactivity1
- Immunocytochemical methods were used to localize tachykinin-like immunoreactivity within neurons of the monkey cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Tissue1
- As both Fat4 and Dachsous1 were highly expressed in embryonic cerebral cortices, we decided to investigate the function of them in this tissue. (rupress.org)
Primates1
- Our results demonstrate that clones generated early during cerebral cortical neurogenesis show wide dispersion in the cortex, with later generated clones showing modest restriction, contrasting sharply with previously described clonal patterns in non-primates. (harvard.edu)
Mouse cerebral1
- 1990 ) Cellular migration patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)