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Cerebral CortexCerebral ArteriesPrefrontal CortexVisual CortexBrainCerebral InfarctionMotor CortexCerebrovascular CirculationSomatosensory CortexAuditory CortexCerebral PalsyNeuronsMiddle Cerebral ArteryMagnetic Resonance ImagingInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryBrain MappingBrain IschemiaCerebral AngiographyMalaria, CerebralEntorhinal CortexCerebral VeinsRats, Sprague-DawleyNeural PathwaysCerebral HemorrhageCerebellar CortexKidney CortexBrain ChemistryCatsRats, WistarFunctional LateralityFrontal LobeTime FactorsCerebellumImage Processing, Computer-AssistedIschemic Attack, TransientCerebral VentriclesAnimals, NewbornElectroencephalographyHippocampusDominance, CerebralNerve Tissue ProteinsTelencephalonParietal LobeBrain DiseasesPhotic StimulationRats, Inbred StrainsNerve NetDisease Models, AnimalNeocortexAdrenal CortexHypoxia, BrainNeurogliaAutoradiographyBrain EdemaOxygenModels, NeurologicalSynaptosomesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidReaction TimeImmunohistochemistryCerebrumElectric StimulationProsencephalonAnalysis of VarianceThalamusNeuronal PlasticityGyrus CinguliTemporal LobeMacacaVibrissaeAnterior Cerebral ArteryTomography, Emission-ComputedCerebral Amyloid AngiopathySubarachnoid HemorrhageNeuroprotective AgentsPosterior Cerebral ArteryPsychomotor PerformanceBrain InjuriesBlood Flow VelocityPyramidal CellsBasal GangliaCerebrovascular DisordersPia MaterOccipital LobeAstrocytesAgingMice, Inbred C57BLVisual PathwaysIntracranial Embolism and ThrombosisAction PotentialsMacaca fascicularisBlood-Brain BarrierCorpus StriatumRNA, MessengerGlutamic AcidAcoustic StimulationVisual PerceptionAxonsRats, Long-EvansSynapses
Cerebral Cortex
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Cerebral Arteries
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Visual Cortex
Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Cerebrovascular Circulation
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Somatosensory Cortex
Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.
Auditory Cortex
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Middle Cerebral Artery
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Brain Mapping
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
Cerebral Angiography
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Malaria, Cerebral
A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)
Entorhinal Cortex
Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.
Cerebral Veins
Veins draining the cerebrum.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Cerebellar Cortex
The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.
Kidney Cortex
The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.
Brain Chemistry
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Functional Laterality
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Frontal Lobe
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Cerebral Ventricles
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Electroencephalography
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Dominance, Cerebral
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Telencephalon
The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.
Parietal Lobe
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Photic Stimulation
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Neocortex
The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.
Adrenal Cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.
Hypoxia, Brain
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Autoradiography
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Oxygen
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Models, Neurological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Synaptosomes
Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Reaction Time
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Cerebrum
Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Prosencephalon
The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)
Analysis of Variance
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Thalamus
Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.
Neuronal Plasticity
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Gyrus Cinguli
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
Temporal Lobe
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Macaca
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
Vibrissae
Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.
Tomography, Emission-Computed
Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Neuroprotective Agents
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.
Psychomotor Performance
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Blood Flow Velocity
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Basal Ganglia
Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
Pia Mater
The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the ARACHNOID and the DURA MATER.
Occipital Lobe
Posterior portion of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES responsible for processing visual sensory information. It is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch.
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Visual Pathways
Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Macaca fascicularis
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Acoustic Stimulation
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Visual Perception
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Nervous System Malformations
Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Neurogenesis
Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.
Parvalbumins
Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.
Reperfusion
Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.
Gerbillinae
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Corpus Callosum
Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.
Cortical Spreading Depression
The decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. It is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of MIGRAINE WITH AURA. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)
Intracranial Pressure
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Carbon Dioxide
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Radioligand Assay
Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Memory
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
Limbic System
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
In Situ Hybridization
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Cerebral Revascularization
Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.
Afferent Pathways
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Synaptic Membranes
Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).
Physical Stimulation
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
Regional Blood Flow
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Dendrites
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.
Cell Count
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Ferrets
Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting RODENTS and/or RABBITS and as a laboratory animal. It is in the subfamily Mustelinae, family MUSTELIDAE.
Oximes
Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.
Blood Pressure
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage.
Caudate Nucleus
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Thalamic Nuclei
Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.
Neuropsychological Tests
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Receptors, GABA-A
Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Electrodes, Implanted
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
Haplorhini
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).
Pyramidal Tracts
Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
Cognition
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Muscimol
A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
Electrophysiology
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Mice, Neurologic Mutants
Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.
Stereotaxic Techniques
Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.
Xenon Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
Substantia Innominata
Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.
Reference Values
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
Embryo, Mammalian
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Cell Movement
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Iofetamine
An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.
Evoked Potentials, Visual
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Pentobarbital
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
Touch
Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.
Evoked Potentials, Motor
The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.
Oxygen Consumption
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Auditory Perception
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Microcirculation
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Papio
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Basilar Artery
The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
Dizocilpine Maleate
A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.
Stem Cells
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Neuroanatomy
Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
Fetus
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Microdialysis
A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
Attention
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Wakefulness
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Glucose
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Amygdala
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
Microelectrodes
Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Forelimb
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Guinea Pigs
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
Xenon
A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.
Blood Volume
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/15480)

It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections.  (+info)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (2/15480)

Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine.  (+info)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (3/15480)

Murine cortical cultures containing both neurons and glia (days in vitro 13-15) were exposed to periods of oxygen-glucose deprivation (5-30 min) too brief to induce neuronal death. Cultures "preconditioned" by sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation exhibited 30-50% less neuronal death than controls when exposed to a 45-55 min period of oxygen-glucose deprivation 24 hr later. This preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was specific in that neuronal death induced by exposure to excitotoxins or to staurosporine was not attenuated. Neuroprotection was lost if the time between the preconditioning and severe insult were decreased to 7 hr or increased to 72 hr and was blocked if the NMDA antagonist 100 microM 3-((D)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid was applied during the preconditioning insult. This was true even if the duration of preconditioning was increased as far as possible (while still remaining sublethal). A similar preconditioning effect was also produced by sublethal exposure to high K+, glutamate, or NMDA but not to kainate or trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid.  (+info)

Fas/Apo [apoptosis]-1 and associated proteins in the differentiating cerebral cortex: induction of caspase-dependent cell death and activation of NF-kappaB. (4/15480)

The developing cerebral cortex undergoes a period of substantial cell death. The present studies examine the role of the suicide receptor Fas/Apo[apoptosis]-1 in cerebral cortical development. Fas mRNA and protein are transiently expressed in subsets of cells within the developing rat cerebral cortex during the peak period of apoptosis. Fas-immunoreactive cells were localized in close proximity to Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing cells. The Fas-associated signaling protein receptor interacting protein (RIP) was expressed by some Fas-expressing cells, whereas Fas-associated death domain (FADD) was undetectable in the early postnatal cerebral cortex. FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an inhibitor of Fas activation, was also expressed in the postnatal cerebral cortex. Fas expression was more ubiquitous in embryonic cortical neuroblasts in dissociated culture compared to in situ within the developing brain, suggesting that the environmental milieu partly suppresses Fas expression at this developmental stage. Furthermore, FADD, RIP, and FLIP were also expressed by subsets of dissociated cortical neuroblasts in culture. Fas activation by ligand (FasL) or anti-Fas antibody induced caspase-dependent cell death in primary embryonic cortical neuroblast cultures. The activation of Fas was also accompanied by a rapid downregulation of Fas receptor expression, non-cell cycle-related incorporation of nucleic acids and nuclear translocation of the RelA/p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Together, these data suggest that adult cortical cell number may be established, in part, by an active process of receptor-mediated cell suicide, initiated in situ by killer (FasL-expressing) cells and that Fas may have functions in addition to suicide in the developing brain.  (+info)

Integrated visualization of functional and anatomic brain data: a validation study. (5/15480)

Two-dimensional SPECT display and three methods for integrated visualization of SPECT and MRI patient data are evaluated in a multiobserver study to determine whether localization of functional data can be improved by adding anatomical information to the display. METHODS: SPECT and MRI data of 30 patients were gathered and presented using four types of display: one of SPECT in isolation, two integrated two-dimensional displays and one integrated three-dimensional display. Cold and hot spots in the peripheral cortex were preselected and indicated on black-and-white hard copies of the image data. Nuclear medicine physicians were asked to assign the corresponding spots in the image data on the computer screen to a lobe and a gyrus and give a confidence rating for both localizations. Interobserver agreement using kappa statistics and average confidence ratings were assessed to interpret the reported observations. RESULTS: Both the interobserver agreement and the confidence of the observers were greater for the integrated two-dimensional displays than for the two-dimensional SPECT display. An additional increase in agreement and confidence was seen with the integrated three-dimensional display. CONCLUSION: Integrated display of SPECT and MR brain images provides better localization of cerebral blood perfusion abnormalities in the peripheral cortex in relation to the anatomy of the brain than single-modality display and increases the confidence of the observer.  (+info)

Identifying homologous anatomical landmarks on reconstructed magnetic resonance images of the human cerebral cortical surface. (6/15480)

Guided by a review of the anatomical literature, 36 sulci on the human cerebral cortical surface were designated as homologous. These sulci were assessed for visibility on 3-dimensional images reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brains of 20 normal volunteers by 2 independent observers. Those sulci that were found to be reproducibly identifiable were used to define 24 landmarks around the cortical surface. The interobserver and intraobserver variabilities of measurement of the 24 landmarks were calculated. These reliably reproducible landmarks can be used for detailed morphometric analysis, and may prove helpful in the analysis of suspected cerebral cortical structured abnormalities in patients with such conditions as epilepsy.  (+info)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/15480)

Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning.  (+info)

The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/15480)

cAMP signals are received and transmitted by multiple isoforms of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, typically determined by their specific regulatory subunits. In the brain the major regulatory isoform RIIbeta and the RII-anchor protein, AKAP150 (rat) or 75 (bovine), are differentially expressed. Cortical neurons express RIIbeta and AKAP75; conversely, granule cerebellar cells express predominantly RIalpha and RIIalpha. Cortical neurons accumulate PKA catalytic subunit and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein very efficiently into nuclei upon cAMP induction, whereas granule cerebellar cells fail to do so. Down-regulation of RIIbeta synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cAMP-induced nuclear signaling in cortical neurons. Expression in cerebellar granule cells of RIIbeta and AKAP75 genes by microinjection of specific expression vectors, markedly stimulated cAMP-induced transcription of the lacZ gene driven by a cAMP-responsive element promoter. These data indicate that the composition of PKA in cortical and granule cells underlies the differential ability of these cells to transmit cAMP signals to the nucleus.  (+info)

Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: from molecules to malformations. | Center for Academic Research and...Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: from molecules to malformations. | Center for Academic Research and...
Abstract: The size and extent of folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex are important factors that influence a species cognitive abilities and sensorimotor skills. Studies in various animal models and in humans have provided insight into the mechanisms that regulate cortical growth and folding. Both protein-coding genes and microRNAs control cortical size, and recent progress in characterizing basal progenitor cells and the genes that regulate their proliferation has contributed to our understanding of cortical folding. Neurological disorders linked to disruptions in cortical growth and folding have been associated with novel neurogenetic mechanisms and aberrant signalling pathways, and these findings have changed concepts of brain evolution and may lead to new medical treatments for certain disorders.. ...
https://carta.anthropogeny.org/libraries/bibliography/growth-and-folding-mammalian-cerebral-cortex-molecules-malformations
Aging and mammalian cerebral cortex: Monkeys to humans<...Aging and mammalian cerebral cortex: Monkeys to humans<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Aging and mammalian cerebral cortex. T2 - Monkeys to humans. AU - Morrison, John. PY - 2003/4/1. Y1 - 2003/4/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0038647799&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0038647799&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 12813209. AN - SCOPUS:0038647799. VL - 17. JO - Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. JF - Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. SN - 0893-0341. IS - SUPPL. 2. ER - ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aging-and-mammalian-cerebral-cortex-monkeys-to-humans
Open positions | Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex DevelopmentOpen positions | Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
Position 1. The Cerebral Cortex Development Lab at SISSA is looking for a young post-doc wanting to address biological mechanisms and operational outcomes of experimental therapy of glioblastoma multiforme by overexpression of the brain patterning gene Emx2. Intellectual independence and spirit of initiative, strong experience in molecular and cell biology, as well as aptitude to work with rodent animal models are required.. Potential candidates are encouraged to pre-submit a letter of interest, a short statement of research and three reference letters, to prof. Antonello Mallamaci (To: [email protected]; Subject: GBM_pos20), by September 15th, 2019. A call for a one year position, renewable upon evaluation of results, will be shortly launched at the Neuroscience Area of SISSA.. ...
https://lccd.sissa.it/open-positions
Mammalian Fat and Dachsous cadherins regulate apical membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex | JCBMammalian Fat and Dachsous cadherins regulate apical membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex | JCB
The findings presented in this study disclosed an unexpected role of the mammalian Fat-Dachsous system in the plasma membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex. The AJ is known as the major cell junctional structure observed in the apical portions of neural progenitor cells (Ho et al., 2000; Lien et al., 2006; Kadowaki et al., 2007). We found that Fat4 and Dachsous1 were located more apical to the AJ and that the plasma membranes at the corresponding region showed a simple apposition, which we defined as the subapical membrane apposition. Such apically extended membrane appositions have not been described for general epithelial cells, and thus, these junctions might have uniquely developed for specific cell types, including neural progenitor cells. Depletion of Fat4 disrupted the subapical membrane apposition, indicating that it plays a key role in the maintenance of this specific structure.. We found that Fat4 and Dachsous1 could interact in a heterophilic fashion and regulated the ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/185/6/959?ijkey=754df7c34da319d9471134d9689eacbcd8da3d4e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortexComputational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex
Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra-connected and hierarchically organized structural systems. Corresponding analyses of data on functional connectivity are required to establish the significance of these structural systems. We therefore built up a relational database by systematically collating published data on the spread of activity after strychnine-induced disinhibition in the macaque cerebral cortex in vivo. After mapping these data to two different parcellation schemes, we used three independent methods of analysis which demonstrate that the cortical network of functional interactions is not homogeneous, but shows a clear segregation into functional assemblies of mutually interacting areas. The assemblies suggest a principal division of the cortex into visual, somatomotor and orbito-temporo-insular systems, while motor and somatosensory areas are inseparably interrelated. These results are largely ...
https://www.isi.edu/people/burns/publications/computational_analysis_functional_connectivity_between_areas_primate_cereb
Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex | ScienceConcurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex | Science
Synapses develop concurrently and at identical rates in different layers of the visual, somatosensory, motor, and prefrontal areas of the primate cerebral cortex. This isochronic course of synaptogenesis in anatomically and functionally diverse regions indicates that the entire cerebral cortex develops as a whole and that the establishment of cell-to-cell communication in this structure may be orchestrated by a single genetic or humoral signal. This is in contrast to the traditional view of hierarchical development of the cortical regions and provides new insight into the maturation of cortical functions. ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/232/4747/232?ijkey=5fdb686d672fe38b39b3234bd80799c4f7a9677e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
AANS Neurosurgeon Faulty Cell Signaling Derails Cerebral Cortex Development, Could It Lead to Autism? - AANS NeurosurgeonAANS Neurosurgeon Faulty Cell Signaling Derails Cerebral Cortex Development, Could It Lead to Autism? - AANS Neurosurgeon
As the embryonic brain develops, an incredibly complex cascade of cellular events occur, starting with progenitors - the originating cells that generate neurons and spur proper cortex development. If this cascade malfunctions - if one tiny protein doesnt do its job - then the brain can develop abnormally.. UNC scientists led by Eva Anton, PhD, professor of cell biology and physiology in the UNC School of Medicine, have shown how the deletion of the protein APC in progenitor cells leads to massive disruption of brain development and the canonical Wnt protein pathway - a signaling cascade- that previously was linked to genes associated with autism.. Although our experiments were done in mouse genetic models, human APC mutations have been associated with autism, said Anton, a member of the UNC Neuroscience Center and the new UNC Autism Research Center. These mutations disrupt the ability of brain progenitors to respond appropriately to the environmental cues necessary for them to divide, and to ...
http://aansneurosurgeon.org/faulty-cell-signaling-derails-cerebral-cortex-development-lead-autism/?issueId=5852
Aversive state processing in the posterior insular cortex | Nature NeuroscienceAversive state processing in the posterior insular cortex | Nature Neuroscience
Triggering behavioral adaptation upon the detection of adversity is crucial for survival. The insular cortex has been suggested to process emotions and homeostatic signals, but how the insular cortex detects internal states and mediates behavioral adaptation is poorly understood. By combining data from fiber photometry, optogenetics, awake two-photon calcium imaging and comprehensive whole-brain viral tracings, we here uncover a role for the posterior insula in processing aversive sensory stimuli and emotional and bodily states, as well as in exerting prominent top-down modulation of ongoing behaviors in mice. By employing projection-specific optogenetics, we describe an insula-to-central amygdala pathway to mediate anxiety-related behaviors, while an independent nucleus accumbens-projecting pathway regulates feeding upon changes in bodily state. Together, our data support a model in which the posterior insular cortex can shift behavioral strategies upon the detection of aversive internal states,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-019-0469-1.epdf?author_access_token=6MaIQ_cGfzBY-jmySuGa9NRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NQLvZJhK83XIeBPsqKH0ucnXyVapweg5KII892PPXwdTjGxW5hFA-dUFiI6v30a8J_wVduBAzs_VVy5K5GjH4MFFr9ZEcLJfy7XhGzNmssbA%3D%3D&error=cookies_not_supported&code=70b0e956-2ec8-4466-96e4-8c56920b3218
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1. Procedures were described whereby constant rates of oxygen consumption were obtained with cerebral cortex slices for periods exceeding three hours.. 2. The effect of intravenous injection of graded doses of 5,5-diphenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DPO) in minimal volume, to a small group of rats was reported for the dosage range of 20 to 100 mgm. per kgm.. 3. A concentration-action curve was presented which illustrates the effect of graded concentrations of DPO on the oxygen consumption of rat cerebral cortex slices. This was compared with the concentration-action curve of the related substituted oxazolidinedione, propazone. With rising concentration of DPO there was first a moderate augmentation, then a profound inhibition of brain respiration. The augmentation phase did not occur with propazone. Furthermore there was more rapid development of inhibition and a greater maximum inhibitory effect with DPO than with propazone.. 4. It was found that DPO had some specificity in respect of its inhibitory ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/77/3/229
Get e-book Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex...Get e-book Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex...
Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Based on Cytoarchitectonics file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Based on Cytoarchitectonics book. Happy reading Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Based on Cytoarchitectonics Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF Brodmanns Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex: The Principles of Comparative Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Based on Cytoarchitectonics at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book ...
https://acoreqokyx.ga/brodmanns-localisation-in-the-cerebral-cortex.php
Growth of the developing cerebral cortex is controlled by microRNA-7 through the p53 pathway. - Semantic ScholarGrowth of the developing cerebral cortex is controlled by microRNA-7 through the p53 pathway. - Semantic Scholar
Proper growth of the mammalian cerebral cortex is crucial for normal brain functions and is controlled by precise gene-expression regulation. Here, we show that microRNA-7 (miR-7) is highly expressed in cortical neural progenitors and describe miR-7 sponge transgenic mice in which miR-7-silencing activity is specifically knocked down in the embryonic cortex. Blocking miR-7 function causes microcephaly-like brain defects due to reduced intermediate progenitor (IP) production and apoptosis. Upregulation of miR-7 target genes, including those implicated in the p53 pathway, such as Ak1 and Cdkn1a (p21), is responsible for abnormalities in neural progenitors. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Ak1 or p21 and specific blockade of miR-7 binding sites in target genes using protectors in vivo induce similarly reduced IP production. Using conditional miRNA sponge transgenic approaches, we uncovered an unexpected role for miR-7 in cortical growth through its interactions with genes in the p53 pathway.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Growth-of-the-developing-cerebral-cortex-is-contro-Pollock-Bian/b7c993e7c79b0e3622ff93337d5e80432646a7a6
Role of p35/Cdk5 in preplate splitting in the developing cerebral cortex. - Oxford NeuroscienceRole of p35/Cdk5 in preplate splitting in the developing cerebral cortex. - Oxford Neuroscience
The earliest generated cells of the mammalian cerebral cortex form the preplate layer (PPL). The subsequently born cortical plate (CP) cells split this layer into the superficial layer I (LI) and the deep subplate (SP). The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this event are unclear. To investigate the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and its activator p35 in preplate splitting, we used Nissl staining, carbocyanine dye tracing, cell birthdating, and immunohistochemistry for calretinin (CalR) in p35 and Cdk5 knockout mice. Our data demonstrated changes in early cortical lamination and aberrant thalamic axon trajectories in these mice. Specifically, LI was thicker, and cell-dense and thalamic axons did not accumulate in the SP layer before invading the CP. Instead, they grew past the SP and more superficial cortical layers and coursed obliquely toward the pial surface. This behavior has been previously observed in reeler mice and suggests a defect in PPL splitting. CalR
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/114663
Differentiation of human cortical neurons: post #1Differentiation of human cortical neurons: post #1
Differentiation of human cortical neurons - posted in Stem Cell: hi I want to grow and differentiate human cortical neurons. I have a vial of HCN-2 cells from ATCC. From what I understand, they are extremely slow and difficult to differentiate. Changing my cell type is not a viable choice right now. So I make do and hav a couple of questions. If anybody has any experience either differentiating these or other cortical neurons, I would really appreciate some help. * The nerve growth factor...
http://www.protocol-online.org/forums/topic/32400-differentiation-of-human-cortical-neurons/
3H-yohimbine binding to guinea-pig kidney and calf cerebral cortex membranes: comparison with human platelets - GeoScience.net3H-yohimbine binding to guinea-pig kidney and calf cerebral cortex membranes: comparison with human platelets - GeoScience.net
Brodde, O.E.; Eymer, T.; Arroyo, J., 1983: 3H-yohimbine binding to guinea-pig kidney and calf cerebral cortex membranes: comparison with human platelets
https://geoscience.net/research/042/020/042020829.php
Evolution of the human brain | ScienceEvolution of the human brain | Science
Since early hominids emerged 5 million years ago, humans have evolved sizable brains to support higher cognitive functions. In particular, the human cerebral cortex is greatly expanded, allowing accommodation of the evolutionary increases in the number of cortical areas, the functional modules that subserve perception, attention, motor control, cognition, memory, and learning. Duplicated genes specific to the Homo lineage have played key roles in human speciation, particularly in the development of the highly complex human brain (1) and the circuits of the cerebral cortex (2). On page 546 of this issue, Heide et al. (3) identify ARHGAP11B [Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein 11B], a human-specific duplicated gene, as a regulator of human cerebral cortex development. By expressing ARHGAP11B in marmosets, a smooth-brained primate, this study explores the influence of the gene on expansion of the primate cortex.. The human neocortex is marked by an important increase in surface ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6503/506
wistar fetal cortex neurons cells wistar fetal rat cortex neurons cells Gentaur Molecular Productswistar fetal cortex neurons cells wistar fetal rat cortex neurons cells Gentaur Molecular Products
wistar fetal cortex neurons cells wistar fetal rat cortex neurons cells | order wistar fetal cortex neurons cells wistar fetal rat cortex neurons cells | How to use: wi
https://clonagen.com/product_description.php?product_name=wistar-fetal-rat-cortex-neurons-cells&id=4800624
Carmen Falcone | Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex DevelopmentCarmen Falcone | Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
Master Degree in Neuroscience, University of Trieste, year 2012. Master Degree Thesis title: Emx2 inhibits cortico-cerebral astrogliogenesis by downregulating the EGF receptor mRNA. PhD in Functional and Structural Genomics, SISSA, year 2016. PhD Thesis title: Foxg1 and Emx2 control of cortico-cerebral astrogenesis and Emx2 as a novel tool to suppress glioblastoma multiforme Publications at SISSA. ...
https://lccd.sissa.it/people/carmen-falcone
A schizophrenia-associated mutation of DISC1 perturbs cerebral cortex development. - PubMed - NCBIA schizophrenia-associated mutation of DISC1 perturbs cerebral cortex development. - PubMed - NCBI
Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;7(12):1167-78. Epub 2005 Nov 20. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299498
Reconstruction of the human cerebral cortex robust to white matter lesions: Method and validation<...Reconstruction of the human cerebral cortex robust to white matter lesions: Method and validation<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Reconstruction of the human cerebral cortex robust to white matter lesions. T2 - Method and validation. AU - Shiee, Navid. AU - Bazin, Pierre Louis. AU - Cuzzocreo, Jennifer L.. AU - Ye, Chuyang. AU - Kishore, Bhaskar. AU - Carass, Aaron. AU - Calabresi, Peter A.. AU - Reich, Daniel S.. AU - Prince, Jerry L.. AU - Pham, Dzung L.. PY - 2014/7. Y1 - 2014/7. N2 - Cortical atrophy has been reported in a number of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimers disease, that are also associated with white matter (WM) lesions. However, most cortical reconstruction techniques do not account for these pathologies, thereby requiring additional processing to correct for the effect of WM lesions. In this work, we introduce CRUISE+, an automated process for cortical reconstruction from magnetic resonance brain images with WM lesions. The process extends previously well validated methods to allow for multichannel input images and to accommodate for the presence of WM lesions. We provide ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/reconstruction-of-the-human-cerebral-cortex-robust-to-white-matte-5
Mammalian cerebral cortical tissue responds to low-intensity visible light | PNASMammalian cerebral cortical tissue responds to low-intensity visible light | PNAS
Low levels of visible light directed onto slices of rat cerebral cortical tissue enhanced net potassium-induced release of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from these brain slices. At higher light intensity, net potassium-induced release was suppressed. These effects were apparently not from increased temperature. The amount of light enhancing this neurotransmitter release is approximately equal to the amount of light that can penetrate the head and reach the brain at the intensities of sunlight; this was determined by measuring the light entering the rat head through fur, scalp, skull, and dura mater and considering several natural lighting conditions. These results suggest that ambient light may be sufficient to alter the release of transmitters from mammalian cerebral cortex in vivo.. ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/85/23/9322?ijkey=da76de9cbdf91ebf7f313ebd5a4717a12076e45f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development Antibodies | Invitrogen ...fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development Antibodies | Invitrogen ...
Antibodies for proteins involved in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification
https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/fibroblast%20growth%20factor%20receptor%20signaling%20pathway%20involved%20in%20orbitofrontal%20cortex%20development
Chicken embryonic cerebral cortex exposed to two doses of PFHxS | bioCADDIE Data Discovery IndexChicken embryonic cerebral cortex exposed to two doses of PFHxS | bioCADDIE Data Discovery Index
DataMed is a prototype biomedical data search engine. Its goal is to discover data sets across data repositories or data aggregators. In the future it will allow searching outside these boundaries. DataMed supports the NIH-endorsed FAIR principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability of datasets with current functionality assisting in finding datasets and providing access information about them.
https://datamed.org/dataset/0006/5913b3435152c62a9fc213f2/Chicken-embryonic-cerebral-cortex-exposed-to-two-doses-of-PFHxS
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral cortex to normal size by preventing apoptosis of early neural...Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral cortex to normal size by preventing apoptosis of early neural...
The cerebral cortex, which underlies higher brain functions, has undergone a large expansion in size during mammalian evolution, most notably in the primate lineage (Rakic, 1988; Caviness and Takahashi, 1995; Northcutt and Kaas, 1995; Rakic, 1995). Although many intrinsic and extrinsic factors may influence cortical size and cytoarchitecture, such as patterns of neuronal migration (Letinic et al., 2002; Kriegstein and Noctor, 2004; Bystron et al., 2006), thalamic afferents (Windrem and Finlay, 1991; Dehay et al., 2001) and the diversification of subventricular zone neural progenitors (Smart et al., 2002; Haubensak et al., 2004; Miyata et al., 2004; Noctor et al., 2004; Fish et al., 2008), an increase in neuron number during brain development and evolution is ultimately controlled by the number and modes of division of neural progenitors in the embryonic ventricular and subventricular zones (Götz and Huttner, 2005; Kriegstein et al., 2006; Fish et al., 2008).. According to the radial unit ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/11/1859
ISMRM 2018) In-vivo line-scan diffusion MR at 250 micron inline resolution within human cerebral cortex at 7TISMRM 2018) In-vivo line-scan diffusion MR at 250 micron inline resolution within human cerebral cortex at 7T
achieve achieving acquisition acquisitions ages alleviate anisotropic anisotropy another anterior apparent around arrow bias biomedical birdcage black body bottom brain built cerebral channel children choice closer coil column complex concerns consent consistent cortex cortical custom cyan deep deeper depths deviation diffusion division enable encoding especially evidence extent fibers field fine format general goal gray greater hard head health healthy hospital human illustrating importantly in vivo indicated inferior informed institute intercept interrogate larger lateral layers lesser location loss maier making measure medial medical micron microns middle minutes motor neurology noise offset oriented orthogonal panel partial perhaps perpendicular plots posterior predominantly prescribed primarily primary prior purple radial radially radiology readout receive recent reducing regarding reports residuals resolution runs scale scanned scanner school sciences sheet shot slight smaller spatial ...
https://archive.ismrm.org/2018/1618.html
Restricted expression of Slap-1 in the rodent cerebral cortex. - Oxford NeuroscienceRestricted expression of Slap-1 in the rodent cerebral cortex. - Oxford Neuroscience
The deep layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex contain pyramidal neurons that project predominantly to subcortical targets. To understand the mechanisms that determine the identity of deeper layer neurons, a PCR based subtractive hybridisation was performed to isolate genes that are specifically expressed during the specification of these neurons. One of the genes we isolated was the rat homologue of the mouse Slap-1. SLAP-1 is an adaptor protein containing SH2-SH3 domains and it participates in the signalling of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. In situ hybridisation studies have shown that Slap-1 is not substantially expressed before E17. At later stages, it is specifically and selectively expressed by deeper layer neurons and by neurons of layers II/III in the developing cortex. The specific timing and location of its expression, suggests that this gene may play a role in the differentiation of these neurons.
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/114575
PAK1 regulates cortical development via promoting neuronal migration and progenitor cell proliferation | Molecular Brain | Full...PAK1 regulates cortical development via promoting neuronal migration and progenitor cell proliferation | Molecular Brain | Full...
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase known to be activated by the Rho family small GTPases and to play a key role in cytoskeletal reorganization, spine morphology and synaptic plasticity. PAK1 is also implicated in a number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, including autism, intellectual disability and Alzheimers disease. However, the role of PAK1 in early brain development remains unknown. In this study, we employed genetic manipulations to investigate the role of PAK1 in the cerebral cortical development in mice. We showed that compared to the wild type littermates, PAK1 knockout mice have a reduction in the number of pyramidal neurons in several layers of the cerebral cortex, which is associated with a smaller pool of neural progenitor cells and impaired neuronal migration. These results suggest that PAK1 regulates cortical development by promoting the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and facilitating the migration of these neurons to specific
https://molecularbrain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13041-015-0124-z/figures/6
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Materials unmarked 41598 2019 42439 MOESM1 ESM. of TBR1 (deep cortical layer VI) -...Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Materials unmarked 41598 2019 42439 MOESM1 ESM. of TBR1 (deep cortical layer VI) -...
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary Materials unmarked 41598_2019_42439_MOESM1_ESM. of TBR1 (deep cortical layer VI) and Nkx2.1 (ventral cells), and matrix remodeling genes, MMP2 and MMP3, as well as Notch-1, indicating the crucial role of matrix remodeling and cell-cell communications on cortical spheroid and organoid patterning. Moreover, tri-culture system elevated blood-brain barrier gene expression (e.g., GLUT-1), CD31, and limited Rabbit polyclonal to AQP9 junction proteins ZO1 manifestation. Treatment with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, demonstrated the immobilization of MSCs during spheroid fusion, indicating a CXCR4-dependent types of hMSC homing and migration. This forebrain-like model offers potential applications in understanding heterotypic cell-cell relationships and novel medication testing in diseased mind. Introduction Mind organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) emerge as powerful model systems for neurological disease modeling, drug screening, and ...
http://biosweepny.com/supplementary-materialssupplementary-materials-unmarked-41598_2019_42439_moesm1_esm-of-tbr1-deep-cortical-layer-vi/
Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero...Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero...
Denne artikel beskriver i detaljer en protokol til at elektroporere in utero den cerebrale cortex og hippocampus ved E14.5 i mus. Vi...
https://www.jove.com/video/4163/visualisering-og-genetisk-manipulering-af-dendritter-og-udlberne-i?language=Danish
Frontiers | Cholinergic Modulation of Cortical Microcircuits Is Layer-Specific: Evidence from Rodent, Monkey and Human Brain |...Frontiers | Cholinergic Modulation of Cortical Microcircuits Is Layer-Specific: Evidence from Rodent, Monkey and Human Brain |...
Acetylcholine (ACh) signaling shapes neuronal circuit development and underlies specific aspects of cognitive functions and behaviors, including attention, learning, memory and motivation. During behaviour, activation of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs) by ACh alters the activation state of neurons, and neuronal circuits most likely process information differently with elevated levels of ACh. In several brain regions, ACh has been shown to alter synaptic strength as well. By changing the rules for synaptic plasticity, ACh can have prolonged effects on and rearrange connectivity between neurons that outlasts its presence. From recent discoveries in the mouse, rat, monkey and human brain, a picture emerges in which the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system targets the neocortex with much more spatial and temporal detail than previously considered. Fast cholinergic synapses acting on a millisecond time scale are abundant in the mammalian cerebral cortex, and provide BF
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncir.2017.00100/full
A CT orientational study of the functional areas on cerebral cortex--《CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANATOMY》1998年01期A CT orientational study of the functional areas on cerebral cortex--《CHINESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANATOMY》1998年01期
Objective:To find a simple and accurate method to orient the cerebral cortex functional areas on CT scan images.Materials and methods:After CT scanning 30 heads specimens,their transverse sections were cut according to the scanning sections.Then compare the CT image and the transverse sections to find a new method,which could identify the functional areas of cerebral cortex on CT image.Results:The cerebral neural process could easily be found on both transverse sections and CT image.So the method to orient the functional areas based on the neural process identification was found.Conclusions:The neural process delivered from cerebral marrow is corresponding to cerebral gyrus.So the corresponding functional area could be distinguished,provided the neural process was identified.
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZLJZ801.000.htm
Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero...Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero...
이 문서에서는 자세히 utero에서 대뇌 피질과 생쥐의 E14.5에서 해마를 electroporate하는 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 또한이 두 대뇌 지역에서 dendrites 및 쪽이을 연구하는 귀중한 방법임을...
https://www.jove.com/video/4163/-dendrites-?language=Korean
DSpace at KOASAS: Quantification of perivascular drainage in mouse cerebral cortex and its role in alzheimer disease = 생쥐...DSpace at KOASAS: Quantification of perivascular drainage in mouse cerebral cortex and its role in alzheimer disease = 생쥐...
혈관주위배액이란 대뇌피질에서 뇌안의 대사산물들이나 작은 분자량의 펩티드들이 혈관 바깥의 혈관주위공간에서 조직액과 함께 혈관과 반대되는 방향으로 피질을 빠져나가는 현상을 의미한다. 혈관주위배액현상이 있다고 알려진지는 오래되었으나 그 현상을 정량화할 수 있는 지표에 대해서는 합의된 방법이 없었다. 뿐만 아니라 이 혈관주위 배액현상이 동맥벽을 타고 지주막하공간으로 빠져나가는지 정맥주변을 통해서 지주막하 공간으로 빠져나가는지, 그 방향성에 대해서도 상반된 결과들이 보고되어 논쟁이 있는 상황이다. 기존의 이광자 현미경을 이용한 관찰방법은 혈관주위배액현상을 파악하는데 시공간적인 정보가 다소 부족한 측면이 있다. 따라서 두개골 창을 제작하고 형광물질이 부착된 덱스트란을 중심에 주사하여 두개골 창 전체영역에서 ...
https://koasas.kaist.ac.kr/handle/10203/206085
Plus itPlus it
Proper development of the mammalian cerebral cortex relies on the integrated control of neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells during early stages of brain development is critical to expand the progenitor pool at the ventricular surface and later mitotic divisions result in the generation of postmitotic neural precursors, which then migrate to the cortical plate (Gupta et al., 2002; Götz and Huttner, 2005). Defective neurogenesis or neuronal migration leads to brain malformations, and are often associated with different forms of mental retardation or cognitive disabilities and severe epilepsy Guerrini et al., 2008). For example, classical lissencephaly (or smooth brain) is due to a reduced number or absence of gyri and sulci of the cortical surface, resulting in severe mental retardation, seizures and early death (Kato and Dobyns, 2003). Mutations in two genes, LIS1 (Reiner et al., 1993; Lo Nigro et al., 1997) and DCX (Gleeson et al., 1998; des Portes ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/8/3002
Human leptomeningeal and cortical vascular anatomy of the cerebral cortex at 8 Tesla | MetaHuman leptomeningeal and cortical vascular anatomy of the cerebral cortex at 8 Tesla | Meta
The purpose of this work was to describe the human leptomeningeal and cortical vascular anatomy as seen at high resolution on an 8 T UHFMRI system. With a 1024 x 1024 matrix, axial gradient echo images of the cerebral cortex were acquired on a human volunteer at 8 T with TR 500 ms, TE 1...read more ...
https://www.meta.org/papers/human-leptomeningeal-and-cortical-vascular/10589558
Items where Subject is organs, tissues, organelles, cell types and functions | tissues types and functions | cerebral cortex ...Items where Subject is organs, tissues, organelles, cell types and functions | tissues types and functions | cerebral cortex ...
Hangya, B., Pi, H. J., Kvitsiani, D., Ranade, S. P., Kepecs, A. (2014) From circuit motifs to computations: mapping the behavioral repertoire of cortical interneurons. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 26c. pp. 117-124. ISSN 0959-4388 Hangya, B., Tihanyi, B. T., Entz, L., Fabo, D., Eross, L., Wittner, L., Jakus, R., Varga, V., Freund, T. F., Ulbert, I. (2011) Complex Propagation Patterns Characterize Human Cortical Activity during Slow-Wave Sleep. Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (24). pp. 8770-8779. ISSN 0270-6474 He, M., Tucciarone, J., Lee, S., Nigro, M. J., Kim, Y., Levine, J. M., Kelly, S. M., Krugikov, I., Wu, P., Chen, Y., Gong, L., Hou, Y., Osten, P., Rudy, B., Huang, Z. J. (2016) Strategies and Tools for Combinatorial Targeting of GABAergic Neurons in Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Neuron, 91 (6). pp. 1228-1243. ISSN 1097-4199 (Electronic)0896-6273 (Linking) Hof, P. R., Nimchinsky, E. A., Perl, D. P., Erwin, J. M. (2001) An unusual population of pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of ...
http://repository.cshl.edu/view/subjects/cerabral=5Fcortex.html
Rab-mediated vesicular transport is required for neuronal positioning in the developing Drosophila visual system | Molecular...Rab-mediated vesicular transport is required for neuronal positioning in the developing Drosophila visual system | Molecular...
The movement of R-cell nuclei along the apical-basal axis in the developing fly visual system displays features very similar to the somal translocation of neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate during the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex [51, 52]. That both R-cell movement and cortical neuronal migration require the function of DLis/Lis1 [14, 18] support the evolutionary conservation of the molecular mechanism controlling neuronal positioning. In a search for novel regulators of R-cell translocation, we found that misexpression of the RabGAP RN-Tre caused a failure for R-cell nuclei to maintain their apical localization, suggesting the requirement of Rab-mediated vesicular transport in R-cell positioning. RN-tre displayed dosage-sensitive interactions with Rab5 or Rab11 in the fly eye, and genetic analysis revealed an essential role for Rab5, Shi and Rab11 in R-cell apical localization. These results support that Rab5, Shi and Rab11 function together in a vesicular ...
https://molecularbrain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-6606-3-19
BrainInfoBrainInfo
The term area SI of Woolsey refers to a functionally defined area of mammalian cerebral cortex. It has been mapped in a number of species on the basis of evoked potentials elicited by light touch stimulation of the skin. In the macaque it is located in the postcentral gyrus, both on the exposed surface and in the posterior bank of the central sulcus. The face area is located on the lower lateral surface with the hind limb and tail areas extending over the midline into the bank of the longitudinal fissure ( Woolsey-1958 ). It is the same as the primary somatosensory cortex ( Carpenter-1983 ). ...
http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1057
GABAergic interneurons shape the functional maturation of the cortexGABAergic interneurons shape the functional maturation of the cortex
From early embryonic development to adulthood, GABA release participates in the construction of the mammalian cerebral cortex. The maturation of GABAergic neurotransmission is a protracted process which takes place in discrete steps and results from the dynamic interaction between developmentally di …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23395369/?dopt=Abstract
Similar papers for Spiral Wave Dynamics in Neocortex - Semantic ScholarSimilar papers for Spiral Wave Dynamics in Neocortex - Semantic Scholar
Although spiral waves are ubiquitous features of nature and have been observed in many biological systems, their existence and potential function in mammalian cerebral cortex remain uncertain. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we found that spiral waves occur frequently in the neocortex in vivo, both during pharmacologically induced oscillations and during sleep-like states. While their life span is limited, spiral waves can modify ongoing cortical activity by influencing oscillation frequencies and spatial coherence and by reducing amplitude in the area surrounding the spiral phase singularity. During sleep-like states, the rate of occurrence of spiral waves varies greatly depending on brain states. These results support the hypothesis that spiral waves, as an emergent activity pattern, can organize and modulate cortical population activity on the mesoscopic scale and may contribute to both normal cortical processing and to pathological patterns of activity such as those found in epilepsy.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Spiral-Wave-Dynamics-in-Neocortex-Huang-Xu/9bda415d86889f6b4540a2cb461a49de5c7de2c7?tab=relatedPapers
1:1 Multicolored Removable 8 Parts Human Brain Cerebral Cortex Anatomi - Shopperr B2B1:1 Multicolored Removable 8 Parts Human Brain Cerebral Cortex Anatomi - Shopperr B2B
Description:1:1 Life Size Removable 8 Parts Human Brain Cerebral Cortex Model with Labeled Brain Regions for School Medical Study DisplayComes with display base; can be disassembled into 8 partsHighly detailed to show the structure of the human cerebral cortex.Great for school teaching tool, learning display, and colle
https://shopperr.in/products/1-1-multicolored-removable-8-parts-human-brain-cerebral-cortex-anatomical-model
Citing a Thesis in CEREBRAL-CORTEX | Citation MachineCiting a Thesis in CEREBRAL-CORTEX | Citation Machine
Creating accurate citations in CEREBRAL-CORTEX has never been easier! Automatically cite a thesis in CEREBRAL-CORTEX by using Citation Machines free citation generator.
https://www.citationmachine.net/cerebral-cortex/cite-a-thesis
Cerebral Cortex - Deepak Pandya; Michael Petrides; Patsy Benny Cipolloni - Oxford University PressCerebral Cortex - Deepak Pandya; Michael Petrides; Patsy Benny Cipolloni - Oxford University Press
Cerebral Cortex is a comprehensive and detailed work covering the dual nature of the organization of the architecture and connections of the cerebral cortex. After establishing the evolutionary approach of the cerebral cortexs origin, the authors have systematically analyzed, in detail, the common principle underlying the structure and connections of sensory and motor systems.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/cerebral-cortex-9780195385151?cc=us&lang=en&%250D%250Atab=reviews
Interactive Fly, DrosophilaInteractive Fly, Drosophila
Although accurate long-distance neuronal migration is a cardinal feature of cerebral cortical development, little is known about control of this migration. The scrambler (scm) mouse shows abnormal cortical lamination that is indistinguishable from reeler. Genetic and physical mapping of scm identifies yeast artificial chromosomes containing an exon of mdab1, a homolog of Drosophila Disabled, which encodes a phosphoprotein that binds nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. mdab1 transcripts show abnormal splicing in scm homozygotes, with 1.5 kb of intracisternal A particle retrotransposon sequence inserted into the mdab1 coding region in antisense orientation, producing a mutated and truncated predicted protein. Therefore, mdab1 is most likely the scm gene, thus implicating nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in neuronal migration and lamination in developing cerebral cortex (Ware, 1997). Formation of the mammalian brain requires choreographed migration of neurons to generate highly ordered laminar structures, ...
http://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/cytoskel/disabl2b.htm
A Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex. - PubMed - NCBIA Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172003?dopt=Abstract
Toshiba launches ARM Cortex development board speeding up BLDC motor control implementation - CIEToshiba launches ARM Cortex development board speeding up BLDC motor control implementation - CIE
Toshiba Electronics Europe (TEE) has announced a pre-configured development board for the rapid implementation of motor control applications using its ARM Cortex-M3 family of microcontrollers. Developers can use the low-cost SigmaBoard as a starter kit, as a reference design, or as a stand-alone solution for field-orientated control (FOC)/vector control of brushless DC (BLDC) motors with ratings to 36V and 2A.. The SigmaBoard is a double-sided 2.5cm x 5cm PCB featuring a digital side and an analogue side. The digital side incorporates a Toshiba TMPM373 microcontroller; a USB-to-serial interface with a default transmission rate of 115kbps; a USB connector for a host PC; an RGB LED to indicate motor phase; interfaces for U, V and W motor phase outputs; and high-side MOSFETs. The analogue side comprises: gate drivers; a current measurement circuit with a 50mO shunt resistor and amplifier for current sensing; an overcurrent comparator; and low-side MOSFETs. The TMPM373 is a miniature, 48-pin, ...
https://www.cieonline.co.uk/toshiba-launches-arm-cortex-development-board-speeding-up-bldc-motor-control-implementation/
Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortexAutomatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex
We present a technique for automatically assigning a neuroanatomical label to each location on a cortical surface model based on probabilistic information estimated from a manually labeled training set. This procedure incorporates both geometric information derived from the cortical model, and neuro …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654453/?dopt=Abstract
Smokers tend to have thinner brain cortex, study suggests - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comSmokers tend to have thinner brain cortex, study suggests - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Researchers have found that people who avoided smoking had a thicker outer layer of the brain than people who had smoked. Those participants who had given up smoking for the longest time had a thicker cortex compared with those who had given up recently - even after accounting for the total amount smoked in their lifetime. The study gathered health data and analysed MRI scans of 244 males and 260 females with an average age of 73. Around half were former or current smokers. The group tested were part of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, a group of individuals who were born in 1936 and took part in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947. Using detailed MRI brain scans, careful image analysis and statistical models, researchers analysed how a persons smoking habit was linked with the thickness of the brains cortex. The study authors suggest that avoiding smoking helps to keep the brains cortex thicker so therefore more normal. They also cautiously suggest that the cortex might regain some thickness ...
https://www.healthcanal.com/brain-nerves/60188-smokers-tend-to-have-thinner-brain-cortex-study-suggests.html
Cerebral Cortex & Evolution of the Motor CortexCerebral Cortex & Evolution of the Motor Cortex
What regions in the cerebral cortex are known to be involved in movement? How do these areas contribute to the production of motor behavior? Located at approximately mid-brain and at the very back of the temporal lobe is the.
https://brainmass.com/physics/em-waves/cerebral-cortex-evolution-of-the-motor-cortex-243141
Reduced inositol polyphosphate accumulation and inositol supply induced by lithium in stimulated cerebral cortex slices |...Reduced inositol polyphosphate accumulation and inositol supply induced by lithium in stimulated cerebral cortex slices |...
The ability of lithium to interfere with phosphoinositide metabolism in rat cerebral cortex slices has been examined by monitoring the accumulation of CMP-phosphatidate (CMP-PtdOH) and the reduction in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 levels. A small accumulation of [14C]CMP-PtdOH was seen in slices prelabelled with [14C]cytidine and stimulated with carbachol (1 mM) or Li+ (1 mM). However, simultaneous addition of both agents for 30 min produced a 22-fold accumulation, with Li+ producing a half-maximal effect at a concentration of 0.61 +/- 0.19 mM. Kinetic studies revealed that the effects of carbachol and Li+ on CMP-PtdOH accumulation occurred with no initial lag apparent under these conditions and that preincubation with myo-inositol (10 or 30 mM) dramatically attenuated CMP-PtdOH accumulation. myo-Inositol could also attenuate the rate of accumulation of CMP-PtdOH when added 20 min after carbachol and Li+; these effects were not observed when equimolar concentrations of scyllo-inositol were ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/267/3/781
Querkopf, a MYST family histone acetyltransferase, is required for normal cerebral cortex development. :: MPG.PuReQuerkopf, a MYST family histone acetyltransferase, is required for normal cerebral cortex development. :: MPG.PuRe
Author: Thomas, T. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2000; Title: Querkopf, a MYST family histone acetyltransferase, is required for normal cerebral cortex development.
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_600385
Stuttered swallowing: Electric stimulation of the right insula interferes with water swallowing. A case report | BMC Neurology ...Stuttered swallowing: Electric stimulation of the right insula interferes with water swallowing. A case report | BMC Neurology ...
Various functional resonance imaging, magnetoencephalographic and lesion studies suggest the involvement of the insular cortex in the control of swallowing. However, the exact location of insular activation during swallowing and its functional significance remain unclear. Invasive electroencephalographic monitoring was performed in a 24-year-old man with medically intractable stereotyped nocturnal hypermotor seizures due to a ganglioglioma. During stimulation of the right inferior posterior insular cortex with depth electrodes the patient spontaneously reported a perception of a stutter in swallowing. Stimulation of the inferior posterior insular cortex at highest intensity (4 mA) was also associated with irregular and delayed swallows. Swallowing was not impaired during stimulation of the superior posterior insular cortex, regardless of stimulation intensity. These results indicate that the right inferior posterior insular cortex is involved in the neural circuitry underlying the control of
https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-11-20/email/correspondent/c1/new
Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns in developing mouse cerebral cortex<...Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns in developing mouse cerebral cortex<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns in developing mouse cerebral cortex. AU - Hirota, Yuki. AU - Kubo, Ken ichiro. AU - Katayama, Kei ichi. AU - Honda, Takao. AU - Fujino, Takahiro. AU - Yamamoto, Tokuo T.. AU - Nakajima, Kazunori. PY - 2015/2/15. Y1 - 2015/2/15. N2 - In mammalian developing brain, neuronal migration is regulated by a variety of signaling cascades, including Reelin signaling. Reelin is a glycoprotein that is mainly secreted by Cajal-Retzius neurons in the marginal zone, playing essential roles in the formation of the layered neocortex via its receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). However, the precise mechanisms by which Reelin signaling controls the neuronal migration process remain unclear. To gain insight into how Reelin signaling controls individual migrating neurons, we generated monoclonal antibodies against ApoER2 and VLDLR and examined the ...
https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/reelin-receptors-apoer2-and-vldlr-are-expressed-in-distinct-spati
Cerebral cortex: Symmetric vs: asymmetric cell division<...Cerebral cortex: Symmetric vs: asymmetric cell division<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Cerebral cortex. T2 - Symmetric vs: asymmetric cell division. AU - Fishell, G.. AU - Hanashima, C.. PY - 2009/1/1. Y1 - 2009/1/1. N2 - The six distinct laminae within the mammalian cerebral cortex contain neurons that exhibit a wide variety of specific physiological properties and synaptic connections. This diversity emerges from a restricted progenitor pool within the embryonic cortical ventricular zone. Individual cortical progenitors produce multiple subtypes over a prolonged period during corticogenesis. This article describes classical studies that suggest that neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex is dependent on asymmetric divisions, where one daughter remains in a progenitor state while the other exits to become a mature neuron. The present understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating both asymmetric cell division and the sequential production of different neuronal subtypes during development is reviewed. However, as yet only a subset of the factors controlling each ...
https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cerebral-cortex-symmetric-vs-asymmetric-cell-division
Refubium - A core organizing axis of the human cerebral cortexRefubium - A core organizing axis of the human cerebral cortex
Classical work in neuroanatomy suggests that the spatial arrangement of cortical areas in overarching gradients is a key organizational feature of the cerebral cortex. While studies performed in experimental animals provide strong evidence for spatial gradients in cortical microstructure and connectivity, similar research in humans has been obstructed by methodological challenges. In consequence, the significance of structural gradients for human cortical function remains unaddressed. The work presented in this dissertation capitalizes on recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging and novel analytic strategies to investigate spatial gradients in the human cerebral cortex in vivo. We first introduce a set of relevant tools and proceed to demonstrate a global gradient in cortical features that spans between sensorimotor and transmodal areas. This gradient is reflected in the distribution of intracortical myelin and captures the main axis of variance in functional connectivity patterns. It is ...
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/7316?show=full
α-ketoisocaproic acid regulates phosphorylation of intermediate filaments in postnatal rat cortical slices through ionotropic...α-ketoisocaproic acid regulates phosphorylation of intermediate filaments in postnatal rat cortical slices through ionotropic...
TY - JOUR. T1 - α-ketoisocaproic acid regulates phosphorylation of intermediate filaments in postnatal rat cortical slices through ionotropic glutamatergic receptors. AU - Funchal, Cláudia. AU - De Lima Pelaez, Priscila. AU - Oliveira Loureiro, Samanta. AU - Vivian, Lilian. AU - Bello Pessutto, Franciele Dall. AU - De Almeida, Lúcia Maria Vieira. AU - Wofchuk, Susana Tchernin. AU - Wajner, Moacir. AU - Pessoa Pureur, Regina. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı́fico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nı́vel Superior (CAPES), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (PROPESq-UFRGS) Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2002/12/15. Y1 - 2002/12/15. N2 - In this study we investigated the effects of α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), the main keto acid accumulating in the ...
https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/%CE%B1-ketoisocaproic-acid-regulates-phosphorylation-of-intermediate-f
Molecular layer of cerebral cortex | definition of molecular layer of cerebral cortex by Medical dictionaryMolecular layer of cerebral cortex | definition of molecular layer of cerebral cortex by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of molecular layer of cerebral cortex in the Medical Dictionary? molecular layer of cerebral cortex explanation free. What is molecular layer of cerebral cortex? Meaning of molecular layer of cerebral cortex medical term. What does molecular layer of cerebral cortex mean?
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/molecular+layer+of+cerebral+cortex
Decrease in excitatory neurons, astrocytes and proliferating progenitors in the cerebral cortex of mice lacking exon 3 from the...Decrease in excitatory neurons, astrocytes and proliferating progenitors in the cerebral cortex of mice lacking exon 3 from the...
The Fgf2 gene is expressed in the brain neuroepithelium during embryonic development and in astroglial cells throughout life. Previous knockout studies suggested that FGF2 plays a role in the proliferation of neural progenitors in the embryonic cerebral cortex. These studies exclusively used knockout alleles lacking the Fgf2 exon 1. However, the description of putative alternative exons located downstream from the canonical exon 1 raised the possibility that alternatively spliced transcripts may compensate for the lack of the canonical exon 1 in the Fgf2 -/- mice. We generated and characterized a new line of Fgf2 knockout mice lacking the expression of exon 3, which is conserved in all Fgf2 transcripts and contains essential heparin and receptor binding interfaces. The expression of Fgf2 exon 3 was prevented by inserting a transcriptional STOP cassette in the Fgf2 genomic locus. These mice demonstrate a phenotype in the adult neocortex characterized by decreased density and number of cortical excitatory
https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-9-94/tables/2
An antagonistic interaction between PlexinB2 and Rnd3 controls RhoA activity and cortical neuron migration | CrickAn antagonistic interaction between PlexinB2 and Rnd3 controls RhoA activity and cortical neuron migration | Crick
A transcriptional programme initiated by the proneural factors Neurog2 and Ascl1 controls successive steps of neurogenesis in the embryonic cerebral cortex. Previous work has shown that proneural factors also confer a migratory behaviour to cortical neurons by inducing the expression of the small GTP-binding proteins such as Rnd2 and Rnd3. However, the directionality of radial migration suggests that migrating neurons also respond to extracellular signal-regulated pathways. Here we show that the Plexin B2 receptor interacts physically and functionally with Rnd3 and stimulates RhoA activity in migrating cortical neurons. Plexin B2 competes with p190RhoGAP for binding to Rnd3, thus blocking the Rnd3-mediated inhibition of RhoA and also recruits RhoGEFs to directly stimulate RhoA activity. Thus, an interaction between the cell-extrinsic Plexin signalling pathway and the cell-intrinsic Ascl1-Rnd3 pathway determines the level of RhoA activity appropriate for cortical neuron migration. ...
https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/publications/an-antagonistic-interaction-between-plexinb2-and-rnd3-controls-rhoa-activity-and-cortical-neuron-migration
Gyrification - WikipediaGyrification - Wikipedia
Cortical stem cells, known as radial glial cells (RGC)s, reside in the ventricular zone and generate the excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the cerebral cortex.[25][26] These cells rapidly proliferate through self-renewal at early developmental stages, expanding the progenitor pool and increasing cortical surface area. At this stage, the pattern of cortical areas is genetically programmed by a system of signaling centers through the process of cortical patterning, and the primordial map of cortical functional areas at this stage is called a protomap.[27] Cortical neurogenesis begins to deplete the pool of progenitor cells, subject to the influences of many genetic cues such as fibroblast growth factors (FGF)s and Notch.[28] RGCs generate intermediate neuronal precursors that divide further in the subventricular zone (SVZ), amplifying the number of cortical neurons being produced.[29] The long fibers of RGCs project all the way through the developing cortex to the pial surface of the brain, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrification
Abnormal neurogenesis and cortical growth in congenital heart disease | Science Translational MedicineAbnormal neurogenesis and cortical growth in congenital heart disease | Science Translational Medicine
Congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common birth defect in newborns, can be associated with developmental delays. Although reduced blood flow, genetic factors, and brain injury are thought to contribute, the cellular mechanisms underlying abnormal brain development due to CHD are unclear. Morton et al. used a piglet model of neonatal hypoxia to study the relationship between neural stem/progenitor cells and cortical development. Chronic hypoxia reduced the number of stem/progenitor cells within the subventricular zone in piglet brains, which limited the number of interneurons and cortical growth. These findings were also seen in brain tissue from human infants with CHD. ...
https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/374/eaah7029.short
Multimodal surface-based morphometry reveals diffuse cortical atrophy in traumatic brain injury. | BMC Medical Imaging | Full...Multimodal surface-based morphometry reveals diffuse cortical atrophy in traumatic brain injury. | BMC Medical Imaging | Full...
Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often present with significant cognitive deficits without corresponding evidence of cortical damage on neuroradiological examinations. One explanation for this puzzling observation is that the diffuse cortical abnormalities that characterize TBI are difficult to detect with standard imaging procedures. Here we investigated a patient with severe TBI-related cognitive impairments whose scan was interpreted as normal by a board-certified radiologist in order to determine if quantitative neuroimaging could detect cortical abnormalities not evident with standard neuroimaging procedures. Cortical abnormalities were quantified using multimodal surfaced-based morphometry (MSBM) that statistically combined information from high-resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Normal values of cortical anatomy and cortical and pericortical DTI properties were quantified in a population of 43 healthy control subjects. Corresponding measures from the patient
https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2342-9-20/figures/9
Specific Metabolomics Adaptations Define a Differential Regional Vulnerability in the Adult Human Cerebral CortexSpecific Metabolomics Adaptations Define a Differential Regional Vulnerability in the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex
Brain neurons offer diverse responses to stresses and detrimental factors during development and aging, and as a result of both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This multiplicity of responses can be ascribed to the great diversity among neuronal populations. Here we have determined the metabolomic profile of three healthy adult human brain regions-entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and frontal cortex-using mass spectrometry-based technologies. Our results show the existence of a lessened energy demand, mitochondrial stress, and lower one-carbon metabolism (particularly restricted to the methionine cycle) specifically in frontal cortex. These findings, along with the better antioxidant capacity and lower mTOR signaling also seen in frontal cortex, suggest that this brain region is especially resistant to stress compared to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, which are more vulnerable regions. Globally, our results show the presence of specific metabolomics adaptations in three ...
https://repositori.udl.cat/handle/10459.1/59074
Cerebral cortex | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers |...Cerebral cortex | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers |...
The development of the cerebral cortex is complex and finely tuned process influenced by the interplay between genes and environment.[13] The cerebral cortex develops from the most anterior part of the neural plate, a specialized part of the embryonic ectoderm.[14] The neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube. From the cavity inside the neural tube develops the ventricular system, and, from the epithelial cells of its walls, the neurons and glia of the nervous system. The most anterior (front, or cranial) part of the neural plate, the prosencephalon, which is evident before neurulation begins, gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and its later cortex.[15] Cortical neurons are generated within the ventricular zone, next to the ventricles. At first, this zone contains progenitor cells, which divide to produce glial cells and neurons.[16] The glial fibers produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially oriented, spanning the thickness of the cortex from the ...
http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Cerebral_cortex
Detection of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 mRNA in C57BL/6 Mice Astroglial Cells and Brain Cortex Following LPS StimulationDetection of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 mRNA in C57BL/6 Mice Astroglial Cells and Brain Cortex Following LPS Stimulation
Background: Astrocytes, which comprise ~90% of overall brain mass, are involved in brain immunity. These cells represent the non-professional class of CNS-resident APCs and may promote or inhibit CNS inflammation depending on the cytokines they secrete. IL-10 family of cytokines and their receptors, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2, may have a role in shifting astrocytes to a neuroprotective or neurodegenerative function. Objective: To address the expression of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 cytokine receptors in astrocytes and brain cortex of C57BL/6 mice. Methods: We investigated the expression of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 in C57BL/6 mice astroglial cells and brain cortex in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) method. Results: Astrocytes were able to express IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 mRNA not only in response to LPS stimulation but also in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, we found the expression of IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 mRNA in the cortex of adult C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions:
http://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_16809.html
Dictionary - Normal: Cerebral cortex - The Human Protein AtlasDictionary - Normal: Cerebral cortex - The Human Protein Atlas
Normal brain tissue is represented by four different regions: Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus and Caudate. The nervous system represents the major communication network and consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The intracranial cerebrum and cerebellum together with the spinal cord constitutes the CNS. The brain is covered by layers of membranes, the meninges, and submerged in cerebrospinal fluid, which also fills the intracerebral ventricles. The brain can grossly be divided into different neuroanatomical functional regions such as the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes and central gray matter structures. Anatomically and histologically the brain can further be stratified into the cerebral cortex representing the outermost gray matter overlying white matter and the innermost deep gray matter components. The hippocampus, containing the neuron rich dentate fascia, is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and is located in the ...
http://www.proteinatlas.org/learn/dictionary/normal/cerebral+cortex/anatomy+1
Mitochondria Exert a Negative Feedback on the Propagation of Intracellular Ca2+ Waves in Rat Cortical Astrocytes - PronuviaMitochondria Exert a Negative Feedback on the Propagation of Intracellular Ca2+ Waves in Rat Cortical Astrocytes - Pronuvia
We have used digital fluorescence imaging techniques to explore the interplay between mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and physiological Ca2+ signaling in rat cortical astrocytes. A rise in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt), resulting from mobilization of ER Ca2+ stores was followed by a rise in mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m, monitored using rhod-2). Whereas [Ca2+]cyt recovered within ~1 min, the time to recovery for [Ca2+]m was ~30 min. Dissipating the mitochondrial membrane potential ( Dcm, using the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone [FCCP] with oligomycin) prevented mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and slowed the rate of decay of [Ca2+]cyt transients, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake plays a significant role in the clearance of physiological [Ca2+]cyt loads in astrocytes. Ca2+ signals in these cells initiated either by receptor-mediated ER Ca2+ release or mechanical stimulation often consisted of propagating waves (measured using fluo-3). In response to either ...
http://www.us.pronuvia.com/mitochondria-exert-a-negative-feedback-on-the-propagation-of-intracellular-ca2-waves-in-rat-cortical-astrocytes/
Neuroscience2015 | Per sessionNeuroscience2015 | Per session
In the pseudostratified neuroepithelium or ventricular zone (NE/VZ) of developing mammalian cerebral cortex, each neural progenitor cell shows nuclear movement along the apical-basal axis correlated with cell cycle called interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). While cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms were reported to be essential for INM, it was recently suggested that cell-to-cell physical interaction also play important role, especially for apical-to-basal INM of G1 cells. How INM of each progenitor cell is three-dimensionally coordinated to maintain the whole structure of the NE/VZ, however, still remains largely unknown. To answer the question, we performed carefully observed the dynamics of neural progenitor cells around periventricular area. We found that the onset of apical-to-basal INM of the newborn G1 nuclei from the periventricular area was not always correlated with the presence of neighboring cellbodies. A mathematical simulation for INM as a group also suggested that ...
http://www.jnss.org/abstract/neuro2015/meeting_planner/sessiondetail.php?st_id=2015010614&u=1444775101&yz=2484
RAMBA Archives - BACE1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimers DiseaseRAMBA Archives - BACE1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimers Disease
Supplementary MaterialsSupplementary document 1: Data models for quantification. cortex of ferrets. Weighed against HOPX-negative oRG cells, HOPX-positive oRG cells got high self-renewal activity and had been accumulated in potential gyral areas. Using our in vivo hereditary manipulation way of ferrets, we discovered that the amount of HOPX-positive oRG cells and their self-renewal activity had been controlled by sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Significantly, suppressing Shh signaling reduced HOPX-positive oRG cells and cortical folding, while enhancing it had opposing effects. Our results reveal a novel subtype of neural progenitor important for cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian cerebral cortex. signals in the OSVZ were more abundant in prospective gyri (Physique 2A, #1, #3 and PF-04217903 #5) than in prospective sulci (Physique 2A, #2 and #4).?To test in which cell type was expressed, we performed in situ hybridization for and immunostaining for Pax6, Tbr2 and HOPX. We found that and ...
http://scienceonstageturkey.com/category/ramba/
The in vivo roles of STEF/Tiam1, Rac1 and JNK in cortical neuronal migration | The EMBO JournalThe in vivo roles of STEF/Tiam1, Rac1 and JNK in cortical neuronal migration | The EMBO Journal
In this study, we showed essential roles for STEF/Tiam1, Rac1 and JNK in neuronal migration in vivo by utilizing an in utero electroporation technique. This technique enabled us to introduce genes of interest into VZ cells of mouse embryos in utero, allowing us to observe resulting phenotypes at later stages (Inoue and Krumlauf, 2001; Saito and Nakatsuji, 2001; Tabata and Nakajima, 2001). An advantage of this method is that the technique itself does not affect normal cerebral cortical development under our experimental conditions. Although several in vitro culture systems have been developed to monitor neuronal migration, they cannot precisely mimic normal development. For instance, no difference was observed in in vitro migration assays between neurons in explants from Cdk5‐deficient and wild‐type mice, whereas considerable abnormal neuronal migration was found in many regions of the nervous system in the Cdk5 mutant animals, in vivo (Ohshima et al., 1996; Gilmore et al., 1998; Gilmore and ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/22/16/4190
Pharmacological but not physiological concentrations of melatonin reduce iron-induced neuronal death in rat cerebral cortex<...Pharmacological but not physiological concentrations of melatonin reduce iron-induced neuronal death in rat cerebral cortex<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Pharmacological but not physiological concentrations of melatonin reduce iron-induced neuronal death in rat cerebral cortex. AU - Hayter, Catherine L. AU - Bishop, Glenda Maree. AU - Robinson, Stephen Richard. PY - 2004. Y1 - 2004. U2 - 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.024. DO - 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.024. M3 - Article. VL - 362. SP - 182. EP - 184. JO - Neuroscience Letters. JF - Neuroscience Letters. SN - 0304-3940. IS - 3. ER - ...
https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/pharmacological-but-not-physiological-concentrations-of-melatonin
Intermediate Progenitors Facilitate Intracortical Progression of Thalamocortical Axons and Interneurons through CXCL12...Intermediate Progenitors Facilitate Intracortical Progression of Thalamocortical Axons and Interneurons through CXCL12...
Glutamatergic principal neurons, GABAergic interneurons and thalamocortical axons (TCAs) are essential elements of the cerebrocortical network. Principal neurons originate locally from radial glia and intermediate progenitors (IPCs), whereas interneurons and TCAs are of extrinsic origin. Little is known how the assembly of these elements is coordinated. C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), which is known to guide axons outside the neural tube and interneurons in the cortex, is expressed in the meninges and IPCs. Using mouse genetics, we dissected the influence of IPC-derived CXCL12 on TCAs and interneurons by showing that Cxcl12 ablation in IPCs, leaving meningeal Cxcl12 intact, attenuates intracortical TCA growth and disrupts tangential interneuron migration in the subventricular zone. In accordance with strong CXCR4 expression in the forming thalamus and TCAs, we identified a CXCR4-dependent growth-promoting effect of CXCL12 on TCAs in thalamus explants. Together, our findings indicate a cell-autonomous
https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/567747
Your cerebral cortex seems to me that all celebrated way of advertising your cerebral cortex might be devised, which would be...Your cerebral cortex seems to me that all celebrated way of advertising your cerebral cortex might be devised, which would be...
Your cerebral cortex seems to me that all celebrated way of advertising your cerebral cortex might be devised, which would be just as icy and yet not so trying to a great many Charles Bukowskis angry poems. Le corps législatif est un, indivisible et permanent. an anarchy of zipper ...
http://shaneru.net/980822339/215818067.html
AID 629811 - Displacement of [3H]epibatidine from alpha4beta2 nAChR in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex by beta counting -...AID 629811 - Displacement of [3H]epibatidine from alpha4beta2 nAChR in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex by beta counting -...
BioAssay record AID 629811 submitted by ChEMBL: Displacement of [3H]epibatidine from alpha4beta2 nAChR in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex by beta counting.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/629811
Probably the most ubiquitous neuron in the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal - CYP17 inhibitors in prostate cancerProbably the most ubiquitous neuron in the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal - CYP17 inhibitors in prostate cancer
Probably the most ubiquitous neuron in the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, can be seen as a different dendritic framework among different cortical areas markedly. be considerably different in MF1 and 4 of 10 in MF2 (Desk ?(Desk22). Open up in another window Shape 5 Rate of recurrence histograms and plots from the (A) size, (B) branching patterns, (C) backbone density from the basal dendritic trees and shrubs, and (D) cell body size, of coating III pyramidal neurons sampled in granular prefrontal cortex from the macaque monkey (M1 and M2), vervet monkey (VM1 and VM2) and baboon (B1 and B2). Mistake bars?=? regular errors. Desk 1 order S/GSK1349572 Quantity, size [suggest, regular deviation (SD), regular error from the suggest (SEM), minimal, and optimum] from the basal dendritic trees and shrubs of coating III pyramidal cells in cortical areas 9, 10, 12vl, 13, and 46 in the prefrontal cortex from the macaque monkey. pair-wise Scheffe evaluations of morphological guidelines of neurons in the ...
http://tak-700.info/probably-the-most-ubiquitous-neuron-in-the-cerebral-cortex-the-pyramidal/
Brainprints: Computer-Generated Two-Dimensional Maps of the Human Cerebral Cortex in vivo | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |...Brainprints: Computer-Generated Two-Dimensional Maps of the Human Cerebral Cortex in vivo | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |...
We describe an in vivo method for the quantitative analysis of human necrotical anatomy. The technique allows unfolded regions of functional and morphological interest to be measured planimetrically. Two-dimensional cortical maps and surface area determinations derived from magnetic resonance images of monozygotic twins are presented. In addition, reconstructions and measurements of published post-mortem human and rhesus monkey hemispheres are reported. Potential applications for the study of brain organization in relation to cognitive, motor, and perceptual performance in normal and neurological populations are considered. ...
https://direct.mit.edu/jocn/article/1/1/88/2964/Brainprints-Computer-Generated-Two-Dimensional
Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in the Human Cerebral Cortex - Nuffield Department of Clinical...Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in the Human Cerebral Cortex - Nuffield Department of Clinical...
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you click Continue well assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you wont see this message again. Click Find out more for information on how to change your cookie settings ...
https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/publications/672970
Altmetric - A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortexAltmetric - A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex
Altmetric cant track some types of mention-for example, radio or TV appearances-and occasionally well miss blogs or news mentions. This tab contains data that weve manually added to this record ...
https://www.altmetric.com/details/9894842/misc
Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Cerebral Cortex Increases with Alzheimer-type Neuropathologic Changes but is...Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Cerebral Cortex Increases with Alzheimer-type Neuropathologic Changes but is...
Author(s): Chambers A, Bury JJ, Minett T, Richardson CD, Brayne C, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Garwood CJ, Heath PR, Simpson JE, Matthews FE, Wharton SB, CFAS. Publication type: Article. Publication status: Published. Journal: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. Year: 2020. Pages: ePub ahead of print. Online publication date: 07/08/2020. Acceptance date: 06/06/2020. Date deposited: 07/06/2020. ISSN (print): 0022-3069. ISSN (electronic): 1554-6578. Publisher: Oxford University Press. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlaa064. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa064. ...
https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/267140
Impaired Decision-making, Impulsivity, and Compulsivity: Addictions Effect on the Cerebral Cortex - AddictionsImpaired Decision-making, Impulsivity, and Compulsivity: Addictions Effect on the Cerebral Cortex - Addictions
The cerebral cortex is the outer most layer of the brain. The cerebral cortex is further divided into four areas. These four areas are: the frontal lobe (or frontal cortex), parietal lobes (left and right), temporal lobes (left and right), and occipital lobes (left and right). Each area is associate
https://gracepointwellness.org/1408-addictions/article/48374-impaired-decision-making-impulsivity-and-compulsivity-addictions-effect-on-the-cerebral-cortex
β1 Integrins in Radial Glia But Not in Migrating Neurons Are Essential for the Formation of Cell Layers in the Cerebral Cortex ...β1 Integrins in Radial Glia But Not in Migrating Neurons Are Essential for the Formation of Cell Layers in the Cerebral Cortex ...
Figure 3. Characterization of NEX-CRE mice and analysis of Itgb1 expression by flow cytometry. a-n , Z/EG reporter mice carrying a CRE-inducible GFP transgene were crossed with NEX-CRE mice to analyze the CRE recombination pattern. a-c , GFP fluorescence was evident in the developing cerebral cortex of E12.5-E16.5 embryos by whole-mount analysis. d , GFP fluorescence throughout the cerebral cortex was also evident in vibratome sections. e-h , Coronal sections of mice at E14.5 and E16.5 were stained with antibodies to GFP. GFP expression was evident in the SVZ and cortical plate (CP), but not in the VZ. In e and g , nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). i-k , Higher-magnification views of coronal sections stained with DAPI and antibodies to GFP. The vast majority of cells were GFP positive (arrows). l-n , Sections from E15.5 animals were stained with antibodies to doublecortin (dcx, red) and GFP (green). ( l′-n′ ) Higher-magnification views of the area outlined in l-n . Note ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/50/13854/tab-figures-data
Thalamocortical maturation in mice is influenced by body weight. - Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG)Thalamocortical maturation in mice is influenced by body weight. - Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG)
The emergence of the whisker-related patterning of the barrel cortex during the first postnatal week is a frequently assessed feature of rodent cortical development and has been used extensively to screen for effects of genetic mutations on neural development in mice. As alterations in body weight often accompany genetic mutations, we asked whether body weight itself might affect the progression of barrel cortex development in wildtype C57/BL6 mice. The body weight varied considerably between as well as within litters, and could differ by a factor of up to 1.6 between littermates. The establishment of the periphery-related and barrel patterning was assessed at postnatal (P days) 4 and 6 using cytochrome oxidase and Nissl staining. We found that only 20% of the mouse pups had an established thalamocortical afferent pattern in the barrel cortex at P4 (4 out of 21 brains), while the majority of the pups showed a well-established pattern at P6 (13 of 16 brains). At both ages the more developed barrel
https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/113425
Cerebral cortex - WikipediaCerebral cortex - Wikipedia
The cerebral cortex is composed of a heterogenous population of cells that give rise to different cell types. The majority of these cells are derived from radial glia migration that form the different cell types of the neocortex and it is a period associated with an increase in neurogenesis. Similarly, the process of neurogenesis regulates lamination to form the different layers of the cortex. During this process there is an increase in the restriction of cell fate that begins with earlier progenitors giving rise to any cell type in the cortex and later progenitors giving rise only to neurons of superficial layers. This differential cell fate creates an inside-out topography in the cortex with younger neurons in superficial layers and older neurons in deeper layers. In addition, laminar neurons are stopped in S or G2 phase in order to give a fine distinction between the different cortical layers. Laminar differentiation is not fully complete until after birth since during development laminar ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Cortex
Languages: English / Subjects: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Diseases / Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized...Languages: English / Subjects: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Diseases / Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized...
Start Over You searched for: Languages English ✖Remove constraint Languages: English Subjects Cerebral Cortex ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cerebral Cortex Subjects Brain Diseases ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Brain Diseases Titles A third contribution to the study of localized cerebral lesions ✖Remove constraint Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized cerebral lesions Dates by Range 1850-1899 ✖Remove constraint Dates by Range: 1850-1899 ...
https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.language%5D%5B%5D=English&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Cerebral+Cortex&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Brain+Diseases&f%5Bdrep2.titleMain%5D%5B%5D=A+third+contribution+to+the+study+of+localized+cerebral+lesions&f%5Bexample_query_facet_field%5D%5B%5D=years_1850&per_page=20&sort=score+desc
Languages: English / Subjects: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Diseases / Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized...Languages: English / Subjects: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Diseases / Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized...
Start Over You searched for: Languages English ✖Remove constraint Languages: English Subjects Cerebral Cortex ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Cerebral Cortex Subjects Brain Diseases ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Brain Diseases Titles A third contribution to the study of localized cerebral lesions ✖Remove constraint Titles: A third contribution to the study of localized cerebral lesions ...
https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.language%5D%5B%5D=English&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Cerebral+Cortex&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Brain+Diseases&f%5Bdrep2.titleMain%5D%5B%5D=A+third+contribution+to+the+study+of+localized+cerebral+lesions&per_page=100&sort=drep3.titleSortForm+asc
Lipid Alterations in Lipid Rafts from Alzheimers Disease Human Brain Cortex.Lipid Alterations in Lipid Rafts from Alzheimers Disease Human Brain Cortex.
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains intimately associated with cell signaling. These biochemical microstructures are characterized by their high contents of sphingolipids, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids and a reduced content of polyunsaturat
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Lipid-Alterations-in-Rafts-from/19815978.html
Cerebral Hemispheres - Cerebral Hemispheres superior part of brain ~ 83 of total brain mass 3 regions cerebral cortex(gray...Cerebral Hemispheres - Cerebral Hemispheres superior part of brain ~ 83 of total brain mass 3 regions cerebral cortex(gray...
View Notes - Cerebral Hemispheres from ANTHRO 2000 at Broward College. Cerebral Hemispheres: - superior part of brain; ~ 83% of total brain mass - 3 regions: cerebral cortex (gray matter), white
https://www.coursehero.com/file/6612545/Cerebral-Hemispheres/
cerebral cortex [Operative Neurosurgery]cerebral cortex [Operative Neurosurgery]
Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas. Making an accurate areal map has been a century-old objective in neuroscience. Using multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and an objective semi-automated neuroanatomical approach, Glasser et al delineated 180 areas per hemisphere bounded by sharp changes in cortical architecture, function, connectivity, and/or topography in a precisely aligned group average of 210 healthy young adults. They characterized 97 new areas and 83 areas previously reported using post-mortem microscopy or other specialized study-specific approaches. To enable automated delineation and identification of these areas in new HCP subjects and in future studies, they trained a machine-learning classifier to recognize the multi-modal fingerprint of each cortical area. This classifier detected the presence of 96.6% of the cortical areas in new ...
http://operativeneurosurgery.com/doku.php?id=cerebral_cortex
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine proteinase released by the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons following membrane depolarization (Echeverry et al., 2010). Recent studies indicate that the release of tPA triggers the synaptic vesicle cycle and promotes the exocytosis (Wu et al., 2015) and endocytic retrieval (Yepes et al., 2016) of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles. Here we used electron microscopy, proteomics, quantitative phosphoproteomics, biochemical analyses with extracts of the postsynaptic density (PSD), and an animal model of cerebral ischemia with mice overexpressing neuronal tPA to study whether the presynaptic release of tPA also has an effect on the postsynaptic terminal. We found that tPA has a bidirectional effect on the composition of the PSD of cerebral cortical neurons that is independent of the generation of plasmin and the presynaptic release of glutamate, but depends on the baseline level of neuronal activity and the extracellular ...
https://open.library.emory.edu/publications/search/?journal=Frontiers+in+Molecular+Neuroscience&subject=Biology%2C+Neuroscience&year=2016
Scientific.Net: Materials ScienceScientific.Net: Materials Science
Abstract: The highlight of photoacosutic imaging (PAI) is a method that combines ultrasonic resolution with high contrast due to light absorption. Photoacoustic signals carry the information of the light absorption distribution of biological tissue, which is often related to its character of structure, physiological and pathological changes because of different physiology conditions in response to different light absorption coefficients. A non-invasive PAI system was developed and successfully acquired in vivo images of mouse brain. Based on the intrinsic PA signals from the brain, the vascular network and the detailed structures of the mouse cerebral cortex were clearly visualized. The ability of PAI monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics was also demonstrated by mapping of the mouse superficial cortex with and without drug stimulation. The extracted PA signals intensity profiles obviously testified that the cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the mouse brain was changed under the stimulation of ...
https://www.scientific.net/keyword/Drug_Stimulation
Feeling sick: a combination of bottom-up and top-down events : The Patients Brain - oiFeeling sick: a combination of bottom-up and top-down events : The Patients Brain - oi
1) Feeling sick is a complex combination of events that may arise from damaged peripheral tissues as well as from their modulation by psychosocial factors. Therefore, the clinician must consider a symptom not so much as a single and isolated entity, but rather within the psychological and social context of the patient. The mere assessment of peripheral tissue damage considers bottom-up processes only, without taking the top-down modulation into consideration. 2) Interoceptive sensibility is at the very heart of the process of feeling sick. Whereas usually internal organs are not perceived in normal conditions, they may get access to consciousness in particular circumstances. This is due to the activation of receptors that project to a variety of subcortical and cortical regions. For example, several areas of the cerebral cortex are activated by interoceptive stimuli arising from the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. 3) The insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are key ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199579518.003.0003
Neuroscience of musicNeuroscience of music
With more difficult rhythms such as a 1:2.5, more areas in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are involved.[14] EEG recordings ... Role of right auditory cortex in fine pitch resolution[edit]. The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated ... The actively taught students were also found to have greater cerebral cortex activation. It should also be noted that the ... orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, midbrain, and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Many of these areas appear to be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music
Antonio DamasioAntonio Damasio
"Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 23 (4): 833-46. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs077. PMC 3657385. PMID 22473895.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 21 (9): 2113-2121. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq289. PMC 3155604. PMID 21330469.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio
NMDA receptorNMDA receptor
"Cerebral Cortex. 28 (4): 1458-1471. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx357. PMC 6041807. PMID 29351585.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 25 (6): 1596-1607. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht354. PMC 4428301. PMID 24408959.. ... However, in pyramidal cell synapses in the newly evolved primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, GluN2B are exclusively within ... "NMDA receptors subserve working memory persistent neuronal firing In dorsolateral prefrontal cortex". Neuron. 77 (4): 736-749 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor
Synaptic pruningSynaptic pruning
"Cerebral Cortex. 17 (11): 2573-2578. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163. PMID 17218480.. ... Therefore, the neurons in the visual cortex prune the synapses with neurons in the spinal cord, and the motor cortex severs ... At birth, the neurons in the visual and motor cortices have connections to the superior colliculus, spinal cord, and pons. The ... neurons in each cortex are selectively pruned, leaving connections that are made with the functionally appropriate processing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_pruning
SoundSound
"Cerebral Cortex. 13 (7): 765-772. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.7.765. PMID 12816892.. ... When a new sound is noticed (see Figure 2, Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the ... Cariani, Peter; Micheyl, Christophe (2012). "Toward a Theory of Information Processing in Auditory Cortex". The Human Auditory ... and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note name). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wave
Theory of mindTheory of mind
"Cerebral Cortex. 18 (2): 262-71. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm051. PMID 17551089.. ... in the prefrontal cortex develop. The prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in planning and decision-making.[29] Children ... Kalbe, Elke (2010), "Dissociating Cognitive from Affective Theory of Mind: A TMS Study", Cortex, 46 (6): 769-780, doi:10.1016/j ... However, the fact that the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction are necessary for theory of mind tasks does ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Mind
Fusiform face areaFusiform face area
"Cerebral Cortex. 15 (8): 1234-1242. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi006. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 15677350.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 26 (3): 1004-1014. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu272. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 25452573.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 1988-1995. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht046. ISSN 1460-2199. PMID 23463339.. ... The image shows increased blood flow in cerebral cortex that recognizes faces (FFA). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiform_face_area
GyrificationGyrification
"Cerebral Cortex. 13 (7): 728-735. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.7.728. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 12816888.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 2219-28. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht082. PMC 4089386. PMID 23542881.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 24 (8): 2219-28. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht082. PMC 4089386. PMID 23542881.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 22 (2): 465-8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr336. PMC 3256413. PMID 22116731.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrification
NeuroscienceNeuroscience
... that language was localized and that certain psychological functions were localized in specific areas of the cerebral cortex.[ ... "Cerebral Cortex. 17 (1): 149-162. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj132. PMID 16481565.. ... Modern research through neuroimaging techniques, still uses the Brodmann cerebral cytoarchitectonic map (referring to study of ... "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" [76] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology
Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones
"Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity". Cerebral ... Cortex. 20 (6): 1462-75. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp212. PMC 2871377 . PMID 19812240.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone
ReadingReading
"Cerebral Cortex. 19 (11): 2699-707. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp024. PMC 2758683. PMID 19293398.. ... Temple CM (August 2006). "Developmental and acquired dyslexias". Cortex. 42 (6): 898-910. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70434-9. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_
Somatosensory systemSomatosensory system
"Cerebral Cortex. 22 (8): 1834-50. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr257. PMC 3388892. PMID 21955920.. ... possibly because of cross modal plasticity in the cerebral cortex of blind individuals. Perhaps also due to cortical plasticity ... signal in the anterior cingulate cortex as well as the prefrontal cortex is highly correlated with pleasantness scores of an ... In the cortex, it is also referred to as the cortical homunculus. This brain-surface ("cortical") map is not immutable, however ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_touch
Psychiatric epidemiologyPsychiatric epidemiology
Cerebral Cortex. 20 (9): 2122-2131. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp282. PMC 2923214 . PMID 20051363. Blanken, LM; Mous, SE; Ghassabian, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology
Causes of transsexualityCauses of transsexuality
Savic I, Arver S (November 2011). "Sex dimorphism of the brain in male-to-female transsexuals". Cerebral Cortex. 21 (11): 2525- ... Like earlier studies, it concluded that transsexuality was associated with a distinct cerebral pattern.[16] (MRI allows easier ... Nawata H, Ogomori K, Tanaka M, Nishimura R, Urashima H, Yano R, Takano K, Kuwabara Y (April 2010). "Regional cerebral blood ... Cerebral Cortex. 18 (8): 1900-8. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm216. PMID 18056697.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_transsexuality
Superior colliculusSuperior colliculus
... and can support this ability even in the absence of the cerebral cortex.[11] Thus, cats with major damage to the visual cortex ... Visual input from the retina, or "command" input from the cerebral cortex, create a "bump" of activity in the tectal map, which ... Most areas of the cerebral cortex project to these layers, although the input from "association" areas tends to be heavier than ... The superficial layers receive input mainly from the retina, vision-related areas of the cerebral cortex, and two tectal- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_tectum
Asperger syndromeAsperger syndrome
"Cerebral Cortex. 17 (4): 951-61. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl006. PMC 4500121. PMID 16772313.. ... Uekermann J, Daum I (May 2008). "Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?". Addiction. 103 (5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger's_syndrome
Proneural genesProneural genes
Together these groups of bHLH factors promote the generation of all cerebral cortex progenitors. Mash1 is the only gene ... Cerebral Cortex. 16 Suppl 1: i138-51. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj168. PMID 16766700. Chen, C. K.; Chien, C. T. (1999). "Negative ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proneural_genes
Temporal dynamics of music and languageTemporal dynamics of music and language
The primary auditory cortex is located on the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. This region is important in music ... The medial prefrontal cortex along with the primary auditory cortex has also been implicated in tonality, or determining pitch ... These areas include the primary motor cortex, the Brocas area, the cerebellum, and the primary auditory cortices. The imaging ... Cerebral Cortex. 11 (3): 183-193. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.183. PMID 11230091. Theunissen, F; David, SV; Singh, NC; Hsu, A; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language
Neuroscience of sleepNeuroscience of sleep
... published erratum appears in Cereb Cortex 1997 Dec;7(8):779]". Cerebral Cortex. 7 (6): 583-604. doi:10.1093/cercor/7.6.583. ... One of the earliest proposals was to define sleep as the deactivation of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus[17] because of ... Jones EG (March 2009). "Synchrony in the interconnected circuitry of the thalamus and cerebral cortex". Annals of the New York ... This is done in synchrony with state changes in the cortex (DOWN/UP state) and coordinated by the slow oscillations in cortex. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep
Evolution of human intelligenceEvolution of human intelligence
"Cerebral Cortex. 20 (3): 730-42. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp138. PMC 2820707. PMID 19620620.. ... "Cerebral Cortex. 25 (9): 2556-65. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu055. PMC 6276920. PMID 24658616.. ... The cerebral cortex is significantly larger in humans than in any other animal and is responsible for higher thought processes ... The cerebral cortex, particularly in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, are populated with neural circuits dedicated to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence
HippocampusHippocampus
The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex (allocortical)[1][2][3] and in primates in the medial temporal lobe. It ... The most thoroughly investigated alterations involve the cerebral cortex, but effects on the hippocampus have also been ... "Spatial organization of direct hippocampal field CA1 axonal projections to the rest of the cerebral cortex". Brain Research ... cingulate cortex, olfactory cortex, and amygdala. Paul MacLean later suggested that the limbic structures comprise the neural ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_ammonis
AstrocyteAstrocyte
That message is then relayed to the cerebral cortex, where we translate those EPSPs into "pain." Since the discovery of ... Müller cells of the retina and Bergmann glia cells of the cerebellar cortex represent an exception, being present still during ... Cerebral Cortex. 17 (3): 610-20. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk007. PMID 16614165.. ... The astrocytes next to neurons in the frontal cortex and hippocampus store and release glucose. Thus, astrocytes can fuel ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytes
Sexual dimorphismSexual dimorphism
"Cerebral Cortex. 18 (12): 2920-31. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn052. PMC 2583156. PMID 18440950.. ... It was shown[118] that the graph-theoretical differences are due to the sex and not to the differences in the cerebral volume, ... "Size matters: cerebral volume influences sex differences in neuroanatomy" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic
Binding problemBinding problem
"Cerebral Cortex. 14 (11): 1185-1199. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh079. PMID 15142952.. ... For example, Bartels and Zeki have shown that different areas in the visual cortex specialize in processing the different ... "Synchrony and the binding problem in macaque visual cortex", Journal of Vision, 8 (7): 1-16, doi:10.1167/8.7.30, PMC 2647779, ... In the primary visual cortex, Dong et al. found that whether two neurons were responding to contours of the same shape or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem
Non-rapid eye movement sleepNon-rapid eye movement sleep
Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 607. Feinberg, I., de Bie, E., Davis, N. M., & Campbell, I. G. (n.d). Topographic Differences in the ... Schreiner T., Rasch B. (2014). "Boosting vocabulary learning by verbal cueing during sleep". Cerebral Cortex. 25 (11): 4169- ... Sleep spindles involve activation in the brain in the areas of the thalamus, anterior cingulate and insular cortices, and the ... as well as recruitment of the mesial frontal cortex and hippocampus. There is no clear answer as to what these sleep spindles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep
Mental imageMental image
"Cerebral Cortex. 25 (11): 4638-4650. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv134. ISSN 1047-3211. PMC 4816805. PMID 26092220.. ... "Cortex. 73: 378-380. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.019. hdl:10871/17613. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 26115582. Retrieved 2015-06-24.. ... activation begins in the visual association cortex, the parietal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex - all higher cognitive ... Damage to this component can produce permanent perceptual damage, however when damage is inflicted upon the cerebral cortex, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind
NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter
it is clear that 5HT influences sleep, arousal, attention, processing of sensory information in the cerebral cortex, and ... FCN → Limbic cortex and sensory cortex. Brainstem cholinergic nuclei (BCN):. Pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmentum, ... The] dorsal raphe preferentially innervates the cerebral cortex, thalamus, striatal regions (caudate-putamen and nucleus ... Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro_transmitter
Cortical columnCortical column
Mammalian cerebral cortex[edit]. Main article: Cerebral cortex. The mammalian cerebral cortex, the grey matter encapsulating ... and reflects the local connectivity of the cerebral cortex. Connections "up" and "down" within the thickness of the cortex are ... "The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12593-12598. doi: ... "Generating Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 31 (1): 699- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_column
SubvocalizationSubvocalization
Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1047-1055 *^ a b c d e Hubbard, T.L. (2010). Auditory imagery: empirical findings. Psychological Bulletin ... These tasks show activation in the frontal cortices, hippocampus and the thalamus for silent counting.[13] Silent-reading ... lateral and medial premotor cortices and the cerebellum.[17] ... activates similar areas of the auditory cortex that are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subvocalization
International studentInternational student
Cerebral Cortex, 23(11), 2712-2723. *^ Kenneth Cushner. U.S Classroom Culture. (2009). NAFSA: Association of International ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student
HemoencephalographyHemoencephalography
The prefrontal cortex is thought essential for all goal-directed and socially-mediated behavior. The PFC is an ideal target for ... PIR has a poorer resolution than NIR and this treatment typically focuses on more global increases in cerebral blood flow.[3] ... To keep up with the nutritional and waste removal demands of a higher metabolic rate, cerebral blood flow to the cortical area ... Most research in HEG has focused on disorders of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the cortical region directly behind the forehead ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoencephalography
Positron emission tomographyPositron emission tomography
March 1999). "In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer's disease". Neurology. 52 (4): ... 2006). "D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with F-18fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia". ... Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 20 (3): 423-451. doi:10.1097/00004647-200003000-00001. PMID 10724107.. ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan
GABRA4GABRA4
... receptors containing alpha1 and alpha4 subunits in the cerebral cortex: selective effects of chronic ethanol consumption". J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4
Voxel-based morphometryVoxel-based morphometry
"Cerebral Cortex. 11 (9): 868-877. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.9.868. PMID 11532891.. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link). ... For the cerebral cortex, it has been shown that volume differences identified with VBM may reflect mostly differences in ... Construction of symmetric grey and white matter templates by averaging right and left cerebral hemispheres. ... "Cerebral Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handedness on Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxel-based_morphometry
Lyme diseaseLyme disease
The abnormalities seen in the SPECT images are very similar to those seen in people with cerebral vacuities and Creutzfeldt- ... Images produced using SPECT show numerous areas where an insufficient amount of blood is being delivered to the cortex and ... Fallon BA, Keilp J, Prohovnik I, Heertum RV, Mann JJ (2003). "Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease
Brain tumorBrain tumor
... although glial cells outnumber neurons roughly 4 to 1 in the cerebral cortex. Glia come in several types, which perform a ... Brain metastasis in the right cerebral hemisphere from lung cancer, shown on magnetic resonance imaging. ... Early imaging methods - invasive and sometimes dangerous - such as pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography have been ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumors
WhaleWhale
Hof, Patrick R.; Van Der Gucht, Estel (2007). "Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale
Free willFree will
... it is somewhat close to the contemporary view of cerebral cortex and formation of associations. The intellectuality of all ... Libet, B. (1985). "Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action". Behavioral and Brain ... motor area on the medial surface of the frontal lobe and progressing to the primary motor cortex and then to parietal cortex ... with this orderly sequential network activation incorporating premotor association cortices together with primary motor cortex ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will
ادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In ... DasGupta R, Kavia RB, Fowler CJ (2007). "Cerebral mechanisms and voiding function". BJU Int. 99 (4): 731-4. doi:10.1111/j.1464- ...
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ادرار_کردن?match=en
PSEN1PSEN1
cerebral cortex development. • canonical Wnt signaling pathway. • dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning. • neural retina ... cerebral cortex cell migration. • positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. • L- ... cell cortex. • integral component of membrane. • azurophil granule membrane. • Z disc. • neuronal cell body. • perinuclear ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1
Visual impairmentVisual impairment
Arnott, S., Thaler, L., Milne, J., Kish, D., & Goodale, M. (n.d). Shape-specific activation of occipital cortex in an early ... Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness
Brodmann area 45Brodmann area 45
Cerebral cortex of frontal lobe in the human brain. Identifiers. Latin. Area triangularis. ... Prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory[edit]. Pars triangularis has been shown to have a role in cognitive ... Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to ... 1999). "Effects of repetition and competition on activity of left prefrontal cortex during word generation". Neuron. 23 (3): ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus
Дофаминовый рецептор D1 - ВикипедияДофаминовый рецептор D1 - Википедия
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration. • glucose import. • visual learning. • sensitization. • positive regulation of ...
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дофаминовый_рецептор_D1
ParrotParrot
Instead of using the cerebral cortex like mammals, birds use the mediorostral HVC for cognition.[74] Not only have parrots ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes
Left-brain interpreterLeft-brain interpreter
The left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex generate causal inferences and explanations of events ... The left cerebral hemisphere of the brain.. The left-brain interpreter is a neuropsychological concept developed by the ... A hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex has been developed in which different regions are categorized ... of the left prefrontal cortex in exerting control over one's environment in contrast to the role of the right prefrontal cortex ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_brain_interpreter
National Museum of Health and MedicineNational Museum of Health and Medicine
"The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs", Brain; 135: 11. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine
మెల్లకన్ను - వికీపీడియామెల్లకన్ను - వికీపీడియా
Tychsen, Lawrence (August 2012). "The Cause of Infantile Strabismus Lies Upstairs in the Cerebral Cortex, Not Downstairs in the ...
https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/మెల్లకన్ను
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2
... of the exterior part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex, or patches of damaged tissue (lesions) on some parts of the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_
MechanoreceptorMechanoreceptor
Cerebral cortices. *Visual cortex. *Auditory cortex. *Vestibular cortex. *Olfactory cortex. *Gustatory cortex ... The third-order neurons then send the signal to the somatosensory cortex. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor
CDK5R2CDK5R2
layer formation in cerebral cortex. • cerebellum development. • positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2
FOXP2 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书FOXP2 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
cerebral cortex development. · growth. · vocal learning. · camera-type eye development. · negative regulation of transcription ...
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
"BDNF regulates reelin expression and Cajal-Retzius cell development in the cerebral cortex". Neuron. 21 (2): 305-15. doi: ... cortex, and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[12] BDNF is also expressed in the retina, ... It has been shown that BDNF mRNA levels are decreased in cortical layers IV and V of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of ... Activation of Dopamine receptor D5 also promotes expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex neurons.[36] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF
Olfactory systemOlfactory system
Cerebral cortices. *Visual cortex. *Auditory cortex. *Vestibular cortex. *Olfactory cortex. *Gustatory cortex ... The uncus houses the olfactory cortex which includes the piriform cortex (posterior orbitofrontal cortex), amygdala, olfactory ... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is heavily correlated with the cingulate gyrus and septal area to act out positive/negative ... Destruction to olfactory bulb, tract, and primary cortex (brodmann area 34) results in anosmia on the same side as the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system
Sexual anhedoniaSexual anhedonia
Finally, during orgasm, upward neural signals go to the cerebral cortex and feelings of intense pleasure are experienced. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia
নিতম্বাস্থি - উইকিপিডিয়ানিতম্বাস্থি - উইকিপিডিয়া
ঐক্ষিক বহিঃস্তর (গুরুমস্তিষ্ক) (Visual cortex). *কান (Ear) *বহিঃকর্ণ (Outer ear) *কানের লতি (Earlobe) ... মস্তিষ্ক গোলার্ধ (Cerebral hemisphere). *আন্তর মস্তিষ্ক (Diencephalon). *মস্তিষ্ককাণ্ড (Brain stem) *মধ্যমস্তিষ্ক ( ...
https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/নিতম্বাস্থি
The Silent ScreamThe Silent Scream
He also conceded that at this stage of development there would be no cognition of pain in the cerebral cortex.[18] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_Scream
Outline of brain mappingOutline of brain mapping
... of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. ... For creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, MEG is most often combined with fMRI, as the ... imaging analysis software that facilitates the visualization of the functional regions of the highly folded cerebral cortex. ... there is also an increased amount of cerebral blood flow to that area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is enabled by the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_brain_mapping
Phineas Gage: Difference between revisionsPhineas Gage: Difference between revisions
... suggesting that this damage may have been more significant to Gage's mental changes than the cerebral cortex (gray matter) ... Fiber pathway damage extended beyond the left frontal cortex to regions of the left temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices ... Fuster, Joaquin M. (2008). The prefrontal cortex. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-12-373644-7.. ... 1878). "The Goulstonian lectures of the localisation of cerebral disease. LectureI (concluded)". Br Med J. 1 (900): 443-7.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?diff=589273712
Cerebral cortex - WikipediaCerebral cortex - Wikipedia
The cerebral cortex (plural cortices), also known as the cerebral mantle,[1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the ... Cerebral cortex. Tissue slice from the brain of an adult macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). The cerebral cortex is the outer ... Blood supply to the cerebral cortex is part of the cerebral circulation. Cerebral arteries supply the blood that perfuses the ... See also: Development of the cerebral cortex. The prenatal development of the cerebral cortex is a complex and finely tuned ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Cortex
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structurepresent in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... The structure of the cerebral cortex. The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. Sensory cortices ( ... The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral ... Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. The cerebral cortex is ...
http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000090.html
CiteSeerX - Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortexCiteSeerX - Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex
... the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on ... title = {Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex},. journal = {Cereb Cortex},. year = {1991},. pages ... primate cerebral cortex distributed hierarchical processing hierarchical organization visual system many new cortical area ... cerebral cortex visual-association area recent year cortical area connectivity pattern identified connection extensive visual ...
http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.225.165&rank=9
GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex | SpringerLinkGABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex | SpringerLink
White E.L. (1989) GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex. In: Cortical Circuits. Birkhäuser Boston. * DOI https://doi.org/ ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-8721-3_6
Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions - StatPearls - NCBI BookshelfPhysiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cortex (gray matter) and the inner layer (white ... matter). There are four lobes in the cortex, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe. ... Review Neuroanatomy, Cerebral Cortex[StatPearls. 2021]. Review Neuroanatomy, Cerebral Cortex. Javed K, Reddy V, Lui F. ... Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions. Khalid H. Jawabri; Sandeep Sharma.. Author Information. Authors. Khalid H. Jawabri1; ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538496/
cerebral cortexcerebral cortex
Tag: cerebral cortex. Researchers Map Central Hub of the Human Brain. By Eliza Strickland , July 1, 2008 12:54 pm ... Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex, ... They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brains two hemispheres. According ...
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/tag/cerebral-cortex/
Cerebral Cortex | MicroscopyUCerebral Cortex | MicroscopyU
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. This sector is primarily ... Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other ... Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or ...
https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/cerebral-cortex
The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st EditionThe Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st Edition
Purchase The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 1st Edition. Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on ... The Cerebral Cortex in Neuropsychiatric Disorders*Chapter 11. Prefrontal Cortical Abnormalities in Cognitive Deficits of ...
https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-cerebral-cortex-in-neurodegenerative-and-neuropsychiatric-disorders/cechetto/978-0-12-801942-9
Pathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral Cortex - Causes - AnxietyPathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral Cortex - Causes - Anxiety
The cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. All our abilities to process ... www.healthcentral.com/article/pathways-to-anxiety-the-cerebral-cortex. Anxiety Disorders. Pathways to Anxiety: The Cerebral ... In this post, Im looking at a second anxiety pathway, the cerebral cortex, and its role in both anticipating and interpreting ... are associated with the functions of the cerebral cortex.. Our brains allow us to imagine the future, and thus we are able to ...
https://www.healthcentral.com/article/pathways-to-anxiety-the-cerebral-cortex
Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons | PNASIdentification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons | PNAS
... motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform cortex; Ent Cx, entorhinal cortex; TeA Cx, TA ... Abbreviations: Cg Cx, cingulate cortex; M Cx, motor cortex; S Cx, somatosensory cortex; I Cx, insular cortex; Pir Cx, piriform ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ... Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons. Dmitry Gerashchenko, Jonathan P. Wisor, Deirdre Burns, ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/105/29/10227?ijkey=d6400ac9d6fae482fea4699f4c1da178f85789d2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Gene That Creates Cerebral Cortex Discovered - Drugs.com MedNewsGene That Creates Cerebral Cortex Discovered - Drugs.com MedNews
Gene That Creates Cerebral Cortex Discovered. Print this page THURSDAY, Jan. 17 -- Researchers have identified the gene ... The gene, called Lhx2, tells stem cells in the developing brain to form the cerebral cortex, which controls functions such as ...
https://www.drugs.com/news/gene-creates-cerebral-cortex-discovered-10696.html
Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In ... Connections of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is connected to various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and ... Isocortex (homotypical cortex), the part of the cortex with six layers * Allocortex (heterotypical cortex) with variable number ... Primary motor cortex, which executes voluntary movements * Supplementary motor areas and premotor cortex, which select ...
https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Cerebral_cortex.html
Cerebral Cortex Image & Photo (Free Trial) | BigstockCerebral Cortex Image & Photo (Free Trial) | Bigstock
CEREBRAL CORTEX script on images, illustrations and vectors perfectly priced to fit your projects budget. ... Render illustration of CEREBRAL CORTEX script on head silhouette with cloudy sky as a background.. Stock Photo ID: 171711674 ... abstract, accurate, anatomy, art, brain, cerebral, complexity, concept, consciousness, cortex, education, function, genius, ...
https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-171711674/stock-photo-cerebral-cortex-concept
Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex | PNASGradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex | PNAS
1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 1:1-47. ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex. Scott L. Brincat, Markus Siegel, Constantin von ... Gradual progression from sensory to task-related processing in cerebral cortex Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/115/30/E7202
Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral CortexActivity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex
... Yoshiaki Tagawa1,2 and Tomoo Hirano1 ... Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano, "Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex," Neural ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/797295/cta/
Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral CortexActivity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex
G. Innocenti, "General organization of callosal connections in the cerebral cortex," in Cerebral Cortex, E. G. Jones and A. ... Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Yoshiaki Tagawa1,2 and Tomoo Hirano1 ... M. Sur and J. L. Rubenstein, "Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex," Science, vol. 310, no. 5749, pp. 805-810, 2005 ... R. Khazipov and H. J. Luhmann, "Early patterns of electrical activity in the developing cerebral cortex of humans and rodents ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/797295/ref/
Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism | SpringerLinkMicroglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism | SpringerLink
... and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically... ... we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. ... 2011). Von Economo neurons in autism: a stereological study of frontoinsular cortex in children. Brain Research, 1380, 206-217. ... Simms, M. L., Kemper, T. L., Timbie, C. M., Bauman, M. L., & Blatt, G. J. (2009). The anterior cingulate cortex in autism: ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-012-1513-0
Wiring Principles of Cerebral Cortex | Frontiers Research TopicWiring Principles of Cerebral Cortex | Frontiers Research Topic
Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units of cortex, are interconnected through a massive yet highly ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network ... Cerebral cortex is probably the most complex biological network. Here many millions of individual neurons, the functional units ... Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajals conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/168/wiring-principles-of-cerebral-cortex
Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsyFocal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy
... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971 Aug;34(4):369-87. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.34.4 ... were also present in the depths of the affected cortex and in the subjacent white matter. This kind of abnormality appears to ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5096551/?dopt=Abstract
Cerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical LocalizationCerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical Localization
The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: ... Cerebral Cortex Diseases and Cortical Localization. Paul M Thompson, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA ... a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket ...
http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002195.html
Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortexComputational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex
... Title. Computational analysis of ... Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra- ... These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver ... Computational analysis of functional connectivity between areas of primate cerebral cortex. *ISI News ...
https://www.isi.edu/people/burns/publications/computational_analysis_functional_connectivity_between_areas_primate_cereb
Phys.org - cerebral cortexPhys.org - cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual ... Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new ... The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried ... The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. ... News tagged with cerebral cortex. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day ...
https://phys.org/tags/cerebral+cortex/
Homestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpersHomestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpers
The New York Times Jeb Bush and the biblethumpers cant even spell a dead cerebral cortex---their cortex , all reasoning power ... Homestead] Cerebral Cortex gone, so is posturing by bibletthumpers. Tvoivozhd tvoivozd at infionline.net Wed Sep 29 13:02:52 ... A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone ...
https://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/homestead/2004-September/001048.html
Emotions: cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal cortex (video) | Khan AcademyEmotions: cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal cortex (video) | Khan Academy
... the cerebral cortex and the prefrontal cortex, a part of the cerebral cortex. And like I said, the prefrontal cortex is really ... And thats because he no longer had a functioning prefrontal cortex. So thats the cerebral cortex. So if you ever wonder what ... Now, why are we looking at a brain? Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how ... And theres a number of different ways that you can divide up the cerebral cortex and organize it. So were going to look at a ...
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/emotion/v/emotions-cerebral-hemispheres-and-prefrontal-cortex
Citation Form | CEREBRAL-CORTEX | Review | Citation MachineCitation Form | CEREBRAL-CORTEX | Review | Citation Machine
Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.
https://www.citationmachine.net/cerebral-cortex/cite-a-review/custom
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortexNeuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):427-37. doi: 10.1038/nrn2151. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17514196/?dopt=Abstract
Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice. - PubMed - NCBIArea identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice. - PubMed - NCBI
Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2-/- mutant mice.. Mallamaci A1, Muzio L, Chan CH, Parnavelas J, ... The specification of area identities in the cerebral cortex is a complex process, primed by intrinsic cortical cues and refined ... Proto-mapping the areas of cerebral cortex: transcription factors make the grade. [Nat Neurosci. 2000] ... but the distinctive expression pattern of the homeogene Emx2 in the developing cortex has prompted suggestions that it is ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10862700?dopt=Abstract
Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution | GenomeWebStudy Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution | GenomeWeb
Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution. Mar 05, 2015 ... NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during ... Home » Study Links Regulatory Changes during Development to Human Cerebral Cortex Evolution ...
https://www.genomeweb.com/epigenetics-research/study-links-regulatory-changes-during-development-human-cerebral-cortex
The cerebral cortex: A substrate for computations in high dimensional state spaceThe cerebral cortex: A substrate for computations in high dimensional state space
Patterning and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex | SciencePatterning and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex | Science
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that ... The Protomap/Protocortex controversy no longer remains: It is clear that the parcellation of the cerebral cortex into discrete ... Adapted from (130) and (135). (B) The orientation map in primary visual cortex (V1) of a normal ferret and in auditory cortex ( ... The growth of thalamic axons to the cortex appears to be influenced by axons growing from the cortex to the thalamus. Mice with ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/310/5749/805?ijkey=af9958629d730d1313bbe2ca01a06ef1fb8d70a2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Motor cortexPrimary sensorHemispheresNeocortexJournal of NeuroscieSensoryNeuronalPrefrontal cortexCerebellumPrimate cerebralParietal cortexNeuralThalamusFound in the cerebral cortexLayers of the cerebral cortexModels of the cerebral cortexStructure of the cerebral cortexBrainHippocampusPlasticityFrontalLateralOpen intracranial woundCellsNeurons in the cortexSheet of neuronsPost-rhinal cortexSulciCorpus callosumProgenitorMammalsResearchersOrganizationModel of the cortexBasal gangliaAlzheimer's DiseaseFunctionally distinctNeurologyPalliumMammalian CortexEmbryonic cortexSomatosensory cortexAdultPhysiologyHemispherePyramidalHuman cortexSenile DementiaCircuitsDevelopmentBrodmannVisualOuterAreasImmunoreactivityTissuePrimatesMouse cerebral
Motor cortex20
  • Cortical areas have specific functions such as movement in the motor cortex , and sight in the visual cortex . (wikipedia.org)
  • The thickness of different cortical areas varies but in general, sensory cortex is thinner than motor cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • A recent study shows that the exact function of Broca's area is to mediate sensory representations that originate in the temporal cortex and going to the motor cortex. (nih.gov)
  • The frontal lobe has the motor cortex divided into two regions: the primary motor area located posterior to the precentral sulcus and non-primary motor areas, including the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cingulate motor areas. (nih.gov)
  • Structure-function relationships in association, sensory, or motor cortex. (frontiersin.org)
  • Properties and plasticity of the primate somatosensory and motor cortex related to orofacial sensorimotor function. (springer.com)
  • Effects of reversible bilateral inactivation of face primary motor cortex on mastication and swallowing. (springer.com)
  • Driving plasticity in adult human motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. (springer.com)
  • Gut feelings about recovery after stroke: the organisation and reorganisation of human swallowing motor cortex. (springer.com)
  • Brodmann area 4 is the primary motor cortex (somatomotor cortex ), although the premotor. (picsearch.com)
  • The ipsilateral motor pathway from the unaffected motor cortex to the affected extremity is one of the motor recovery mechanisms following stroke. (eurekalert.org)
  • A few functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can activate ipsilateral motor cortex neurons and a single session of rTMS can produce an immediate effect on the unaffected motor cortex. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, there have been no functional neuroimaging studies on the effect of rTMS on unaffected motor cortex in patients with stroke. (eurekalert.org)
  • Dr. Sung Ho Jang and his team, College of Medicine of Yeungnam University in Republic of Korea found using functional MRI technology that unaffected motor cortex activation disappeared in a patient with cerebral infarct after 2 weeks of rTMS. (eurekalert.org)
  • Below you will find a brief overview of one of those parts of the brain that's known as the motor cortex and how it relates to cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
  • The motor cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex, and its main function is to help control muscle movements that occur throughout the body. (lawfitz.com)
  • The motor cortex is a very intricate part of the brain and it controls very specific parts of the body. (lawfitz.com)
  • Therefore, it's possible for someone who has suffered an injury to one of the portions of the motor cortex to experience problems with one limb or one muscle group in the body and not any others. (lawfitz.com)
  • When a child suffers damage to the motor cortex during birth because of the deprivation of oxygen, the cells in the motor cortex are permanently damaged and some are killed. (lawfitz.com)
  • The motor cortex is just in front of the somatosensory cortex and it sends out signals to muscles to make them move. (healthpages.org)
Primary sensor1
  • The anterior parietal lobe contains the primary sensory cortex (SI), located in the postcentral gyrus (Broadman area BA 3, 1, 2). (nih.gov)
Hemispheres18
  • It is separated into two cortices , by the longitudinal fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres . (wikipedia.org)
  • The two hemispheres are joined beneath the cortex by the corpus callosum . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and is folded into peaks called gyri , and grooves called sulci . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex is a telencephalic structure present in some vertebrate species located at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. (els.net)
  • Although structurally similar, the two hemispheres of the cortex are not functionally equivalent. (els.net)
  • The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cortex (gray matter) and the inner layer (white matter). (nih.gov)
  • They found the most connections at the top of the cortex along the crack that separates the brain's two hemispheres. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The most-frontal part of the neural tube, the telencephalon , gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and the neocortex . (bionity.com)
  • Human Cerebral Cortex The human cerebrum is divided into two mirror image cerebral hemispheres by. (picsearch.com)
  • The superficial layer of the cerebral hemispheres, composed of gray matter and concerned with coordination of higher nervous activity. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • One can think of the cerebral cortex as a unified covering, or mantle, over the surface of the hemispheres. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The considerable external level of grey case of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for greater mind features, including feeling, voluntary muscle motion, believed, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
  • The extensive outer level of grey question of the cerebral hemispheres, mainly accountable for higher brain functions, including feeling, voluntary muscle tissue motion, thought, reasoning, and memory. (azdictionary.com)
  • It has two hemispheres and an outer cortex of gray matter and an inner core of white matter. (healthpages.org)
  • It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus which lie deep in the cerebral hemispheres. (healthpages.org)
  • Primary visual cortex (V1) was clearly identifiable along the calcarine sulcus in all hemispheres. (scirp.org)
  • Made entirely of gray matter and distinguished by its characteristic folds, the cerebral cortex is the brain's outermost layer covering the hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)
  • Those who expressed a stronger spiritual bent also displayed thicker cortices above both the left and right hemispheres. (medicaldaily.com)
Neocortex5
  • Most of the cerebral cortex consists of the six-layered neocortex . (wikipedia.org)
  • Although most mammals, even small animals such as rats, possess the important surface layer called the "new cortex" or neocortex , it is most highly developed in the human brain. (microscopyu.com)
  • Our cerebral cortex, a sheet of neurons, connections and circuits, comprises "ancient" regions such as the hippocampus and "new" areas such as the six-layered "neocortex," found only in mammals and most prominently in humans. (phys.org)
  • The pallium is further subdivided into medial pallium (MP), dorsal pallium (DP), lateral pallium (LP), and ventral pallium (VP), which will respectively give rise to the hippocampal formation (limbic lobe), the neocortex, the olfactory/piriform cortex, and the claustrum and parts of the amygdala ( 3 , 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • Therefore, we studied infarction in cerebral neocortex of male and female mice with deletion of the clock gene Bmal1 ( Bmal1 −/− ) after focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT). (mdpi.com)
Journal of Neuroscie1
  • Activity-dependent development of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex," Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 27, no. 42, pp. 11334-11342, 2007. (hindawi.com)
Sensory21
  • The cerebral cortex is involved in many higher‐level functions such as sensory perception, cognition, language, memory, decision making, motor planning and control. (els.net)
  • A large part of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing sensory stimuli from the environment. (els.net)
  • The remainder of the cortex is devoted to motor planning and control, as well as integration of multiple sensory cues and cognitive processing. (els.net)
  • The complex networks of the cerebral cortex are specified in development using intrinsic molecular cues and spontaneous neuronal activity, although sensory‐driven activity can also play a role. (els.net)
  • Sensory cortices (visual, auditory and somatosensory) process information received from peripheral sense organs, motor areas plan and instruct motor output and association areas integrate cortical inputs to create meaningful motor outputs and cognitive and emotional constructs. (els.net)
  • de Villers‐Sedani E and Merzenich MM (2011) Lifelong plasticity in the rat auditory cortex: basic mechanisms and the role of sensory experience. (els.net)
  • The earliest stages of processing in cerebral cortex reflect a relatively faithful copy of sensory inputs, but intelligent behavior requires abstracting behaviorally relevant concepts and categories. (pnas.org)
  • Paralleling these representational differences, the dimensionality of neural population activity decreased progressively from sensory to intermediate to frontal cortex. (pnas.org)
  • The cerebral cortex, or outer cell layer of the brain, is divided into a mosaic of discrete areas with different functions: specific regions control vision, sensory and motor function, hearing, and language. (els.net)
  • Instead, this region, known as the post-rhinal cortex (POR), appears to obtain visual data directly from an evolutionarily ancient sensory processing center at the base of the brain called the superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
  • The ancestral superior colliculus (called optic tectum in non-mammals) is the main sensory processing center in creatures with little or no cortex, such as fish, amphibians, lizards and birds. (ucsf.edu)
  • Many areas of the cerebral cortex process sensory information or coordinate motor output necessary. (picsearch.com)
  • Scientists at the Max Planck Institute have discovered that the brain uses the cortex for making sensory associations, not the hippocampus. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The cerebral cortex consists of distinct cytoarchitectonic areas, each serving a function ranging from sensory perception and motor control to symbolic thinking and language in humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • The human cerebral cortex shows remarkable functional specialization into regions devoted to motor, sensory, or visual functions, and these functional areas correlate with dramatic differences in cellular composition, or cytoarchitecture. (harvard.edu)
  • The more nerve endings a part of the body has, the more of the sensory cortex it occupies. (healthpages.org)
  • A big portion of the sensory cortex is taken up by our lips and face. (healthpages.org)
  • The thalamus is involved with sensory signals sent to the higher forebrain, in particular the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
  • The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal areas that control higher functions related to emotions and the movements of our bodies versus areas that interpret our sensory environment and allow us to see, hear and feel. (bio-medicine.org)
  • The frontal areas took over most of the cortex, while the sensory areas were drastically reduced in size and relegated to a small domain at the back of the brain. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Although the mice lacking COUP-TF1 in their cortex do not have any obvious sensory or motor problems, the researchers believe that a closer look will reveal substantial deficits. (bio-medicine.org)
Neuronal7
  • The cerebral cortex is well‐organised anatomical structure with six neuronal layers and subareas that are anatomically and functionally distinct. (els.net)
  • The cerebral cortex is composed of different neuronal subtypes that are organised into networks that connect neurons within and between distinct functional areas. (els.net)
  • Staining the nervous tissue to reveal the position of the neuronal cell bodies of the intracortical myelin sheats allowed the neuroanatomists in the early 20th century to produced a detailed description of the laminar structure of the cortex in different species. (bionity.com)
  • Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 106, no. 35, pp. 15049-15054, 2009. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we have examined the patterns of neuronal migration in the intact cortex. (biologists.org)
  • But how did the outer surface of the brain, the layered cortex of neuronal gray matter, get its folds? (harvard.edu)
  • A key event in the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex is the generation of neuronal populations during embryonic life. (biologists.org)
Prefrontal cortex4
  • One of the most important cases was about Phineas Gage, who was a gentle, polite sociable young, man until a large iron rod went through his eye-damaging his prefrontal cortex. (nih.gov)
  • We found that categorical abstraction occurred in a gradual fashion across the cortical hierarchy and reached an apex in prefrontal cortex. (pnas.org)
  • In contrast, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) largely represented the abstracted behavioral relevance of stimuli (task rule, motion category, and color category). (pnas.org)
  • They then pass the baton to the temporal love (dark green area) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (light green area) that allows short-term memorisation. (sciencephoto.com)
Cerebellum1
  • In addition, the analysis of cerebro-cerebellar interactions strongly supports the concept of the close functional unity and harmonization of the brain and the cerebellum, underlining the important role that the cerebellar cortex plays in the performance of higher mental faculties, creativity, emotional processes, and homeostatic equilibrium of the human body. (intechopen.com)
Primate cerebral2
  • Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra-connected and hierarchically organized structural systems. (isi.edu)
  • These results are largely compatible with corresponding analyses of structural data of mammalian cerebral cortex, and deliver the first functional evidence for 'small-world' architecture of primate cerebral cortex. (isi.edu)
Parietal cortex3
  • Decreases were more pronounced in the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BAS 31/7) and right inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) during language-related tasks and more pronounced in left inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47) during nonlanguage tasks. (mit.edu)
  • Photothrombotic cerebral infarction was induced in the rat parietal cortex according to the method of Watson et al 17 as described in detail elsewhere. (ahajournals.org)
  • This complex of densely connected regions in posterior medial and parietal cortex is both spatially and topologically central within the brain. (dericbownds.net)
Neural11
  • The cerebral cortex (plural cortices ), also known as the cerebral mantle , [1] is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex is the largest site of neural integration in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex is folded in a way that allows a large surface area of neural tissue to fit within the confines of the neurocranium . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex develops from the most anterior part, the forebrain region, of the neural tube. (nih.gov)
  • The cerebral cortex develops from the neural plate, a specialised part of the embryonic ectoderm . (bionity.com)
  • We examined how this transformation progresses along multiple levels of the hierarchy by comparing neural representations in visual, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices in monkeys categorizing across three visual domains (shape, motion direction, and color). (pnas.org)
  • Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano, "Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex," Neural Plasticity , vol. 2012, Article ID 797295, 10 pages, 2012. (hindawi.com)
  • Understanding these data will help improve the fidelity of neural models of cerebral cortical function and take into account the diversity of connections at both micro- and mesoscopic scales not seen at such a depth before. (frontiersin.org)
  • The new evidence indicates that the development of cortical areas involves a rich array of signals, with considerable interplay between mechanisms intrinsic to cortical progenitors and neurons and mechanisms extrinsic to the cortex, including those requiring neural activity. (sciencemag.org)
  • Summary: Researchers from Max Planck Institute have identified a neural connectivity pattern in the medial entorhinal cortex that appears to assist with navigation. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In neural progenitor cells of the cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 were concentrated together in a cell-cell contact area positioned more apically than the adherens junction (AJ). (rupress.org)
Thalamus4
  • Early development of the cortex is highly integrated with development of other parts of the brain, including midline patterning centers, the basal ganglia primordia that produce many of the cortical local circuit neurons, and axonal inputs from the thalamus and brain stem. (sciencemag.org)
  • These different cortical areas have a precise connectivity, particularly with nuclei within the dorsal thalamus, which provides some of the principal inputs to the cerebral cortex ( Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • layer VI sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus (Creutzfeldt, 1995). (humpath.com)
  • The thalamus also participates in motor control and regulating cortex excitement. (healthpages.org)
Found in the cerebral cortex1
  • a) Shows four major classes of brain cell found in the cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells (P), spiny stellate cells (S), basket cells (B) and chandelier cells (C). (b) In Alzheimer disease, patients lose cortical grey matter (labelled in green). (els.net)
Layers of the cerebral cortex1
  • Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. (ca.gov)
Models of the cerebral cortex1
  • Highly accurate surface models of the cerebral cortex are becoming increasingly important as tools in the investigation of the functional organization of the human brain. (psu.edu)
Structure of the cerebral cortex2
  • The structure of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
  • The layered structure of the cerebral cortex, formed during development, can be still observed in the adult vertebrate brain. (bionity.com)
Brain36
  • In mammals with a small brain there is no folding and the cortex is smooth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the human brain the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible from the outside, but buried in the sulci, [5] and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
  • When unfolded in the human, each hemispheric cortex has a total surface area of about 0.12 square metres (1.3 sq ft). [9] The folding is inward away from the surface of the brain, and is also present on the medial surface of each hemisphere within the longitudinal fissure . (wikipedia.org)
  • The larger sulci and gyri mark the divisions of the cortex of the cerebrum into the lobes of the brain . (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) makes it possible to get a measure for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex and relate it to other measures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cerebral cortex is involved in complex brain functions, such as language and information processing. (kidshealth.org)
  • Researchers have made a map of the human brain that shows a dense network of connections at the top of the cerebral cortex , suggesting that electrical signals travel through this hub on their way to more specialized regions. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that sets humans apart from and above all other animals. (microscopyu.com)
  • The cerebral cortex is the gray, squiggly outer layer of the brain. (healthcentral.com)
  • Although sleep-active neurons have been identified in other brain areas, neurons that are specifically activated during slow-wave sleep have not previously been described in the cerebral cortex. (pnas.org)
  • The gene, called Lhx2, tells stem cells in the developing brain to form the cerebral cortex, which controls functions such as language, decision-making and vision, according to a University of California, Irvine, study published in the Jan. 18 issue of Science . (drugs.com)
  • The cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. (bionity.com)
  • The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick, and plays a central role in many complex brain functions including memory , attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (bionity.com)
  • The glial fibres produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially-oriented, spanning all the thickness of the cortex, and will provide scafolding for the future migration of neurones from the ventricular zone to the external surface of the brain. (bionity.com)
  • The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (phys.org)
  • A trial court found overwhelming evidence that her brain had deteriorated so severely that much of her cerebral cortex was gone. (ibiblio.org)
  • Well, I want to talk about a certain area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex and how it plays a role in emotions. (khanacademy.org)
  • The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. (sciencemag.org)
  • According to the standard model of visual processing, all visual information from the retina must first pass through the primary visual cortex (V1) in the back of the brain, which extracts simple features like lines and edges, before being distributed to a number of "higher order" visual areas that extract increasingly complex features like shapes, shading, movement, and so on. (ucsf.edu)
  • Of all portions of the brain the cerebral cortex possesses the most direct interest to the. (picsearch.com)
  • The study, published June 9 in the early online edition of Nature Neuroscience, describes vascular architecture within a well-known region of the cerebral cortex and explores what that structure means for functional imaging of the brain and the onset of a kind of dementia. (innovations-report.com)
  • In a recent study in the journal Cell [1], NIH grantee Jeff Lichtman of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA and his colleagues unveiled the first digitized reconstruction of tissue from the mammalian cerebral cortex-the outermost part of the brain, responsible for complex behaviors. (georgetown.edu)
  • Tissue sections of the cerebral cortex regions expressing CD38 were examined by in situ hybridization to indicate that the astrocytes, one type of glial cells, in the cerebral cortex at the late stages of the postnatal brain development highly expressed CD38. (eurekalert.org)
  • These new insights and tools should help to explain how our cortex evolved and the roles of its specialised areas in health and disease, and could eventually hold promise for unprecedented precision in brain surgery and clinical work-ups,' said Bruce Cuthbert the acting director of the National Institute of Mental Health. (wired.co.uk)
  • Analysis of the orientations of [3H]thymidine-labeled migrating cells suggests that nonradial migration is equally common in brain slices and the intact cortex and that it increases during neurogenesis. (biologists.org)
  • One of the most common diagnoses that results from a loss of oxygen to the brain during birth is that of cerebral palsy. (lawfitz.com)
  • There are several different types of cerebral palsy and which type someone has could depend somewhat on the portion of the brain that's been damaged. (lawfitz.com)
  • A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main and Helene Schmidt at the Bernstein-Center of Humboldt-University in Berlin have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They found that the internet addicted teens displayed grey matter atrophy in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, the area of the brain responsible for higher order processing, like thinking, memory and speech - and that longer durations of internet addiction resulted in worsened grey matter atrophy. (choosehelp.com)
  • Researchers from the UCLA School of Nursing examined clinical records and magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of patients who were recently diagnosed with sleep apnea, and discovered several apparent connections between thinning of the brain's cerebral cortex and apnea symptoms. (ucla.edu)
  • Many of the signals our brain receives from our senses are registered in the cerebral cortex. (healthpages.org)
  • The visual cortex is in the lower back part of the brain and is where our brain registers what we see. (healthpages.org)
  • The somatosensory cortex is a band that runs over the top of the brain is where our brain registers a touch on any part of our body. (healthpages.org)
  • Cerebral cortical neuron degeneration occurs in brain disorders manifesting throughout life, but the mechanisms are understood poorly. (scialert.net)
  • Sulcal and gyral landmarks on the human cerebral cortex are required for various studies of the human brain. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The examination of the patterns of variation in the human brain often relies upon the accurate identification of structures on the surface of the cerebral cortex. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Hippocampus4
  • The phylogenetically more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus , is differentiated in five layers of neurons , whereas the more recent neo-cortex is differentiated in six basic layers. (bionity.com)
  • the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. (phys.org)
  • Cerebral Cortex is a scientific journal in the neuroscience area, focusing on the development, organization, plasticity, and function of the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kenny, P. J., File, S. E. and Rattray, M. (2001), Nicotine regulates 5-HT 1A receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. (wiley.com)
Plasticity2
  • This article reviews the recent research into ways of restoring swallowing function in these patients through promoting plasticity and reorganisation of the remaining, viable cerebral cortex. (springer.com)
  • CEREBRAL CORTEX is an interdisciplinary journal publishing papers on the development, organization, plasticity and function of the cerebral cortex. (periodicals.com)
Frontal5
  • Each cerebral cortex hemisphere is made of four anatomically distinct lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. (els.net)
  • Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. (springer.com)
  • Blood flow decreases did not generally show significant differences across the active task states within an experiment, but a verb-generation task produced larger decreases than a read task in right and left inferior parietal lobe (BA 40) and the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BA 31/7), while the read task produced larger decreases in left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47). (mit.edu)
  • The findings show how the cortex is properly parceled into frontal are. (bio-medicine.org)
  • Importance of religion or spirituality, but not frequency of [house of worship] attendance, was associated with thicker cortices in the left and right parietal and occipital regions, the mesial frontal lobe of the right hemisphere, and the cuneus and precuneus in the left hemisphere," wrote the authors in their study , published this month in JAMA Psychology . (medicaldaily.com)
Lateral2
  • Effects of functional disruption of lateral pericentral cerebral cortex on primate swallowing. (springer.com)
  • their apical surfaces face the lateral ventricle, and their basal end feet are located on the roof of the cortex. (rupress.org)
Open intracranial wound2
  • ICD-9 code 851.39 for Cortex (cerebral) laceration with open intracranial wound with concussion unspecified is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)
  • ICD-9 code 851.06 for Cortex (cerebral) contusion without open intracranial wound with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTRACRANIAL INJURY, EXCLUDING THOSE WITH SKULL FRACTURE (850-854). (aapc.com)
Cells20
  • Cells and circuitry of the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
  • We have identified a population of cells in the cortex that is activated during sleep in three mammalian species. (pnas.org)
  • We also observed a large number of weakly stained nNOS cells in the cortex. (pnas.org)
  • Since we observed increased densities of microglia in two functionally and anatomically disparate cortical areas, we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism. (springer.com)
  • In most, but not in all cases, grotesque cells, probably of glial origin, were also present in the depths of the affected cortex and in the subjacent white matter. (nih.gov)
  • The smaller, pale cells are present in the middle layers of cortex (layers IV and/or V). Colocalization studies indicate that virtually all the small tachykinin-immunoreactive neurons also display GABA immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
  • The project focused on a region of the cerebral cortex in which the nerve cells are so well known that they can be traced to individual whiskers. (innovations-report.com)
  • The adjective internal is used in opposition to the external granular layer of the cortex, the term granular refers to the granule cells found here. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jones, E. G. is the author of 'Cerebral Cortex: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells', published 1984 under ISBN 9780306417559 and ISBN 0306417553. (valorebooks.com)
  • In the present study, with the CD38 gene-knockout mice, developmental abnormality of glial cells has been shown, suggesting glial cell development to be important in the cerebral cortex development. (eurekalert.org)
  • Additionally, cells appear to follow nonradial trajectories at all levels of the developing cerebral wall, suggesting that tangential migration may be more prevalent than previously suspected from the imaging studies. (biologists.org)
  • These results suggest that tangential migration in the intact cortex plays a pivotal role in the tangential dispersion of clonally related cells revealed by retroviral lineage studies (Walsh, C. and Cepko, C. L. (1992) Science 255, 434-440). (biologists.org)
  • The spaces between the bodies and projections of the nerve cells of the cortex are filled with neuroglia and a vascular network (capillaries). (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The neurons of the cortex are subdivided into three basic types: pyramidal (80-90 percent of the cells of the cortex), stel-late, and fusiform, or spindle. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Stellate cells are distinguished by poorly developed dendrites and by highly developed axons that remain within the diameter of the cortex and embrace groups of pyramidal cells with their branches. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • So OLeary and his team collaborated with Italian researchers, led by Dr. Michele Studer, who is co-senior author with OLeary of the study, to develop mice in which COUP-TF1 can be selectively removed from progenitor cells in the cortex just before they start generating cortical neurons. (bio-medicine.org)
  • While programmed cell death has been documented in other parts of the embryonic central nervous system, its operation has not been previously reported in the embryonic cortex because of the lack of cell death markers and the difficulty in following the entire population of cortical cells. (biologists.org)
  • Here, we have investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of dying cells in the embryonic cortex using an in situ endlabelling technique called 'ISEL+' that identifies fragmented nuclear DNA in dying cells with increased sensitivity. (biologists.org)
  • This number declined to 50% by embryonic day 18, and few dying cells were observed in the adult cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
  • Surprisingly, while dying cells were observed throughout the cerebral cortical wall, the majority were found within zones of cell proliferation rather than in regions of postmitotic neurons. (biologists.org)
Neurons in the cortex1
  • We are only beginning to define the mechanisms that determine the area identity of neurons in the cortex. (bio-medicine.org)
Sheet of neurons1
  • The cerebral cortex resembles a six layer sheet of neurons that in many animals, including humans, is folded to fit into the confines of the skull. (els.net)
Post-rhinal cortex1
  • Researchers have shows the post rhinal cortex obtains visual data from the superior colliculus and is not dependent upon information from primary visual cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)
Sulci6
  • A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). (wikipedia.org)
  • About two thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the sulci and the insular cortex is completely hidden. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most mammals have a cerebral cortex that is convoluted with the peaks known as gyri and the troughs or grooves known as sulci. (wikipedia.org)
  • The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, wherein more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (bionity.com)
  • The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called "sulci. (phys.org)
  • They present numerical simulations and physical mimics of the constrained growth of the cortex which show how compressive mechanical forces sculpt it to form characteristic sulci and gyri, consistent with observations across species in both normal and pathological situations. (harvard.edu)
Corpus callosum1
  • Neuropilin 1-Sema signaling regulates crossing of cingulate pioneering axons during development of the corpus callosum," Cerebral cortex , vol. 19, pp. i11-i21, 2009. (hindawi.com)
Progenitor1
  • In their most extreme interpretations, the former postulated that the cortical progenitor zone contains the information that generates cortical areas, whereas the latter postulated that thalamic afferent axons, through activity-dependent mechanisms, impose cortical areal identity on an otherwise homogeneous cortex. (sciencemag.org)
Mammals6
  • In most mammals, apart from small mammals that have small brains, the cerebral cortex is folded, providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the cranium . (wikipedia.org)
  • Some small mammals including some small rodents have smooth cerebral surfaces without gyrification . (wikipedia.org)
  • For species of mammals, larger brains (in absolute terms, not just in relation to body size) tend to have thicker cortices. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the superior colliculus did not disappear with the development of the cortex in mammals. (ucsf.edu)
  • This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The new translations include all Cajal's very early contributions on the cortex of small mammals, relevant chapters from his definitive textbook, and all his great works on the human cerebral cortex made at the peak of his career. (oup.com)
Researchers9
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - By comparing the epigenetic profiles of human, rhesus macaque, and mouse cerebral cortices during development, researchers from Yale School of Medicine and elsewhere uncovered enhancers and promoters that have increased activity in humans. (genomeweb.com)
  • Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas,' the researchers wrote in their paper, published in Nature . (wired.co.uk)
  • Even though researchers have been studying cerebral palsy for years, there is no one known cause for this condition. (lawfitz.com)
  • In fact, a columnar distribution of neurons displaying similar functional properties throughout the cerebral cortex has been observed by many researchers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans, the researchers looked at cortex thickness of 12 women and 36 men who had diagnoses of mild to severe obstructive sleep apnea (who were not being treated for their condition), and compared those findings to 40 male and 22 female controls (who did not have sleep apnea). (ucla.edu)
  • The researchers then compared clinical findings of each patient with evidence of cortex thinning. (ucla.edu)
  • Researchers from New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University find the importance of spirituality to individuals may be linked to the thickness of their cerebral cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
  • The researchers imaged the brains of all the participants to determine the thickness of the cortices. (medicaldaily.com)
  • Trying to explain their results, the researchers wrote, "A thicker cortex associated with a high importance of religion or spirituality may confer resilience to the development of depressive illness in individuals at high familial risk for major depression, possibly by expanding a cortical reserve that counters to some extent the vulnerability that cortical thinning poses for developing familial depressive illness. (medicaldaily.com)
Organization8
  • We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. (psu.edu)
  • Powell TPS and Mountcastle VB (1959) Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. (els.net)
  • Mature cortical areas differ by their location within the cortex, molecular properties, histological organization, patterns of connectivity, and function. (sciencemag.org)
  • Organization of the cerebral cortex in the marmoset, one of the smallest simian primates. (picsearch.com)
  • Does cell lineage in the developing cerebral cortex contribute to its columnar organization? (frontiersin.org)
  • The columnar organization of the cerebral cortex is a broadly documented principle of design preserved throughout mammalian evolution ( Mountcastle, 1997 ), which has been proposed to be important to allow a large number of neurons to be connected without a significant increase in cortical volume. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study, we present evidence that mammalian Fat4 and Dachsous1 cadherins regulate the apical plasma membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)
  • From these results, we propose that Fat4 and Dachsous1 regulate the subapical membrane organization in concert with the Pals1 complex in the developing cerebral cortex. (rupress.org)
Model of the cortex2
  • In order to address this need we have developed a technique for taking a model of the cortex, detecting and fixing the topological defects while leaving that majority of the model intact, resulting in a surface that is both geometrically accurate and topologically correct. (psu.edu)
  • To attempt to provide a concise account for these experimental properties we have used a lumped continuum model of the cortex which provides an account of the general spectral content of EEG [Wright 1998]. (paulbourke.net)
Basal ganglia1
  • The cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia make up the forebrain. (healthpages.org)
Alzheimer's Disease1
  • The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on how pre-clinical investigations are addressing the clinical issues surrounding the involvement of the cerebral cortex in selected conditions of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's, addiction, and cardiovascular dysregulation. (elsevier.com)
Functionally distinct1
  • The mammalian cerebral cortex is divided into functionally distinct areas. (biologists.org)
Neurology1
  • Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the subventricular zone and upper layers II-IV of the cerebral cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology , vol. 479, no. 2, pp. 168-180, 2004. (hindawi.com)
Pallium1
  • The cortex, more generally known as the pallium, develops from a morphologically uniform ventricular zone located in the dorsocaudal part of the telencephalic vesicles. (sciencemag.org)
Mammalian Cortex2
  • This undermines the whole concept of the visual system in mammalian cortex as a perfect hierarchy with V1 as the gatekeeper and raises a multitude of questions, including how these two parallel visual systems evolved and how they cooperate to produce a unified visual experience. (ucsf.edu)
  • The internal granular layer of the cortex, also commonly referred to as the granular layer of the cortex, is the layer IV in the subdivision of the mammalian cortex into 6 layers. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic cortex1
  • In the embryonic cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 proteins accumulated at the cell-cell boundaries located apical to the adherens junction (AJ), which we defined as subapical membrane apposition. (rupress.org)
Somatosensory cortex1
  • Kaas JH, Nelson RJ, Sur M, Lin CS and Merzenich MM (1979) Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. (els.net)
Adult2
  • McDonald J, Parnavelas J, Karamanlidis A, Brecha N, Koenig J 1982 The morphology and distribution of peptide-containing neurons in the adult and developing visual cortex of the rat. (springer.com)
  • A developmental model based on these physiological observations, and on comparative studies of cortical organisation, is then proposed, in order to explain how a combination of molecular specification steps and activity-driven processes can generate the variety of visuotopic organisations observed in adult cortex. (scielo.br)
Physiology1
  • It's as if we've discovered a second primary visual cortex," said study senior author Massimo Scanziani , PhD, a professor of physiology at UCSF and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. (ucsf.edu)
Hemisphere2
  • [10] The limbic lobe is a rim of cortex on the medial side of each hemisphere and is also often included. (wikipedia.org)
  • In man, the cortex constitutes 44 percent of the volume of each hemisphere on the average. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pyramidal1
  • The principal functional element of the cortex is the long-axon afferent-efferent (that is, centripetal, receiving stimuli, and centrifugal, sending stimuli) pyramidal neuron. (thefreedictionary.com)
Human cortex2
  • Furthermore, the human cortex is subject to clonal mutations, occasionally leading to a predisposition to focal epilepsies and tumors. (harvard.edu)
  • Here we use naturally occurring somatic mutations, typically functionally neutral, to provide the first map of clonal structure of the human cortex in relation to major cytoarchitectonic regions. (harvard.edu)
Senile Dementia1
  • Reduction of arginine-vasopressin in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer type senile dementia. (bmj.com)
Circuits1
  • Neurons with similar properties are arranged in a columnar manner suggesting that single columns containing canonical circuits may be the basic unit of processing in the cerebral cortex. (els.net)
Development5
  • Layer I, which plays an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex, expands in size and diversity in primates. (jneurosci.org)
  • Previously, the research team found that the CD38 gene-knockout mice showed social abnormality, whose cerebral cortex development was aberrant. (eurekalert.org)
  • 1989 ) Visual cortex development in the ferret. (biologists.org)
  • Christopher Walsh and his team are interested in genetic mechanisms of cerebral cortical development and abnormalities of cortical development resulting in intellectual disability, autism and epilepsy. (sfari.org)
  • In this paper I will review some characteristics of cortical visuotopic maps in adults, and the implications that they may have for our understanding of the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. (scielo.br)
Brodmann2
  • a) The German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann divided the cortex into 52 regions, based on their cellular content. (els.net)
  • Since the pioneer work of Lorente de Nó, Ramón y Cajal, Brodmann, Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel and others, the cerebral cortex has been seen as a jigsaw of anatomic and functional modules involved in the processing of different sets of information. (frontiersin.org)
Visual15
  • One of the most clear examples of cortical layering is the Stria of Gennari in the primary visual cortex. (bionity.com)
  • We immunocytochemically identified microglia in fronto-insular (FI) and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically quantified the microglial densities. (springer.com)
  • Recent studies have, for instance, empirically evaluated Rámon y Cajal's conservation laws for cerebral cortex, while others have shown some unexpected connectivity features that may refine the traditional view of how corticocortical connections are organised with regard to functional representations of auditory, somatosensory and visual cortices. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hubel DH and Wiesel TN (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. (els.net)
  • The assemblies suggest a principal division of the cortex into visual, somatomotor and orbito-temporo-insular systems, while motor and somatosensory areas are inseparably interrelated. (isi.edu)
  • In contrast to the dogma that all visual areas in the cerebral cortex get their inputs from primary visual cortex (V1), the new study shows that postrhinal cortex (POR) gets information about moving objects via a parallel visual pathway from an evolutionarily ancient brainstem area called superior colliculus. (ucsf.edu)
  • The visual cortex (pink area) and the reading area (light blue area) are active when decrypting information. (sciencephoto.com)
  • First, adjacent radial columns in the cortex represent partially overlapping regions of the visual field, irrespective of whether these columns are part of the same or different cortical areas. (scielo.br)
  • There are, in addition to V1, many other visual areas, which collectively form the extrastriate cortex. (scielo.br)
  • Thus, visuotopic organisation has become one of the key criteria for the subdivision of cortex: charting the various re-representations of the visual field should, in theory, be sufficient to define the limits of the various visual areas. (scielo.br)
  • 1996) Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. (scirp.org)
  • In normally aging subjects, primary visual cortex has been shown to have reduced responses to visual stimulation [5]. (scirp.org)
  • It is not known, however, to what extent aging affects visual field repre-sentations and population receptive sizes in human primary visual cortex. (scirp.org)
  • Here we use func-tional MRI (fMRI) and population receptive field (pRF) modeling [6] to measure angular and ec-centric retinotopic representations and population receptive fields in primary visual cortex in healthy aging subjects ages 57 - 70 and in healthy young volunteers ages 24 - 36 (n = 9). (scirp.org)
  • Understanding the extent of changes that occur in primary visual cortex during normal aging is essential both for understanding the normal aging process and for comparisons of healthy, aging subjects with aging patients suffering from age-related visual and cortical disorders. (scirp.org)
Outer3
  • The cerebral cortex is the outer layer depicted in dark violet. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outer layer, the cerebral cortex, is made of nerve fibers called gray matter. (healthpages.org)
  • A cortex is the outer layer of any organ. (healthpages.org)
Areas10
  • The human cerebral cortex is made up of distinct functional areas. (els.net)
  • These disease‐specific differences are initially greatest in temporal and parietal association areas, and spread to engulf the rest of the cortex. (els.net)
  • The immunocytochemically stained beaded processes and punctate profiles from plexuses that vary in density and laminar distribution among different areas of monkey cortex. (jneurosci.org)
  • ASSOCIATION AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX The subdivision of the cerebral cortex into the. (picsearch.com)
  • The cerebral cortex has premotor and motor areas that control speech and writing. (picsearch.com)
  • Nerve fibers from the motor areas join fibers leading to&from other areas of the cortex (the corona. (picsearch.com)
  • Oxidative Status in Different Areas of the Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Rats during Focal Ischemia and Its Modulation with Carnosine. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Oxidative status was assessed in different areas of the cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats under normal condition and during permanent 24-h focal ischemia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Other cortical fields that were initially described as forming equally well-organised visuotopic maps have since been further subdivided, or had parts recombined with adjacent cortex to form 'new' areas, which continue to be the subject of much controversy (6,7). (scielo.br)
  • LA JOLLA, CA In the cerebral cortex, the brains powerful central processing unit responsible for higher functions, specialized subdivisions known as areas are laid out like a map, but little is known about the genetic forces that shape the geography of our brains. (bio-medicine.org)
Immunoreactivity1
  • Immunocytochemical methods were used to localize tachykinin-like immunoreactivity within neurons of the monkey cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Tissue1
  • As both Fat4 and Dachsous1 were highly expressed in embryonic cerebral cortices, we decided to investigate the function of them in this tissue. (rupress.org)
Primates1
  • Our results demonstrate that clones generated early during cerebral cortical neurogenesis show wide dispersion in the cortex, with later generated clones showing modest restriction, contrasting sharply with previously described clonal patterns in non-primates. (harvard.edu)
Mouse cerebral1
  • 1990 ) Cellular migration patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
Directing Astroglia from the Cerebral Cortex into Subtype Specific Functional Neurons
Directing Astroglia from the Cerebral Cortex into Subtype Specific Functional Neurons (journals.plos.org)
Parallel processing within motor areas of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in the monkey | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE...
Parallel processing within motor areas of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in the monkey | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE... (ieeexplore.ieee.org)
Simulations of blood as a suspension predicts a depth dependent hematocrit in the circulation throughout the cerebral cortex
Simulations of blood as a suspension predicts a depth dependent hematocrit in the circulation throughout the cerebral cortex (journals.plos.org)
Cerebral cortex - Wikipedia
Cerebral cortex - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Nervous System | Encyclopedia.com
Nervous System | Encyclopedia.com (encyclopedia.com)
Dr. (Michelle) M Achterberg | Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences | Erasmus University Rotterdam
Dr. (Michelle) M Achterberg | Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences | Erasmus University Rotterdam (eur.nl)
CiteSeerX - Citation Query An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Information processing letters, 31(12):7- 15,
CiteSeerX - Citation Query An algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs. Information processing letters, 31(12):7- 15, (citeseerx.ist.psu.edu)
BioInteractive Search Results | HHMI BioInteractive
BioInteractive Search Results | HHMI BioInteractive (hhmi.org)
How Much of the Brain Can a Person Do Without?
How Much of the Brain Can a Person Do Without? (popularmechanics.com)
Brain Activation during Human Male Ejaculation | Journal of Neuroscience
Brain Activation during Human Male Ejaculation | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
CiteSeerX - Citation Query Probabilistic mapping and volume measurement of human primary auditory cortex.
CiteSeerX - Citation Query Probabilistic mapping and volume measurement of human primary auditory cortex. (citeseerx.ist.psu.edu)
Handedness arises from genes in the spinal cords of embryos | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Handedness arises from genes in the spinal cords of embryos | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (mpg.de)
Seeing sounds: researchers uncover molecular clues for synaesthesia | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Seeing sounds: researchers uncover molecular clues for synaesthesia | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (mpg.de)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Electrical reactions of the cerebral cortex in skin diseases].
Electrical reactions of the cerebral cortex in skin diseases]. (wizdom.ai)
The iball3 - Sending your brain into Cerebral Cortex Overdrive!
The iball3 - Sending your brain into Cerebral Cortex Overdrive! (iball3.com)
GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex | SpringerLink
GABAergic Inhibition in the Cerebral Cortex | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Background | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Background | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (drugabuse.gov)
Cerebral Cortex? No.... | Overheard In New York Overheard In New York
Cerebral Cortex? No.... | Overheard In New York Overheard In New York (overheardinnewyork.com)
About Greg A. Dunn's Art - CNBC
About Greg A. Dunn's Art - CNBC (cnbc.cmu.edu)
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex (els.net)
Kidshealth: Word! Cerebral Cortex | Akron Children's Hospital
Kidshealth: Word! Cerebral Cortex | Akron Children's Hospital (akronchildrens.org)
James Murphy's Cerebral Cortex Cannot Handle a DFA Musical | The Village Voice
James Murphy's Cerebral Cortex Cannot Handle a DFA Musical | The Village Voice (villagevoice.com)
Antioxidants | Free Full-Text | Diallyl Trisulfide Protects Rat Brain Tissue against the Damage Induced by Ischemia...
Antioxidants | Free Full-Text | Diallyl Trisulfide Protects Rat Brain Tissue against the Damage Induced by Ischemia... (mdpi.com)
Multitasking with perfection: Nerve cell works like 1400 individual cells | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Multitasking with perfection: Nerve cell works like 1400 individual cells | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (mpg.de)