AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
CerebellumPurkinje CellsCerebellar CortexCerebellar DiseasesBrainCerebellar NucleiMice, Neurologic MutantsCerebellar AtaxiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuronsCerebellar NeoplasmsConditioning, EyelidNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain MappingBrain StemCerebral CortexOlivary NucleusBrain ChemistryAtaxiaPonsAnimals, NewbornNeural PathwaysTissue DistributionNerve FibersBlinkingMedulloblastomaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GCalbindinsIn Situ HybridizationBasal GangliaImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNeurogliaTomography, Emission-ComputedGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPsychomotor PerformanceMesencephalonImmunohistochemistryMovementSpinocerebellar DegenerationsOrgan SpecificityMice, Inbred C57BLSynapsesSpinocerebellar AtaxiasRats, Sprague-DawleyFunctional LateralityRats, WistarRNA, MessengerMice, TransgenicHippocampusDendritesCentral Nervous SystemAutoradiographyCerebrumThalamusNerve NetAxonsRhombencephalonMice, KnockoutMolecular Sequence DataTime FactorsReflex, Vestibulo-OcularMetencephalonDiencephalonPositron-Emission TomographySpinocerebellar TractsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinMotor CortexMuscimolElectric StimulationNeuronal PlasticityLearningCerebrovascular CirculationGait AtaxiaSpinal CordMotor SkillsAtrophyAstrocytesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAgingFrontal LobeNeuroanatomyAction PotentialsReceptors, GlutamateModels, NeurologicalMotor ActivityCatsTelencephalonCarbon RadioisotopesRats, Inbred Strains
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Purkinje Cells
The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
Cerebellar Cortex
The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cerebellar Nuclei
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
Mice, Neurologic Mutants
Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Cerebellar Neoplasms
Primary or metastatic neoplasms of the CEREBELLUM. Tumors in this location frequently present with ATAXIA or signs of INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. Common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary ASTROCYTOMA and cerebellar HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. The cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (From Okazaki & Scheithauer, Atlas of Neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)
Conditioning, Eyelid
Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Brain Mapping
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Cerebral Cortex
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Olivary Nucleus
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
Brain Chemistry
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.
Pons
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Nerve Fibers
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Blinking
Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)
S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.
Calbindins
Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.
In Situ Hybridization
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Basal Ganglia
Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Tomography, Emission-Computed
Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Psychomotor Performance
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Mesencephalon
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Spinocerebellar Degenerations
A heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. Sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.
Organ Specificity
Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of dominantly inherited, predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Functional Laterality
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Dendrites
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Central Nervous System
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Autoradiography
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Cerebrum
Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.
Thalamus
Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Rhombencephalon
The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.
Metencephalon
The anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. It gives rise to the CEREBELLUM and the PONS.
Diencephalon
The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.
Positron-Emission Tomography
An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Fibers that arise from cell groups within the spinal cord and pass directly to the cerebellum. They include the anterior, posterior, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, and the cuneocerebellar tract. (From Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p607)
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Muscimol
A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Neuronal Plasticity
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
Cerebrovascular Circulation
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Gait Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (WALKING) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. This condition may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES (including CEREBELLAR DISEASES and BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES); SPINAL CORD DISEASES; or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES.
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Motor Skills
Performance of complex motor acts.
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Frontal Lobe
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Neuroanatomy
Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Models, Neurological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Telencephalon
The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.
Carbon Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (1/6494)

Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain.  (+info)

Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (2/6494)

Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma.  (+info)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (3/6494)

The reproducibility of (+/-)-alpha-[11C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) measures in PET was studied in 10 healthy human subjects, aged 22-76 y. METHODS: The scan-to-scan variation of several measures used in PET data analysis was determined, including the radioactivity ratio (target-to-reference), plasma-input Logan total distribution volume (DV), plasma-input Logan Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Logan Bmax/Kd values. RESULTS: The radioactivity ratios, plasma-input Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Bmax/Kd all have higher reliability than plasma-input total DV values. In addition, measures using the occipital cortex as the reference region have higher reliability than the same measures using the cerebellum as the reference region. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DTBZ is a reliable PET tracer that provides reproducible in vivo measurement of striatal vesicular monoamine transporter density. In the selection of reference regions for DTBZ PET data analysis, caution must be exercised in circumstances when DTBZ binding in the occipital cortex or the cerebellum may be altered.  (+info)

A genetic approach to visualization of multisynaptic neural pathways using plant lectin transgene. (4/6494)

The wiring patterns among various types of neurons via specific synaptic connections are the basis of functional logic employed by the brain for information processing. This study introduces a powerful method of analyzing the neuronal connectivity patterns by delivering a tracer selectively to specific types of neurons while simultaneously transsynaptically labeling their target neurons. We developed a novel genetic approach introducing cDNA for a plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), as a transgene under the control of specific promoter elements. Using this method, we demonstrate three examples of visualization of specific transsynaptic neural pathways: the mouse cerebellar efferent pathways, the mouse olfactory pathways, and the Drosophila visual pathways. This strategy should greatly facilitate studies on the anatomical and functional organization of the developing and mature nervous system.  (+info)

Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic Hedgehog. (5/6494)

Cerebellar granule cells are the most abundant type of neuron in the brain, but the molecular mechanisms that control their generation are incompletely understood. We show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is made by Purkinje cells, regulates the division of granule cell precursors (GCPs). Treatment of GCPs with Shh prevents differentiation and induces a potent, long-lasting proliferative response. This response can be inhibited by basic fibroblast growth factor or by activation of protein kinase A. Blocking Shh function in vivo dramatically reduces GCP proliferation. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of normal growth and tumorigenesis in the cerebellum.  (+info)

Comparative effects of methylmercury on parallel-fiber and climbing-fiber responses of rat cerebellar slices. (6/6494)

The environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) causes profound disruption of cerebellar function. Previous studies have shown that acute exposure to MeHg impairs synaptic transmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, the effects of MeHg on cerebellar synaptic function have never been examined. In the present study, effects of acute exposure to MeHg on synaptic transmission between parallel fibers or climbing fibers and Purkinje cells were compared in 300- to 350-microm cerebellar slices by using extracellular and intracellular microelectrode-recording techniques. Field potentials of parallel-fiber volleys (PFVs) and the associated postsynaptic responses (PSRs) were recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating the parallel fibers in transverse cerebellar slices. The climbing-fiber responses were also recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating white matter in sagittal cerebellar slices. At 20, 100, and 500 microM, MeHg reduced the amplitude of both PFVs and the associated PSRs to complete block, however, it blocked PSRs more rapidly than PFVs. MeHg also decreased the amplitudes of climbing-fiber responses to complete block. For all responses, an initial increase in amplitude preceded MeHg-induced suppression. Intracellular recordings of excitatory postsynaptic potentials of Purkinje cells were compared before and after MeHg. At 100 microM and 20 microM, MeHg blocked the Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes and Ca++-dependent, slow dendritic spike bursts. MeHg also hyperpolarized and then depolarized Purkinje cell membranes, suppressed current conduction from parallel fibers or climbing fibers to dendrites of Purkinje cells, and blocked synaptically activated local responses. MeHg switched the pattern of repetitive firing of Purkinje cells generated spontaneously or by depolarizing current injection at Purkinje cell soma from predominantly Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes to predominantly Ca++-dependent, low amplitude, slow dendritic spike bursts. Thus, acute exposure to MeHg causes a complex pattern of effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission, with apparent actions on both neuronal excitability and chemical synaptic transmission.  (+info)

Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. (7/6494)

This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of lithium against glutamate excitotoxicity with a focus on the role of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. Long term, but not acute, treatment of cultured cerebellar granule cells with LiCl induces a concentration-dependent decrease in mRNA and protein levels of proapoptotic p53 and Bax; conversely, mRNA and protein levels of cytoprotective Bcl-2 are remarkably increased. The ratios of Bcl-2/Bax protein levels increase by approximately 5-fold after lithium treatment for 5-7 days. Exposure of cerebellar granule cells to glutamate induces a rapid increase in p53 and Bax mRNA and protein levels with no apparent effect on Bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment with LiCl for 7 days prevents glutamate-induced increase in p53 and Bax expression and maintains Bcl-2 in an elevated state. Glutamate exposure also triggers the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Lithium pretreatment blocks glutamate-induced cytochrome c release and cleavage of lamin B1, a nuclear substrate for caspase-3. These results strongly suggest that lithium-induced Bcl-2 up-regulation and p53 and Bax down-regulation play a prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. Our results further suggest that lithium, in addition to its use in the treatment of bipolar depressive illness, may have an expanded use in the intervention of neurodegeneration.  (+info)

The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/6494)

cAMP signals are received and transmitted by multiple isoforms of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, typically determined by their specific regulatory subunits. In the brain the major regulatory isoform RIIbeta and the RII-anchor protein, AKAP150 (rat) or 75 (bovine), are differentially expressed. Cortical neurons express RIIbeta and AKAP75; conversely, granule cerebellar cells express predominantly RIalpha and RIIalpha. Cortical neurons accumulate PKA catalytic subunit and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein very efficiently into nuclei upon cAMP induction, whereas granule cerebellar cells fail to do so. Down-regulation of RIIbeta synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cAMP-induced nuclear signaling in cortical neurons. Expression in cerebellar granule cells of RIIbeta and AKAP75 genes by microinjection of specific expression vectors, markedly stimulated cAMP-induced transcription of the lacZ gene driven by a cAMP-responsive element promoter. These data indicate that the composition of PKA in cortical and granule cells underlies the differential ability of these cells to transmit cAMP signals to the nucleus.  (+info)

Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles | definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles by Medical...Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles | definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles by Medical...
Looking for online definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles in the Medical Dictionary? decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles explanation free. What is decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles? Meaning of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles medical term. What does decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/decussation+of+the+superior+cerebellar+peduncles
ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)
Cerebellar Golgi Cell Model with Na+/K+ ATPase********** Developers: Fabio M Simoes de Souza & E De Schutter Work Progress: July 2009 - Dec 2009 Developed At: Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Computational Neuroscience Unit Okinawa - Japan Model Published in: Botta P, Simoes de Souza F, Sangrey T, De Schutter E, Valenzuela F (2010) Alcohol excites cerebellar Golgi cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 1984-1996. This script is a modification from a previous published GoC model (Solinas et al., 2007). A Na+/K+ ATPase and ionic concentration pools for Na+, K+, Ca2+ were incorporated into the soma of the model. The equations that simulated the Na+/K+ ATPase are described in Table S10 of Takeuchi et al. (2006) References: Sergio M. Solinas, Lia Forti, Elisabetta Cesana, Jonathan Mapelli, Erik De Schutter and Egidio D`Angelo (2008) Computational reconstruction of pacemaking and intrinsic electroresponsiveness in cerebellar golgi cells. Frontiers in Cellular ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=127021&file=%2FGolgi_cell_NaKATPAse%2FStart_Golgi_Ouabain.hoc
ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)
Cerebellar Golgi Cell Model with Na+/K+ ATPase********** Developers: Fabio M Simoes de Souza & E De Schutter Work Progress: July 2009 - Dec 2009 Developed At: Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Computational Neuroscience Unit Okinawa - Japan Model Published in: Botta P, Simoes de Souza F, Sangrey T, De Schutter E, Valenzuela F (2010) Alcohol excites cerebellar Golgi cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 1984-1996. This script is a modification from a previous published GoC model (Solinas et al., 2007). A Na+/K+ ATPase and ionic concentration pools for Na+, K+, Ca2+ were incorporated into the soma of the model. The equations that simulated the Na+/K+ ATPase are described in Table S10 of Takeuchi et al. (2006) References: Sergio M. Solinas, Lia Forti, Elisabetta Cesana, Jonathan Mapelli, Erik De Schutter and Egidio D`Angelo (2008) Computational reconstruction of pacemaking and intrinsic electroresponsiveness in cerebellar golgi cells. Frontiers in Cellular ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/ShowModel?model=127021&file=%2FGolgi_cell_NaKATPAse%2FGolgi_template.hoc
Cerebellar granule neuron progenitors are the source of Hk2 in the postnatal cerebellum | Cancer & Metabolism | Full TextCerebellar granule neuron progenitors are the source of Hk2 in the postnatal cerebellum | Cancer & Metabolism | Full Text
A response to Leprince: The role of Bergmann glial cells in cerebellar development. Cancer & Metabolism 2013, 1:14. We recently demonstrated that developmentally regulated aerobic glycolysis is integral to the normal process of postnatal neurogenesis and becomes co-opted in medulloblastoma. In our work, we concluded that Hexokinase 2 (Hk2), which we found to be required for Shh-induced aerobic glycolysis, was expressed specifically by cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). We observed altered migration of CGNPs in hGFAP-cre;Hk2f/f mice and attributed this aspect of the phenotype to premature differentiation of CGNPs caused by loss of aerobic glycolysis. In response to our work, LePrince draws attention to the role of Bergmann glia in cerebellar development.. LePrince raises the important point that cerebellar granule neurons (CGNPs) do not develop in isolation but rather interact critically with the Bergmann glia. The Bergmann glia establish a radial scaffold on which the CGNPs migrate ...
https://cancerandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-3002-1-15
Difference between revisions of Neural - Cerebellum Development - Embryology
Wang L & Liu Y. (2019). Signaling pathways in cerebellar granule cells development. Am J Stem Cells , 8, 1-6. PMID: 31139492 Shoja MM, Jensen CJ, Ramdhan R, Chern J, Oakes WJ & Tubbs RS. (2018). Embryology of the Craniocervical Junction and Posterior Cranial Fossa Part II: Embryogenesis of the hindbrain. Clin Anat , , . PMID: 29344994 DOI. Aldinger KA & Doherty D. (2016). The genetics of cerebellar malformations. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med , 21, 321-32. PMID: 27160001 DOI. Butts T, Green MJ & Wingate RJ. (2014). Development of the cerebellum: simple steps to make a little brain. Development , 141, 4031-41. PMID: 25336734 DOI. Voogd J. (2012). A note on the definition and the development of cerebellar Purkinje cell zones. Cerebellum , 11, 422-5. PMID: 22396330 DOI. Roussel MF & Hatten ME. (2011). Cerebellum development and medulloblastoma. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , 94, 235-82. PMID: 21295689 DOI. Herculano-Houzel S. (2010). Coordinated scaling of cortical and cerebellar numbers of neurons. Front ...
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cerebellum_Development&diff=383768&oldid=71765
AID 349212 - Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after...AID 349212 - Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after...
BioAssay record AID 349212 submitted by ChEMBL: Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after 10 mins.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/349212
Role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in the developing cerebellum - Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyRole of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in the developing cerebellum - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitor cells is critical for the normal development of the nervous system. Many factors can influence these events, including the neurotrophin family of factors. These processes have been extensively studied in cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCP), the most abundant cell type in the brain, which undergo much of their development postnatally. GCPs proliferate in external granule layer (EGL), a transient layer of the cerebellum, and migrate internally to form the internal granule layer (IGL). In the external part of the EGL these cells proliferate, while in the internal part of the EGL the cells exit the cell cycle and start to migrae toward the inside of the developing cerebellum. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is highly expressed in the EGL during development of the cerebellum, and is absent once the cells begin to migrate. The function of p75NTR in this developing neuronal ...
https://www.researchwithrutgers.com/en/projects/role-of-the-p75-neurotrophin-receptor-in-the-developing-cerebellu-2
Granule cell development in the cerebellum is punctuated by changes in Sox gene expression. - Semantic ScholarGranule cell development in the cerebellum is punctuated by changes in Sox gene expression. - Semantic Scholar
Development of the vertebrate cerebellum is unusual compared to most other regions of the brain since it involves two germinal regions. Most cell types arise from the luminal, ventricular zone as in other brain regions, but granule cells arise from the second germinal layer, the external granular layer (EGL). Our analysis of the temporal and positional expression of three members of the Sox gene family of transcription factors in the cerebellum shows that granule cell development is unusual compared to most other neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). We show that granule cell precursors lose expression of cSox2 and cSox3 as they migrate to form the EGL. The EGL is the first example of a germinal layer in the CNS which does not exhibit expression of these genes. Throughout most of the CNS cSox11 expression is very low in the ventricular zone but increases dramatically as cells cease proliferation and migrate to form the subventricular zone. We also find that cSox11 expression increases when cells
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Granule-cell-development-in-the-cerebellum-is-punc-Rex-Church/430abf7d25274293b6578e581e7921afc3d0a8f0
Cerebellum Development Pathway Bioinformatics: Novus BiologicalsCerebellum Development Pathway Bioinformatics: Novus Biologicals
Learn more about the Cerebellum Development Pathway from related diseases, pathways, genes and PTMs with the Novus Bioinformatics Tool.
https://www.novusbio.com/pathways/cerebellum-development
White matter microstructural organization is higher with age in adult superior cerebellar peduncles - Research Portal, Kings...
Using diffusion tensor imaging, we conducted an exploratory investigation of the relationship between white matter tract microstructure and age in 200 healthy adult subjects using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Though most tracts showed the slight decline in microstructural organization with age widely noted, in both superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP) it correlated positively with age, a result not previously reported. We confirmed this by using an alternative method, and by repeating our TBSS analysis in an additional sample of 133 healthy adults. In exploring this surprising result we considered the possibility that this might arise from the continual cognitive and motor refinement that is enacted in the cerebellum: we found that tract microstructure in both SCPs was also strongly correlated with IQ, again in contrast with all other tracts, and its relationship with age mediated by IQ, as a training model would predict. ...
https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/white-matter-microstructural-organization-is-higher-with-age-in-adult-superior-cerebellar-peduncles
Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum. AU - Ábrahám, H.. AU - Tornóczky, T.. AU - Kosztolányi, G.. AU - Séress, L.. PY - 2001/2/1. Y1 - 2001/2/1. N2 - Cell proliferation has been studied in the human cerebellar cortex between the 24th gestational week and the 12th postnatal month. Intensive cell formation has been found in the external granular layer (EGL) of the human cerebellum, where the highest cell proliferation rate occurs between the 28th and 34th gestational weeks. This is followed by a gradual decrease that lasts up to the eighth postnatal month. As late in development as the fifth postnatal month, still 30% of cells of the EGL are labeled with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which is specific for dividing cells. The width of the EGL remained unchanged from the 28th gestational week to the end of the first postnatal month, when it starts to decrease and completely disappears by the 11th postnatal month. Large number of Ki-67 labeled ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/hu/publications/cell-formation-in-the-cortical-layers-of-the-developing-human-cer
The level of sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the complexity of cerebellar foliation | DevelopmentThe level of sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the complexity of cerebellar foliation | Development
The relatively few well-defined cell types within the cerebellum and the stereotypical foliation pattern make the cerebellum particularly amenable to the study of morphogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). The mammalian cerebellum consists of a central vermis and two lateral hemispheres, each with its own sets of fissures. The complexity of the foliation pattern varies between species of mammals, depending on the proprioceptive input to the cerebellum. For example, the cerebellar vermis of many inbred mouse strains consists of eight major lobules with few sublobules, whereas the rat vermis consists of ten lobules and contains more sublobules. Furthermore, some inbred strains of mice have one or two additional partial lobules corresponding to additional lobules in rat. Although the basic ten lobules present in the rat are conserved in human, each human cerebellar lobule is extensively subdivided into many sublobules. The conservation of morphology within and across species suggests that ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/133/9/1811
High-resolution tomographic imaging of a human cerebellum: comparison of absorption and grating-based phase contrast | Journal...High-resolution tomographic imaging of a human cerebellum: comparison of absorption and grating-based phase contrast | Journal...
Examining the histogram of one reconstructed slice (figure 2b), one observes that only four of the five Gaussians can be clearly related to known morphological structures of the human cerebellum. The fifth Gaussian with the largest half width describes the Δδ-values lying between the formalin and stratum moleculare related peaks. Therefore, this Gaussian basically corresponds to the partial volume between these two components. Aside from the partial volume one finds an additional peak at Δδ = 1.3 × 10−8, which appears rather as a shoulder. This shoulder becomes more obvious in the histogram of the entire three-dimensional dataset (figure 6c). The quantitative analysis of the shoulder reveals that the related Δδ-values are located in areas of the cerebellum that were in direct contact with the formalin solution during the whole fixation period. Obviously, the formalin treatment of the human cerebellum changes the electron density at the tissue periphery.. The usefulness of the ...
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/53/1665
Cerebellar Exposure to Cell-Free Hemoglobin Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage - Lund UniversityCerebellar Exposure to Cell-Free Hemoglobin Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage - Lund University
Decreased cerebellar volume is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants and may be a principal component in neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebellar deposition of blood products from the subarachnoid space has been suggested as a causal mechanism in cerebellar underdevelopment following IVH. Using the preterm rabbit pup IVH model, we evaluated the effects of IVH induced at E29 (3 days prior to term) on cerebellar development at term-equivalent postnatal day 0 (P0), term-equivalent postnatal day 2 (P2), and term-equivalent postnatal day 5 (P5). Furthermore, the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebellar tissue was characterized, and cell-free Hb was evaluated as a causal factor in the development of cerebellar damage following preterm IVH. IVH was associated with a decreased proliferative (Ki67-positive) portion of the external granular layer (EGL), delayed Purkinje cell maturation, and activated microglia in the cerebellar white matter. In pups with ...
http://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/cerebellar-exposure-to-cellfree-hemoglobin-following-preterm-intraventricular-hemorrhage
Cerebellar Exposure to Ce… - Göteborgs universitetCerebellar Exposure to Ce… - Göteborgs universitet
Decreased cerebellar volume is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants and may be a principal component in neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebellar deposition of blood products from the subarachnoid space has been suggested as a causal mechanism in cerebellar underdevelopment following IVH. Using the preterm rabbit pup IVH model, we evaluated the effects of IVH induced at E29 (3 days prior to term) on cerebellar development at term-equivalent postnatal day 0 (P0), term-equivalent postnatal day 2 (P2), and term-equivalent postnatal day 5 (P5). Furthermore, the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebellar tissue was characterized, and cell-free Hb was evaluated as a causal factor in the development of cerebellar damage following preterm IVH. IVH was associated with a decreased proliferative (Ki67-positive) portion of the external granular layer (EGL), delayed Purkinje cell maturation, and activated microglia in the cerebellar white matter. In pups with ...
https://www.gu.se/forskning/publikation?publicationId=257800
Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine...Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine...
Li, Y., Hu, S-Q., & Han, Y. (2015). Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine from Lycii Cortex. Journal of Functional Foods, 17, 709 - 721 ...
https://www.rti.org/publication/preventing-h2o2-induced-toxicity-primary-cerebellar-granule-neurons-activating-pi3
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells requires new RNA and protein synthesis | PNASN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells requires new RNA and protein synthesis | PNAS
Cerebellar granule cells are susceptible to the excitotoxin glutamate, which acts at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, as well as the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active cytotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Paradoxically, preincubation of cultured cerebellar granule cells with low concentrations of NMDA or glutamate markedly antagonizes the neurotoxicity resulting from subsequent exposure to toxic concentrations of either MPP+ or glutamate. The neuroprotective effects of NMDA and glutamate against MPP+ toxicity are observed at agonist concentrations as low as 1 microM, are blocked by specific NMDA receptor antagonists, and require at least 30 min to develop fully. Moreover, NMDA receptor-mediated neuroprotection is prevented by the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Thus, in cerebellar granule cells activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate can result in either ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/89/14/6555?ijkey=f7b49354bd599adac24a2b8de34700a1869c12cd&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Retinotopic maps of visual space in the human cerebellum | Meta
While the cerebellum is instrumental for motor control, it is not traditionally implicated in vision. Here, we report the existence of 5 ipsilateral visual field maps in the human cerebellum. These maps are located within the oculomotor vermis and cerebellar nodes of the dorsal attention and visual networks. These findings imply that the cerebellum is closely involved in visuospatial cognition, and that its contributions are anchored in sensory coordinates. ...
https://www.meta.org/papers/retinotopic-maps-of-visual-space-in-the-human/990455170
Dynamics of glycolipid domains in the plasma membrane of living cultured neurons, following protein kinase C activation: A...Dynamics of glycolipid domains in the plasma membrane of living cultured neurons, following protein kinase C activation: A...
Dynamic changes of glycolipid domains within the plasma membranes of cultured rat cerebellar granule cells have been investigated. For this purpose, a pyrene-labelled derivative of G(M1) ganglioside has been incorporated in the cell plasma membrane, and the rate of excimer formation, directly related to the formation of domains, has been studied by a fluorescence imaging technique (excimer-formation imaging). Fluorescence imaging showed that upon addition of 100 μM glutamate, indirectly inducing the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), glycolipid concentration within domains increases in cell bodies. Comparable effects were exerted by the addition of PMA, directly inducing the activation of PKC. On the contrary, the phorbol ester was not effective in the presence of the specific PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide. These results suggest that glycolipid-enriched domains are dynamic supramolecular structures affected by membrane-associated events, such as PKC activation. Dynamic changes of ...
https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/125
Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers | Neural Development | Full...Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers | Neural Development | Full...
The cerebellum has a striking morphology consisting of folia separated by fissures of different lengths. Since folia in mammals likely serve as a broad platform on which the anterior-posterior organization of the sensory-motor circuits of the cerebellum are built, it is important to understand how such complex morphology arises. Using a combination of genetic inducible fate mapping, high-resolution cellular analysis and mutant studies in mouse, we demonstrate that a key event in initiation of foliation is the acquisition of a distinct cytoarchitecture in the regions that will become the base of each fissure. We term these regions anchoring centers. We show that the first manifestation of anchoring centers when the cerebellar outer surface is smooth is an increase in proliferation and inward thickening of the granule cell precursors, which likely causes an associated slight invagination of the Purkinje cell layer. Thereafter, granule cell precursors within anchoring centers become distinctly elongated
https://neuraldevelopment.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-8104-2-26
Development and developmental disorders of the human cerebellumDevelopment and developmental disorders of the human cerebellum
The human cerebellum develops over a long time, extending from the early embryonic period until the first postnatal years. This protracted development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad spectrum of developmental disorders. The development of the cerebellum occurs in four basic steps: 1) char …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14504962/?dopt=Abstract
Indmedica - CyberLectures - Vascular Densities and Human Cerebellum
Comparison of Vascular Densities of The Human Cerebellum - A Pilot Study. Vascular density corresponds to metabolic demands, which increase in highly active areas of the brain. The aim of this study was to determine the surface vascular density of three equal vertical divisions of the superior and inferior cerebellar hemispheres and to correlate with the function.. The dye Araldite was injected to the carotid and vertebral arteries of four fresh adult male human brains, maintaining a constant pressure of 93 mmHg. The cerebellums were examined, and a count was made, from the number of vessels entering each square on an overlying grid, using the light microscope and the camera Lucida. The vascular density of the three vertical columns were calculated and compared. The mean values of the vascular densities of the three vertical columns were, vessels per mm2 (from medial to lateral) left superior - 1.67, 1.89, 1.54, right superior - 1.52, 1.52, 1.28, left inferior - 1.17, 1.30, 1.19, right inferior ...
http://cyberlectures.indmedica.com/show/152/1/Vascular_Densities_and_Human_Cerebellum
Mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential of cultured cerebellar neurons during glutamate-induced necrosis, apoptosis, and...Mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential of cultured cerebellar neurons during glutamate-induced necrosis, apoptosis, and...
Mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential of cultured cerebellar neurons during glutamate-induced necrosis, apoptosis, and tolerance.
https://repository.rcsi.com/articles/journal_contribution/Mitochondrial_and_plasma_membrane_potential_of_cultured_cerebellar_neurons_during_glutamate-induced_necrosis_apoptosis_and_tolerance_/10792946/1
Multiple influences on the migration of precerebellar neurons in the caudal medulla | DevelopmentMultiple influences on the migration of precerebellar neurons in the caudal medulla | Development
Several neuronal populations are generated in the dorsal rhombencephalon, at the level of the rhombic lip. They migrate following distinct dorsoventral paths identified as the pontine, olivary and superficial migratory streams. They settle in the ventral neural tube and contribute neurons to several precerebellar nuclei. Therefore, the precebellar system permits the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the control of cell migration. We have focused on two populations of precerebellar neurons generated in the rhombic lip of rhombomeres 7/8 (or 8) (Cambronero and Puelles, 2000) and destined to form the inferior olive (ION), the lateral reticular (LRN) and the external cuneatus (ECN) nuclei. These neurons circumnavigate at different depths around the medulla following two routes, both orthogonal to the anteroposterior axis (Harkmark, 1954; Altman and Bayer, 1987a; Altman and Bayer, 1987b; Bourrat and Sotelo, 1988; Bourrat and Sotelo, 1990; Bourrat et al., 1989; Tan and Le ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/129/2/297
Low Cerebellar Vermis Volumes and Impaired Neuropsychologic Performance in Children Treated for Brain Tumors and Leukemia |...Low Cerebellar Vermis Volumes and Impaired Neuropsychologic Performance in Children Treated for Brain Tumors and Leukemia |...
Fig 2. Relative lobar vermal volumes in healthy children and patients with brain malignancies. Patients tended to have lower relative vermal volumes even before the start of the radiation treatment. The volumes of the posterior vermis, lobules VIII-X, were the lowest in 3 patients with medulloblastoma treated by surgical resection, which involved removing parts of cerebellar tissue. The lines connect data from individual subjects; asterisks indicate patients with medulloblastoma. ...
http://www.ajnr.org/content/31/8/1430/tab-figures-data
The human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. Fr | Open-iThe human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. Fr | Open-i
The human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. From the spatially unbiased infratentorial template [SUIT] of the cerebellum and brainstem (Diedrichsen et
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC4375648_gr1&req=4
Protective Effect of PPARγ Agonists on Cerebellar Tissues Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroid RatsProtective Effect of PPARγ Agonists on Cerebellar Tissues Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroid Rats
Neurology Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies focusing on diseases of the nervous system, as well as normal neurological functioning. The journal will consider basic, translational, and clinical research, including animal models and clinical trials.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/nri/2016/1952561/abs/
Early cerebellum injury hinders neural development, possible root of autismEarly cerebellum injury hinders neural development, possible root of autism
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been studied in relation to motor movement and coordination in adults. Recent studies, however, strongly suggest that it also influences childhood cognition, Wang said. Several studies also have found a correlation between cerebellar injury and the development of a disorder in the autism spectrum, the researchers report. For instance, the researchers cite a 2007 paper in the journal Pediatrics that found that individuals who experienced cerebellum damage at birth were 40 times more likely to score highly on autism screening tests. They also reference studies in 2004 and 2005 that found that the cerebellum is the most frequently disrupted brain region in people with autism.. What we realized from looking at the literature is that these two problems - autism and cerebellar injury - might be related to each other via the cerebellums influence on wider neural development, Wang said. We hope to get people and scientists thinking differently about the cerebellum ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/medicine-health/early-cerebellum-injury-hinders-neural-development-possible-root-of-autism.html
Fluoride Action Network | Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice.Fluoride Action Network | Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice.
The effect of fluoride on murine thyroid function and cerebellar development was studied by administering NaF in drinking water (0.5 g/L) to pregnant and lactating mice, from the 15th day of pregnancy to the 14th day after delivery. Compared to a control group, the NaF-treated pups, at age 14 days, showed a 35% decrease in body weight, a 75% decrease in plasma free T4, and reductions in the cerebellar and cerebral protein concentrations by 27% and 17%, respectively. Consistent histological changes were present in the cerebellum of the treated mice with the external granular layer being markedly reduced or absent, the Purkinje cell bodies being poorly differentiated and arranged in a single layer at the surface of the internal granular layer, and with more apoptotic Purkinje cells being present.. ...
http://fluoridealert.org/studytracker/18538/
Light and electron microscopic analysis of KChIP and Kv4 localization in rat cerebellar granule cells - Strassle - 2005 -...Light and electron microscopic analysis of KChIP and Kv4 localization in rat cerebellar granule cells - Strassle - 2005 -...
Potassium channels are key determinants of neuronal excitability. We recently identified KChIPs as a family of calcium binding proteins that coassociate and colocalize with Kv4 family potassium channels in mammalian brain (An et al. [2000] Nature 403:553). Here, we used light microscopic immunohistochemistry and multilabel immunofluorescence labeling, together with transmission electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, to examine the subcellular distribution of KChIPs and Kv4 channels in adult rat cerebellum. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed on 40-μm free-floating sections using a diaminobenzidine labeling procedure. Multilabel immunofluorescence staining was performed on free-floating sections and on 1-μm ultrathin cryosections. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed using an immunoperoxidase pre-embedding labeling procedure. By light microscopy, immunoperoxidase labeling showed that Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and KChIPs 1, 3, and 4 (but not KChIP2) were expressed at ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.20443/full
Cerebellum synonyms, cerebellum antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comCerebellum synonyms, cerebellum antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for cerebellum in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for cerebellum. 10 words related to cerebellum: arteria cerebelli, cerebellar artery, neural structure, cerebellar hemisphere, dentate nucleus, vermis, vermis cerebelli.... What are synonyms for cerebellum?
https://www.freethesaurus.com/cerebellum
Advances in Neural Science, Volume 2 (Advances in Neural by Sudarshan K. Malhotra - QUEEN OF THE Library
Again, the physiological significance of the transient expression of SRIF receptors in the cerebellum can only be speculated on at present. At the microscopic level, SRIF receptors are associated with the external granule layer and thus may play a role in the proliferation of the stem cells of the granule cells, and their disappearance appears to coincide with the migration of the neuroblasts. The hypothesis that SRIF may act as atrophic factor involved in the regulation of cell division and/or migration in the external granular layer is supported by the absence of synaptic contacts in this layer, thus suggesting that SRIF receptors in this layer are not involved in neurotransmission. 1986). A decrease in this particular class of steroid (after adrenalectomy) appears to increase the potential for altering the expression of the propressophysin gene within this nucleus. , 1988) found that adrenalectomyinduced plasticity in VP expression is further enhanced by ablation of a specific afferent ...
http://queenofthering.tv/read/advances-in-neural-science-volume-2-advances-in-neural-science
Making sense of the cerebellum | Max Planck NeuroscienceMaking sense of the cerebellum | Max Planck Neuroscience
Despite our knowledge that the cerebellum plays a central role in coordinating motion and behavior, we do not really know how the cerebellar circuits accomplish this. Purkinje cells, making up the core of cerebellar circuits, are thought to perform the essential integrations of sensory and motor information. Ruben Portugues and his team at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology now uncovered a surprisingly simple yet elegant organization of the cerebellum into three behavioral modules, each encoding a distinct type of visual information.. Our world is full of sensory stimuli. Depending on what we see, smell, taste, feel, or hear, we are compelled to behave in a predictable way - like approaching tasty food or avoiding an oncoming car. The brains ability to make sense of the diverse sensory stimuli and to coordinate the appropriate behavioral response relies critically on the function of the cerebellum. This hindbrain region, critical to sensorimotor coordination, is conserved across ...
https://maxplanckneuroscience.org/making-sense-of-the-cerebellum/
abnormal cerebellum development Mammalian Phenotype Term (MP:0000854)abnormal cerebellum development Mammalian Phenotype Term (MP:0000854)
The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology is a community effort to provide standard terms for annotating phenotypic data. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated phenotype data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.
http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/mp_ontology/MP:0000854
Zing Performance- Secret Cerebellum Development, On-Line Program - via NAMELY LIBERTYZing Performance- Secret Cerebellum Development, On-Line Program - via NAMELY LIBERTY
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https://namelyliberty.com/zing-performance-secret-cerebellum-development-on-line-program/
Energetic status of mitochondria in primary cerebellar granule neuronal cultures of rats pre- and postnatally exposured to lead...
Lead (Pb2+) is a widespread pollutant and potent central neurotoxin. We have studied its effect on energetic metabolism of cerebellar granule cells (CGC) in pre- and postnatally intoxicated rats. Pregnant Wistar rats received 0.1% lead acetate in water. CGC were prepared from 8-day-old born rats according to a standard procedure. Pb2+concentration was measured in blood and in cerebellum homogenates by AAS. Intracellular Pb2+ concentrations in CGC was studied by fl uorescent microscopy, in neurons loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive indicator Oregon Green. Intracellular Pb2+ was evaluated from the fl uorescence intensity and estimate in μM range. Pb-induced decrease in Adenylate Energy Charge (by 10%) and ATP concentration (by 35%) in cerebellum homogenates (HPLC method) was observed at Pb concentrations in whole blood (7.05 ± 2.05 μg/dL).The function of mitochondria of neurons of Pb-treated and control rats were evaluated using: Mitotracker Green FM and JC-1. We observed active mitochondria ...
https://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-0963fa15-e424-4f21-970d-88ff2b22fc50?q=bwmeta1.element.agro-3ffc95e9-5ec7-4118-b973-bd0615e5bd6f
Nuclei Of Cerebellum - KyphoNuclei Of Cerebellum - Kypho
Dentate nucleus is the most lateral and largest among the four nuclei of cerebellum. It is most prominent in higher animals, specially in human brain. Phylogenetically it is the latest in evolution and obviously related to neocerebellum. Dentate nucleus, on section, looks like a folded bag with its opening (concavity) facing medially. From the concave side emerge efferent fibers from the nucleus. Efferent fibers leave cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle ...
https://kypho.com/nuclei-of-cerebellum.html
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The neurological mutation weaver is characterized by defects in granule cell migration along Bergmann glial processes and by subsequent death and disposition of granule cells. Immunocytochemical localization of antisera raised against purified glial filament protein (AbGF) and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize specific associations between granule neurons and astroglia in microcultures of cerebellar cells dissociated from normal (+/+), heterozygous (+/wv), and homozygous (wv/wv) B6CBA-w mouse cerebella. In microcultures of cells dissociated from normal B6CBA-Aw-J-wv (+/+) cerebella, staining with AbGF closely resembled results previously reported for cells taken from C57BL/6J (+/+) tissue. Two forms of stained astroglia were seen, one with a larger perikaryon and shorter processes, among which 12 to 20 unstained cells nestled; and another with a smaller cell soma and longer processes, along which a few unstained cells were seen. The first resembled astrocytes of the ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/4/4/1163
Axonal varicosity distributions along parallel fibers: a new angle on a cerebellar circuit - Semantic ScholarAxonal varicosity distributions along parallel fibers: a new angle on a cerebellar circuit - Semantic Scholar
Presynaptic terminals occur along unmyelinated axons in specialized compartments called axonal varicosities or synaptic boutons. Since the first descriptions of varicose axons by Cajal and others, the spatial organization of varicosities along axons has attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Quantitative light- and electron-microscopic analyses of varicosity spacing in the cerebellum and elsewhere have recently provided a clearer picture of this organization, and theoretical analyses now incorporate varicosity spacing as an essential parameter in structural models of neural connectivity. Here we review the salient features of varicosity spacing, with emphasis on cerebellar parallel fibers as a model system. Measured globally across the entire≈ 5 mm lengths of parallel fibers, the overall mean spacing of varicosities is 5.2 μm. Measured locally, however, mean spacing follows a proximodistal gradient, increasing with distance from the point of bifurcation from the ascending axon. Measured at the
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Axonal-varicosity-distributions-along-parallel-fib-Shepherd-Raastad/99835d61fac24f721924698de605c82af7b6d8f5
Developmental assembly of calcium-mobilizing systems for excitatory amino acids in rat cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Developmental assembly of calcium-mobilizing systems for excitatory amino acids in rat cerebellum. AU - Ito, Etsuro. AU - Miyazawa, Atsuo. AU - Takagi, Hiroshi. AU - Yoshioka, Tohru. AU - Horikoshi, Tetsuro. AU - Yanagisawa, Keiji. AU - Nakamura, Takeshi. AU - Kudo, Yoshihisa. AU - Umeda, Masato. AU - Inoue, Keizo. AU - Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko. PY - 1991/8. Y1 - 1991/8. N2 - The postnatal development of calcium-mobilizing systems was studied by both microfluorometric imaging analysis of Ca2+ on living rat cerebellar slices and immunohistochemical labeling of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding protein (IP3BP) in fixed rat cerebellum. Stimulation with quisqualate (QA) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) enhanced the Ca2+ level only diffusely on postnatal day (PND) 3, but more discretely on PNDs 7 and 15. On PND 21, QA-induced responses were localized in the molecular layer especially, but not in the granular layer. By contrast, NMDA ...
https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/developmental-assembly-of-calcium-mobilizing-systems-for-excitato
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In the present study, we provide evidence that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions promote the differentiation of cerebellar granule cells at approximately postnatal day 5 in the early proliferative developmental stages of the mouse cerebellum, while heterophilic trans-interactions of CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, PAI-2, uPA, and uPAR contribute to postproliferative neurite outgrowth and granule cell migration 1-2 d later.. The number of undifferentiated granule cells was increased only when dissociated cells from cerebella of 4- to 5-d-old wild-type mice were cultured on CHL1-Fc substrate, but not on a neutral control substrate, suggesting that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions inhibit or delay differentiation of granule cell precursors before radial glia-guided outside-in migration starts. Increased numbers of differentiated granule neurons in 5-d-old CHL1-deficient cerebella versus wild-type cerebella infer that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions delay the differentiation of granule cell ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/44/14606
Lab-grown human cerebellar cells yield clues to autism | EurekAlert! Science NewsLab-grown human cerebellar cells yield clues to autism | EurekAlert! Science News
Increasing evidence has linked autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with dysfunction of the brains cerebellum, but the details have been unclear. In a new study, researchers at Boston Childrens Hospital used stem cell technology to create cerebellar cells known as Purkinje cells from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic syndrome that often includes ASD-like features.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-02/bch-lhc021618.php
GDF15 regulates Kv2.1-mediated outward K+ current through the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells |...GDF15 regulates Kv2.1-mediated outward K+ current through the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells |...
GDF15, also known as MIC-1, is a novel member of the TGFβ superfamily and is known to plays multiple roles in the processes of neural protection, regeneration and axonal elongation [5,7,9,13,28]. However, the receptor for GDF15 and its downstream effector signalling pathways have been poorly characterized. In the present study, for the first time, we show that GDF15 may activate the TGFβR2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways to increase the IK amplitude, as well as the expression of Kv2.1 in CGNs, which may be associated with a developmental function.. The IK is one of the most ubiquitously expressed voltage-gated K+ channels and plays many diverse physiological roles. Kv2.1 is a major component of the IK in the central nervous system [19]. Previous studies using cultured CGNs showed that enhancement of the IK was associated with the apoptosis, migration or maturation of CGNs, depending on their normal development state or abnormal apoptosis stimulation [14,15]. Indeed, the IK amplitude and ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/460/1/35
Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum. AU - Chandler, Daniel J.. AU - Nicholson, Shevon E.. AU - Zitnik, Gerard. AU - Waterhouse, Barry D.. PY - 2013/1/1. Y1 - 2013/1/1. N2 - Although the presence of norepinephrine (NE) in the mammalian cerebellum was initially controversial, there is now substantial evidence of a role for the NE system in modulating the response properties of individual cerebellar neurons to synaptic inputs rather than transmitting moment-to-moment details of modality specific information. As a result of these cellular actions, the system is capable of regulating cerebellar circuit functions within the context of ongoing voluntary and reflex motor activities and in a manner appropriate to the behavioral state of the organism. The evidence for this mode of operation derives from extensive anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological investigations over a period of more than 40 years. This chapter summarizes those studies and the development ...
https://www.researchwithrowan.com/en/publications/norepinephrine-and-synaptic-transmission-in-the-cerebellum-2
Cerebellar outflow lesions: A comparison of movement deficits resulting from lesions at the levels of the cerebellum and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cerebellar outflow lesions. T2 - A comparison of movement deficits resulting from lesions at the levels of the cerebellum and thalamus. AU - Bastian, A. J.. AU - Thach, W. T.. PY - 1995/12. Y1 - 1995/12. N2 - Previous work has shown that lesions in the lateral cerebellum involving the dentate nucleus impair both reaching and pinching movements in humans and monkeys. This study addressed the question of whether disruption of the cerebellar‐thalamo‐cortical pathway at the level of the thalamus would produce behavioral deficits similar to those seen after dentate damage. We compared the performance of both reaching and pinching movements in patients with lateral cerebellar lesions and in patients with discrete lesions of the ventrolateral thalamus. The patients with thalamic lesions had minimal or no sensory loss and no corticospinal signs, suggesting that the abnormal movements were due to disruption of the cerebellar projection to the thalamus. We found that lesions of the ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cerebellar-outflow-lesions-a-comparison-of-movement-deficits-resu-4
The true distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: Clinical characteristics and strategy for treatment<...The true distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: Clinical characteristics and strategy for treatment<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The true distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. T2 - Clinical characteristics and strategy for treatment. AU - Zhou, Y.. AU - Kato, Y.. AU - Olugbenga, O. T.. AU - Hirotoshi, S.. AU - Karagiozov, K.. AU - Masahiro, O.. AU - Amitendu, S.. AU - Makoto, N.. AU - Tetsuo, K.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - Objective: A series of aneurysms located at the 4th or 5 th segment of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) has not been previously reported in the literature. We report six such cases and analyze their clinical characteristics and outcomes from three different treatment strategies. Material and Methods: We reviewed six patients with a diagnosis of distal PICA aneurysm. The following data were analyzed: age, sex, aneurysm size, Hunt-Hess grade at presentation, angiographic characteristics, and clinical treatment outcome determined by Glascow outcome scores (GOS). Treatments performed included clipping and wrapping, sacrificing the parent arteries of the ...
https://pure.fujita-hu.ac.jp/ja/publications/the-true-distal-posterior-inferior-cerebellar-artery-aneurysm-cli
Cell-type-specific expression of NFIX in the developing and adult cerebellum - UQ eSpace
Transcription factors from the nuclear factor one (NFI) family have been shown to play a central role in regulating neural progenitor cell differentiation within the embryonic and post-natal brain. NFIA and NFIB, for instance, promote the differentiation and functional maturation of granule neurons within the cerebellum. Mice lacking Nfix exhibit delays in the development of neuronal and glial lineages within the cerebellum, but the cell-type-specific expression of this transcription factor remains undefined. Here, we examined the expression of NFIX, together with various cell-type-specific markers, within the developing and adult cerebellum using both chromogenic immunohistochemistry and co-immunofluorescence labelling and confocal microscopy. In embryos, NFIX was expressed by progenitor cells within the rhombic lip and ventricular zone. After birth, progenitor cells within the external granule layer, as well as migrating and mature granule neurons, expressed NFIX. Within the adult cerebellum, ...
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:413918
Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells<...Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells. AU - Nicholls, David. AU - Vesce, Sabino. AU - Kirk, Liana. AU - Chalmers, Susan. PY - 2003/10. Y1 - 2003/10. N2 - The mitochondrion has moved to the center stage in the drama of the life and death of the neuron. The mitochondrial membrane potential controls the ability of the organelle to generate ATP, generate reactive oxygen species and sequester Ca(2+) entering the cell. Each of these processes interact, and their deconvolution is far from trivial. The cultured cerebellar granule cell provides a model in which knowledge gained from studies on isolated mitochondria can be applied to study the role played by the organelles in the maintenance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the cell under resting, stimulated and pathophysiological conditions. In particular, mitochondria play a complex role in the response of the neuron to excitotoxic stimulation of NMDA and AMPA-kainate ...
https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/interactions-between-mitochondrial-bioenergetics-and-cytoplasmic-
Central vestibular system: Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum<...Central vestibular system: Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Central vestibular system. T2 - Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum. AU - Barmack, Neal H.. PY - 2003/6/15. Y1 - 2003/6/15. N2 - The vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum are the destination of vestibular primary afferents and the subject of this review. The vestibular nuclei include four major nuclei (medial, descending, superior and lateral). In addition, smaller vestibular nuclei include: Y-group, parasolitary nucleus, and nucleus intercalatus. Each of the major nuclei can be subdivided further based primarily on cytological and immunohistochemical histological criteria or differences in afferent and/or efferent projections. The primary afferent projections of vestibular end organs are distributed to several ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vestibular nuclei communicate bilaterally through a commissural system that is predominantly inhibitory. Secondary vestibular neurons also receive convergent sensory information from optokinetic circuitry, central visual system ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/central-vestibular-system-vestibular-nuclei-and-posterior-cerebel-2
Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as...Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as...
Article Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as well as a continuous low-dose tritiated water (HTO) exposure. Health and environmental impact of tritium released from...
https://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/ethological-studies-in-swiss-albino-mice-with-special-reference-to-the-histology-of-the-cerebellar-t-428261
고립성 소뇌전엽 충부 경색고립성 소뇌전엽 충부 경색
Our patient with a unilateral infarction restricted to the anterior midline vermis presented with acute non-rotatory dizziness and unsteadiness during gait, and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation showed impaired smooth pursuit and hypometric saccades in the contralesional direction, and disconjugate ocular torsion. This suggests that anterior vermis contributes to ocular motor control as well as posture and gait.. Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum are involved in the generation and coordination of smooth pursuit eye movements. Neuronal signals for smooth pursuit eye movements are initiated in the frontal and parietal eye centers, and then mediated by the pontine nuclei [4]. The pontine nuclei project to the vestibulocerebellum and the cerebellar oculomotor vermis that includes the declive, folium, and tuber (Figure 1F) [4]. The uvula and part of the pyramid are also commonly damaged in patients with deficient gain of the horizontal sinusoidal smooth pursuit eye ...
http://e-rvs.org/journal/view.php?viewtype=pubreader&number=691
Activation of Cerebellar Climbing Fibers Increases Cerebellar Blood Flow | StrokeActivation of Cerebellar Climbing Fibers Increases Cerebellar Blood Flow | Stroke
We have investigated the mechanisms of the increases in BFcrb produced by activation of the CF. The CF provide a strong excitatory synaptic input to the cerebellar Purkinje cells. The CF originate from the contralateral inferior olive, project directly to the cerebellar molecular layer, and make multiple synaptic contacts with Purkinje cell dendrites and molecular layer interneurons.6 Despite the fact that a Purkinje cell receives inputs only from a single CF,6 CF activation produces powerful synaptic responses in Purkinje cell dendrites29 (see reference 30 for a review). CF-induced Purkinje cell discharges are associated with increases in cerebellar glucose utilization.31 We have found that activation of the CF using harmaline elicits profound increases in BFcrb that are independent of changes in arterial pressure and blood gases. The increases in BFcrb are protracted in time and are larger in magnitude than those produced by stimulation of the PF, hypercapnia, or topical application of ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/29/2/499
Vol 9: Restrictive Expression of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 5 Asic5 in Unipolar Brush Cells of the Vestibulocerebellum. - pdf...
Vol 9: Restrictive Expression of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 5 Asic5 in Unipolar Brush Cells of the Vestibulocerebellum.. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun3/149681182321-Vol-9-Restrictive-Expression-of-Acid-Sensing-Ion-Channel-5-Asic5-in-Unipolar-Brush-Cells-of-the-Vestibulocerebellum-Boiko-Nina-Kucher-Volodymyr.php
Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum | eLifeClassical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum | eLife
Climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum encode error signals that instruct learning. Recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that the cerebellum is also involved in the processing of reward. To study how rewarding events are encoded, we recorded the activity of climbing fibers when monkeys were engaged in an eye movement task. At the beginning of each trial, the monkeys were cued to the size of the reward that would be delivered upon successful completion of the trial. Climbing fiber activity increased when the monkeys were presented with a cue indicating a large reward, but not a small reward. Reward size did not modulate activity at reward delivery or during eye movements. Comparison between climbing fiber and simple spike activity indicated different interactions for coding of movement and reward. These results indicate that climbing fibers encode the expected reward size and suggest a general role of the cerebellum in associative learning beyond error correction.. ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/46764v1
Unipolar brush cell | World eBook Library | Read eBooks onlineUnipolar brush cell | World eBook Library | Read eBooks online
Unipolar brush cell: | | | |Unipolar brush cell| | | | | ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled.
http://ebook.worldlibrary.net/articles/eng/Unipolar_brush_cell
Maintenance of Wnt-3 expression in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum depends on interactions with granule cells. | The...Maintenance of Wnt-3 expression in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum depends on interactions with granule cells. | The...
Wnt genes encode secreted proteins implicated in cell fate changes during development. To define specific cell populations in which Wnt genes act, we have examined Wnt expression in the cerebellum. This part of the brain has a relatively simple structure and contains well-characterized cell populations. We found that Wnt-3 is expressed during development of the cerebellum and that expression is restricted to the Purkinje cell layer in the adult. Wnt-3 expression in Purkinje cells increases postnatally as granule cells start to make contacts with Purkinje cells. To investigate whether interactions with granule cells influence Wnt-3 expression in Purkinje cells, we examined gene expression in several mouse mutants, using the expression of En-2 to follow the fate of granule cells. In the weaver mutant, in which granule cells fail to migrate and subsequently die in the external granular layer, Wnt-3 expression was normal at postnatal day 15 (P15). At that time, some granule cells are still present ...
https://web.stanford.edu/group/nusselab/cgi-bin/lab/node/217
Neuroprotective effects of PACAP against ethanol-induced toxicity in the developing rat cerebellum. - Inserm
The developing rat cerebellum is particularly sensitive to alcohol at the end of the first postnatal week, a period of intense neurogenesis. The neuropeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has previously been shown to prevent the death of cultured neurons in vitro. We have thus investigated the capacity of PACAP to counteract ethanol toxicity in 8-day-old rats. Behavioral studies revealed that PACAP reduces the deleterious action of alcohol in the negative geotaxis test. Administration of ethanol induced a transient increase of the expression of pro-apoptotic genes including c-jun or caspase-3 , which could be partially blocked by PACAP. Alcohol inhibited the expression of the α6 GABA ( A ) subunit while PACAP increased neuroD2 mRNA level, two markers of neuronal differentiation. Although gene regulations occurred rapidly, a third injection of ethanol was required to strongly reduce the number of granule cells in the internal granule cell layer, an effect which was totally
https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00746164
Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. AU - Lindholm, D.. AU - Castren, E.. AU - Tsoulfas, P.. AU - Kolbeck, R.. AU - Berzaghi, M. D.P.. AU - Leingartner, A.. AU - Heisenberg, C. P.. AU - Tesarollo, L.. AU - Parada, L. F.. AU - Thoenen, H.. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. N2 - Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, but the mechanism(s) by which triiodothyronine (T3) mediates neuronal differentiation is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that T3 regulates the neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in developing rat cerebellar granule cells both in cell culture and in vivo. In situ hybridization experiments showed that developing Purkinje cells do not express NT-3 mRNA but do express trkC, the putative neuronal receptor for NT-3. Addition of recombinant NT-3 to cerebellar cultures from embryonic rat brain induces hypertrophy and neurite sprouting of Purkinje cells, and upregulates the ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neurotrophin-3-induced-by-tri-iodothyronine-in-cerebellar-granule
LM of Purkinje cells of human cerebellum - Stock Image P360/0069 - Science Photo LibraryLM of Purkinje cells of human cerebellum - Stock Image P360/0069 - Science Photo Library
Light micrograph of the human cerebellum, the hindbrain, showing (at bottom) a row of large, flask-like Purkinje cells, which are among the largest nerve cells in the body. The long dendrites from the Purkinje cells extend into all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. The cerebellum receives input from areas of the brain responsible for initiating movement, & from the bodys sense receptors. The mechanisms by which its cells integrate motor & sensory information to coordinate fine movement are obscure. Magnification: x500 at 35mm size. - Stock Image P360/0069
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/307469/view
Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses in the normal and epileptic rat dentate gyrus studied with minimal laser photostimulationMossy fiber-granule cell synapses in the normal and epileptic rat dentate gyrus studied with minimal laser photostimulation
Dentate granule cells become synaptically interconnected in the hippocampus of persons with temporal lobe epilepsy, forming a recurrent mossy fiber pathway. This pathway may contribute to the development and propagation of seizures. The physiology of mossy fiber-granule cell synapses is difficult to …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10515977/?dopt=Abstract
No evidence for oxidative stress in the cerebellar tissues or cells of juvenile male mice exposed via lactation to the 6 non...No evidence for oxidative stress in the cerebellar tissues or cells of juvenile male mice exposed via lactation to the 6 non...
The developing central nervous system is particularly vulnerable to environmental contaminants such as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs). This study investigated the potential oxidative effects in mice pups exposed via lactation to the sum of the six indicator NDL-PCBs (Sigma 6 NDL-PCBs) at 0,1, 10 and 100 ng/kg per 14 days, constituting levels below the guidance values fixed by French food safety agencies for humans at 10 ng/kg body weight per day. For this purpose, the oxidative status was assessed by flow cytometry via dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate in the cerebellum of juvenile male offspring mice during brain growth spurt [postnatal day (PND) 14]. No significant differences were found in the levels of reactive oxygen species in the cerebellar neurons or glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) of lactationally exposed male mice at PND 14 (p | 0.05). Concordantly, oxidative-stress related gene expression was measured by qPCR for catalase, copper zinc
https://hal.inrae.fr/view/index/identifiant/hal-01575597
Plus itPlus it
In Ptch+/−-driven mouse models for medulloblastoma, all mice show aberrant proliferation of cerebellar granule cell precursors, but only some develop advanced medulloblastoma. Tamayo-Orego and colleagues studied P7 external granule layer, preneoplastic lesions, and advanced medulloblastoma, and found high levels of p16Ink4a (CDKN2A) and p21 (CDKN1A) only in the preneoplastic lesions. A third of advanced medulloblastoma harbored p53 mutations, which they could replicate in other SHH models of medulloblastoma. By laser microdissection over time, Ptch1 loss of heterozygosity was the first event in preneoplastic lesions, followed by p53 mutations. In samples without p53 mutations, 60% harbored p16ink4a inactivation. They confirmed similar inactivation of p16INK4A (CDKN2A) in human SHH medulloblastoma. This study provides developmental insights into evasion of oncogene-induced senescence in advanced medulloblastoma.. Tamayo-Orrego L, Wu CL, Bouchard N, Khedher A, Swikert SM, Remke M, et al. Evasion ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/76/11/3113
Deregulated expression of PAX5 in medulloblastoma | PNASDeregulated expression of PAX5 in medulloblastoma | PNAS
Medulloblatoma is a pediatric brain tumor originating in the human cerebellum. A collection of 23 medulloblastomas was analyzed for expression of the developmental control genes of the PAX and EN gene families by RNase protection and in situ hybridization. Of all nine PAX genes investigated, only PAX5 and PAX6 were consistently expressed in most medulloblastomas (70 and 78% of all cases, respectively), as were the genes EN1 (57%) and EN2 (78%). EN1, EN2, and PAX6 genes were also expressed in normal cerebellar tissue, and their expression in medulloblastoma is consistent with the hypothesis that this tumor originates in the external granular layer of the developing cerebellum. PAX5 transcripts were, however, not detected in the neonatal cerebellum, indicating that this gene is deregulated in medulloblastoma. In the desmoplastic variant of medulloblastoma, PAX5 expression was restricted to the reticulin-producing proliferating tumor areas containing undifferentiated cells; PAX5 was not expressed ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/92/12/5709
CXCL3 - WikipediaCXCL3 - Wikipedia
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates its effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. More recently, it has been shown that Cxcl3 regulates cell autonomously the migration of the precursors of cerebellar granule neurons toward the internal layers of cerebellum, during the morphogenesis of cerebellum. Moreover, if the expression of Cxcl3 is reduced in cerebellar granule neuron precursors, this highly enhances the frequency of the medulloblastoma, the tumor of cerebellum. In fact, the reduced expression of Cxcl3 forces the cerebellar granule neuron precursors to remain at the surface of the cerebellum, where they highly proliferate under the stimulus of Sonic hedgehog, becoming target of transforming ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL3
Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and rat cerebellar granule neurons. AU - Masuda, Kumiko. AU - Tsutsuki, Hiroyasu. AU - Kasamatsu, Shingo. AU - Ida, Tomoaki. AU - Takata, Tsuyoshi. AU - Sugiura, Kikuya. AU - Nishida, Motohiro. AU - Watanabe, Yasuo. AU - Sawa, Tomohiro. AU - Akaike, Takaaki. AU - Ihara, Hideshi. PY - 2018/1/15. Y1 - 2018/1/15. N2 - To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) redox signaling in Parkinsons disease-like neurotoxicity, we used 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment (a model of Parkinsons disease). We show that MPP+-induced neurotoxicity was dependent on ROS from neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in nNOS-expressing PC12 cells (NPC12 cells) and rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Following MPP+ treatment, we found production of 8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), a ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/involvement-of-nitric-oxidereactive-oxygen-species-signaling-via-
Motor learning and long-term plasticity of parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses require post-synaptic Cdk5/p35 - Molnár - 2014...Motor learning and long-term plasticity of parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses require post-synaptic Cdk5/p35 - Molnár - 2014...
Kumazawa A., Mita N., Hirasawa M., Adachi T., Suzuki H., Shafeghat N., Kulkarni A. B., Mikoshiba K., Inoue T. and Ohshima T. (2013) Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is required for normal cerebellar development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 52, 97-105 ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jnc.12788/references
Publications - Institute for Bioengineering of CataloniaPublications - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia
Cannabis is the most used illicit substance in the world. As many countries are moving towards decriminalization, it is crucial to determine whether and how cannabis use affects human brain and behavior. The role of the cerebellum in cognition, emotion, learning, and addiction is increasingly recognized. Because of its high density in CB1 receptors, it is expected to be highly affected by cannabis use. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate how cannabis use affects cerebellar structure and function, as well as cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. Three databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published until March 2018. We included studies that focused on cannabis effects on cerebellar structure, function, or cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. A total of 348 unique records were screened, and 40 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most consistent findings include (1) increases in cerebellar gray matter volume after chronic cannabis use, (2) ...
https://ibecbarcelona.eu/for-researchers/publications/Cognitive+function/
Difference between revisions of Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog - Embryology
Bergmann glial Sonic hedgehog signaling activity is required for proper cerebellar cortical expansion and architecture[8] Neuronal-glial relationships play a critical role in the maintenance of central nervous system architecture and neuronal specification. A deeper understanding of these relationships can elucidate cellular cross-talk capable of sustaining proper development of neural tissues. In the cerebellum, cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) proliferate in response to Purkinje neuron-derived Sonic hedgehog (Shh) before ultimately exiting the cell cycle and migrating radially along Bergmann glial fibers. However, the function of Bergmann glia in CGNP proliferation remains not well defined. Interestingly, the Hh pathway is also activated in Bergmann glia, but the role of Shh signaling in these cells is unknown. In this study, we show that specific ablation of Shh signaling using the tamoxifen-inducible TNCYFP-CreER line to eliminate Shh pathway activator Smoothened in Bergmann ...
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Developmental_Signals_-_Sonic_hedgehog&curid=1555&diff=0&oldid=418730
Chapter 5. Incoordination and Other Disorders of Cerebellar Function | Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology, 9e |...Chapter 5. Incoordination and Other Disorders of Cerebellar Function | Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology, 9e |...
The cerebellum, principally a motor organ, is responsible for the coordination of movements, especially skilled voluntary ones, the control of posture and gait, and the regulation of muscular tone. In the last decade it has come to be appreciated that the cerebellum may play a role in the modulation of the emotional state and some aspects of cognition. The mechanisms by which these functions are accomplished have been the subject of intense investigation by anatomists and physiologists. Their studies have yielded a mass of data, testimony to the complexity of the organization of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. A coherent picture of cerebellar function is now emerging, although it is not yet possible, with a few notable exceptions, to relate each of the symptoms of cerebellar disease to a derangement of a discrete anatomic or functional unit of the cerebellum. ...
http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=354§ionid=40236309
Purkinje cells - Dwight Bergles LaboratoryPurkinje cells - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Purkinje cells in the mammalian cerebellum are remarkably homogeneous in shape and orientation, yet they exhibit regional differences in gene expression. Purkinje cells that express high levels of zebrin II (aldolase C) and the glutamate transporter EAAT4 cluster in parasagittal zones that receive input from distinct groups of climbing fibers (CFs); however, the physiological properties of CFs that target these molecularly distinct Purkinje cells have not been determined. Here we report that CFs that innervate Purkinje cells in zebrin II-immunoreactive (Z(+)) zones release more glutamate per action potential than CFs in Z(-) zones. CF terminals in Z(+) zones had larger pools of release-ready vesicles, exhibited enhanced multivesicular release, and produced larger synaptic glutamate transients. As a result, CF-mediated EPSCs in Purkinje cells decayed more slowly in Z(+) zones, which triggered longer-duration complex spikes containing a greater number of spikelets. The differences in the duration ...
http://bergleslab.com/index.php/tag/purkinje-cells/
The cerebellum of the brain. - Health Tips
Cora cerebellum is divided into three layers.The inner layer, granular, made of 5 x 1010 small, tightly connected cells in the form of granules.The middle layer, Purkinje cell layer is composed of a large number of single cells.The outer layer, the molecular made of axons and dendrites of the granule cells of Purkinje cells and several other cell types.Purkinje cell layer forms the border between granular and molecular layers.. granule cells. Very small, densely packed neurons.Cerebellar granule cells make up more than half the neurons throughout the brain.These cells receive information from mossy fibers and project it to the Purkinje cells.. Purkinje cells. They are one of the most prominent types of cells in the mammalian brain.Their dendrites form a big fan of finely branched processes.Notably, this almost two-dimensional dendritic tree.In addition, all oriented parallel to Purkinje cells.This arrangement has important functional considerations.. other cell types. In addition to the main ...
http://healthtipsing.com/en/pages/69151
Regulation of glutamate-synthesizing enzymes by NMDA and potassium in cerebellar granule cellsRegulation of glutamate-synthesizing enzymes by NMDA and potassium in cerebellar granule cells
The presence of 25 mm potassium (KCl) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) induces a trophic effect, including a specific regulation of the enzymes involved in the glutamate neurotransmitter synthesis. In this study we explored the effect of these conditions on the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), and phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) in CGN. We found that NMDA and KCl increased the AAT total activity by 40% and 70%, respectively This effect was mediated by an augmentation in the protein levels (68% by NMDA, 58% by KCl). NMDA raised the V-max and KCl raised both the maximol velocity (V-max) and Michaelis constant (K-m) of AAT. NMDA increased cytosolic AAT activity by 30% and mitochondrial activity by 70%; KCl increased cytosolic and mitochondrial AAT activity by 60% and 100%, respectively This activation was also related to an increase in the protein levels. The effect of both conditions on the activity and ...
http://www.ifc.unam.mx/publications/regulation-of-glutamate-synthesizing-enzymes-by-nmda-and-potassium-in-cerebellar-granule-cells
Plus itPlus it
Anticonvulsants can increase a risk of developing neurotoxicity in infants; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. Thyroxine (T4) plays crucial roles in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we hypothesized that induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A1 (UGT1A1) - an enzyme involved in the metabolism of T4 - by anticonvulsants would reduce serum T4 levels and cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. An exposure of mice to phenytoin during both prenatal and postnatal period significantly induced UGT1A1 and decreased serum T4 levels on postnatal day 14. In the phenytoin-treated mice, the mRNA levels of synaptophysin and synapsin I in hippocampus were lower than those in the control mice. The thickness of external granule cell layer was greater in PHT treated mice, indicating that induction of UGT1A1 during perinatal period caused neurodevelopmental disorders. The exposure to phenytoin during only the postnatal period also caused these ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2016/07/13/mol.116.104174
Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell activity as the cause of motor attacks in a mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2 | Disease...Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell activity as the cause of motor attacks in a mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2 | Disease...
The data presented here support the hypothesis that highly erratic activity of Purkinje cells during caffeine-induced attacks is the cause of motor abnormalities in tottering mice. This is in agreement with earlier studies that have shown that Purkinje cells are sufficient, and required, for the initiation of attacks in this mouse model (Campbell et al., 1999; Mark et al., 2011; Raike et al., 2013a), and extend them by revealing a tight correlation between the extent to which the activity of Purkinje cells is erratic with the severity of the motor abnormalities. Because a significant amount of sensory information converges on the cerebellum, one might consider the alternative hypothesis that the erratic activity of Purkinje cells in the tottering mice during the attacks simply reflects the abnormal sensory input caused by the signs. Three sets of observations make this unlikely and support the working hypothesis that the erratic activity of Purkinje cells causes the abnormal motor signs. The ...
https://dmm.biologists.org/content/11/9/dmm034181.full
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary...Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary...
Background: Primary craniocervical dystonia (CCD) is generally attributed to functional abnormalities in the cortico striato pallido thalamocortical loops, but cerebellar pathways have also been implicated in neuroimaging studies. Hence, our purpose was to perform a volumetric evaluation of the infratentorial structures in CCD. Methods: We compared 35 DYT1/DYT6 negative patients with CCD and 35 healthy controls. Cerebellar volume was evaluated using manual volumetry (DISPLAY software) and infratentorial volume by voxel based morphometry of gray matter (GM) segments derived from T1 weighted 3 T MRI using the SUIT tool (SPM8/Dartel). We used t-tests to compare infratentorial volumes between groups. Results: Cerebellar volume was (1.14 +/- 0.17) x 10(2) cm(3) for controls and (1.13 +/- 0.14) x 10(2) cm(3) for patients; p = 0.74. VBM demonstrated GM increase in the left I IV cerebellar lobules and GM decrease in the left lobules VI and Crus I and in the right lobules VI, Crus I and VIIIb. In a ...
http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/80551
D-Amino acid oxidase knockdown in the mouse cerebellum reduces NR2A mRNA - Department of Paediatrics
Virus mediated RNA-interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach to study genes in vivo. Here we report a method using lentivirus-delivered RNAi to knockdown the glial enzyme, d-amino acid oxidase (DAO), in the mouse cerebellum. After initial characterisation in vitro, we achieved a 40-50% reduction of DAO mRNA in the cerebellum 7 and 28. days after a single injection of lentivirus encoding a DAO-specific, short-hairpin RNA. Injections also decreased DAO immunoreactivity (-33%). The major substrate for DAO is d-serine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist. Thus, we also measured whether DAO knockdown impacted on d-serine, or expression of NMDAR subunits, and found that DAO RNAi led to increased cerebellar d-serine levels (+. 77%), and decreased NMDAR subunit NR2A mRNA (-22%), but did not affect NR1 or NR2C mRNAs. These data demonstrate the utility of lentiviruses to deliver RNAi to glial cells within the cerebellum, and confirm the role of DAO in d-serine metabolism. They also provide a tool
https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/112651
Calcium-permeable ion channels in cerebellar neurons from mdx mice | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...Calcium-permeable ion channels in cerebellar neurons from mdx mice | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...
Recordings of single-channel activity were made from cell-attached patches on cerebellar granule cells from normal and mdx mice. Recordings from mdx granule cells show the activity of ion channels that are open for seconds at negative holding potentials near rest. These channels are permeable to divalent cations and have a conductance of 8-10 pS with either Ca2+ or Ba2+ as the charge carrier in the patch electrode. Under similar recording conditions, channel activity is virtually absent from normal mouse granule cells. The absence of dystrophin in neurons, as well as in skeletal muscle, is associated with an increase in the activity of Ca2+-permeable ion channels. Increased channel activity may be an early event leading to pathophysiological accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ...
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/244/1311/185
Plus itPlus it
We have studied the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mRNA by Northern blot analysis with a specific cDNA probe (the pmGR1 probe). In 1-day-old rats, the steady state levels of mRNA were higher in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb, with intermediate levels in the cerebellum and low levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex, the expression of mGluR mRNA remained constant at 8 and 30 days of postnatal life. In contrast, in the cerebellum and hippocampus, mRNA levels increased progressively with age. There was no correlation between levels of mGluR mRNA and stimulation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis by 1-aminocyclopentane-1S,3R-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), which was much greater in brain slices from 8-day-old rats and was nearly absent in the adult cerebellum and olfactory bulb, where we have found the highest levels of mRNA. In addition, mGluR mRNA was detectable in cultured cerebellar granule cells but not ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/41/4/660
Dictionary - Normal: Cerebellum - The Human Protein AtlasDictionary - Normal: Cerebellum - The Human Protein Atlas
The cerebellum has two hemispheres and a folded cortical surface. It is attached to the brain stem where all the communication in and out of cerebellum goes through. The surface of the cerebellum is tightly folded which makes it look somewhat different compared to the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum is evolutionally the oldest part of the human brain, but is not specific for humans, and can be found in other species. One of its main functions is to control movement and coordination when receiving sensory input from the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. However, it does not execute movements but it does finetune and coordinate movement and posture. When the cerebellum is damaged it can alter movement patterns and cause symptoms such as walking irregularities, force and speed defects and balancing.. The cerebellar cortex includes three layers:. The molecular layer, containing neurons, glial cells, neuropil and dendrites. The Purkinje layer, containing purkinje cells, ...
https://www.proteinatlas.org/learn/dictionary/normal/cerebellum
Granule Cells (Development)
The granule cells in the dentate gyrus are distinguished by their late time of formation during brain development. In rats, approximately 85% of the granule cells are generated after birth. In humans, it is estimated that granule cells begin to be generated during gestation weeks 10.5 to 11, and continue being generated during the second and third trimesters, after birth and all the way into adulthood. The germinal sources of granule cells and their migration pathways have been studied during rat brain development. The oldest granule cells are generated in a specific region of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and migrate into the primordial dentate gyrus around embryonic days (E) 17/18, and then settle as the outermost cells in the forming granular layer. Next, dentate precursor cells move out of this same area of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and, retaining their mitotic capacity, invade the hilus (core) of the forming dentate gyrus. This dispersed germinal matrix is the source of granule ...
http://science-naturalphenomena.blogspot.com/2011/02/granule-cells-development.html
Cerebellar artery - definition of cerebellar artery by The Free DictionaryCerebellar artery - definition of cerebellar artery by The Free Dictionary
Define cerebellar artery. cerebellar artery synonyms, cerebellar artery pronunciation, cerebellar artery translation, English dictionary definition of cerebellar artery. Noun 1. cerebellar artery - an artery that supplies the cerebellum arteria cerebelli arteria, arterial blood vessel, artery - a blood vessel that carries...
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/cerebellar+artery
Arteria superior cerebelli synonyms, arteria superior cerebelli antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comArteria superior cerebelli synonyms, arteria superior cerebelli antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for arteria superior cerebelli in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for arteria superior cerebelli. 2 words related to superior cerebellar artery: arteria cerebelli, cerebellar artery. What are synonyms for arteria superior cerebelli?
http://www.freethesaurus.com/arteria+superior+cerebelli
Chondroitin-4-sulfation negatively regulates axonal guidance and growth | Journal of Cell ScienceChondroitin-4-sulfation negatively regulates axonal guidance and growth | Journal of Cell Science
We performed axonal guidance spot assays (Meiners et al., 1999) to determine the behavior of axons as they encounter immobilized CSPGs. Axonal behavior of cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) was analyzed near a defined region of chicken CSPGs immobilized onto poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated coverslips. As observed previously (Laabs et al., 2007), most axons were deflected and few crossed onto the CSPG-rich area of the coverslip (Fig. 1A). Time-lapse imaging with adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons showed that filopodia dynamically sampled the CSPG spot (red), and that the growing axons turned at the interface between PLL and CSPG, and continued to extend along the interface, which is in contrast to growth cone collapse (Supplemental material Movie 1). Removal of the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains by cABC abolished this negative axonal guidance cue, indicating that the repellant activity of CSPGs is specifically mediated by the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains (Fig. 1B).. We examined ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/121/18/3083
The rate of visuomotor adaptation correlates with cerebellar white-matter microstructure. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...
Convergent experimental evidence points to the cerebellum as a key neural structure mediating adaptation to visual and proprioceptive perturbations. In a previous study, we have shown that activity in the anterior cerebellum varies with the rate of learning, with fast learners exhibiting more activity in this region than slow learners. Here, we investigated whether this variability in behavior may partly reflect inter-individual differences in the structural properties of cerebellar white-matter output tracts. For this purpose, we used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to estimate fractional anisotropy (FA), and correlated the FA with the rate of adaptation to an optical rotation in 11 subjects. We found that FA in a region consistent with the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), containing fibers connecting the cerebellar cortex with motor and premotor cortex, was positively correlated with the rate of adaptation but not with the general level of performance or the initial deviation. The
https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/publications/240927
The spatiotemporal organization of cerebellar network activity resolved by two-photon imaging of multiple single neurons | IRIS...The spatiotemporal organization of cerebellar network activity resolved by two-photon imaging of multiple single neurons | IRIS...
In order to investigate the spatiotemporal organization of neuronal activity in local microcircuits, techniques allowing the simultaneous recording from multiple single neurons are required. To this end, we implemented an advanced spatial-light modulator two-photon microscope (SLM-2PM). A critical issue for cerebellar theory is the organization of granular layer activity in the cerebellum, which has been predicted by single-cell recordings and computational models. With SLM-2PM, calcium signals could be recorded from different network elements in acute cerebellar slices including granule cells (GrCs), Purkinje cells (PCs) and molecular layer interneurons. By combining WCRs with SLM-2PM, the spike/calcium relationship in GrCs and PCs could be extrapolated toward the detection of single spikes. The SLM-2PM technique made it possible to monitor activity of over tens to hundreds neurons simultaneously. GrC activity depended on the number of spikes in the input mossy fiber bursts. PC and molecular ...
https://iris.unipv.it/handle/11571/862637
Simulations of a Reconstructed Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Based on Simplified Channel Kinetics | MIT CogNetSimulations of a Reconstructed Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Based on Simplified Channel Kinetics | MIT CogNet
When cerebellar Purkinje cells are depolarized with a constant current pulse injected at the soma, complex spike discharge patterns are observed (Llinas and Sugimori 1980b). A computer model has been constructed to analyze how the Purkinje cell ionic conductance identified to date interact to produce the observed firing behavior. The kinetics of voltage-dependent conductance used in the model were significantly simpler than Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics, which have many parameters that must be experimentally determined. Our simplified scheme was able to reproduce the complex nonlinear responses found in real Purkinje cells. A similar approach could be used to study the wide variety of neurons found in different brain regions.. ...
http://cognet.mit.edu/journal/10.1162/neco.1991.3.3.321
CerebellumCerebellum
Most vertebrate species have a cerebellum and one or more cerebellum-like structures, brain areas that resemble the cerebellum ... 2016 Cerebellum histology images The Cerebellum - Journal (Springer Nature) Cerebellum and Ataxias - Journal (BioMed Central) ( ... The human cerebellum changes with age. These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain. The cerebellum is the ... Damage to the cerebellum often causes motor-related symptoms, the details of which depend on the part of the cerebellum ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum
Bulbophyllum cerebellumBulbophyllum cerebellum
... is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbophyllum_cerebellum
Glomerulus (cerebellum)Glomerulus (cerebellum)
The cerebellar glomeruli are the first "processing station" for afferent nerve fibers entering the cerebellum. Input comes from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(cerebellum)
Culmen (cerebellum)Culmen (cerebellum)
Cerebellum. Superior surface. Cerebellum. Superior surface. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 789 ... The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum. The culmen and the anterior ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culmen_(cerebellum)
The CerebellumThe Cerebellum
... is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal founded in 2002. It is published by Springer Science+Business ... It is entirely devoted to research about the cerebellum and its roles in ataxias and other disorders. The journal is abstracted ... "The Cerebellum". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021. Official website ( ... Media on behalf of the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cerebellum
Lingula of cerebellumLingula of cerebellum
Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 789 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingula_of_cerebellum
Mossy fiber (cerebellum)Mossy fiber (cerebellum)
Axons enter the cerebellum via the middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles, where some branch to make contact with deep ... Mossy fibers are one of the major inputs to cerebellum. There are many sources of this pathway, the largest of which is the ... They ascend into the white matter of the cerebellum, where each axon branches to innervate granule cells in several cerebellar ... cerebral cortex, which sends input to the cerebellum via the pontocerebellar pathway. Other contributors include the vestibular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)
Vallecula of cerebellumVallecula of cerebellum
On the inferior aspect of cerebellum, the vermis protrudes above the level of the hemispheres, but on the inferior surface it ... this depression is called the vallecula of the cerebellum, and lodges the posterior part of the medulla oblongata and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum
White cerebellum signWhite cerebellum sign
The white cerebellum sign, also known as reversal sign or dense cerebellum sign, is a radiological sign denoting the relatively ... White cerebellum sign can be associated with raised intracranial pressure that occurs due to anoxic or ischemic changes in the ... "White cerebellum sign , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-26. v t e (Orphaned ... Chalela, JA; Rothlisberger, J; West, B; Hays, A (June 2013). "The white cerebellum sign: an under recognized sign of increased ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_cerebellum_sign
Uvula of cerebellumUvula of cerebellum
Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. This article incorporates text in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvula_of_cerebellum
Posterior lobe of cerebellumPosterior lobe of cerebellum
The posterior lobe of cerebellum or neocerebellum, is the portion of the cerebellum below the primary fissure. The posterior ... the posterior lobe of cerebellum is called the neocerebellum since phylogenetically it is the newest part of the cerebellum. It ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Posterior lobe of cerebellum. Atlas image: n2a7p4 at the University of Michigan Health ... Patestas & Gartner 2016, p. 87) "The Cerebellum". Siegel, Allan Siegel, Hreday N. Sapru; case histories written by Heidi E. ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_lobe_of_cerebellum
Horizontal fissure of cerebellumHorizontal fissure of cerebellum
Upper surface of the cerebellum. Sagittal section of the cerebellum, near the junction of the vermis with the hemisphere. This ... The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal fissure (or horizontal sulcus). It commences in front ... and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion. Animation. Horizontal fissure lined in red. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horizontal fissure of cerebellum. NIF Search - Horizontal Fissure via the Neuroscience ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum
Anterior lobe of cerebellumAnterior lobe of cerebellum
"The Cerebellum". "utah.edu". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anterior lobe of cerebellum. Atlas image: n2a7p4 at the ... The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. Inputs ... into the anterior lobe of the cerebellum are mainly from the spinal cord. It is sometimes equated to the "paleocerebellum". ... University of Michigan Health System NIF Search - Anterior Lobe of the Cerebellum[permanent dead link] via the Neuroscience ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum
Primary fissure of cerebellumPrimary fissure of cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebellum This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 789 of the 20th edition of Gray's ... The monticulus of the cerebellum is divided by the primary fissure (or preclival fissure) into an anterior, raised part, the ... Anatomy (1918) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Primary fissure of cerebellum. https://web.archive.org/web/20080614064333 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_fissure_of_cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebellumAnatomy of the cerebellum
In the cerebellum, the PICA supplies blood to the posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum, the inferior cerebellar ... The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of gross anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a ... The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain, with the large mass of the cerebral cortex above it and the portion of the ... The human cerebellum contains on the order of 60 to 80 billion granule cells, making this single cell type by far the most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum
Central lobuleCentral lobule
Cerebellum. Superior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. This ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_lobule
AtaxiaAtaxia
The term cerebellar ataxia is used to indicate ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for ... Indeed, an ouabain block of Na+ -K+ pumps in the cerebellum of a live mouse results in it displaying ataxia and dystonia. ... An MRI can sometimes show shrinkage of the cerebellum and other brain structures in people with ataxia. It may also show other ... The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to autoimmune disorders. Cerebellar circuitry has capacities to compensate and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia
Essential tremorEssential tremor
Changes in the cerebellum could also be mediated by alcoholic beverage consumption. Purkinje cells are especially susceptible ... In terms of pathophysiology, clinical, physiological and imaging studies point to an involvement of the cerebellum and/or ... Miwa H (2007). "Rodent models of tremor". Cerebellum. 6 (1): 66-72. doi:10.1080/14734220601016080. PMID 17366267. S2CID ... gene and GABA receptors in the cerebellum of people with essential tremor. HAPT1 mutations have also been linked to ET, as well ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_tremor
GRID2GRID2
GluD2-containing receptors are selectively/predominantly expressed in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum where they play a key ... Cerebellum. 11 (1): 78-84. doi:10.1007/s12311-010-0186-5. PMID 20535596. S2CID 16612844. Kakegawa W, Miyazaki T, Emi K, Matsuda ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRID2
Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)
Development of the cerebellum starts in a fetus in utero and, depending on the species, may continue for some period after ... The cerebellum is the brain's main control center for planning, adjusting, and executing movements of the body, the limbs and ... In utero, the virus can pass from the dam to the developing fetus and may then disrupt the development of its cerebellum by ... "Neural - Cerebellum Development". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Glickstein M (October 2007). "What does the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_hypoplasia_(non-human)
Eric CourchesneEric Courchesne
Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. Cerebellum. Sep 2012;11(3):777-807. Zimmer, Carl. "The Brain: ... demonstrating that autism involves developmental brain defects in the cerebellum and is definitively a neural biological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Courchesne
Cerebellar agenesisCerebellar agenesis
... is a rare condition in which a brain develops without the cerebellum. The cerebellum controls smooth ... Schmahmann JD, Weilburg JB, Sherman JC (2007). "The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum - insights from the clinic". Cerebellum. ... Agenesis of one half or another part of the cerebellum is more common than complete agenesis. Cerebellar agenesis can be caused ... The condition is not fatal on its own, but people born without a cerebellum experience severe developmental delays, language ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_agenesis
Nodule of vermisNodule of vermis
Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Atlas image: n2a7p4 at the University ... It is semilunar in form, its convex border being continuous with the white substance of the cerebellum; it extends on either ... and can only be distinctly seen after the cerebellum has been separated from the medulla oblongata and pons. On either side of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodule_of_vermis
Rubicon (protein)Rubicon (protein)
Cerebellum. 12 (6): 835-840. doi:10.1007/s12311-013-0489-4. PMID 23728897. S2CID 12372770. (Articles with short description, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon_(protein)
Granule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapseGranule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapse
Granule-cell to Purkinje-cell synapses or gcPc synapses are the junctions that form the synapse in the cerebellum between ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule-cell–Purkinje-cell_synapse
Biventer lobuleBiventer lobule
The biventer lobule (or biventral lobule) is a region of the cerebellum. It is triangular in shape; its apex points backward, ... This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 790 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Cerebellum. ... Cerebellum. Inferior surface. Cerebellum. Inferior surface. http://anatomia.wum.edu.pl/atlas/image_08e.htm Portal: Anatomy v t ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biventer_lobule
FMR1FMR1
Huber KM (April 2006). "The fragile X-cerebellum connection". Trends in Neurosciences. 29 (4): 183-5. doi:10.1016/j.tins. ... Cerebellum. 15 (5): 543-5. doi:10.1007/s12311-016-0808-7. PMID 27338822. S2CID 16002209. Antar LN, Dictenberg JB, Plociniak M, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMR1
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
Makoff AJ, Phillips T, Pilling C, Emson P (1997). "Expression of a novel splice variant of human mGluR1 in the cerebellum". ... Mitoma H, Honnorat J, Yamaguchi K, Manto M (March 2021). "LTDpathies: a novel clinical concept". Cerebellum. 20 (6): 948-951. ... Antibodies against mGluR1 receptors cause cerebellar ataxia and impair long-term depression (LTDpathies) in the cerebellum. In ... "Expression of a novel splice variant of human mGluR1 in the cerebellum". NeuroReport. 8 (13): 2943-7. doi:10.1097/00001756- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1
S100BS100B
Cerebellum. 8 (3): 231-44. doi:10.1007/s12311-009-0125-5. PMC 3351107. PMID 19593677. Mbele GO, Deloulme JC, Gentil BJ, Delphin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100B
Gap-43 proteinGap-43 protein
As a consequence, in the cerebellum, the neuronal precursor pool fails to expand normally and the cerebellum is significantly ... The cerebellum is also affected. GAP43 is also haploinsufficient for the cortical phenotypes and the severity of the axon ... Cerebellum. 7 (3): 451-66. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0049-5. PMC 4164963. PMID 18777197. Routtenberg A, Cantallops I, Zaffuto S, ... "Both cell-autonomous and cell non-autonomous functions of GAP-43 are required for normal patterning of the cerebellum in vivo ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap-43_protein
Cerebellum - function: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia ImageCerebellum - function: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image
The cerebellum processes input from other areas of the brain, spinal cord and sensory receptors to provide precise timing for ... The cerebellum processes input from other areas of the brain, spinal cord and sensory receptors to provide precise timing for ... A stroke affecting the cerebellum may cause dizziness, nausea, balance and coordination problems. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/18008.htm
Internal models in the cerebellumInternal models in the cerebellum
This review will focus on the possibility that the cerebellum contains an internal model or models of the motor apparatus. ... Internal models in the cerebellum Trends Cogn Sci. 1998 Sep 1;2(9):338-47. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01221-2. ... This review will focus on the possibility that the cerebellum contains an internal model or models of the motor apparatus. ... Secondly, we review the evidence that the cerebellum generates predictions using such a forward model. Finally, we review a ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21227230/?dopt=Abstract
Cerebellum - Single by Avintaquin | SpotifyCerebellum - Single by Avintaquin | Spotify
Listen to Cerebellum on Spotify. Avintaquin · Single · 2020 · 1 songs. ...
https://open.spotify.com/album/3c6UllBnCYvJ222quq9GlE
Fluoride Action Network | CerebellumFluoride Action Network | Cerebellum
Tag: Cerebellum. Showing 10 of 17:. * Friday, August 12th, 2022. Intrauterine and Postnatal Exposure to High Levels of Fluoride ... At 3 months in the cerebellum, most of the neurons had normal cell structures and only a few Purkinje cell irregularities were ... Amelioration by black tea of sodium fluoride-induced changes in protein content of cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and medulla ... Effects of Fluoride Long-Term Exposure over the Cerebellum: Global Proteomic Profile, Oxidative Biochemistry, Cell Density, and ...
https://fluoridealert.org/tag/cerebellum/
Braingle » Cerebellum Mentalrobics ArticleBraingle » 'Cerebellum' Mentalrobics Article
Although the cerebellum constitutes only about 10% of the brain by volume, it contains nearly 80% of the brains neurons. This ... The cerebellum is a small section of the brain that sits in back, next to where the spinal cord attaches to the brain. ... Cerebellum. The cerebellum is a small section of the brain that sits in back, next to where the spinal cord attaches to the ... People who have damage to their cerebellum show problems with coordination and movement. The cerebellum is also important for ...
https://www.braingle.com/mind/413/cerebellum.html
The zebrafish cerebellum<...
The zebrafish cerebellum. / Kaslin, Jan; Brand, Michael.. Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for ... The zebrafish cerebellum. Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for Graduate Students. Springer, 2016. pp ... Kaslin J, Brand M. The zebrafish cerebellum. In Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for Graduate ... Kaslin, J., & Brand, M. (2016). The zebrafish cerebellum. In Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for ...
https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/the-zebrafish-cerebellum
Cerebellum Archives - Reasons to BelieveCerebellum Archives - Reasons to Believe
Get new reasons to believe sent to your inbox each week, including well-researched blogs, the latest online courses, upcoming events, and ministry updates.. ...
https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/tag/cerebellum
Prematurity leaves distinctive molecular signature in infants cerebellum | Childrens National HospitalPrematurity leaves distinctive molecular signature in infants' cerebellum | Children's National Hospital
However, the cerebellum-a part of the brain that plays an important role in motor control-has not received as much research ... Premature birth, which affects one in 10 U.S. babies, is associated with altered metabolite profiles in the infants cerebellum ... Prematurity leaves distinctive molecular signature in infants cerebellum Markers suggest the pre-term brain tries cellular ... Prematurity leaves distinctive molecular signature in infants cerebellum. * Quality initiatives can reduce harm to newborns, ...
https://childrensnational.org/news-and-events/childrens-newsroom/2017/prematurity-leaves-distinctive-molecular-signature-in-infants-cerebellum
MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum by Jeremy D. Schmahmann (ebook)MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum by Jeremy D. Schmahmann (ebook)
... detailed work on the human cerebellum to date. This definitive work provides images in .. ... The MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum constitutes the most complete, ... The MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum constitutes the most complete, detailed work on the human cerebellum to date. This ... and is consistent with earlier work on the anatomy of the cerebellum in animals and the development of the human cerebellum in ...
https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/428486/mri-atlas-of-the-human-cerebellum/jeremy-d-schmahmann/
Cerebellum & Ataxias - v2.sherpaCerebellum & Ataxias - v2.sherpa
We provide secure, cost-effective access to the UKs richest collection of digital content: giving you access to the latest data and content from leading international publishers and providers.. Find out more at jisc.ac.uk. ...
https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/35235?template=romeo
Our Blessed Lady of the Cerebellum - NeuroanthropologyOur Blessed Lady of the Cerebellum - Neuroanthropology
He brings to our attention this brain image which shows Our Lady of the Cerebellum in his posting Immaculate perception. ... Our Blessed Lady of the Cerebellum. Posted on December 8, 2008. December 8, 2008. Author gregdowneyCategories Brain imaging, ... In other words, I hope that some good bids come into eBay for the image of Our Lady of the Cerebellum. If youre in the market ... imaged the Virgin Mary where most of us have a cerebellum (although, that would explain if she was having some motor control ...
https://neuroanthropology.net/2008/12/08/our-blessed-lady-of-the-cerebellum/?replytocom=3918
Hamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections | AP-202 | ZYAGENHamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections | AP-202 | ZYAGEN
Cerebellum Paraffin Sections from ZYAGEN. Cat Number: AP-202. UK & Europe Distribution. ... Hamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections , AP-202 Zyagen Hamster Sections Hamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections , AP- ... Hamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections , AP-202 , Zyagen. Tissues are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in ... Hamster Brain, Cerebellum Paraffin Sections , AP-202. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars (average) ...
https://delos.info/hamster-brain-cerebellum-paraffin-sections-ap-202/
Frontiers | Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Network Analysis of Cerebellum with Respect to IQ and GenderFrontiers | Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Network Analysis of Cerebellum with Respect to IQ and Gender
Cerebellum was parcellated into 28 lobules/ROIs (per subject) using a standard cerebellum anatomical atlas. Thereafter, ... Cerebellum was parcellated into 28 lobules/ROIs (per subject) using a standard cerebellum anatomical atlas. Thereafter, ... have many connections to cerebellum. However, there is a limited research investigating cerebellums relationship with ... In this study, the network of cerebellum was analyzed in order to investigate its overall organization in individuals with low ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00189/full
Cerebellum - Outlaw PoetryCerebellum - Outlaw Poetry
Tag Archives: Cerebellum. Cerebellum by Jeri Thompson. Posted on July 1, 2015. by Monsieur K. - No Comments ↓ ... Posted in Jeri Thompson , Tagged Cerebellum, Jeri Thompson, Poetry , Leave a reply ... Cerebellum This envelope of skin Contains the oceans whisper, the heavens bang. In its wisdom or fate The tides and winds ... The universe of my cortex plots Continue reading Cerebellum by Jeri Thompson→ ...
https://outlawpoetry.com/tag/cerebellum/
Orphanet: Hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum
Hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum. Disease definition A rare disorder characterized by slowly ...
https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=139441
2006.14933] Influence of Various Temporal Recoding on Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning in The Cerebellum
Title:Influence of Various Temporal Recoding on Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning in The Cerebellum. Authors:Sang-Yoon Kim, ...
https://aps.arxiv.org/abs/2006.14933?context=q-bio.NC
Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in ...Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in ...
JF - Cerebellum. VL - 14. IS - 2. SP - 142-150. EP - 142-150. PB - Springer. SN - 14734222. KW - Cerebellum. KW - Basal ganglia ... journal = {Cerebellum},. title = {Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in ... Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in Health and Disorder Held in Brno ... Especially, the cerebellum plays a more complex role in how the brain functions than previously thought.. ER - ...
https://is.muni.cz/publication/1300757/en/Proceedings-of-the-workshop-on-Cerebellum-Basal-Ganglia-and-Cortical-Connections-Unmasked-in-Health-and-Disorder-Held-in-Brno-Czech-Republic-October-17th-2013/Bares-Apps-Kikinis-Timmann?lang=en
Tissue expression of RECQL - Staining in cerebellum - The Human Protein AtlasTissue expression of RECQL - Staining in cerebellum - The Human Protein Atlas
... in cerebellum tissue. Antibody staining with CAB009743 in immunohistochemistry. ... TISSUE PRIMARY DATA CEREBELLUM ADIPOSE TISSUE ADRENAL GLAND AMYGDALA APPENDIX BASAL GANGLIA BONE MARROW BREAST BRONCHUS ... CEREBELLUM - Expression summary. Protein expression. Cerebellumi On the top, protein expression in current human tissue, based ... CEREBELLUM CEREBRAL CORTEX CERVIX CHOROID PLEXUS COLON DUODENUM ENDOMETRIUM EPIDIDYMIS ESOPHAGUS FALLOPIAN TUBE GALLBLADDER ...
http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000004700-RECQL/tissue/cerebellum
In the Brains Cerebellum, a New Target for Suppressing Hunger - Prader-Willi Syndrome Association | USAIn the Brain's Cerebellum, a New Target for Suppressing Hunger - Prader-Willi Syndrome Association | USA
In the Brains Cerebellum, a New Target for Suppressing Hunger. November 18, 2021. November 18, 2021. Carrie Larsen ... According to a new study, their constant hunger results in part to disordered signaling in the brains cerebellum, a region of ... Home » PWSA Blog » Blog » In the Brains Cerebellum, a New Target for Suppressing Hunger ... Home » PWSA Blog » Blog » In the Brains Cerebellum, a New Target for Suppressing Hunger ...
https://www.pwsausa.org/in-the-brains-cerebellum-a-new-target-for-suppressing-hunger/
25 million gift from Once Upon a Time Foundation establishes Raynor Cerebellum Project at UT Southwestern to tackle cerebellar...25 million gift from Once Upon a Time Foundation establishes Raynor Cerebellum Project at UT Southwestern to tackle cerebellar...
... to investigate diseases associated with cerebellum dysfunction, with the goal of discovering how to preserve and restore lost ... 25 million commitment from the Once Upon a Time Foundation will create the Raynor Cerebellum Project at UT Southwestern Medical ... The Raynor Cerebellum Project, established through the support of Geoffrey Raynor, founder of the Once Upon a Time Foundation, ... The Raynor Cerebellum Project will be a collaboration of the best minds with a Manhattan Project-like focused, results-oriented ...
https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2022/raynor-cerebellum-project.html
Supplements - Tagged Standard Deviants by Cerebellum - Nest LearningSupplements - Tagged 'Standard Deviants by Cerebellum' - Nest Learning
Cerebellum Getting a good score on the SAT is the key to getting into a good college. Since math comprises one-half of the test ... Cerebellum The key to getting into a good college, the SAT has struck fear into the hearts of high school students for years. ... Cerebellum With our winning formula for success, theres no reason why your students need to sweat the New SAT. This proven ... Cerebellum Avoid classic SAT traps and tackle new sections with confidence. Master grid-in questions and get the most from your ...
https://nestlearning.com/collections/supplements/standard-deviants-by-cerebellum?view=view-48&grid_list
Study of the Cerebellum - Circulating Now from NLMStudy of the Cerebellum - Circulating Now from NLM
Dawn Hunters study of Cajals cerebellum drawing, pen, ink and marker on paper, 11 ... Study of the Cerebellum. October 25, 2017. Circulating Now Leave a comment ...
https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/11/14/drawn-to-drawn-from-experience/9_dawn-hunter_s-study-of-the_cerebellum_from-cajal-inventory/
cerebellum Archives - preLightscerebellum Archives - preLights
preLights is a community initiative supported by The Company of Biologists. The Company of Biologists is a not-for-profit publishing organisation dedicated to supporting and inspiring the biological community. The Company publishes five specialist peer-reviewed journals: Development, Journal of Cell Science, Journal of Experimental Biology, Disease Models & Mechanisms and Biology Open. It offers further support to the biological community by facilitating scientific meetings, providing travel grants for researchers and supporting research societies.. In this video our directors tell you more about our activities and why they choose to dedicate their time to the Company.. www.biologists.com. ...
https://prelights.biologists.com/highlight-tags/cerebellum/
Keywords nervous + cerebellum + other | PEIR Digital Library
Welcome to the Pathology Education Informational Resource (PEIR) Digital Library, a multidisciplinary public access image database for use in medical education. ...
https://peir.path.uab.edu/library/index.php?/tags/13-nervous/687-cerebellum/2015-other
Frozen Tissue Section - Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Brain: Cerebellum | BioChain Institute Inc.Frozen Tissue Section - Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Brain: Cerebellum | BioChain Institute Inc.
A single human adult diseased tissue with 5-10 µm thickness is mounted on a positively charged glass slide. The slides are fixed and dehydrated with acetone for consistent results with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. BioChains tissue pro
https://www.biochain.com/products/frozen-tissue-section-progressive-supranuclear-palsy-brain-cerebellum
Effects of caffeinated energy drinks on cerebellum of Male albino rats | Zenodo
The cerebellum was excised in each animal and weighed; fixed in formalin, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Sections were ... Objective: This study aims to determine the impact of oral administration of red bull on cerebellum of adult male albino rats. ... it is concluded that consumption of caffeinated energy drinks should be restricted to avoid their harmful effects on cerebellum ... Effects of caffeinated energy drinks on cerebellum of Male albino rats. Syeda Sara Bano; Faiza Shafqat; Saeed Shafi; Ashraf ...
https://zenodo.org/record/6942884
Conflux Cornucopia Cerebellum Cocktail Hour: Ep #034=A Little Mischief | Radio ValenciaConflux Cornucopia Cerebellum Cocktail Hour: Ep #034=A Little Mischief | Radio Valencia
Episode #034 of the Conflux Cornucopia Cerebellum Cocktail Hour: A Little Mischief. Not really a set theme, just some cool ... Conflux Cornucopia Cerebellum Cocktail Hour: Ep #034=A Little Mischief. Friday, April 1, 6pm. - thealchemist. Welcome back my ... Episode #034 of the Conflux Cornucopia Cerebellum Cocktail Hour: A Little Mischief. Not really a set theme, just some cool ...
http://www.radiovalencia.fm/blog/conflux-cornucopia-cerebellum-cocktail-hour-ep-034a-little-mischief/
cerebellumcerebellum
The word cerebellum ccomes from the Latin word meaning "little brain".. ►click here to learn more-link provided by: University ... cerebellum Portion of the brain between the cerebrum and the brainstem concerned in the coordination of movement; receives ...
http://vetneuro.com/index.php/resources/reference/glossary/174-cerebellum
P2‐127: Volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions in genetic frontotemporal dementia - UCL...P2‐127: Volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions in genetic frontotemporal dementia - UCL...
P2‐127: Volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions in genetic frontotemporal dementia. Presented at: AAIC 2015, Washington ... P2‐127: Volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions in genetic frontotemporal dementia ... P2‐127: Volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions in genetic frontotemporal dementia. ...
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10143313/
Figures and data in Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral...Figures and data in Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral...
Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum. ... Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum ... Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/46764/figures
BasalBrainstemStudy of the cerebellumMidbrain and cerebellumCortexCerebrumBrain's cerebellumPosterior cerebellumSpinal cordNeuroscienceAdultSynaptic organizationCerebellar structuresLimbicClinicalSensoryCognitiveNervous systemOrganization20172022AnatomyMotorReceptorAbnormalRegenerationDisordersEnvelopeCoordinationInfantsBehaviorDysfunctionConstitutesRoleMovementFrontalMoleculesHumanExpressionConsistentDiffusionDifferencesPatientsMolecularFoundAtlas
Basal5
  • Proceedings of the workshop on Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and Cortical Connections Unmasked in Health and Disorder Held in Brno, Czech Republic, October 17th, 2013. (muni.cz)
  • N2 - The proceedings of the workshop synthesize the experimental, preclinical, and clinical data suggesting that the cerebellum, basal ganglia (BG), and their connections play an important role in pathophysiology of various movement disorders (like Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes) or neurodevelopmental disorders (like autism). (muni.cz)
  • In one series of studies, anatomical organization linking the frontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum was analyzed systematically. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Pilocytic astrocytomas (ie, WHO grade I) arise throughout the neuraxis, but preferred sites include the optic nerve, optic chiasm/hypothalamus, thalamus and basal ganglia, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. (medscape.com)
  • There is usually preserved metabolism in the sensorimotor cortices, basal ganglia, occipital lobes, and cerebellum. (snmjournals.org)
Brainstem4
  • Abnormal trajectories in cerebellum and brainstem volumes in carriers of the fragile X premutation. (escholarship.org)
  • Volume changes in the cerebellum and brainstem were contrasted with those in the ventricles and whole brain. (escholarship.org)
  • Compared to the controls, premutation carriers without FXTAS showed significantly accelerated volume decrease in the cerebellum and whole brain, flatter inverted U-shaped trajectory of the brainstem, and larger ventricles. (escholarship.org)
  • Compared to both older controls and premutation carriers without FXTAS, carriers with FXTAS exhibited significant volume decrease in the cerebellum and whole brain and accelerated volume decrease in the brainstem. (escholarship.org)
Study of the cerebellum1
  • This atlas facilitates this new era of study of the cerebellum, allowing investigators to identify cerebellar structures with precision. (ebooks.com)
Midbrain and cerebellum3
  • Prospective midbrain and cerebellum formation are coordinated by FGF ligands produced by the isthmic organizer. (biologists.com)
  • Previous studies have suggested that midbrain and cerebellum development require different levels of FGF signaling. (biologists.com)
  • Whole brains and brain regions (forebrain, midbrain and cerebellum) were analyzed for CPF and its major metabolite trichloropyridinol (TCP), its major metabolite. (cdc.gov)
Cortex7
  • The cerebellum monitors the position of the body and communicates with the motor cortex to fine-tune the signals sent to the muscles. (braingle.com)
  • From a clinical point of view the most important connections of the cerebellum are with the spinal cord, and with the cerebral cortex. (brainkart.com)
  • She has a particular interest in understanding the genetic control of the development of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • [9] The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the spinal cord but, via its parvocellular part, relay information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum through the inferior olivary complex , an important relay center in the medulla . (wikipedia.org)
  • The red nucleus receives many inputs from the cerebellum ( interposed nucleus and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the opposite side and an input from the motor cortex of the same side. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study by researchers at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, published in Cerebral Cortex in March 2016, points out that improving the connectivity of the cerebellum to the brain increases the creative capacity of young adults. (weddingincana.com)
  • 2011). The authors argue that his empathy impairment was because of impaired connections between medial and lateral posterior cerebellum and prefrontal, parietal and temporal association cortex as well as anterior cingulate and insula, amygdala and other limbic and autonomical structures. (medscape.com)
Cerebrum1
  • Day 1 13C con- centrations of cerebrum and cerebellum were also significantly increased but the increase was inconsistent, significant only on one additional day of the postexposure period, possibly reflecting translocation across the blood-brain barrier in certain brain regions. (cdc.gov)
Brain's cerebellum2
  • According to a new study, their constant hunger results in part to disordered signaling in the brain's cerebellum, a region of the brain also responsible for motor control and learning. (pwsausa.org)
  • We think it's to do with the brain's cerebellum that monitors our movement. (bbc.com)
Posterior cerebellum1
  • This study tests the hypothesis that the posterior cerebellum is involved in social cognition by identifying and automatizing sequences of social actions. (vub.be)
Spinal cord4
  • The cerebellum processes input from other areas of the brain, spinal cord and sensory receptors to provide precise timing for coordinated, smooth movements of the skeletal muscular system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cerebellum is a small section of the brain that sits in back, next to where the spinal cord attaches to the brain. (braingle.com)
  • Although these are not concerned with the spinal cord it is useful to consider here the pathways that carry impulses from tissues in the head to the cerebellum. (brainkart.com)
  • The brain stem and spinal cord are the next most frequently affected sites, whereas the cerebellum is a distinctly uncommon site. (medscape.com)
Neuroscience1
  • Rapid advances in several technologies, including brain imaging, genetics, and laboratory techniques enabling precise mapping and manipulation of connected brain regions, are powering this new understanding of the cerebellum and its functions and hold great promise for future discoveries critical for better therapeutics," said William Dauer, M.D., inaugural Director of the O'Donnell Brain Institute , and Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Adult3
  • This study aims to determine the impact of oral administration of red bull on cerebellum of adult male albino rats. (zenodo.org)
  • The expression of MPS1/S27 protein in human adult cerebellum has not been established. (iiarjournals.org)
  • We herein describe MPS1 as a new marker of PCs its use in immunohistochemistry in adult human cerebellum, employing specific affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies directed against the N -terminuus synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 2 to 17 of MPS1/S27 ribosomal protein with extra-ribosomal functions. (iiarjournals.org)
Synaptic organization2
  • Here we describe a neural network model based on the synaptic organization of the cerebellum that can generate timed responses in the range of tens of milliseconds to seconds. (mit.edu)
  • En G.M. Shephard, (Ed.). The synaptic organization of the brain . (bvsalud.org)
Cerebellar structures1
  • The superfi cial position of the cerebellar primoridum and cerebellum further facilitates in vivo imaging of cerebellar structures and developmental events at cell resolution. (monash.edu)
Limbic1
  • Limbic cerebellum may play a role in the network of brain regions underlying emotional empathy (emotional contagion or affective perspective-taking), but more detailed studies and groups studies are needed to define its role. (medscape.com)
Clinical1
  • The bold vision of the Foundation's Raynor Cerebellum Project will allow UT Southwestern to bring together the needed expertise, collaboration, and technological prowess to advance scientific understanding and clinical insight with the goal of developing effective therapies for cerebellar disease and ultimately preventing cerebellar dysfunction in both children and adults," said Daniel K. Podolsky, M.D., President of UT Southwestern . (utsouthwestern.edu)
Sensory3
  • The cerebellum is also important for the cognitive functions of attention, language, music and other sensory tasks. (braingle.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that the cerebellum is involved in much more than motor coordination alone: also in higher functions including memory, language, emotion, and attention, as well as sensory discrimination. (ebooks.com)
  • Exteroceptive impulses from the head (and parts of the neck) reach the cerebellum through trigemino-cerebellar fibres arising in the main sensory and spinal nuclei of this nerve. (brainkart.com)
Cognitive1
  • There is evidence that the human cerebellum is involved not only in motor control but also in other cognitive functions. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Nervous system1
  • The contributions from individual distinguished speakers cover the neuroanatomical research of complex networks, neuroimaging data showing that the cerebellum and BG are connected to a wide range of other central nervous system structures involved in movement control. (muni.cz)
Organization2
  • The book includes a new nomenclature system (labeling system) which is easier to use, aids in understanding the organization of the cerebellum, and is consistent with earlier work on the anatomy of the cerebellum in animals and the development of the human cerebellum in infants. (ebooks.com)
  • In this study, the network of cerebellum was analyzed in order to investigate its overall organization in individuals with low and high fluid Intelligence Quotient (IQ). (frontiersin.org)
20171
  • WASHINGTON - Premature birth, which affects one in 10 U.S. babies, is associated with altered metabolite profiles in the infants' cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls coordination and balance, a team led by Children's National Health System clinician-researchers report Aug. 15, 2017 in Scientific Reports . (childrensnational.org)
20221
  • DALLAS - May 12, 2022 - A generous $25 million commitment from the Once Upon a Time Foundation will create the Raynor Cerebellum Project at UT Southwestern Medical Center (RCP-UTSW) to investigate diseases associated with cerebellum dysfunction, with the goal of discovering how to preserve and restore lost brain function. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Anatomy1
  • Everyone concerned with the anatomy, function, or dysfunction of the cerebellum should have a copy. (ebooks.com)
Motor7
  • This review will focus on the possibility that the cerebellum contains an internal model or models of the motor apparatus. (nih.gov)
  • However, the cerebellum -a part of the brain that plays an important role in motor control-has not received as much research attention. (childrensnational.org)
  • Therefore, it is concluded that consumption of caffeinated energy drinks should be restricted to avoid their harmful effects on cerebellum leading to sleep disturbances and motor incoordination. (zenodo.org)
  • While this was going on, they measured the level of activation, through fMRI for three major brain areas: the Supplementary Motor Area commonly involved in the control of movement, the Superior Parietal Lobule reflecting the spatial orientation, and the cerebellum which uses a predictive internal model to solve a task. (emory.edu)
  • Individual differences in expert motor coordination associated with white matter microstructure in the cerebellum. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Motor coordination, the amount of experience, and the age at which training began were all associated with individual differences in white matter integrity in the cerebellum within the karate groups. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A woman was found without a cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls motor abilities of the body. (comicsands.com)
Receptor1
  • For example, the filter may be used to select all human genes over-expressed in the cerebellum that have GO-annotated G-protein coupled receptor activity. (ucsc.edu)
Abnormal1
  • The first description of a novel disorder of the cerebellum, characterized by enlarged folia with abnormal ganglion cells, was made by J. Lhermitte and P. Duclos in 1920. (medlink.com)
Regeneration1
  • Conclusion: Since MPS1 is involved in cell division, DNA repair, and ribosomal biogenesis, it may be a useful antigen for studying processes such as protein synthesis, oncogenesis, regeneration, aging, and perhaps diseases of the human cerebellum. (iiarjournals.org)
Disorders1
  • The Raynor Cerebellum Project will leverage investments made in UT Southwestern's O'Donnell Brain Institute through its Campaign for the Brain, with key infrastructure now in place to accelerate progress in understanding and developing novel treatments for cerebellar disorders. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Envelope1
  • Cerebellum This envelope of skin Contains the ocean's whisper, the heaven's bang. (outlawpoetry.com)
Coordination2
  • A stroke affecting the cerebellum may cause dizziness, nausea, balance and coordination problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who have damage to their cerebellum show problems with coordination and movement. (braingle.com)
Infants2
  • In the new study, Limperopoulos and colleagues used a specialized MRI technique that allowed them to parse out differences in which molecules are present in the cerebellum of full-term infants compared with premature infants. (childrensnational.org)
  • Looking specifically at the cerebellum, the researchers found that the pre-term infants overall had significantly lower concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a marker of the integrity of nerve cells. (childrensnational.org)
Behavior2
  • In terms of behavior, hand use elicits asymmetrical activation in the cerebellum, while hand preference is weakly associated with language lateralization. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Numerous attempts have been made to understand the evolutionary steps of the cerebellum and its behavior as a complex biological machine ( 11 , 12 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Dysfunction1
  • Existing cerebellum research has suffered from a piecemeal approach, which has necessitated a need for focus and a streamlined path to treatments for those suffering from cerebellar dysfunction. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Constitutes2
  • Although the cerebellum constitutes only about 10% of the brain by volume, it contains nearly 80% of the brain's neurons. (braingle.com)
  • The MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum constitutes the most complete, detailed work on the human cerebellum to date. (ebooks.com)
Role6
  • Especially, the cerebellum plays a more complex role in how the brain functions than previously thought. (muni.cz)
  • Mounting evidence over the past decade has pointed to a role for the cerebellum in cognition and social skills. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Role of the cerebellum in externally paced rhythmic finger movements. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Several studies have suggested that the cerebellum has an important role in timing of subsecond intervals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Substantial evidence has established that the cerebellum plays an important role in the generation of movements. (mit.edu)
  • Previous studies suggest that the cerebellum plays a role in the timing of movements. (mit.edu)
Movement1
  • rTMS of the cerebellum ipsilateral to the movement increased the variability of the intertap interval but only for movements at 2 Hz that were made while subjects were synchronizing with an auditory cue. (ox.ac.uk)
Frontal1
  • In the cerebellum, transverse, tangential, and frontal sections were obtained from the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. (iiarjournals.org)
Molecules1
  • Animal experiments have confirmed these findings and suggested that the ototoxic effects observed may have resulted from biochemical mechanisms such as stimulation of the central vestibulo/oculomotor pathways due to an effect of solvent molecules on cellular ionic transport within the vestibulo/cerebellum and interference with cerebellar gamma- aminobutyric-acid transmission. (cdc.gov)
Human1
  • In the human cerebellum, neuroblasts migrate radially and outwards from the germinal matrix layer present in the walls of the fourth ventricle and finally populate in the deep cerebellar nuclei and the Purkinje cell (PC) layer during the embryonic period ( 1 , 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Expression1
  • Gene expression was slightly altered in the JP-3 and JP-4 Knockout cerebellum. (genscript.com)
Consistent1
  • At necropsy, a mass was identified associated with the cerebellum, and histopathology was consistent with medulloblastoma, which has not been reported previously in the horse. (nih.gov)
Diffusion1
  • A spatially unbiased infratentorial template was applied to perform cerebellum optimized quantitative susceptibility mapping and diffusion tensor analysis based on magnetic resonance imaging . (bvsalud.org)
Differences1
  • Our results reveal that both male and female networks have small-world properties with differences in females (especially in higher IQ females) indicative of higher neural efficiency in cerebellum. (frontiersin.org)
Patients2
  • The Raynor Cerebellum Project, established through the support of Geoffrey Raynor, founder of the Once Upon a Time Foundation , intends to bring together the world's top experts in cerebellar research and care to launch a broad range of scientific investigations from basic understanding of related neural circuitry to translational studies with patients aimed at identifying and evaluating potential therapeutic targets. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The objectives of this study were to investigate iron distribution and demonstrate changes in axons in the cerebellum , providing evidence for PC loss in patients with ICD. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular1
  • The high complexity and molecular functions of the cerebellum have baffled scientists for more than 200 years ( 10 - 12 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Found2
  • This confocal micrograph shows specialized cells named Purkinje cells (red) that are found in a part of the brain called the cerebellum. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • The implication was also found by the cerebellum. (psychologysays.net)
Atlas1
  • Cerebellum was parcellated into 28 lobules/ROIs (per subject) using a standard cerebellum anatomical atlas. (frontiersin.org)
Cerebellum Archives - The Science of Psychotherapy
Cerebellum Archives - The Science of Psychotherapy (thescienceofpsychotherapy.com)
Brain and Nervous System (for Teens) - Christus Health (Naked)
Brain and Nervous System (for Teens) - Christus Health (Naked) (kidshealth.org)
MKS1, encoding a component of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome, is mutated in Meckel syndrome | Nature Genetics
MKS1, encoding a component of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome, is mutated in Meckel syndrome | Nature Genetics (nature.com)
Normal tissue of cerebellum | Talk Bio
Normal tissue of cerebellum | Talk Bio (talk-bio.com)
Selective neuronal degeneration in MATR3 S85C knock-in mouse model of early-stage ALS | Nature Communications
Selective neuronal degeneration in MATR3 S85C knock-in mouse model of early-stage ALS | Nature Communications (nature.com)
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Win XP- Logitech Maustreiber? | ComputerBase Forum (computerbase.de)
Best New Cycling Gear | Top Gear from Eurobike 2019
Best New Cycling Gear | Top Gear from Eurobike 2019 (bicycling.com)
Boy's brain works just fine after a large piece was removed | New Scientist
Boy's brain works just fine after a large piece was removed | New Scientist (newscientist.com)
Frontiers | Hierarchical Control of Visually-Guided Movements in a 3D-Printed Robot Arm
Frontiers | Hierarchical Control of Visually-Guided Movements in a 3D-Printed Robot Arm (frontiersin.org)
Brain Function | Centre for Neuro Skills
Brain Function | Centre for Neuro Skills (neuroskills.com)
Can you get pregnant you had sperm on your vagina but u wash it right aways? - Answers
Can you get pregnant you had sperm on your vagina but u wash it right aways? - Answers (answers.com)
UT Southwestern Medical Center
UT Southwestern Medical Center (utsouthwestern.edu)
Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology
Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology (medscape.com)
Stroke Imaging: Practice Essentials, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Stroke Imaging: Practice Essentials, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (medscape.com)
SACS gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
SACS gene: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology
Pathology of Motor Neuron Disorders: Definition, Etiology, Epidemiology (medscape.com)
CNS Causes of Vertigo Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes
CNS Causes of Vertigo Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes (medscape.com)
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1: MedlinePlus Genetics
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination (medscape.com)
Ataxia-Telangiectasia in Ophthalmology Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes
Ataxia-Telangiectasia in Ophthalmology Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes (medscape.com)
FACE Program: In-house Report 2001-12 | NIOSH | CDC
FACE Program: In-house Report 2001-12 | NIOSH | CDC (cdc.gov)
Brain structures: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image
Brain structures: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image (medlineplus.gov)
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (medscape.com)
(emedicine.medscape.com)
Cerebellum connects to brain's reward system | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Cerebellum connects to brain's reward system | National Institutes of Health (NIH) (nih.gov)
Potential New Target for Anxiety-Reducing Drugs Identified
Potential New Target for Anxiety-Reducing Drugs Identified (medscape.com)
Cerebellum Stimulation Improves Gait and Balance After Stroke
Cerebellum Stimulation Improves Gait and Balance After Stroke (medscape.com)
Neurological History and Physical Examination: Neurological History, Neurologic Examination, Examination of the Higher Functions
Neurological History and Physical Examination: Neurological History, Neurologic Examination, Examination of the Higher Functions (emedicine.medscape.com)
A mouse model of adult-onset anaemia due to erythropoietin deficiency | Nature Communications
A mouse model of adult-onset anaemia due to erythropoietin deficiency | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Exhibit - Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Exhibit - Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum (history.nih.gov)
(emedicine.medscape.com)
Ataxia with Identified Genetic and Biochemical Defects: Background, Molecular Genetics and Putative Mechanisms of Cerebellar...
Ataxia with Identified Genetic and Biochemical Defects: Background, Molecular Genetics and Putative Mechanisms of Cerebellar... (emedicine.medscape.com)