AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
CerebellumPurkinje CellsCerebellar CortexCerebellar DiseasesBrainCerebellar NucleiMice, Neurologic MutantsCerebellar AtaxiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuronsCerebellar NeoplasmsConditioning, EyelidNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain MappingBrain StemCerebral CortexOlivary NucleusBrain ChemistryAtaxiaPonsAnimals, NewbornNeural PathwaysTissue DistributionNerve FibersBlinkingMedulloblastomaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GCalbindinsIn Situ HybridizationBasal GangliaImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNeurogliaTomography, Emission-ComputedGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPsychomotor PerformanceMesencephalonImmunohistochemistryMovementSpinocerebellar DegenerationsOrgan SpecificityMice, Inbred C57BLSynapsesSpinocerebellar AtaxiasRats, Sprague-DawleyFunctional LateralityRats, WistarRNA, MessengerMice, TransgenicHippocampusDendritesCentral Nervous SystemAutoradiographyCerebrumThalamusNerve NetAxonsRhombencephalonMice, KnockoutMolecular Sequence DataTime FactorsReflex, Vestibulo-OcularMetencephalonDiencephalonPositron-Emission TomographySpinocerebellar TractsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinMotor CortexMuscimolElectric StimulationNeuronal PlasticityLearningCerebrovascular CirculationGait AtaxiaSpinal CordMotor SkillsAtrophyAstrocytesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAgingFrontal LobeNeuroanatomyAction PotentialsReceptors, GlutamateModels, NeurologicalMotor ActivityCatsTelencephalonCarbon RadioisotopesRats, Inbred Strains
Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Purkinje Cells: The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.Cerebellar Cortex: The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Cerebellar Nuclei: Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.Mice, Neurologic Mutants: Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.Cerebellar Ataxia: Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cerebellar Neoplasms: Primary or metastatic neoplasms of the CEREBELLUM. Tumors in this location frequently present with ATAXIA or signs of INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. Common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary ASTROCYTOMA and cerebellar HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. The cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (From Okazaki & Scheithauer, Atlas of Neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)Conditioning, Eyelid: Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning.Nerve Tissue ProteinsBrain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Olivary Nucleus: A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.Medulloblastoma: A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Calbindins: Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Tomography, Emission-Computed: Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Mesencephalon: The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Spinocerebellar Degenerations: A heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. Sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Mice, Inbred C57BLSynapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Spinocerebellar Ataxias: A group of dominantly inherited, predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Autoradiography: The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)Cerebrum: Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Rhombencephalon: The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular: A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.Metencephalon: The anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. It gives rise to the CEREBELLUM and the PONS.Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.Positron-Emission Tomography: An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.Spinocerebellar Tracts: Fibers that arise from cell groups within the spinal cord and pass directly to the cerebellum. They include the anterior, posterior, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, and the cuneocerebellar tract. (From Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p607)Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Motor Cortex: Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Gait Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (WALKING) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. This condition may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES (including CEREBELLAR DISEASES and BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES); SPINAL CORD DISEASES; or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts.Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Telencephalon: The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (1/6494)

Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain.  (+info)

Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (2/6494)

Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma.  (+info)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (3/6494)

The reproducibility of (+/-)-alpha-[11C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) measures in PET was studied in 10 healthy human subjects, aged 22-76 y. METHODS: The scan-to-scan variation of several measures used in PET data analysis was determined, including the radioactivity ratio (target-to-reference), plasma-input Logan total distribution volume (DV), plasma-input Logan Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Logan Bmax/Kd values. RESULTS: The radioactivity ratios, plasma-input Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Bmax/Kd all have higher reliability than plasma-input total DV values. In addition, measures using the occipital cortex as the reference region have higher reliability than the same measures using the cerebellum as the reference region. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DTBZ is a reliable PET tracer that provides reproducible in vivo measurement of striatal vesicular monoamine transporter density. In the selection of reference regions for DTBZ PET data analysis, caution must be exercised in circumstances when DTBZ binding in the occipital cortex or the cerebellum may be altered.  (+info)

A genetic approach to visualization of multisynaptic neural pathways using plant lectin transgene. (4/6494)

The wiring patterns among various types of neurons via specific synaptic connections are the basis of functional logic employed by the brain for information processing. This study introduces a powerful method of analyzing the neuronal connectivity patterns by delivering a tracer selectively to specific types of neurons while simultaneously transsynaptically labeling their target neurons. We developed a novel genetic approach introducing cDNA for a plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), as a transgene under the control of specific promoter elements. Using this method, we demonstrate three examples of visualization of specific transsynaptic neural pathways: the mouse cerebellar efferent pathways, the mouse olfactory pathways, and the Drosophila visual pathways. This strategy should greatly facilitate studies on the anatomical and functional organization of the developing and mature nervous system.  (+info)

Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic Hedgehog. (5/6494)

Cerebellar granule cells are the most abundant type of neuron in the brain, but the molecular mechanisms that control their generation are incompletely understood. We show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is made by Purkinje cells, regulates the division of granule cell precursors (GCPs). Treatment of GCPs with Shh prevents differentiation and induces a potent, long-lasting proliferative response. This response can be inhibited by basic fibroblast growth factor or by activation of protein kinase A. Blocking Shh function in vivo dramatically reduces GCP proliferation. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of normal growth and tumorigenesis in the cerebellum.  (+info)

Comparative effects of methylmercury on parallel-fiber and climbing-fiber responses of rat cerebellar slices. (6/6494)

The environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) causes profound disruption of cerebellar function. Previous studies have shown that acute exposure to MeHg impairs synaptic transmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, the effects of MeHg on cerebellar synaptic function have never been examined. In the present study, effects of acute exposure to MeHg on synaptic transmission between parallel fibers or climbing fibers and Purkinje cells were compared in 300- to 350-microm cerebellar slices by using extracellular and intracellular microelectrode-recording techniques. Field potentials of parallel-fiber volleys (PFVs) and the associated postsynaptic responses (PSRs) were recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating the parallel fibers in transverse cerebellar slices. The climbing-fiber responses were also recorded in the molecular layer by stimulating white matter in sagittal cerebellar slices. At 20, 100, and 500 microM, MeHg reduced the amplitude of both PFVs and the associated PSRs to complete block, however, it blocked PSRs more rapidly than PFVs. MeHg also decreased the amplitudes of climbing-fiber responses to complete block. For all responses, an initial increase in amplitude preceded MeHg-induced suppression. Intracellular recordings of excitatory postsynaptic potentials of Purkinje cells were compared before and after MeHg. At 100 microM and 20 microM, MeHg blocked the Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes and Ca++-dependent, slow dendritic spike bursts. MeHg also hyperpolarized and then depolarized Purkinje cell membranes, suppressed current conduction from parallel fibers or climbing fibers to dendrites of Purkinje cells, and blocked synaptically activated local responses. MeHg switched the pattern of repetitive firing of Purkinje cells generated spontaneously or by depolarizing current injection at Purkinje cell soma from predominantly Na+-dependent, fast somatic spikes to predominantly Ca++-dependent, low amplitude, slow dendritic spike bursts. Thus, acute exposure to MeHg causes a complex pattern of effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission, with apparent actions on both neuronal excitability and chemical synaptic transmission.  (+info)

Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. (7/6494)

This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of lithium against glutamate excitotoxicity with a focus on the role of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. Long term, but not acute, treatment of cultured cerebellar granule cells with LiCl induces a concentration-dependent decrease in mRNA and protein levels of proapoptotic p53 and Bax; conversely, mRNA and protein levels of cytoprotective Bcl-2 are remarkably increased. The ratios of Bcl-2/Bax protein levels increase by approximately 5-fold after lithium treatment for 5-7 days. Exposure of cerebellar granule cells to glutamate induces a rapid increase in p53 and Bax mRNA and protein levels with no apparent effect on Bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment with LiCl for 7 days prevents glutamate-induced increase in p53 and Bax expression and maintains Bcl-2 in an elevated state. Glutamate exposure also triggers the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Lithium pretreatment blocks glutamate-induced cytochrome c release and cleavage of lamin B1, a nuclear substrate for caspase-3. These results strongly suggest that lithium-induced Bcl-2 up-regulation and p53 and Bax down-regulation play a prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. Our results further suggest that lithium, in addition to its use in the treatment of bipolar depressive illness, may have an expanded use in the intervention of neurodegeneration.  (+info)

The type and the localization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulate transmission of cAMP signals to the nucleus in cortical and cerebellar granule cells. (8/6494)

cAMP signals are received and transmitted by multiple isoforms of cAMP-dependent protein kinases, typically determined by their specific regulatory subunits. In the brain the major regulatory isoform RIIbeta and the RII-anchor protein, AKAP150 (rat) or 75 (bovine), are differentially expressed. Cortical neurons express RIIbeta and AKAP75; conversely, granule cerebellar cells express predominantly RIalpha and RIIalpha. Cortical neurons accumulate PKA catalytic subunit and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein very efficiently into nuclei upon cAMP induction, whereas granule cerebellar cells fail to do so. Down-regulation of RIIbeta synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cAMP-induced nuclear signaling in cortical neurons. Expression in cerebellar granule cells of RIIbeta and AKAP75 genes by microinjection of specific expression vectors, markedly stimulated cAMP-induced transcription of the lacZ gene driven by a cAMP-responsive element promoter. These data indicate that the composition of PKA in cortical and granule cells underlies the differential ability of these cells to transmit cAMP signals to the nucleus.  (+info)

Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles | definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles by Medical...Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles | definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles by Medical...
Looking for online definition of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles in the Medical Dictionary? decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles explanation free. What is decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles? Meaning of decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles medical term. What does decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles mean?
Difference between revisions of Neural - Cerebellum Development - EmbryologyDifference between revisions of "Neural - Cerebellum Development" - Embryology
Wang L & Liu Y. (2019). Signaling pathways in cerebellar granule cells development. Am J Stem Cells , 8, 1-6. PMID: 31139492 Shoja MM, Jensen CJ, Ramdhan R, Chern J, Oakes WJ & Tubbs RS. (2018). Embryology of the Craniocervical Junction and Posterior Cranial Fossa Part II: Embryogenesis of the hindbrain. Clin Anat , , . PMID: 29344994 DOI. Aldinger KA & Doherty D. (2016). The genetics of cerebellar malformations. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med , 21, 321-32. PMID: 27160001 DOI. Butts T, Green MJ & Wingate RJ. (2014). Development of the cerebellum: simple steps to make a little brain. Development , 141, 4031-41. PMID: 25336734 DOI. Voogd J. (2012). A note on the definition and the development of cerebellar Purkinje cell zones. Cerebellum , 11, 422-5. PMID: 22396330 DOI. Roussel MF & Hatten ME. (2011). Cerebellum development and medulloblastoma. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , 94, 235-82. PMID: 21295689 DOI. Herculano-Houzel S. (2010). Coordinated scaling of cortical and cerebellar numbers of neurons. Front ...
AID 349212 - Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after...AID 349212 - Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after...
BioAssay record AID 349212 submitted by ChEMBL: Activity at RYR2 receptor in rat cerebellar granule neurons assessed activation of [45Ca2+] uptake at 20 uM after 10 mins.
Role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in the developing cerebellum - Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyRole of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in the developing cerebellum - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitor cells is critical for the normal development of the nervous system. Many factors can influence these events, including the neurotrophin family of factors. These processes have been extensively studied in cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCP), the most abundant cell type in the brain, which undergo much of their development postnatally. GCPs proliferate in external granule layer (EGL), a transient layer of the cerebellum, and migrate internally to form the internal granule layer (IGL). In the external part of the EGL these cells proliferate, while in the internal part of the EGL the cells exit the cell cycle and start to migrae toward the inside of the developing cerebellum. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is highly expressed in the EGL during development of the cerebellum, and is absent once the cells begin to migrate. The function of p75NTR in this developing neuronal ...
Granule cell development in the cerebellum is punctuated by changes in Sox gene expression. - Semantic ScholarGranule cell development in the cerebellum is punctuated by changes in Sox gene expression. - Semantic Scholar
Development of the vertebrate cerebellum is unusual compared to most other regions of the brain since it involves two germinal regions. Most cell types arise from the luminal, ventricular zone as in other brain regions, but granule cells arise from the second germinal layer, the external granular layer (EGL). Our analysis of the temporal and positional expression of three members of the Sox gene family of transcription factors in the cerebellum shows that granule cell development is unusual compared to most other neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). We show that granule cell precursors lose expression of cSox2 and cSox3 as they migrate to form the EGL. The EGL is the first example of a germinal layer in the CNS which does not exhibit expression of these genes. Throughout most of the CNS cSox11 expression is very low in the ventricular zone but increases dramatically as cells cease proliferation and migrate to form the subventricular zone. We also find that cSox11 expression increases when cells
Cerebellum Development Pathway Bioinformatics: Novus BiologicalsCerebellum Development Pathway Bioinformatics: Novus Biologicals
Learn more about the Cerebellum Development Pathway from related diseases, pathways, genes and PTMs with the Novus Bioinformatics Tool.
White matter microstructural organization is higher with age in adult superior cerebellar peduncles - Research Portal, Kings...White matter microstructural organization is higher with age in adult superior cerebellar peduncles - Research Portal, King's...
Using diffusion tensor imaging, we conducted an exploratory investigation of the relationship between white matter tract microstructure and age in 200 healthy adult subjects using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Though most tracts showed the slight decline in microstructural organization with age widely noted, in both superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP) it correlated positively with age, a result not previously reported. We confirmed this by using an alternative method, and by repeating our TBSS analysis in an additional sample of 133 healthy adults. In exploring this surprising result we considered the possibility that this might arise from the continual cognitive and motor refinement that is enacted in the cerebellum: we found that tract microstructure in both SCPs was also strongly correlated with IQ, again in contrast with all other tracts, and its relationship with age mediated by IQ, as a training model would predict. ...
Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum<...Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum. AU - Ábrahám, H.. AU - Tornóczky, T.. AU - Kosztolányi, G.. AU - Séress, L.. PY - 2001/2/1. Y1 - 2001/2/1. N2 - Cell proliferation has been studied in the human cerebellar cortex between the 24th gestational week and the 12th postnatal month. Intensive cell formation has been found in the external granular layer (EGL) of the human cerebellum, where the highest cell proliferation rate occurs between the 28th and 34th gestational weeks. This is followed by a gradual decrease that lasts up to the eighth postnatal month. As late in development as the fifth postnatal month, still 30% of cells of the EGL are labeled with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which is specific for dividing cells. The width of the EGL remained unchanged from the 28th gestational week to the end of the first postnatal month, when it starts to decrease and completely disappears by the 11th postnatal month. Large number of Ki-67 labeled ...
The level of sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the complexity of cerebellar foliation | DevelopmentThe level of sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the complexity of cerebellar foliation | Development
The relatively few well-defined cell types within the cerebellum and the stereotypical foliation pattern make the cerebellum particularly amenable to the study of morphogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). The mammalian cerebellum consists of a central vermis and two lateral hemispheres, each with its own sets of fissures. The complexity of the foliation pattern varies between species of mammals, depending on the proprioceptive input to the cerebellum. For example, the cerebellar vermis of many inbred mouse strains consists of eight major lobules with few sublobules, whereas the rat vermis consists of ten lobules and contains more sublobules. Furthermore, some inbred strains of mice have one or two additional partial lobules corresponding to additional lobules in rat. Although the basic ten lobules present in the rat are conserved in human, each human cerebellar lobule is extensively subdivided into many sublobules. The conservation of morphology within and across species suggests that ...
High-resolution tomographic imaging of a human cerebellum: comparison of absorption and grating-based phase contrast | Journal...High-resolution tomographic imaging of a human cerebellum: comparison of absorption and grating-based phase contrast | Journal...
Examining the histogram of one reconstructed slice (figure 2b), one observes that only four of the five Gaussians can be clearly related to known morphological structures of the human cerebellum. The fifth Gaussian with the largest half width describes the Δδ-values lying between the formalin and stratum moleculare related peaks. Therefore, this Gaussian basically corresponds to the partial volume between these two components. Aside from the partial volume one finds an additional peak at Δδ = 1.3 × 10−8, which appears rather as a shoulder. This shoulder becomes more obvious in the histogram of the entire three-dimensional dataset (figure 6c). The quantitative analysis of the shoulder reveals that the related Δδ-values are located in areas of the cerebellum that were in direct contact with the formalin solution during the whole fixation period. Obviously, the formalin treatment of the human cerebellum changes the electron density at the tissue periphery.. The usefulness of the ...
Cerebellar Exposure to Cell-Free Hemoglobin Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage - Lund UniversityCerebellar Exposure to Cell-Free Hemoglobin Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage - Lund University
Decreased cerebellar volume is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants and may be a principal component in neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebellar deposition of blood products from the subarachnoid space has been suggested as a causal mechanism in cerebellar underdevelopment following IVH. Using the preterm rabbit pup IVH model, we evaluated the effects of IVH induced at E29 (3 days prior to term) on cerebellar development at term-equivalent postnatal day 0 (P0), term-equivalent postnatal day 2 (P2), and term-equivalent postnatal day 5 (P5). Furthermore, the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebellar tissue was characterized, and cell-free Hb was evaluated as a causal factor in the development of cerebellar damage following preterm IVH. IVH was associated with a decreased proliferative (Ki67-positive) portion of the external granular layer (EGL), delayed Purkinje cell maturation, and activated microglia in the cerebellar white matter. In pups with ...
Cerebellar Exposure to Ce… - Göteborgs universitetCerebellar Exposure to Ce… - Göteborgs universitet
Decreased cerebellar volume is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants and may be a principal component in neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebellar deposition of blood products from the subarachnoid space has been suggested as a causal mechanism in cerebellar underdevelopment following IVH. Using the preterm rabbit pup IVH model, we evaluated the effects of IVH induced at E29 (3 days prior to term) on cerebellar development at term-equivalent postnatal day 0 (P0), term-equivalent postnatal day 2 (P2), and term-equivalent postnatal day 5 (P5). Furthermore, the presence of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebellar tissue was characterized, and cell-free Hb was evaluated as a causal factor in the development of cerebellar damage following preterm IVH. IVH was associated with a decreased proliferative (Ki67-positive) portion of the external granular layer (EGL), delayed Purkinje cell maturation, and activated microglia in the cerebellar white matter. In pups with ...
Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine...Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine...
Li, Y., Hu, S-Q., & Han, Y. (2015). Preventing H2O2-induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons via activating the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3ß pathway by kukoamine from Lycii Cortex. Journal of Functional Foods, 17, 709 - 721 ...
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells requires new RNA and protein synthesis | PNASN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells requires new RNA and protein synthesis | PNAS
Cerebellar granule cells are susceptible to the excitotoxin glutamate, which acts at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, as well as the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active cytotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Paradoxically, preincubation of cultured cerebellar granule cells with low concentrations of NMDA or glutamate markedly antagonizes the neurotoxicity resulting from subsequent exposure to toxic concentrations of either MPP+ or glutamate. The neuroprotective effects of NMDA and glutamate against MPP+ toxicity are observed at agonist concentrations as low as 1 microM, are blocked by specific NMDA receptor antagonists, and require at least 30 min to develop fully. Moreover, NMDA receptor-mediated neuroprotection is prevented by the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Thus, in cerebellar granule cells activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate can result in either ...
Retinotopic maps of visual space in the human cerebellum | MetaRetinotopic maps of visual space in the human cerebellum | Meta
While the cerebellum is instrumental for motor control, it is not traditionally implicated in vision. Here, we report the existence of 5 ipsilateral visual field maps in the human cerebellum. These maps are located within the oculomotor vermis and cerebellar nodes of the dorsal attention and visual networks. These findings imply that the cerebellum is closely involved in visuospatial cognition, and that its contributions are anchored in sensory coordinates. ...
Dynamics of glycolipid domains in the plasma membrane of living cultured neurons, following protein kinase C activation: A...Dynamics of glycolipid domains in the plasma membrane of living cultured neurons, following protein kinase C activation: A...
Dynamic changes of glycolipid domains within the plasma membranes of cultured rat cerebellar granule cells have been investigated. For this purpose, a pyrene-labelled derivative of G(M1) ganglioside has been incorporated in the cell plasma membrane, and the rate of excimer formation, directly related to the formation of domains, has been studied by a fluorescence imaging technique (excimer-formation imaging). Fluorescence imaging showed that upon addition of 100 μM glutamate, indirectly inducing the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), glycolipid concentration within domains increases in cell bodies. Comparable effects were exerted by the addition of PMA, directly inducing the activation of PKC. On the contrary, the phorbol ester was not effective in the presence of the specific PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide. These results suggest that glycolipid-enriched domains are dynamic supramolecular structures affected by membrane-associated events, such as PKC activation. Dynamic changes of ...
Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers | Neural Development | Full...Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers | Neural Development | Full...
The cerebellum has a striking morphology consisting of folia separated by fissures of different lengths. Since folia in mammals likely serve as a broad platform on which the anterior-posterior organization of the sensory-motor circuits of the cerebellum are built, it is important to understand how such complex morphology arises. Using a combination of genetic inducible fate mapping, high-resolution cellular analysis and mutant studies in mouse, we demonstrate that a key event in initiation of foliation is the acquisition of a distinct cytoarchitecture in the regions that will become the base of each fissure. We term these regions anchoring centers. We show that the first manifestation of anchoring centers when the cerebellar outer surface is smooth is an increase in proliferation and inward thickening of the granule cell precursors, which likely causes an associated slight invagination of the Purkinje cell layer. Thereafter, granule cell precursors within anchoring centers become distinctly elongated
Indmedica - CyberLectures - Vascular Densities and Human CerebellumIndmedica - CyberLectures - Vascular Densities and Human Cerebellum
Comparison of Vascular Densities of The Human Cerebellum - A Pilot Study. Vascular density corresponds to metabolic demands, which increase in highly active areas of the brain. The aim of this study was to determine the surface vascular density of three equal vertical divisions of the superior and inferior cerebellar hemispheres and to correlate with the function.. The dye Araldite was injected to the carotid and vertebral arteries of four fresh adult male human brains, maintaining a constant pressure of 93 mmHg. The cerebellums were examined, and a count was made, from the number of vessels entering each square on an overlying grid, using the light microscope and the camera Lucida. The vascular density of the three vertical columns were calculated and compared. The mean values of the vascular densities of the three vertical columns were, vessels per mm2 (from medial to lateral) left superior - 1.67, 1.89, 1.54, right superior - 1.52, 1.52, 1.28, left inferior - 1.17, 1.30, 1.19, right inferior ...
Multiple influences on the migration of precerebellar neurons in the caudal medulla | DevelopmentMultiple influences on the migration of precerebellar neurons in the caudal medulla | Development
Several neuronal populations are generated in the dorsal rhombencephalon, at the level of the rhombic lip. They migrate following distinct dorsoventral paths identified as the pontine, olivary and superficial migratory streams. They settle in the ventral neural tube and contribute neurons to several precerebellar nuclei. Therefore, the precebellar system permits the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the control of cell migration. We have focused on two populations of precerebellar neurons generated in the rhombic lip of rhombomeres 7/8 (or 8) (Cambronero and Puelles, 2000) and destined to form the inferior olive (ION), the lateral reticular (LRN) and the external cuneatus (ECN) nuclei. These neurons circumnavigate at different depths around the medulla following two routes, both orthogonal to the anteroposterior axis (Harkmark, 1954; Altman and Bayer, 1987a; Altman and Bayer, 1987b; Bourrat and Sotelo, 1988; Bourrat and Sotelo, 1990; Bourrat et al., 1989; Tan and Le ...
Low Cerebellar Vermis Volumes and Impaired Neuropsychologic Performance in Children Treated for Brain Tumors and Leukemia |...Low Cerebellar Vermis Volumes and Impaired Neuropsychologic Performance in Children Treated for Brain Tumors and Leukemia |...
Fig 2. Relative lobar vermal volumes in healthy children and patients with brain malignancies. Patients tended to have lower relative vermal volumes even before the start of the radiation treatment. The volumes of the posterior vermis, lobules VIII-X, were the lowest in 3 patients with medulloblastoma treated by surgical resection, which involved removing parts of cerebellar tissue. The lines connect data from individual subjects; asterisks indicate patients with medulloblastoma. ...
The human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. Fr | Open-iThe human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. Fr | Open-i
The human cerebellum with lobules I-X color-coded. From the spatially unbiased infratentorial template [SUIT] of the cerebellum and brainstem (Diedrichsen et
Protective Effect of PPARγ Agonists on Cerebellar Tissues Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroid RatsProtective Effect of PPARγ Agonists on Cerebellar Tissues Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroid Rats
Neurology Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies focusing on diseases of the nervous system, as well as normal neurological functioning. The journal will consider basic, translational, and clinical research, including animal models and clinical trials.
Early cerebellum injury hinders neural development, possible root of autismEarly cerebellum injury hinders neural development, possible root of autism
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been studied in relation to motor movement and coordination in adults. Recent studies, however, strongly suggest that it also influences childhood cognition, Wang said. Several studies also have found a correlation between cerebellar injury and the development of a disorder in the autism spectrum, the researchers report. For instance, the researchers cite a 2007 paper in the journal Pediatrics that found that individuals who experienced cerebellum damage at birth were 40 times more likely to score highly on autism screening tests. They also reference studies in 2004 and 2005 that found that the cerebellum is the most frequently disrupted brain region in people with autism.. "What we realized from looking at the literature is that these two problems - autism and cerebellar injury - might be related to each other" via the cerebellums influence on wider neural development, Wang said. "We hope to get people and scientists thinking differently about the cerebellum ...
Fluoride Action Network | Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice.Fluoride Action Network | Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice.
The effect of fluoride on murine thyroid function and cerebellar development was studied by administering NaF in drinking water (0.5 g/L) to pregnant and lactating mice, from the 15th day of pregnancy to the 14th day after delivery. Compared to a control group, the NaF-treated pups, at age 14 days, showed a 35% decrease in body weight, a 75% decrease in plasma free T4, and reductions in the cerebellar and cerebral protein concentrations by 27% and 17%, respectively. Consistent histological changes were present in the cerebellum of the treated mice with the external granular layer being markedly reduced or absent, the Purkinje cell bodies being poorly differentiated and arranged in a single layer at the surface of the internal granular layer, and with more apoptotic Purkinje cells being present.. ...
Light and electron microscopic analysis of KChIP and Kv4 localization in rat cerebellar granule cells - Strassle - 2005 -...Light and electron microscopic analysis of KChIP and Kv4 localization in rat cerebellar granule cells - Strassle - 2005 -...
Potassium channels are key determinants of neuronal excitability. We recently identified KChIPs as a family of calcium binding proteins that coassociate and colocalize with Kv4 family potassium channels in mammalian brain (An et al. [2000] Nature 403:553). Here, we used light microscopic immunohistochemistry and multilabel immunofluorescence labeling, together with transmission electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, to examine the subcellular distribution of KChIPs and Kv4 channels in adult rat cerebellum. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed on 40-μm free-floating sections using a diaminobenzidine labeling procedure. Multilabel immunofluorescence staining was performed on free-floating sections and on 1-μm ultrathin cryosections. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed using an immunoperoxidase pre-embedding labeling procedure. By light microscopy, immunoperoxidase labeling showed that Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and KChIPs 1, 3, and 4 (but not KChIP2) were expressed at ...
Cerebellum synonyms, cerebellum antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comCerebellum synonyms, cerebellum antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for cerebellum in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for cerebellum. 10 words related to cerebellum: arteria cerebelli, cerebellar artery, neural structure, cerebellar hemisphere, dentate nucleus, vermis, vermis cerebelli.... What are synonyms for cerebellum?
Advances in Neural Science, Volume 2 (Advances in Neural by Sudarshan K. Malhotra - QUEEN OF THE LibraryAdvances in Neural Science, Volume 2 (Advances in Neural by Sudarshan K. Malhotra - QUEEN OF THE Library
Again, the physiological significance of the transient expression of SRIF receptors in the cerebellum can only be speculated on at present. At the microscopic level, SRIF receptors are associated with the external granule layer and thus may play a role in the proliferation of the stem cells of the granule cells, and their disappearance appears to coincide with the migration of the neuroblasts. The hypothesis that SRIF may act as atrophic factor involved in the regulation of cell division and/or migration in the external granular layer is supported by the absence of synaptic contacts in this layer, thus suggesting that SRIF receptors in this layer are not involved in neurotransmission. 1986). A decrease in this particular class of steroid (after adrenalectomy) appears to increase the potential for altering the expression of the propressophysin gene within this nucleus. , 1988) found that adrenalectomyinduced plasticity in VP expression is further enhanced by ablation of a specific afferent ...
ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)ModelDB: Alcohol excites Cerebellar Golgi Cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase (Botta et al.2010)
TITLE Cerebellum Golgi Cell Model COMMENT KCa channel Author: E.DAngelo, T.Nieus, A. Fontana Last revised: 8.5.2000 ENDCOMMENT NEURON { SUFFIX Golgi_BK USEION k READ ek WRITE ik USEION ca READ cai RANGE gkbar, ik, g RANGE Aalpha_c, Balpha_c, Kalpha_c, alpha_c, beta_c RANGE Abeta_c, Bbeta_c, Kbeta_c RANGE c_inf, tau_c, c, tcorr } UNITS { (mA) = (milliamp) (mV) = (millivolt) (molar) = (1/liter) (mM) = (millimolar) } PARAMETER { Aalpha_c = 7 (/ms) Balpha_c = 1.5e-3 (mM) Kalpha_c = -11.765 (mV) Abeta_c = 1 (/ms) Bbeta_c = 0.15e-3 (mM) Kbeta_c = -11.765 (mV) v (mV) cai (mM) gkbar= 0.003 (mho/cm2) ek (mV) celsius (degC) Q10 = 3 (1) } STATE { c } ASSIGNED { ik (mA/cm2) ica (mA/cm2) c_inf tau_c (ms) g (mho/cm2) alpha_c (/ms) beta_c (/ms) tcorr (1) } INITIAL { rate(v) c = c_inf } BREAKPOINT { SOLVE states METHOD derivimplicit g = gkbar*c ik = g*(v - ek) alpha_c = alp_c(v) beta_c = bet_c(v) } DERIVATIVE states { rate(v) c =(c_inf - c)/tau_c } FUNCTION alp_c(v(mV))(/ms) { tcorr = ...
Making sense of the cerebellum | Max Planck NeuroscienceMaking sense of the cerebellum | Max Planck Neuroscience
Despite our knowledge that the cerebellum plays a central role in coordinating motion and behavior, we do not really know how the cerebellar circuits accomplish this. Purkinje cells, making up the core of cerebellar circuits, are thought to perform the essential integrations of sensory and motor information. Ruben Portugues and his team at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology now uncovered a surprisingly simple yet elegant organization of the cerebellum into three behavioral modules, each encoding a distinct type of visual information.. Our world is full of sensory stimuli. Depending on what we see, smell, taste, feel, or hear, we are compelled to behave in a predictable way - like approaching tasty food or avoiding an oncoming car. The brains ability to make sense of the diverse sensory stimuli and to coordinate the appropriate behavioral response relies critically on the function of the cerebellum. This hindbrain region, critical to sensorimotor coordination, is conserved across ...
abnormal cerebellum development Mammalian Phenotype Term (MP:0000854)abnormal cerebellum development Mammalian Phenotype Term (MP:0000854)
The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology is a community effort to provide standard terms for annotating phenotypic data. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated phenotype data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.
Zing Performance- Secret Cerebellum Development, On-Line Program - via NAMELY LIBERTYZing Performance- Secret Cerebellum Development, On-Line Program - via NAMELY LIBERTY
When you login first time using a Social Login button, we collect your account public profile information shared by Social Login provider, based on your privacy settings. We also get your email address to automatically create an account for you in our website. Once your account is created, youll be logged-in to this account ...
MicrocircuitDB: Functional properties of dendritic gap junctions in Cerebellar Golgi cells (Szoboszlay et al. 2016)MicrocircuitDB: Functional properties of dendritic gap junctions in Cerebellar Golgi cells (Szoboszlay et al. 2016)
RegionFitness xdat ydat boundary weight (lines=28008) 1 ,, 14000 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.7 2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1 4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 4.45 4.5 4.55 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 5.7 5.75 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 6.15 6.2 6.25 6.3 6.35 6.4 6.45 6.5 6.55 6.6 6.65 6.7 6.75 6.8 6.85 6.9 6.95 7 7.05 7.1 7.15 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5 7.55 7.6 7.65 7.7 7.75 7.8 7.85 7.9 7.95 8 8.05 8.1 8.15 8.2 8.25 8.3 8.35 8.4 8.45 8.5 8.55 8.6 8.65 8.7 8.75 8.8 8.85 8.9 8.95 9 9.05 9.1 9.15 9.2 9.25 9.3 9.35 9.4 9.45 9.5 9.55 9.6 9.65 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.85 9.9 9.95 10 10.05 10.1 10.15 10.2 10.25 10.3 10.35 10.4 10.45 10.5 10.55 ...
Plus itPlus it
The neurological mutation weaver is characterized by defects in granule cell migration along Bergmann glial processes and by subsequent death and disposition of granule cells. Immunocytochemical localization of antisera raised against purified glial filament protein (AbGF) and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize specific associations between granule neurons and astroglia in microcultures of cerebellar cells dissociated from normal (+/+), heterozygous (+/wv), and homozygous (wv/wv) B6CBA-w mouse cerebella. In microcultures of cells dissociated from normal B6CBA-Aw-J-wv (+/+) cerebella, staining with AbGF closely resembled results previously reported for cells taken from C57BL/6J (+/+) tissue. Two forms of stained astroglia were seen, one with a larger perikaryon and shorter processes, among which 12 to 20 unstained cells nestled; and another with a smaller cell soma and longer processes, along which a few unstained cells were seen. The first resembled astrocytes of the ...
Axonal varicosity distributions along parallel fibers: a new angle on a cerebellar circuit - Semantic ScholarAxonal varicosity distributions along parallel fibers: a new angle on a cerebellar circuit - Semantic Scholar
Presynaptic terminals occur along unmyelinated axons in specialized compartments called axonal varicosities or synaptic boutons. Since the first descriptions of varicose axons by Cajal and others, the spatial organization of varicosities along axons has attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Quantitative light- and electron-microscopic analyses of varicosity spacing in the cerebellum and elsewhere have recently provided a clearer picture of this organization, and theoretical analyses now incorporate varicosity spacing as an essential parameter in structural models of neural connectivity. Here we review the salient features of varicosity spacing, with emphasis on cerebellar parallel fibers as a model system. Measured globally across the entire≈ 5 mm lengths of parallel fibers, the overall mean spacing of varicosities is 5.2 μm. Measured locally, however, mean spacing follows a proximodistal gradient, increasing with distance from the point of bifurcation from the ascending axon. Measured at the
Developmental assembly of calcium-mobilizing systems for excitatory amino acids in rat cerebellum<...Developmental assembly of calcium-mobilizing systems for excitatory amino acids in rat cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Developmental assembly of calcium-mobilizing systems for excitatory amino acids in rat cerebellum. AU - Ito, Etsuro. AU - Miyazawa, Atsuo. AU - Takagi, Hiroshi. AU - Yoshioka, Tohru. AU - Horikoshi, Tetsuro. AU - Yanagisawa, Keiji. AU - Nakamura, Takeshi. AU - Kudo, Yoshihisa. AU - Umeda, Masato. AU - Inoue, Keizo. AU - Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko. PY - 1991/8. Y1 - 1991/8. N2 - The postnatal development of calcium-mobilizing systems was studied by both microfluorometric imaging analysis of Ca2+ on living rat cerebellar slices and immunohistochemical labeling of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding protein (IP3BP) in fixed rat cerebellum. Stimulation with quisqualate (QA) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) enhanced the Ca2+ level only diffusely on postnatal day (PND) 3, but more discretely on PNDs 7 and 15. On PND 21, QA-induced responses were localized in the molecular layer especially, but not in the granular layer. By contrast, NMDA ...
Plus itPlus it
In the present study, we provide evidence that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions promote the differentiation of cerebellar granule cells at approximately postnatal day 5 in the early proliferative developmental stages of the mouse cerebellum, while heterophilic trans-interactions of CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, PAI-2, uPA, and uPAR contribute to postproliferative neurite outgrowth and granule cell migration 1-2 d later.. The number of undifferentiated granule cells was increased only when dissociated cells from cerebella of 4- to 5-d-old wild-type mice were cultured on CHL1-Fc substrate, but not on a neutral control substrate, suggesting that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions inhibit or delay differentiation of granule cell precursors before radial glia-guided outside-in migration starts. Increased numbers of differentiated granule neurons in 5-d-old CHL1-deficient cerebella versus wild-type cerebella infer that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions delay the differentiation of granule cell ...
Lab-grown human cerebellar cells yield clues to autism | EurekAlert! Science NewsLab-grown human cerebellar cells yield clues to autism | EurekAlert! Science News
Increasing evidence has linked autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with dysfunction of the brains cerebellum, but the details have been unclear. In a new study, researchers at Boston Childrens Hospital used stem cell technology to create cerebellar cells known as Purkinje cells from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic syndrome that often includes ASD-like features.
GDF15 regulates Kv2.1-mediated outward K+ current through the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells |...GDF15 regulates Kv2.1-mediated outward K+ current through the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat cerebellar granule cells |...
GDF15, also known as MIC-1, is a novel member of the TGFβ superfamily and is known to plays multiple roles in the processes of neural protection, regeneration and axonal elongation [5,7,9,13,28]. However, the receptor for GDF15 and its downstream effector signalling pathways have been poorly characterized. In the present study, for the first time, we show that GDF15 may activate the TGFβR2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways to increase the IK amplitude, as well as the expression of Kv2.1 in CGNs, which may be associated with a developmental function.. The IK is one of the most ubiquitously expressed voltage-gated K+ channels and plays many diverse physiological roles. Kv2.1 is a major component of the IK in the central nervous system [19]. Previous studies using cultured CGNs showed that enhancement of the IK was associated with the apoptosis, migration or maturation of CGNs, depending on their normal development state or abnormal apoptosis stimulation [14,15]. Indeed, the IK amplitude and ...
Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum<...Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Norepinephrine and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum. AU - Chandler, Daniel J.. AU - Nicholson, Shevon E.. AU - Zitnik, Gerard. AU - Waterhouse, Barry D.. PY - 2013/1/1. Y1 - 2013/1/1. N2 - Although the presence of norepinephrine (NE) in the mammalian cerebellum was initially controversial, there is now substantial evidence of a role for the NE system in modulating the response properties of individual cerebellar neurons to synaptic inputs rather than transmitting moment-to-moment details of modality specific information. As a result of these cellular actions, the system is capable of regulating cerebellar circuit functions within the context of ongoing voluntary and reflex motor activities and in a manner appropriate to the behavioral state of the organism. The evidence for this mode of operation derives from extensive anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological investigations over a period of more than 40 years. This chapter summarizes those studies and the development ...
Bax −/− cerebellar granule cells do not undergo apo | Open-iBax −/− cerebellar granule cells do not undergo apo | Open-i
Bax −/− cerebellar granule cells do not undergo apoptosis in response to K+ deprivation. Cerebellar granule cells from Bax +/+ (a, b, e, and f) and Bax −
IST Research ExplorerIST Research Explorer
Lindholm, D., Dechant, G., Heisenberg, C.-P. J., & Thoenen, H. (1993). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a survival factor for cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons and protects them against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. European Journal of Neuroscience, 5(11), 1455-1464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00213.x ...
Astroglial cells in the external granular layer are precursors of cerebellar granule neurons in neonates. - PubMed - NCBIAstroglial cells in the external granular layer are precursors of cerebellar granule neurons in neonates. - PubMed - NCBI
Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010 Aug;44(4):362-73. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.05.001. Epub 2010 May 12. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
culture media serum free Protocols and Video...'culture media serum free' Protocols and Video...
Video articles in JoVE about culture media serum free include Isolation and Culture of Post-Natal Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitor Cells and Neurons .
Gene Expression Literature DetailGene Expression Literature Detail
J:46505 Baader SL, Sanlioglu S, Berrebi AS, Parker-Thornburg J, Oberdick J, Ectopic overexpression of engrailed-2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells causes restricted cell loss and retarded external germinal layer development at lobule junctions. J Neurosci. 1998 Mar 1;18(5):1763-73 ...
Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI - InfoscienceWhole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI - Infoscience
The cerebellum is known to contain a double somatotopic body representation. While the anterior lobe body map has shown a robust somatotopic organization in previous fMRI studies, the representations in the posterior lobe have been more difficult to observe and are less precisely characterized. In this study, participants went through a simple motor task asking them to move either the eyes (left-right guided saccades), tongue (left-right movement), thumbs, little fingers or toes (flexion). Using high spatial resolution fMRI data acquired at ultra-high field (7T), with special care taken to obtain sufficient B-1 over the entire cerebellum and a cerebellar surface reconstruction facilitating visual inspection of the results, we were able to precisely map the somatotopic representations of these five distal body parts on both subject- and group-specific cerebellar surfaces. The anterior lobe (including lobule VI) showed a consistent and robust somatotopic gradient. Although less robust, the presence of
Inferior cerebellar peduncle | Article about inferior cerebellar peduncle by The Free DictionaryInferior cerebellar peduncle | Article about inferior cerebellar peduncle by The Free Dictionary
Looking for inferior cerebellar peduncle? Find out information about inferior cerebellar peduncle. A large bundle of nerve fibers running from the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum. Also known as restiform body Explanation of inferior cerebellar peduncle
CONTENTS OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS IN THE CEREBELLUM, BRAIN STEM AND CEREBRUM OF THE STAGGERER, WEAVER AND NERVOUS...CONTENTS OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS IN THE CEREBELLUM, BRAIN STEM AND CEREBRUM OF THE 'STAGGERER', 'WEAVER' AND 'NERVOUS'...
TY - JOUR. T1 - CONTENTS OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS IN THE CEREBELLUM, BRAIN STEM AND CEREBRUM OF THE STAGGERER, WEAVER AND NERVOUS NEUROLOGICALLY MUTANT MICE. AU - McBride, W. J.. AU - Aprison, M. H.. AU - Kusano, K.. PY - 1976/5. Y1 - 1976/5. N2 - The content of glutamate, GABA, aspartate, glycine and alanine was determined in the cerebellum, brain stem and cerebrum of three different mutant mice which have been named staggerer, weaver and nervous on the basis of neurological symptoms. In the staggerer and weaver mutants there is an almost complete absence of granule cells in the cerebellar cortex while in the nervous mutant there is a loss of Purkinje cells (and to a lesser extent a loss of granule cells) in the cerebellar cortex. In the cerebellum of the weaver mutant, the content of glutamate was significantly lower (P,0.025) than control values (8.77±0.76 vs 12.0±1.3 μmol/g tissue wet wt) and the contents of GABA and glycine were significantly greater than normal levels. ...
Teresa Paula Martins Tiago Bastos | - CCMARTeresa Paula Martins Tiago Bastos | - CCMAR
Tiago T, Marques-da-Silva D, Samhan-Arias AK, Aureliano M, Gutiérrez-Merino C. Early disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in cultured cerebellar granule neurons exposed to 3-morpholinosydnonimine-oxidative stress is linked to alterations of the cytosolic calcium concentration. Cell Calcium. 2011;49(3):174-83. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2011.01.009 ...
Cell-type-specific expression of NFIX in the developing and adult cerebellum - UQ eSpaceCell-type-specific expression of NFIX in the developing and adult cerebellum - UQ eSpace
Transcription factors from the nuclear factor one (NFI) family have been shown to play a central role in regulating neural progenitor cell differentiation within the embryonic and post-natal brain. NFIA and NFIB, for instance, promote the differentiation and functional maturation of granule neurons within the cerebellum. Mice lacking Nfix exhibit delays in the development of neuronal and glial lineages within the cerebellum, but the cell-type-specific expression of this transcription factor remains undefined. Here, we examined the expression of NFIX, together with various cell-type-specific markers, within the developing and adult cerebellum using both chromogenic immunohistochemistry and co-immunofluorescence labelling and confocal microscopy. In embryos, NFIX was expressed by progenitor cells within the rhombic lip and ventricular zone. After birth, progenitor cells within the external granule layer, as well as migrating and mature granule neurons, expressed NFIX. Within the adult cerebellum, ...
Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells<...Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interactions between mitochondrial bioenergetics and cytoplasmic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells. AU - Nicholls, David. AU - Vesce, Sabino. AU - Kirk, Liana. AU - Chalmers, Susan. PY - 2003/10. Y1 - 2003/10. N2 - The mitochondrion has moved to the center stage in the drama of the life and death of the neuron. The mitochondrial membrane potential controls the ability of the organelle to generate ATP, generate reactive oxygen species and sequester Ca(2+) entering the cell. Each of these processes interact, and their deconvolution is far from trivial. The cultured cerebellar granule cell provides a model in which knowledge gained from studies on isolated mitochondria can be applied to study the role played by the organelles in the maintenance of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the cell under resting, stimulated and pathophysiological conditions. In particular, mitochondria play a complex role in the response of the neuron to excitotoxic stimulation of NMDA and AMPA-kainate ...
Central vestibular system: Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum<...Central vestibular system: Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Central vestibular system. T2 - Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum. AU - Barmack, Neal H.. PY - 2003/6/15. Y1 - 2003/6/15. N2 - The vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum are the destination of vestibular primary afferents and the subject of this review. The vestibular nuclei include four major nuclei (medial, descending, superior and lateral). In addition, smaller vestibular nuclei include: Y-group, parasolitary nucleus, and nucleus intercalatus. Each of the major nuclei can be subdivided further based primarily on cytological and immunohistochemical histological criteria or differences in afferent and/or efferent projections. The primary afferent projections of vestibular end organs are distributed to several ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vestibular nuclei communicate bilaterally through a commissural system that is predominantly inhibitory. Secondary vestibular neurons also receive convergent sensory information from optokinetic circuitry, central visual system ...
Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as...Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as...
Article Ethological studies in Swiss albino mice with special reference to the histology of the cerebellar tissue after an acute as well as a continuous low-dose tritiated water (HTO) exposure. Health and environmental impact of tritium released from...
고립성 소뇌전엽 충부 경색고립성 소뇌전엽 충부 경색
Our patient with a unilateral infarction restricted to the anterior midline vermis presented with acute non-rotatory dizziness and unsteadiness during gait, and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation showed impaired smooth pursuit and hypometric saccades in the contralesional direction, and disconjugate ocular torsion. This suggests that anterior vermis contributes to ocular motor control as well as posture and gait.. Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum are involved in the generation and coordination of smooth pursuit eye movements. Neuronal signals for smooth pursuit eye movements are initiated in the frontal and parietal eye centers, and then mediated by the pontine nuclei [4]. The pontine nuclei project to the vestibulocerebellum and the cerebellar oculomotor vermis that includes the declive, folium, and tuber (Figure 1F) [4]. The uvula and part of the pyramid are also commonly damaged in patients with deficient gain of the horizontal sinusoidal smooth pursuit eye ...
Activation of Cerebellar Climbing Fibers Increases Cerebellar Blood Flow | StrokeActivation of Cerebellar Climbing Fibers Increases Cerebellar Blood Flow | Stroke
We have investigated the mechanisms of the increases in BFcrb produced by activation of the CF. The CF provide a strong excitatory synaptic input to the cerebellar Purkinje cells. The CF originate from the contralateral inferior olive, project directly to the cerebellar molecular layer, and make multiple synaptic contacts with Purkinje cell dendrites and molecular layer interneurons.6 Despite the fact that a Purkinje cell receives inputs only from a single CF,6 CF activation produces powerful synaptic responses in Purkinje cell dendrites29 (see reference 30 for a review). CF-induced Purkinje cell discharges are associated with increases in cerebellar glucose utilization.31 We have found that activation of the CF using harmaline elicits profound increases in BFcrb that are independent of changes in arterial pressure and blood gases. The increases in BFcrb are protracted in time and are larger in magnitude than those produced by stimulation of the PF, hypercapnia, or topical application of ...
Vol 9: Restrictive Expression of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 5 Asic5 in Unipolar Brush Cells of the Vestibulocerebellum. - pdf...Vol 9: Restrictive Expression of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 5 Asic5 in Unipolar Brush Cells of the Vestibulocerebellum. - pdf...
Vol 9: Restrictive Expression of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 5 Asic5 in Unipolar Brush Cells of the Vestibulocerebellum.. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum | eLifeClassical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum | eLife
Climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum encode error signals that instruct learning. Recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that the cerebellum is also involved in the processing of reward. To study how rewarding events are encoded, we recorded the activity of climbing fibers when monkeys were engaged in an eye movement task. At the beginning of each trial, the monkeys were cued to the size of the reward that would be delivered upon successful completion of the trial. Climbing fiber activity increased when the monkeys were presented with a cue indicating a large reward, but not a small reward. Reward size did not modulate activity at reward delivery or during eye movements. Comparison between climbing fiber and simple spike activity indicated different interactions for coding of movement and reward. These results indicate that climbing fibers encode the expected reward size and suggest a general role of the cerebellum in associative learning beyond error correction.. ...
Unipolar brush cell | World eBook Library | Read eBooks onlineUnipolar brush cell | World eBook Library | Read eBooks online
Unipolar brush cell: | | | |Unipolar brush cell| | | | | ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled.
Neuroprotective effects of PACAP against ethanol-induced toxicity in the developing rat cerebellum. - InsermNeuroprotective effects of PACAP against ethanol-induced toxicity in the developing rat cerebellum. - Inserm
The developing rat cerebellum is particularly sensitive to alcohol at the end of the first postnatal week, a period of intense neurogenesis. The neuropeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has previously been shown to prevent the death of cultured neurons in vitro. We have thus investigated the capacity of PACAP to counteract ethanol toxicity in 8-day-old rats. Behavioral studies revealed that PACAP reduces the deleterious action of alcohol in the negative geotaxis test. Administration of ethanol induced a transient increase of the expression of pro-apoptotic genes including c-jun or caspase-3 , which could be partially blocked by PACAP. Alcohol inhibited the expression of the α6 GABA ( A ) subunit while PACAP increased neuroD2 mRNA level, two markers of neuronal differentiation. Although gene regulations occurred rapidly, a third injection of ethanol was required to strongly reduce the number of granule cells in the internal granule cell layer, an effect which was totally
Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation<...Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. AU - Lindholm, D.. AU - Castren, E.. AU - Tsoulfas, P.. AU - Kolbeck, R.. AU - Berzaghi, M. D.P.. AU - Leingartner, A.. AU - Heisenberg, C. P.. AU - Tesarollo, L.. AU - Parada, L. F.. AU - Thoenen, H.. PY - 1993. Y1 - 1993. N2 - Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, but the mechanism(s) by which triiodothyronine (T3) mediates neuronal differentiation is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that T3 regulates the neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in developing rat cerebellar granule cells both in cell culture and in vivo. In situ hybridization experiments showed that developing Purkinje cells do not express NT-3 mRNA but do express trkC, the putative neuronal receptor for NT-3. Addition of recombinant NT-3 to cerebellar cultures from embryonic rat brain induces hypertrophy and neurite sprouting of Purkinje cells, and upregulates the ...
LM of Purkinje cells of human cerebellum - Stock Image P360/0069 - Science Photo LibraryLM of Purkinje cells of human cerebellum - Stock Image P360/0069 - Science Photo Library
Light micrograph of the human cerebellum, the hindbrain, showing (at bottom) a row of large, flask-like Purkinje cells, which are among the largest nerve cells in the body. The long dendrites from the Purkinje cells extend into all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. The cerebellum receives input from areas of the brain responsible for initiating movement, & from the bodys sense receptors. The mechanisms by which its cells integrate motor & sensory information to coordinate fine movement are obscure. Magnification: x500 at 35mm size. - Stock Image P360/0069
Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses in the normal and epileptic rat dentate gyrus studied with minimal laser photostimulationMossy fiber-granule cell synapses in the normal and epileptic rat dentate gyrus studied with minimal laser photostimulation
Dentate granule cells become synaptically interconnected in the hippocampus of persons with temporal lobe epilepsy, forming a recurrent mossy fiber pathway. This pathway may contribute to the development and propagation of seizures. The physiology of mossy fiber-granule cell synapses is difficult to …
Plus itPlus it
In Ptch+/−-driven mouse models for medulloblastoma, all mice show aberrant proliferation of cerebellar granule cell precursors, but only some develop advanced medulloblastoma. Tamayo-Orego and colleagues studied P7 external granule layer, preneoplastic lesions, and advanced medulloblastoma, and found high levels of p16Ink4a (CDKN2A) and p21 (CDKN1A) only in the preneoplastic lesions. A third of advanced medulloblastoma harbored p53 mutations, which they could replicate in other SHH models of medulloblastoma. By laser microdissection over time, Ptch1 loss of heterozygosity was the first event in preneoplastic lesions, followed by p53 mutations. In samples without p53 mutations, 60% harbored p16ink4a inactivation. They confirmed similar inactivation of p16INK4A (CDKN2A) in human SHH medulloblastoma. This study provides developmental insights into evasion of oncogene-induced senescence in advanced medulloblastoma.. Tamayo-Orrego L, Wu CL, Bouchard N, Khedher A, Swikert SM, Remke M, et al. Evasion ...
CXCL3 - WikipediaCXCL3 - Wikipedia
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates its effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. More recently, it has been shown that Cxcl3 regulates cell autonomously the migration of the precursors of cerebellar granule neurons toward the internal layers of cerebellum, during the morphogenesis of cerebellum. Moreover, if the expression of Cxcl3 is reduced in cerebellar granule neuron precursors, this highly enhances the frequency of the medulloblastoma, the tumor of cerebellum. In fact, the reduced expression of Cxcl3 forces the cerebellar granule neuron precursors to remain at the surface of the cerebellum, where they highly proliferate under the stimulus of Sonic hedgehog, becoming target of transforming ...
Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion...Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Involvement of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP formation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and rat cerebellar granule neurons. AU - Masuda, Kumiko. AU - Tsutsuki, Hiroyasu. AU - Kasamatsu, Shingo. AU - Ida, Tomoaki. AU - Takata, Tsuyoshi. AU - Sugiura, Kikuya. AU - Nishida, Motohiro. AU - Watanabe, Yasuo. AU - Sawa, Tomohiro. AU - Akaike, Takaaki. AU - Ihara, Hideshi. PY - 2018/1/15. Y1 - 2018/1/15. N2 - To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) redox signaling in Parkinsons disease-like neurotoxicity, we used 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment (a model of Parkinsons disease). We show that MPP+-induced neurotoxicity was dependent on ROS from neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in nNOS-expressing PC12 cells (NPC12 cells) and rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Following MPP+ treatment, we found production of 8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), a ...
Motor learning and long-term plasticity of parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses require post-synaptic Cdk5/p35 - Molnár - 2014...Motor learning and long-term plasticity of parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses require post-synaptic Cdk5/p35 - Molnár - 2014...
Kumazawa A., Mita N., Hirasawa M., Adachi T., Suzuki H., Shafeghat N., Kulkarni A. B., Mikoshiba K., Inoue T. and Ohshima T. (2013) Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is required for normal cerebellar development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 52, 97-105 ...
Difference between revisions of Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog - EmbryologyDifference between revisions of "Developmental Signals - Sonic hedgehog" - Embryology
Bergmann glial Sonic hedgehog signaling activity is required for proper cerebellar cortical expansion and architecture[8] "Neuronal-glial relationships play a critical role in the maintenance of central nervous system architecture and neuronal specification. A deeper understanding of these relationships can elucidate cellular cross-talk capable of sustaining proper development of neural tissues. In the cerebellum, cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) proliferate in response to Purkinje neuron-derived Sonic hedgehog (Shh) before ultimately exiting the cell cycle and migrating radially along Bergmann glial fibers. However, the function of Bergmann glia in CGNP proliferation remains not well defined. Interestingly, the Hh pathway is also activated in Bergmann glia, but the role of Shh signaling in these cells is unknown. In this study, we show that specific ablation of Shh signaling using the tamoxifen-inducible TNCYFP-CreER line to eliminate Shh pathway activator Smoothened in Bergmann ...
Chapter 5. Incoordination and Other Disorders of Cerebellar Function | Adams and Victors Principles of Neurology, 9e |...Chapter 5. Incoordination and Other Disorders of Cerebellar Function | Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9e |...
The cerebellum, principally a motor organ, is responsible for the coordination of movements, especially skilled voluntary ones, the control of posture and gait, and the regulation of muscular tone. In the last decade it has come to be appreciated that the cerebellum may play a role in the modulation of the emotional state and some aspects of cognition. The mechanisms by which these functions are accomplished have been the subject of intense investigation by anatomists and physiologists. Their studies have yielded a mass of data, testimony to the complexity of the organization of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. A coherent picture of cerebellar function is now emerging, although it is not yet possible, with a few notable exceptions, to relate each of the symptoms of cerebellar disease to a derangement of a discrete anatomic or functional unit of the cerebellum. ...
Purkinje cells - Dwight Bergles LaboratoryPurkinje cells - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Purkinje cells in the mammalian cerebellum are remarkably homogeneous in shape and orientation, yet they exhibit regional differences in gene expression. Purkinje cells that express high levels of zebrin II (aldolase C) and the glutamate transporter EAAT4 cluster in parasagittal zones that receive input from distinct groups of climbing fibers (CFs); however, the physiological properties of CFs that target these molecularly distinct Purkinje cells have not been determined. Here we report that CFs that innervate Purkinje cells in zebrin II-immunoreactive (Z(+)) zones release more glutamate per action potential than CFs in Z(-) zones. CF terminals in Z(+) zones had larger pools of release-ready vesicles, exhibited enhanced multivesicular release, and produced larger synaptic glutamate transients. As a result, CF-mediated EPSCs in Purkinje cells decayed more slowly in Z(+) zones, which triggered longer-duration complex spikes containing a greater number of spikelets. The differences in the duration ...
The cerebellum of the brain. - Health TipsThe cerebellum of the brain. - Health Tips
Cora cerebellum is divided into three layers.The inner layer, granular, made of 5 x 1010 small, tightly connected cells in the form of granules.The middle layer, Purkinje cell layer is composed of a large number of single cells.The outer layer, the molecular made of axons and dendrites of the granule cells of Purkinje cells and several other cell types.Purkinje cell layer forms the border between granular and molecular layers.. granule cells. Very small, densely packed neurons.Cerebellar granule cells make up more than half the neurons throughout the brain.These cells receive information from mossy fibers and project it to the Purkinje cells.. Purkinje cells. They are one of the most prominent types of cells in the mammalian brain.Their dendrites form a big fan of finely branched processes.Notably, this almost two-dimensional dendritic tree.In addition, all oriented parallel to Purkinje cells.This arrangement has important functional considerations.. other cell types. In addition to the main ...
Regulation of glutamate-synthesizing enzymes by NMDA and potassium in cerebellar granule cellsRegulation of glutamate-synthesizing enzymes by NMDA and potassium in cerebellar granule cells
The presence of 25 mm potassium (KCl) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) induces a trophic effect, including a specific regulation of the enzymes involved in the glutamate neurotransmitter synthesis. In this study we explored the effect of these conditions on the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), and phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) in CGN. We found that NMDA and KCl increased the AAT total activity by 40% and 70%, respectively This effect was mediated by an augmentation in the protein levels (68% by NMDA, 58% by KCl). NMDA raised the V-max and KCl raised both the maximol velocity (V-max) and Michaelis constant (K-m) of AAT. NMDA increased cytosolic AAT activity by 30% and mitochondrial activity by 70%; KCl increased cytosolic and mitochondrial AAT activity by 60% and 100%, respectively This activation was also related to an increase in the protein levels. The effect of both conditions on the activity and ...
Plus itPlus it
Anticonvulsants can increase a risk of developing neurotoxicity in infants; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. Thyroxine (T4) plays crucial roles in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we hypothesized that induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A1 (UGT1A1) - an enzyme involved in the metabolism of T4 - by anticonvulsants would reduce serum T4 levels and cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. An exposure of mice to phenytoin during both prenatal and postnatal period significantly induced UGT1A1 and decreased serum T4 levels on postnatal day 14. In the phenytoin-treated mice, the mRNA levels of synaptophysin and synapsin I in hippocampus were lower than those in the control mice. The thickness of external granule cell layer was greater in PHT treated mice, indicating that induction of UGT1A1 during perinatal period caused neurodevelopmental disorders. The exposure to phenytoin during only the postnatal period also caused these ...
Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell activity as the cause of motor attacks in a mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2 | Disease...Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell activity as the cause of motor attacks in a mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2 | Disease...
The data presented here support the hypothesis that highly erratic activity of Purkinje cells during caffeine-induced attacks is the cause of motor abnormalities in tottering mice. This is in agreement with earlier studies that have shown that Purkinje cells are sufficient, and required, for the initiation of attacks in this mouse model (Campbell et al., 1999; Mark et al., 2011; Raike et al., 2013a), and extend them by revealing a tight correlation between the extent to which the activity of Purkinje cells is erratic with the severity of the motor abnormalities. Because a significant amount of sensory information converges on the cerebellum, one might consider the alternative hypothesis that the erratic activity of Purkinje cells in the tottering mice during the attacks simply reflects the abnormal sensory input caused by the signs. Three sets of observations make this unlikely and support the working hypothesis that the erratic activity of Purkinje cells causes the abnormal motor signs. The ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary...Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary...
Background: Primary craniocervical dystonia (CCD) is generally attributed to functional abnormalities in the cortico striato pallido thalamocortical loops, but cerebellar pathways have also been implicated in neuroimaging studies. Hence, our purpose was to perform a volumetric evaluation of the infratentorial structures in CCD. Methods: We compared 35 DYT1/DYT6 negative patients with CCD and 35 healthy controls. Cerebellar volume was evaluated using manual volumetry (DISPLAY software) and infratentorial volume by voxel based morphometry of gray matter (GM) segments derived from T1 weighted 3 T MRI using the SUIT tool (SPM8/Dartel). We used t-tests to compare infratentorial volumes between groups. Results: Cerebellar volume was (1.14 +/- 0.17) x 10(2) cm(3) for controls and (1.13 +/- 0.14) x 10(2) cm(3) for patients; p = 0.74. VBM demonstrated GM increase in the left I IV cerebellar lobules and GM decrease in the left lobules VI and Crus I and in the right lobules VI, Crus I and VIIIb. In a ...
D-Amino acid oxidase knockdown in the mouse cerebellum reduces NR2A mRNA - Department of PaediatricsD-Amino acid oxidase knockdown in the mouse cerebellum reduces NR2A mRNA - Department of Paediatrics
Virus mediated RNA-interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach to study genes in vivo. Here we report a method using lentivirus-delivered RNAi to knockdown the glial enzyme, d-amino acid oxidase (DAO), in the mouse cerebellum. After initial characterisation in vitro, we achieved a 40-50% reduction of DAO mRNA in the cerebellum 7 and 28. days after a single injection of lentivirus encoding a DAO-specific, short-hairpin RNA. Injections also decreased DAO immunoreactivity (-33%). The major substrate for DAO is d-serine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist. Thus, we also measured whether DAO knockdown impacted on d-serine, or expression of NMDAR subunits, and found that DAO RNAi led to increased cerebellar d-serine levels (+. 77%), and decreased NMDAR subunit NR2A mRNA (-22%), but did not affect NR1 or NR2C mRNAs. These data demonstrate the utility of lentiviruses to deliver RNAi to glial cells within the cerebellum, and confirm the role of DAO in d-serine metabolism. They also provide a tool
Calcium-permeable ion channels in cerebellar neurons from mdx mice | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...Calcium-permeable ion channels in cerebellar neurons from mdx mice | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological...
Recordings of single-channel activity were made from cell-attached patches on cerebellar granule cells from normal and mdx mice. Recordings from mdx granule cells show the activity of ion channels that are open for seconds at negative holding potentials near rest. These channels are permeable to divalent cations and have a conductance of 8-10 pS with either Ca2+ or Ba2+ as the charge carrier in the patch electrode. Under similar recording conditions, channel activity is virtually absent from normal mouse granule cells. The absence of dystrophin in neurons, as well as in skeletal muscle, is associated with an increase in the activity of Ca2+-permeable ion channels. Increased channel activity may be an early event leading to pathophysiological accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ...
Plus itPlus it
We have studied the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mRNA by Northern blot analysis with a specific cDNA probe (the pmGR1 probe). In 1-day-old rats, the steady state levels of mRNA were higher in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb, with intermediate levels in the cerebellum and low levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex, the expression of mGluR mRNA remained constant at 8 and 30 days of postnatal life. In contrast, in the cerebellum and hippocampus, mRNA levels increased progressively with age. There was no correlation between levels of mGluR mRNA and stimulation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis by 1-aminocyclopentane-1S,3R-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), which was much greater in brain slices from 8-day-old rats and was nearly absent in the adult cerebellum and olfactory bulb, where we have found the highest levels of mRNA. In addition, mGluR mRNA was detectable in cultured cerebellar granule cells but not ...
Granule Cells (Development)Granule Cells (Development)
The granule cells in the dentate gyrus are distinguished by their late time of formation during brain development. In rats, approximately 85% of the granule cells are generated after birth. In humans, it is estimated that granule cells begin to be generated during gestation weeks 10.5 to 11, and continue being generated during the second and third trimesters, after birth and all the way into adulthood. The germinal sources of granule cells and their migration pathways have been studied during rat brain development. The oldest granule cells are generated in a specific region of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and migrate into the primordial dentate gyrus around embryonic days (E) 17/18, and then settle as the outermost cells in the forming granular layer. Next, dentate precursor cells move out of this same area of the hippocampal neuroepithelium and, retaining their mitotic capacity, invade the hilus (core) of the forming dentate gyrus. This dispersed germinal matrix is the source of granule ...
Cerebellar artery - definition of cerebellar artery by The Free DictionaryCerebellar artery - definition of cerebellar artery by The Free Dictionary
Define cerebellar artery. cerebellar artery synonyms, cerebellar artery pronunciation, cerebellar artery translation, English dictionary definition of cerebellar artery. Noun 1. cerebellar artery - an artery that supplies the cerebellum arteria cerebelli arteria, arterial blood vessel, artery - a blood vessel that carries...
Arteria superior cerebelli synonyms, arteria superior cerebelli antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comArteria superior cerebelli synonyms, arteria superior cerebelli antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for arteria superior cerebelli in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for arteria superior cerebelli. 2 words related to superior cerebellar artery: arteria cerebelli, cerebellar artery. What are synonyms for arteria superior cerebelli?
Chondroitin-4-sulfation negatively regulates axonal guidance and growth | Journal of Cell ScienceChondroitin-4-sulfation negatively regulates axonal guidance and growth | Journal of Cell Science
We performed axonal guidance spot assays (Meiners et al., 1999) to determine the behavior of axons as they encounter immobilized CSPGs. Axonal behavior of cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) was analyzed near a defined region of chicken CSPGs immobilized onto poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated coverslips. As observed previously (Laabs et al., 2007), most axons were deflected and few crossed onto the CSPG-rich area of the coverslip (Fig. 1A). Time-lapse imaging with adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons showed that filopodia dynamically sampled the CSPG spot (red), and that the growing axons turned at the interface between PLL and CSPG, and continued to extend along the interface, which is in contrast to growth cone collapse (Supplemental material Movie 1). Removal of the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains by cABC abolished this negative axonal guidance cue, indicating that the repellant activity of CSPGs is specifically mediated by the chondroitin sulfate GAG chains (Fig. 1B).. We examined ...
Bergmann glia require continuous association with Purkinje cells for normal phenotype expressionBergmann glia require continuous association with Purkinje cells for normal phenotype expression
Bergmann glia (Bg) respond to the early postnatal Purkinje cell (Pc) death in Lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse cerebellum by down-regulating expression of the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). To determine whether glial GPDH expression requires the continued presence of Pcs in adults, we us …
The rate of visuomotor adaptation correlates with cerebellar white-matter microstructure. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...The rate of visuomotor adaptation correlates with cerebellar white-matter microstructure. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...
Convergent experimental evidence points to the cerebellum as a key neural structure mediating adaptation to visual and proprioceptive perturbations. In a previous study, we have shown that activity in the anterior cerebellum varies with the rate of learning, with fast learners exhibiting more activity in this region than slow learners. Here, we investigated whether this variability in behavior may partly reflect inter-individual differences in the structural properties of cerebellar white-matter output tracts. For this purpose, we used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to estimate fractional anisotropy (FA), and correlated the FA with the rate of adaptation to an optical rotation in 11 subjects. We found that FA in a region consistent with the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), containing fibers connecting the cerebellar cortex with motor and premotor cortex, was positively correlated with the rate of adaptation but not with the general level of performance or the initial deviation. The
The spatiotemporal organization of cerebellar network activity resolved by two-photon imaging of multiple single neurons | IRIS...The spatiotemporal organization of cerebellar network activity resolved by two-photon imaging of multiple single neurons | IRIS...
In order to investigate the spatiotemporal organization of neuronal activity in local microcircuits, techniques allowing the simultaneous recording from multiple single neurons are required. To this end, we implemented an advanced spatial-light modulator two-photon microscope (SLM-2PM). A critical issue for cerebellar theory is the organization of granular layer activity in the cerebellum, which has been predicted by single-cell recordings and computational models. With SLM-2PM, calcium signals could be recorded from different network elements in acute cerebellar slices including granule cells (GrCs), Purkinje cells (PCs) and molecular layer interneurons. By combining WCRs with SLM-2PM, the spike/calcium relationship in GrCs and PCs could be extrapolated toward the detection of single spikes. The SLM-2PM technique made it possible to monitor activity of over tens to hundreds neurons simultaneously. GrC activity depended on the number of spikes in the input mossy fiber bursts. PC and molecular ...
Simulations of a Reconstructed Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Based on Simplified Channel Kinetics | MIT CogNetSimulations of a Reconstructed Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Based on Simplified Channel Kinetics | MIT CogNet
When cerebellar Purkinje cells are depolarized with a constant current pulse injected at the soma, complex spike discharge patterns are observed (Llinas and Sugimori 1980b). A computer model has been constructed to analyze how the Purkinje cell ionic conductance identified to date interact to produce the observed firing behavior. The kinetics of voltage-dependent conductance used in the model were significantly simpler than Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics, which have many parameters that must be experimentally determined. Our simplified scheme was able to reproduce the complex nonlinear responses found in real Purkinje cells. A similar approach could be used to study the wide variety of neurons found in different brain regions.. ...
Mining the cerebellum for its role in speech - Waisman Center - UW-MadisonMining the cerebellum for its role in speech - Waisman Center - UW-Madison
We know that when the cerebellum is damaged, it causes movement disorders in both speech and non-speech actions," says UW-Madison Waisman Center investigator Ben Parrell. "What we dont understand is why cerebellar damage leads to these disorders.". So Parrell, who is a new assistant professor of communication sciences and disorders at UW-Madison, set out to investigate.. In a recent study, he and his colleagues discovered that damage to the cerebellum diminishes our ability to predict consequences of an action and issue specific motor commands to the body - what researchers call "feedforward control.". Diminished feedforward - or predictive - control could explain speech difficulties often faced by individuals with cerebellar damage.. "If you can correctly predict what will happen after an action - like trying to say a specific word, for example - you can do things more fluidly, more rapidly because you dont need to monitor outcomes in real time," says Parrell.. In contrast, without properly ...
Hempy CBD OilHempy CBD Oil
Historical records from ancient China and Greece suggest that preparations of Cannabis indica were commonly prescribed to ameliorate multiple sclerosis-like symptoms such as tremors and muscle pain. Modern research has confirmed these effects in a study on diseased mice, wherein both endogenous and exogenous agonists showed ameliorating effects on tremor and spasticity. It remains to be seen whether pharmaceutical preparations such as dronabinol have the same effects in humans.[47][48] Due to increasing use of medical Cannabis and rising incidence of multiple sclerosis patients who self-medicate with the drug, there has been much interest in exploiting the endocannabinoid system in the cerebellum to provide a legal and effective relief.[35] In mouse models of multiple sclerosis, there is a profound reduction and reorganization of CB1receptors in the cerebellum.[49] Serial sections of cerebellar tissue subjected toimmunohistochemistry revealed that this aberrant expression occurred during the ...
Global Alert: Anthropogenic Influences on Biology and the Biota, and Connections to Autism Spectrum Disorders | autismone.orgGlobal Alert: Anthropogenic Influences on Biology and the Biota, and Connections to Autism Spectrum Disorders | autismone.org
56. Vitamin C. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate 57. Atkuri KR, Cowan TM, Kwan T, Ng A, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, Enns GM. Inherited disorders affecting mitochondrial function are associated with glutathione deficiency and hypocitrullinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(10):3941-5. 58. Fonnum F, Lock EA. The contributions of excitotoxicity, glutathione depletion and DNA repair in chemically induced injury to neurons: exemplified with toxic effects on cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem. 2004;88(3):513-31. 59. Riikonen R, Makkonen I, Vanhala R, Turpeinen U, Kuikka J, Kokki H. Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 in infantile autism. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(9):751-5. 60. Ma DK, Marchetto MC, Guo JU, Ming GL, Gage FH, Song H. Epigenetic choreographers of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(11):133844. 61. Serajee FJ, Nabi R, Zhong H, Huq M. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism genes ...
Global Alert: Anthropogenic Influences on Biology and the Biota, and Connections to Autism Spectrum Disorders | autismone.orgGlobal Alert: Anthropogenic Influences on Biology and the Biota, and Connections to Autism Spectrum Disorders | autismone.org
56. Vitamin C. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate 57. Atkuri KR, Cowan TM, Kwan T, Ng A, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, Enns GM. Inherited disorders affecting mitochondrial function are associated with glutathione deficiency and hypocitrullinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(10):3941-5. 58. Fonnum F, Lock EA. The contributions of excitotoxicity, glutathione depletion and DNA repair in chemically induced injury to neurons: exemplified with toxic effects on cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem. 2004;88(3):513-31. 59. Riikonen R, Makkonen I, Vanhala R, Turpeinen U, Kuikka J, Kokki H. Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 in infantile autism. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(9):751-5. 60. Ma DK, Marchetto MC, Guo JU, Ming GL, Gage FH, Song H. Epigenetic choreographers of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(11):133844. 61. Serajee FJ, Nabi R, Zhong H, Huq M. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism genes ...
Neuroscience2014 | Per sessionNeuroscience2014 | Per session
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is an intracellular Ca2+ channel, and the type 1 IP3R (IP3R1) is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system, especially cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC). Previously, we demonstrated that IP3R1-null mice display severe dystonic movements and ataxia, and die within postnatal third weeks. However, the specific contribution of PC IP3R1 in the adult mouse brain function is still unknown. Here we show that IP3R1 in PCs plays a crucial role in the maintenance of parallel fiber (PF)-PC synaptic circuits in the mature cerebellum. Strikingly, adult mice lacking IP3R1 specifically in PCs (L7-Cre;Itpr1flox/flox) showed dramatic increase in spine density and spine length of PCs, despite having normal spines during development. In addition, the abnormally rearranged PF-PC synaptic circuits in mature cerebellum caused unexpectedly severe ataxia in the adult mice. Furthermore, L7-Cre;Itpr1flox/flox mice impaired long-term depression at PF-PC synapses and ...
Multiple Sclerosis Research: Inflammation in the meninges linking to Grey matter pathologyMultiple Sclerosis Research: Inflammation in the meninges linking to Grey matter pathology
RESULTS:Demyelination and meningeal inflammation of the cerebellum was greatest in those cases previously characterised as harbouring lymphoid-like structures in the forebrain regions. Meningeal inflammation was mild to moderate in cerebellar tissue blocks and no lymphoid-like structures were seen. Quantification of meningeal macrophages, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells and plasma cells revealed that the density of meningeal macrophages associated with microglial activation in the grey matter, and the extent of grey matter demyelination correlated with the density of macrophages and plasma cells in the overlying meninges, and activated microglia of the parenchyma ...
Sarah BellumSarah Bellum
Central lobuleCentral lobule
AtaxiaAtaxia
Middle cerebellar peduncleMiddle cerebellar peduncle
GRID2GRID2
Eric CourchesneEric Courchesne
Cerebellar agenesisCerebellar agenesis
Nodule of vermisNodule of vermis
Folium (brain)Folium (brain)
Wernickes encephalopathyWernicke's encephalopathy
Biventer lobuleBiventer lobule
DyschronometriaDyschronometria
S100BS100B
Gap-43 proteinGap-43 protein
Inositol monophosphatase 1Inositol monophosphatase 1
AgraphiaAgraphia
ANP32BANP32B
ANP32CANP32C
Reward systemReward system
Basket cellBasket cell
Toxic leukoencephalopathyToxic leukoencephalopathy
Folium vermisFolium vermis
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member AAcidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A
DysmetriaDysmetria
Tuber of vermisTuber of vermis
Franz Joseph Julius WilbrandFranz Joseph Julius Wilbrand
Tyrosine phosphorylationTyrosine phosphorylation
ANP32DANP32D
ParvalbuminParvalbumin
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
CerebellumPurkinje CellsCerebellar CortexCerebellar DiseasesBrainCerebellar NucleiMice, Neurologic MutantsCerebellar AtaxiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuronsCerebellar NeoplasmsConditioning, EyelidNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain MappingBrain StemCerebral CortexOlivary NucleusBrain ChemistryAtaxiaPonsAnimals, NewbornNeural PathwaysTissue DistributionNerve FibersBlinkingMedulloblastomaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GCalbindinsIn Situ HybridizationBasal GangliaImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNeurogliaTomography, Emission-ComputedGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPsychomotor PerformanceMesencephalonImmunohistochemistryMovementSpinocerebellar DegenerationsOrgan SpecificityMice, Inbred C57BLSynapsesSpinocerebellar AtaxiasRats, Sprague-DawleyFunctional LateralityRats, WistarRNA, MessengerMice, TransgenicHippocampusDendritesCentral Nervous SystemAutoradiographyCerebrumThalamusNerve NetAxonsRhombencephalonMice, KnockoutMolecular Sequence DataTime FactorsReflex, Vestibulo-OcularMetencephalonDiencephalonPositron-Emission TomographySpinocerebellar TractsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinMotor CortexMuscimolElectric StimulationNeuronal PlasticityLearningCerebrovascular CirculationGait AtaxiaSpinal CordMotor SkillsAtrophyAstrocytesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAgingFrontal LobeNeuroanatomyAction PotentialsReceptors, GlutamateModels, NeurologicalMotor ActivityCatsTelencephalonCarbon RadioisotopesRats, Inbred Strains
Cerebellum NeuronCerebellum Neuron
Word! CerebellumWord! Cerebellum
Cerebellum - Children of the AmphioxusCerebellum - Children of the Amphioxus
Cerebellum Corporation [WorldCat Identities]Cerebellum Corporation [WorldCat Identities]
The Cerebellum - 2016 Impact Factor 3.234The Cerebellum - 2016 Impact Factor 3.234
Low Cerebellum - Neurology - MedHelpLow Cerebellum - Neurology - MedHelp
cerebellum | Neuroanthropologycerebellum | Neuroanthropology
Cerebellum & Ataxias | Directory of Open Access JournalsCerebellum & Ataxias | Directory of Open Access Journals
Cerebellum - Anatomy Pictures and InformationCerebellum - Anatomy Pictures and Information
Cerebellum (The Webtender)Cerebellum (The Webtender)
Cerebellum - WikipediaCerebellum - Wikipedia
CerebellumCerebellum
Cerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders: insights from ARSACS | SpringerLinkCerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders: insights from ARSACS | SpringerLink
Cerebellum Stimulation Influences Frontal Cortex Functioning | Psychology TodayCerebellum Stimulation Influences Frontal Cortex Functioning | Psychology Today
Cerebellum Function, Anatomy & Definition | Body MapsCerebellum Function, Anatomy & Definition | Body Maps
Cerebellum - Research database - University of GroningenCerebellum - Research database - University of Groningen
Brain Function - Brainstem & CerebellumBrain Function - Brainstem & Cerebellum
Bulbophyllum cerebellum - WikipediaBulbophyllum cerebellum - Wikipedia
Cerebellum - WikipediaCerebellum - Wikipedia
Creating Coordination in the Cerebellum, Volume 148 - 1st EditionCreating Coordination in the Cerebellum, Volume 148 - 1st Edition
The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum in Human EmotionThe Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum in Human Emotion
Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Brain - CerebellumMolecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Brain - Cerebellum
Cerebellum May Play Major Role in SchizophreniaCerebellum May Play Major Role in Schizophrenia
Dilantin, Osteoporosis, Shrinkage of Cerebellum - Epilepsy - MedHelpDilantin, Osteoporosis, Shrinkage of Cerebellum - Epilepsy - MedHelp
Cerebellum protruding from side | DailyStrengthCerebellum protruding from side | DailyStrength
Human Cerebellum | MicroscopyUHuman Cerebellum | MicroscopyU
Cerebellum checks, corrects thoughts, movement: study - Xinhua | English.news.cnCerebellum checks, corrects thoughts, movement: study - Xinhua | English.news.cn
Two Cerebellum-Related Tests Could Improve Autism Treatments | Psychology TodayTwo Cerebellum-Related Tests Could Improve Autism Treatments | Psychology Today
The cerebellum may coordinate more than just movement | Science NewsThe cerebellum may coordinate more than just movement | Science News
The Cerebellum: From Structure to Control, Volume 114 - 1st EditionThe Cerebellum: From Structure to Control, Volume 114 - 1st Edition
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
CerebellumPurkinje CellsCerebellar CortexCerebellar DiseasesBrainCerebellar NucleiMice, Neurologic MutantsCerebellar AtaxiaMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeuronsCerebellar NeoplasmsConditioning, EyelidNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain MappingBrain StemCerebral CortexOlivary NucleusBrain ChemistryAtaxiaPonsAnimals, NewbornNeural PathwaysTissue DistributionNerve FibersBlinkingMedulloblastomaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GCalbindinsIn Situ HybridizationBasal GangliaImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNeurogliaTomography, Emission-ComputedGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPsychomotor PerformanceMesencephalonImmunohistochemistryMovementSpinocerebellar DegenerationsOrgan SpecificityMice, Inbred C57BLSynapsesSpinocerebellar AtaxiasRats, Sprague-DawleyFunctional LateralityRats, WistarRNA, MessengerMice, TransgenicHippocampusDendritesCentral Nervous SystemAutoradiographyCerebrumThalamusNerve NetAxonsRhombencephalonMice, KnockoutMolecular Sequence DataTime FactorsReflex, Vestibulo-OcularMetencephalonDiencephalonPositron-Emission TomographySpinocerebellar TractsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinMotor CortexMuscimolElectric StimulationNeuronal PlasticityLearningCerebrovascular CirculationGait AtaxiaSpinal CordMotor SkillsAtrophyAstrocytesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAgingFrontal LobeNeuroanatomyAction PotentialsReceptors, GlutamateModels, NeurologicalMotor ActivityCatsTelencephalonCarbon RadioisotopesRats, Inbred Strains
CognitiveHuman cerebellumNeurons in the cerebellumEvidence that the cerebellumCoordinationCerebrum and cerebellumAssociated with abnormalities in the cerebellumMouse cerebellumBasalPurkinje cellsRight side of the cerebellumGrey matter of the cerebellumHemispheresAnatomyAutismLatinParts of the cerebellumFound in the cerebellumLayer of the cerebellumShow that the cerebellumCortex of the cerebellumPercent of the cerebellumSuggest that the cerebellumIndicates that the cerebellumUnderstand how the cerebellumInvolvement of the cerebellumConnections between the cerebellumPhysiologyAbnormalitiesHumansNeuroscienceContributesBrain stemSensorimotorMotorReceptorsPlasticityDamagePathwaysRatsMovementRoleContains more neuronsSchizophreniaBrain'sSensory inputFindingsFunctionalNeuronNucleiCerebro-cerebellarMolecularMovementsCerebralTasksMossyFunctionSpinal cordPosterior lobeGranuleAnteriorResearchersNear the base of thLateral
Cognitive21
  • In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control, and it may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is currently intense interest in the genetics of cerebellar ataxias and in the roles of the cerebellum in motor control and cognitive functioning. (springer.com)
  • Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD (2010) Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. (springer.com)
  • Contrary to the long-held belief that the cerebellum wasn't involved in cognitive processes, it now appears that the cerebellum plays a complex role in executive function, creativity , attention, planning, emotional regulation, reward-seeking behavior, etc. (psychologytoday.com)
  • The latest findings by Parker and colleagues provide fresh insights into how the cerebellum influences neural networks in the frontal lobes and the role of the cerebellum in cognitive processing. (psychologytoday.com)
  • 31. On the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in cognitive signal processing. (elsevier.com)
  • The cerebellum is reciprocally connected to each of 14 neocortical regions important to human cognitive evolution. (pnas.org)
  • If the volume of the posterior cranial fossa can be determined relative to overall endocranial volume, and if there are significant differences in cerebellar proportions relative to the rest of the brain that correlate with morphological and behavioral aspects of the paleontological record, then certain inferences may be drawn about the relative contribution of the cerebellum and the rest of the brain (primarily the cerebral hemispheres) to overall cognitive function. (pnas.org)
  • Recent neuroanatomical studies and radiographic observations have demonstrated that the cerebellum plays a role in many cognitive functions. (pnas.org)
  • Moreover, the cerebellum has reciprocal connections, through the thalamus, with each of the major neocortical regions listed by Holloway ( 3 ) as having changed in the course of human cognitive evolution ( Table 1 ). (pnas.org)
  • One idea is that abnormalities in the cerebellum in autism affect coordination in both the motor domain and cognitive domain, producing uncoordinated movements and thoughts. (autismspeaks.org)
  • There is consistent evidence that having an alcohol use disorder is associated with abnormalities in the cerebellum, a structure attached to the bottom of the brain that is involved in coordinating posture and balance but also in supporting some cognitive functions. (news-medical.net)
  • A report published in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research examines neuroimaging (MRI) data from 92 people in order to further investigate the impact of smoking and alcohol status on the volume of the cerebellum and related cognitive function. (news-medical.net)
  • Using transgenic mice that had a mutation impairing exclusively LTD of the cerebellar neurons, the neuroscientists were able to show that the cerebellum participates also in the formation of the hippocampal cognitive map. (innovations-report.com)
  • Specifically, a recent neuroimaging study highlighted functional subregions in the cerebellum as playing a role in both motor and cognitive tasks. (medindia.net)
  • One of the strongest pieces of evidence for the cerebellum's broader repertoire emerged around two decades ago, when Jeremy Schmahmann , a neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, described cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome after discovering behavioral changes such as impairments in abstract reasoning and regulating emotion in individuals whose cerebella had been damaged. (scientificamerican.com)
  • There has been human neuroimaging work showing the cerebellum is involved in cognitive processing and emotional control-and investigations in animals have revealed, among other things, that the structure is important for the normal development of social and cognitive capacities. (scientificamerican.com)
  • This work helps lay out the circuitry connecting the cerebellum to social and reward processing," says Julie Fiez , a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Pittsburgh who was not involved in this study. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Located in the back of the head near the base of the skull, the cerebellum is responsible for a lot of fundamental stuff-such as integrating sensory information and motor control-but nothing cognitive. (lww.com)
  • Simulations suggest plasticity at cerebellar relays may be an important element of tremendous storage capacity reliable in the learning of coordination of actions, sensorimotor or cognitive, in which the cerebellum participates. (amrita.edu)
  • Some researchers have found evidence that the cerebellum may be involved (at least partially) with cognitive thought, production of language, and even the display of emotions. (coursehero.com)
Human cerebellum4
Neurons in the cerebellum5
  • The number of neurons in the cerebellum is related to the number of neurons in the neocortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are about 3.6 times as many neurons in the cerebellum as in the neocortex, a ratio that is conserved across many different mammalian species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research at the University of Calgary's Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI) has demonstrated the novel expression of an ion channel in Purkinje cells - specialized neurons in the cerebellum, the area of the brain responsible for movement. (redorbit.com)
  • This research fills a substantial gap in understanding how neurons in the cerebellum process information. (redorbit.com)
  • We knew very little about how these neurons in the cerebellum were firing when the brain is engaged in behavior," he said. (simonsfoundation.org)
Evidence that the cerebellum2
  • The finding adds to the growing evidence that the cerebellum "isn't only involved in sensory-motor function, it's involved in everything we do," says Dr. Jeremy Schmahmann , a neurology professor at Harvard and director of the ataxia unit at Massachusetts General Hospital. (npr.org)
  • However, as yet, few studies provided unequivocal evidence that the cerebellum is involved in the action perception coupling (APC), specifically in the integration of motor and multisensory information for perception. (jneurosci.org)
Coordination20
Cerebrum and cerebellum7
Associated with abnormalities in the cerebellum1
Mouse cerebellum4
Basal8
Purkinje cells11
  • 10. Synaptic transmission and long-term depression in Purkinje cells in an in vitro block preparation of the cerebellum isolated from neonatal rats A. Arata, and M. Ito . (elsevier.com)
  • 16. Reciprocal trophic interactions between climbing fibres and purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. (elsevier.com)
  • 22. Characterization of purkinje cells in the goldfish cerebellum during eye movement and adaptive modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. (elsevier.com)
  • The model that has influenced much of the work in the field for the past 30 years suggests that motor learning is mediated by a single plasticity mechanism in the cerebellum: long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. (nih.gov)
  • What layer of the cerebellum has the dendrites of the purkinje cells? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • In the cerebellum, sensory input activates neurons called Purkinje cells that have to filter the information and respond only to relevant inputs to produce an appropriate movement response. (redorbit.com)
  • By taking the TV repair class, Khodakhah wanted to learn to build an electronic circuit to enhance his camera images in order to better visualize the Purkinje cells within slices of the cerebellum and to study the InsP3/calcium ion signaling pathway. (the-scientist.com)
  • This lack of inhibition correlates well with the absence of stellate and basket cells in the molecular layer of this cerebellum and strongly supports the idea that these interneurones are the agents responsible for the prolonged inhibition seen in the Purkinje cells of other species. (sciencemag.org)
  • The Shank2 protein is abundantly found in the cerebellum, particularly in the Purkinje Cells (PCs), but that does not necessarily mean that the motor problems observed in these autism models come from the cerebellum. (noldus.com)
  • However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. (bioontology.org)
  • Purkinje cells form the junction between the granular and molecular layers of the grey matter of the cerebellum. (sciencephoto.com)
Right side of the cerebellum1
Grey matter of the cerebellum1
Hemispheres11
  • The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of two hemispheres (halves). (healthline.com)
  • The cerebellum is relatively large in humans and is divided into two lateral hemispheres, similar to the cerebrum. (fsu.edu)
  • Early 20th-century anatomical illustration of the human brain (from below) showing the left and right hemispheres of both the cerebellum and cerebrum. (psychologytoday.com)
  • These are the lateral hemispheres, or the hemispheres of the cerebellum, one hemisphere, two hemispheres, and here's the vermis. (coursera.org)
  • well, really, all you see when you look at the cerebellum are the two hemispheres, because they are, they have expanded to cover up the vermis, which is, is right inside of there, underneath there. (coursera.org)
  • In the australopithecines and early members of the genus Homo , the cerebral hemispheres were large in proportion to the cerebellum, compared with other hominoids. (pnas.org)
  • This trend continued in Middle and Late Pleistocene humans, including Neandertals and Cro-Magnon 1, who have the largest cerebral hemispheres relative to cerebellum volume of any primates, including earlier and Holocene humans. (pnas.org)
  • the cerebellum is larger with respect to the rest of the brain (and, conversely, the cerebral hemispheres are smaller with respect to the cerebellum) than in Late Pleistocene humans. (pnas.org)
  • The cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres appear to have evolved reciprocally. (pnas.org)
  • Applying lesion symptom mapping, we identified distinct areas in the dentate nucleus and the lateral cerebellum of both hemispheres that are causally involved in APC. (jneurosci.org)
  • The cerebellum is located behind and beneath the two halves (or hemispheres) of the cerebrum. (coursehero.com)
Anatomy2
  • At the level of gross anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded layer of cortex, with white matter underneath and a fluid-filled ventricle at the base. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, we felt that as the discrete anatomy of the cerebellum is quite well known, only certain aspects of the structure should be discussed here. (indigo.ca)
Autism15
  • Dysfunctions or abnormalities within the structure of the cerebellum-or atypical cerebellar functional connectivity with other brain regions-appears to be linked to disorders such as schizophrenia, autism , and Tourette's syndrome . (psychologytoday.com)
  • For the first time, new research from the University of Missouri provides evidence that there may be a correlation between cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity and the balance of excitation-to-inhibition neurotransmitters in the cerebellum of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (psychologytoday.com)
  • In autism, something in that process goes wrong and one thing could be that sensory information is not processed correctly in the cerebellum. (medindia.net)
  • Mustafa Sahin, a neurologist at Boston's Children Hospital and associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, said that Wang and his co-authors build upon known links between cerebellar damage and autism to suggest that the cerebellum is essential to healthy neural development. (medindia.net)
  • For instance, the researchers cite a 2007 paper in the journal Pediatrics that found that individuals who experienced cerebellum damage at birth were 40 times more likely to score highly on autism screening tests. (medindia.net)
  • They also reference studies in 2004 and 2005 that found that the cerebellum is the most frequently disrupted brain region in people with autism. (medindia.net)
  • We hope to get people and scientists thinking differently about the cerebellum or about autism so that the whole field can move forward. (medindia.net)
  • New York, NY (July 11, 2018)--Structural differences in the cerebellum may be linked to some aspects of autism spectrum disorder, according to a neuroimaging study from Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC). (eurekalert.org)
  • Most brain imaging studies in autism focus on the cerebrum, which is larger than the cerebellum despite having fewer neurons. (eurekalert.org)
  • To examine this structurally complex brain region, the researchers applied high-resolution 3D fractal analysis to MRI data to estimate fractal dimension--a measure of structural complexity--of the outer layer of the cerebellum in 20 boys with autism ages 6 to 12 years and 18 age-matched controls with similar verbal skills and cerebellar volume. (eurekalert.org)
  • In previous studies, atypical features in the cerebellum were associated with autism, but the findings were inconsistent. (eurekalert.org)
  • What this means for people with autism: It has been suspected that the cerebellum is involved in autism, but the cerebellum-related dysfunctions have yet to be uncovered. (autismspeaks.org)
  • This result supports prior studies pointing to involvement of the cerebellum in autism," says Dr. Grange. (medindia.net)
  • On top of that, studies suggest that the cerebellum may play a key role in autism, schizophrenia and other brain disorders. (wfneurology.org)
  • To pinpoint the role of cerebellar Shank2 in autism, both groups compared behavioral and motor abnormalities between global and cerebellum-specific Shank2 knockout mice. (noldus.com)
Latin7
Parts of the cerebellum2
  • The coordinated activity of the multiple parts of the cerebellum enables this region of the brain to control refined, coordinated muscle movements and balance. (fsu.edu)
  • According to the prevailing theory, these firing patterns then convey that information to other parts of the cerebellum, which process the information and send it either to other parts of the brain for more processing or to the motor neurons that tell the body how to act - for example, to ignore one's own fingers or to swat at a friend's tickling fingers. (simonsfoundation.org)
Found in the cerebellum1
Layer of the cerebellum2
Show that the cerebellum1
Cortex of the cerebellum2
  • All of the input received by the various lobes is integrated in the cortex of the cerebellum. (fsu.edu)
  • I. Cytogenesis and histogenesis of the deep nuclei and the cortex of the cerebellum. (biologists.org)
Percent of the cerebellum2
Suggest that the cerebellum1
Indicates that the cerebellum2
Understand how the cerebellum2
Involvement of the cerebellum1
  • The involvement of the cerebellum in these functions may be related to its connection to several functionally heterogeneous cortical and subcortical regions through a cerebellar-subcortical-cortical loop. (springer.com)
Connections between the cerebellum2
  • This allowed the team to quantify the various connections between the cerebellum and other brain areas. (npr.org)
  • Earlier investigations in his lab had hinted there might be unexpected connections between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain. (scientificamerican.com)
Physiology2
  • 10. Physiology of transmission at a giant glutamatergic synapse in cerebellum. (elsevier.com)
  • One advantage of such a theory is that the synaptic organization and physiology of the cerebellum are known. (iapsych.com)
Abnormalities2
Humans3
Neuroscience2
  • Investigations of the cerebellum have really exploded over the last few years, says Catherine Stoodley, a neuroscientist at American University and a coauthor of a 2019 paper in the Annual Review of Neuroscience on the cerebellum's role in cognition. (wfneurology.org)
  • The finding, published March 20 in the journal Nature Neuroscience , may signal a major shift in our understanding of how the cerebellum encodes information. (simonsfoundation.org)
Contributes2
Brain stem3
  • The cerebellum is a rounded structure located behind the brain stem, to which it is linked by thick nerve tracts. (innerbody.com)
  • The bicep, like other muscles, is primarily controlled by the cerebrum, a section of the brain located just above the brain stem and the cerebellum. (reference.com)
  • First, relay centers in the brain stem alert the cerebellum that they are about to start voluntary muscle contractions . (coursehero.com)
Sensorimotor5
Motor25
  • The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. (healthline.com)
  • People with damage to their cerebellum are known to become uncoordinated, with an unsteady gait, slurred speech and difficulty with fine motor tasks such as eating. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Just as a person staggers drunkenly because his or her compromised cerebellum is unable to perform the customary quality checks on motor function, alcohol-fueled bad decisions might also reflect a breakdown of quality control over executive functions. (xinhuanet.com)
  • 23. Role of the y-group of the vestibular nuclei and flocculus of the cerebellum in motor learning of the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex. (elsevier.com)
  • 28. Is the cerebellum sensory for motors sake, or motor for sensorys sake: the view from the whiskers of a rat? (elsevier.com)
  • The formation and dissolution of internal models of the human body occur in the cerebellum, and their logical organization is essential for normal motor learning. (pnas.org)
  • Remarkably, the behavioral analyses and computational modeling converged to support the existence of a tandem model and reveal its unique features in cerebellum-based motor learning. (pnas.org)
  • Here, we demonstrate that a computational architecture employing a tandem configuration of forward and inverse internal models enables efficient motor learning in the cerebellum. (pnas.org)
  • The cerebellum is an evolutionarily conserved structure critical for motor learning in vertebrates. (nih.gov)
  • The cerebellum is the center of motor control within the brain, according to Healthline. (reference.com)
  • The cerebellum plays a key role in the development of motor skills, such as using scissors. (wisegeek.com)
  • The cerebellum functions in motor control by coordinating movements including those involving precise and accurate movements. (instructables.com)
  • Although the cerebellum is generally viewed as primarily a motor structure, it has also been proposed to be a general-purpose interval timer in the range of tens to hundreds of ms. "General purpose" in this sense encompasses both sensory and motor timing . (iapsych.com)
  • Much is known about the relationships between the cerebellum and forms of motor learning such as eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo- ocular reflex (Raymond et al. (iapsych.com)
  • The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. (bioontology.org)
  • In a recent study, he and his colleagues discovered that damage to the cerebellum diminishes our ability to predict consequences of an action and issue specific motor commands to the body - what researchers call "feedforward control. (wisc.edu)
  • Moreover, areas originally suggested to be predominantly motor-related, as the cerebellum, are also involved in action observation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Lesions of the right ventral dentate, the ipsilateral motor representations (lobules V/VI), and most interestingly the contralateral posterior cerebellum (lobule VII) impede the benefits of motor execution on perception. (jneurosci.org)
  • We conclude that the cerebellum establishes time-dependent multisensory representations on different levels, relevant for motor control as well as supporting action perception. (jneurosci.org)
  • In previous work we have used a simulation containing 12000 granule cells to develop new predictions and to account for various aspects of eyelid conditioning, a form of motor learning mediated by the cerebellum. (utexas.edu)
  • The cerebellum, located in the lower back of the skull, plays a key role in regulating voluntary movement like balance, motor learning and speech. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Recent evidence shows the cerebellum involved in higher-order brain functions, including visual response, emotion and motor planning. (medicalxpress.com)
  • As stimuli enter the cerebellum from the cerebrum, they are reorganized so that a proper motor response can be performed. (coursehero.com)
  • Finally, the cerebellum sends the signal to the motor cortex of the cerebrum. (coursehero.com)
  • This connection becomes clearer when you understand that the cerebellum is massively connected not only to motor areas of the brain, but also to areas involved in attention, language, planning and even emotion. (integratedlistening.com)
Receptors7
  • 6. Cholinergic innervation and receptors in the cerebellum. (elsevier.com)
  • In the cerebellum, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors play an important role in neuronal differentiation and excitatory synaptic transmission. (nih.gov)
  • The present study investigated the effect of curcumin in the functional regulation of muscarinic and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, insulin receptors, acetylcholine esterase and Glut3 in the cerebellum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Our results showed an increased gene expression of acetylcholine esterase, Glut3, muscarinic M1, M3, alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine and insulin receptors in the cerebellum of diabetic rats in comparison to control. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Curcumin and insulin inhibited diabetes-induced elevation in the gene expression of acetylcholine esterase, Glut3, insulin and cholinergic receptors in the cerebellum of diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The ependymal glial cells (EGCs) from the periventricular zone of the cerebellum were studied to determine their distribution and the functional properties of their γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) ) receptors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Concurrently, receptors throughout the body also send messages to the cerebellum regarding the current positions and contraction levels of muscles and tendons. (coursehero.com)
Plasticity3
  • Cerebellum-dependent learning: the role of multiple plasticity mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • However, recent studies of simple behaviors such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) indicate that multiple plasticity mechanisms contribute to cerebellum-dependent learning. (nih.gov)
  • Understanding timing, plasticity and functional roles of cerebellum involve large-scale and microcircuit reconstructions validating molecular mechanisms in population activity. (amrita.edu)
Damage8
  • Damage to the cerebellum, while not causing paralysis or intellectual impairment, might lead to a lack of balance, slower movements, and tremors (shaking). (healthline.com)
  • Damage to the cerebellum disrupts performance on a range of tasks that require precise timing including the production of skilled movements, eyeblink conditioning, and perceptual tasks such as duration discrimination. (nih.gov)
  • Damage to the cerebellum may lead to a loss of mobility in some people. (wisegeek.com)
  • Damage in the cerebellum manifests itself as problems with fine movement, equilibrium and posture. (instructables.com)
  • Parrell, who conducted the bulk of the study during his time as a postdoc at the University of California, Berkley, tested both the predictive (feedforward) and reactive (feedback) systems in individuals with and without damage to the cerebellum. (wisc.edu)
  • Three neuropsychological experiments on a group of 16 cerebellar patients and 16 age-and education-matched controls investigated the effects of damage to the cerebellum on English grammatical morphology across production, comprehension, and grammaticality judgment tasks. (mit.edu)
  • The results suggest that damage to the cerebellum can result in subtle impairments in the use of grammatical morphology, and are discussed in light of hypothesized roles for the cerebellum in language. (mit.edu)
  • Our findings pointed out the risk of increased cerebellum damage due to long-term of morphine use. (biomedsearch.com)
Pathways2
  • The pathways through the thalamus that connect the BG and cerebellum directly to each other and with extensive regions of the cortex provide a structural basis for their combined influence on limbic function. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, the direct nBOR-cerebellar and indirect nBOR-olivocerebellar pathways to the cerebellum can be distinguished based on the differential expression of CR and PV. (cambridge.org)
Rats7
  • Non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum at a delta frequency normalizes brain activity in the frontal cortex of lab rats with schizophrenia -like thinking disorders, according to a first-of-its-kind new study from the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. (psychologytoday.com)
  • In this experiment, the researchers also used optogenetics to stimulate the rats' cerebellum at the precise delta-wave frequency of 2 Hertz, which restored normal delta wave activity in the rats' frontal cortex and normalized the rats' performance on a timing test. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Neuroprotective role of curcumin in the cerebellum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • All studies were done in the cerebellum of male Wistar rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • fMRI studies on the rats show a clear increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex , highlighting the interconnectedness of the cerebellum to higher order brain regions. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Histopathological and biochemical changes of morphine sulphate administration on the cerebellum of albino rats. (biomedsearch.com)
  • In this study the long-term effects of morphine sulphate treatment (MST) on histopathological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum was assessed in albino rats. (biomedsearch.com)
Movement8
  • CHICAGO, Nov. 3 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers suggested that the cerebellum has a hand in every aspect of higher brain functions, not just movement, but attention, thinking, planning and decision-making. (xinhuanet.com)
  • The cerebellum is located under the distal portion of the cerebrum and has the primary function of coordinating muscle movement and maintaining posture and balance. (reference.com)
  • The cerebellum doesn't directly carry out tasks like thinking, just as it doesn't directly control movement, Marek says. (npr.org)
  • Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we contrasted these two conditions and found that lobule V of the cerebellum ipsilateral to the arm movement was consistently more activated during state-dependent control. (jneurosci.org)
  • Whether something similar happened in Purkinje neurons wasn't clear, but if it did, the process might reveal something about how the cerebellum coordinates movement, Khodakhah thought. (the-scientist.com)
  • We know that when the cerebellum is damaged, it causes movement disorders in both speech and non-speech actions," says UW-Madison Waisman Center investigator Ben Parrell . (wisc.edu)
  • Cerebellum has been long known for its role in movement and articulation. (amrita.edu)
  • Cerebellum has been known to show homogeneity in circuit organization and hence the "modules" or various circuits in the cerebellum are attributed to the diversity of functions such as timing, pattern recognition, movement planning and dysfunctions such as ataxia related to the cerebellum. (amrita.edu)
Role12
  • e delineate the role of the cerebellum in several nonmotor systems simultaneously and in the same subjects using resting state functional connectivity MRI. (google.com)
  • An international journal devoted to the science of the cerebellum and its role in ataxia and other medical disorders. (springer.com)
  • This review will discuss the basic structure and function of the BG and cerebellum and propose an updated view of their functional role in human affective processing. (medscape.com)
  • Here, multiple approaches including behavioral tests and electrophysiology are adopted to explore the role of Dp71 in the cerebellum. (biologists.org)
  • Schmahmann, who wasn't involved in the new study, has been arguing for decades that the cerebellum plays a key role in many aspects of human behavior, as well as mental disorders such as schizophrenia. (npr.org)
  • Curcumin has a significant role in a therapeutic application for the prevention or progression of diabetic complications in the cerebellum. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Thus, curcumin has a significant role in a therapeutic application for the prevention or progression of diabetic complications in the cerebellum. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Researchers have long thought that a specific part of our brain - the cerebellum - plays a key role in the muscle control we need to speak. (wisc.edu)
  • Parrell's research shows that the cerebellum plays a vital role in our predictive systems, which in turn greatly affects how we speak and communicate. (wisc.edu)
  • Still, the cerebellum communicates with parts of the brain that are responsible for cognition and plays an important role in the processing of language and music. (lww.com)
  • Furthermore, the role of the cerebellum in the manifestation of intelligence is now under consideration. (oreilly.com)
  • Learn more about the role of the cerebellum in iLs programs . (integratedlistening.com)
Contains more neurons1
  • Because of its large number of tiny granule cells, the cerebellum contains more neurons than the total from the rest of the brain, but takes up only 10% of the total brain volume. (wikipedia.org)
Schizophrenia5
Brain's3
  • We think that the cerebellum is acting as the brain's ultimate quality control unit," says Scott Marek , a postdoctoral research scholar and the study's first author. (npr.org)
  • Princeton University researchers offer a new theory that an early-life injury to the cerebellum disrupts the brain's processing of external and internal information and leads to 'developmental diaschisis,' wherein a loss of function in one brain region leads to problems in another. (innovations-report.com)
  • New research, published this week in Science , demonstrates that a pathway directly tying the cerebellum to the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-one of the brain's key pleasure centers-can control these two processes. (scientificamerican.com)
Sensory input2
  • 15. Mossy-fibre sensory input to the cerebellum. (elsevier.com)
  • The cerebellum is able to evaluate sensory input to best determine the amount of force needed to move the muscles and calculate the amount of muscle contraction to keep the muscles from overextending themselves. (coursehero.com)
Findings3
  • Dr. Denisova also notes, "one interpretation of the findings is that increased structural complexity of the cerebellum may enhance implicit learning in atypically developing boys. (eurekalert.org)
  • The findings about the cerebellum challenge years of dogma. (npr.org)
  • Although many of these findings suggested the cerebellum played an important part both in reward-related and social behavior, a clear neural mechanism to explain this link was lacking. (scientificamerican.com)
Functional2
Neuron1
  • The cerebellum an area located in the lower rear of the brain is known to process external and internal information such as sensory cues that influence the development of other brain regions, the researchers report in the journal Neuron . (medindia.net)
Nuclei3
Cerebro-cerebellar1
  • 13. The cerebellum in the cerebro-cerebellar network for the control of eye and hand movements - a fMRI study M.F. Nitschke, T. Arp, G. Stavrou, C. Erdmann and W. Heide . (elsevier.com)
Molecular1
Movements3
  • 25. The control of forelimb movements by intermediate cerebellum. (elsevier.com)
  • The vast majority of the cerebellum of the sheep is vermis, and that is because the vermis is going to deal with things on the midline, so the trunk, the axis, the posture and gait and eye movements and speech. (coursera.org)
  • Based on these observations, he concluded the cerebellum was responsible for coordinating movements. (scientificamerican.com)
Cerebral6
Tasks4
  • The timing hypotheses of cerebellar function attempt to explain the various tasks for which the cerebellum is engaged or is necessary in terms of the need to gauge the explicit timing between events in the hundreds- of- ms range. (iapsych.com)
  • Most data involve demonstrations that the cerebellum is activated during, or is required for, tasks that we view as examples of timing. (iapsych.com)
  • cerebellum is required for tasks where timing is explicitly represented, as in the discontinuous task. (iapsych.com)
  • These results suggest that this parallel GPU technology can be used to build very large-scale simulations whose connectivity ratios match those of the real cerebellum and that these simulations can be used guide future studies on cerebellar mediated tasks and on machine learning problems. (utexas.edu)
Mossy1
  • 7. Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission at the mossy fiber - granule cell relay of cerebellum E. D'Angelo, P. Rossi, D. Gall, F. Pestori, T. Nieus, A. Maffei and E. Sola . (elsevier.com)
Function12
  • Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Brain Function - Brainstem & Cerebellum in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
  • The executive function networks are way overrepresented in the cerebellum," said postdoctoral researcher and first author Scott Marek. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Based on a review of existing research, the researchers offer a new theory that an injury to the cerebellum during early life potentially disrupts this process and leads to what they call "developmental diaschisis," which is when a loss of function in one part of the brain leads to problems in another region. (medindia.net)
  • What is the function of the cerebellum? (reference.com)
  • That's partly a function of the unique, irregular shape of the cerebellum, which is difficult to analyze with conventional imaging techniques. (eurekalert.org)
  • These chapters represent important aspects of the morphology, development, and function of the cerebellum and related structures. (indigo.ca)
  • The following test exams the balance function of the cerebellum. (instructables.com)
  • Tumors in the cerebellum can disrupt function. (instructables.com)
  • This work highlights for the first time an unsuspected function of the cerebellum in shaping the representation of our body in space. (innovations-report.com)
  • Prenatal ethanol exposure interferes with the synaptogenesis phase of brain development, especially within the cerebellum and leads to various impairments in brain function [ 1 , 2 ]. (mdpi.com)
  • During the five subsequent decades, research on the cerebellum has been devoted largely to addressing questions about how its neuronal circuits are constructed and function, and what specific roles they play. (oreilly.com)
  • Taken together, these results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in KYNA production in the rat cerebellum, and that, specifically, DAAO and ROS can function as alternative routes for KYNA production. (frontiersin.org)
Spinal cord2
  • Low Cerebellum' is the position of the cerebellum sometimes in individuals when it is near the opening of the brain into the spinal cord which is lower down. (medhelp.org)
  • The cerebellum gets information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and different parts of the brain and then controls engine developments. (proprofs.com)
Posterior lobe1
Granule1
Anterior3
Researchers4
  • Having access to more than 10 hours of scans on each of 10 people though the Midnight Scan Club dataset, and using the cortex's networks as a template, the researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis could identify the networks in the cerebellum. (xinhuanet.com)
  • The researchers measured the timing of brain activity and found that the cerebellum was consistently the last step in neurologic circuits. (xinhuanet.com)
  • The researchers also performed individualized network analyses on the 10 people in the data set, and found that while brain functions are arranged in roughly the same pattern in everyone's cerebellum, there is enough individual variation to distinguish brain scans performed on any two participants. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Using novel cerebellar measurement software, the researchers showed that both alcohol dependence and chronic cigarette smoking were associated with reduced cerebellum volume, with some regions in the cerebellum more vulnerable to alcohol use and less affected by smoking. (news-medical.net)
Near the base of th1
  • The cerebellum, an apple-sized region near the base of the skull, senses that your own fingers are the ones trying to tickle, and it cancels your usual response. (simonsfoundation.org)
Lateral2
  • The cerebellum occupies the posterior cranial fossa (PCF), which is well delineated by the petrous crests, sella turcica, and lateral sulci. (pnas.org)
  • Both hagfishes and lampreys do possess a thin band of cells located medial to the lateral line centers of the medulla (Ronan and Northcutt, 1998), which has been interpreted as a primitive cerebellum (Larsell, 1967), but more recent experimental studies (Kishida et al. (bioontology.org)
The Underestimated Cerebellum Gains New Respect From Brain Scientists : NPR One
The Underestimated Cerebellum Gains New Respect From Brain Scientists : NPR One (one.npr.org)
Archicerebellum - definition of Archicerebellum by The Free Dictionary
Archicerebellum - definition of Archicerebellum by The Free Dictionary (thefreedictionary.com)
Cerebellum Neuron
Cerebellum Neuron (faculty.washington.edu)
Nervous System | Encyclopedia.com
Nervous System | Encyclopedia.com (encyclopedia.com)
Ultrasonic vocalization impairment of Foxp2 (R552H) knockin mice related to speech-language disorder and abnormality of...
Ultrasonic vocalization impairment of Foxp2 (R552H) knockin mice related to speech-language disorder and abnormality of... (pnas.org)
Nervous system disease - Localization of neurological disease | Britannica.com
Nervous system disease - Localization of neurological disease | Britannica.com (britannica.com)
Cerebellum & Ataxias | Directory of Open Access Journals
Cerebellum & Ataxias | Directory of Open Access Journals (doaj.org)
Cerebellum Corporation [WorldCat Identities]
Cerebellum Corporation [WorldCat Identities] (worldcat.org)
Search Results
Search Results (springer.com)
How to Understand the Four Main Parts of the Brain: 8 Steps
How to Understand the Four Main Parts of the Brain: 8 Steps (wikihow.com)
Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Brain - Cerebellum
Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Brain - Cerebellum (micro.magnet.fsu.edu)
Cerebellum - Anatomy Pictures and Information
Cerebellum - Anatomy Pictures and Information (innerbody.com)
Background | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Background | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (drugabuse.gov)
Regulation of striatal cells and goal-directed behavior by cerebellar outputs | Nature Communications
Regulation of striatal cells and goal-directed behavior by cerebellar outputs | Nature Communications (nature.com)
January 27, 1877 - Scientific American
January 27, 1877 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Book Series: International Review of Neurobiology
Book Series: International Review of Neurobiology (elsevier.com)
Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part III, Volume 12 - 1st Edition
Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part III, Volume 12 - 1st Edition (elsevier.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
The Cerebellum Revisited, Book by Rodolfo Llinas (Paperback) | chapters.indigo.ca
The Cerebellum Revisited, Book by Rodolfo Llinas (Paperback) | chapters.indigo.ca (chapters.indigo.ca)
Brain Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy: Cerebrum, Gross Anatomy: Cortex
Brain Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy: Cerebrum, Gross Anatomy: Cortex (emedicine.medscape.com)
September - Association for Psychological Science - APS
September - Association for Psychological Science - APS (psychologicalscience.org)
Cerebellum - Research database - University of Groningen
Cerebellum - Research database - University of Groningen (rug.nl)
Frontiers | The Video Head Impulse Test | Neurology
Frontiers | The Video Head Impulse Test | Neurology (frontiersin.org)
Brain tumours - Cancer Council Victoria
Brain tumours - Cancer Council Victoria (cancervic.org.au)
Frontiers | Anatomical Parameters of tDCS to Modulate the Motor System after Stroke: A Review | Neurology
Frontiers | Anatomical Parameters of tDCS to Modulate the Motor System after Stroke: A Review | Neurology (frontiersin.org)
What Parts of the Brain Control the Parts of Your Body? | Livestrong.com
What Parts of the Brain Control the Parts of Your Body? | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Frontiers | Resting-State Brain Abnormalities in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus: A Meta-Analysis | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Frontiers | Resting-State Brain Abnormalities in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus: A Meta-Analysis | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (frontiersin.org)
A Comparison of Two Kinds of Cognitive Training | Psychology Today
A Comparison of Two Kinds of Cognitive Training | Psychology Today (psychologytoday.com)
The best microscope photos of the year from Nikon Small World - Business Insider
The best microscope photos of the year from Nikon Small World - Business Insider (businessinsider.com)
Search Results
Search Results (springer.com)
Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders - A Primer | Donna L. Gruol | Springer
Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders - A Primer | Donna L. Gruol | Springer (springer.com)
Cerebellum checks, corrects thoughts, movement: study - Xinhua | English.news.cn
Cerebellum checks, corrects thoughts, movement: study - Xinhua | English.news.cn (xinhuanet.com)
Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders - A Primer For Graduate Students | Donna L. Gruol | Springer
Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders - A Primer For Graduate Students | Donna L. Gruol | Springer (springer.com)