Cephalosporins. Medical search

A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A cephalosporin antibiotic.

Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.

Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

A cephalosporin antibiotic.

A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.

One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.

Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.

A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.

A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.

Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.

Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.

Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.

Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.

A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.

Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.

Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in water, sewage, soil, meat, hospital environments, and on the skin and in the intestinal tract of man and animals as a commensal.

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

A cephalorsporin antibiotic.

Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.

Clavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.

Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.

A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.

Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.

A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.

Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.

Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.

Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. They lack the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.

Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

Beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from PENICILLINS in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. They are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. Thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.

Acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N). They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine ring replaced by an oxygen. They have limited antibacterial action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their antibacterial effects.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in humans and other animals including MAMMALS; BIRDS; REPTILES; and AMPHIBIANS. It has also been isolated from SOIL and WATER as well as from clinical specimens such as URINE; THROAT; SPUTUM; BLOOD; and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.

Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.

Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone.

Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. It has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens.

Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.

Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.

A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.

A carboxypeptidase that is specific for proteins that contain two ALANINE residues on their C-terminal. Enzymes in this class play an important role in bacterial CELL WALL biosynthesis.

Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.

Gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. It is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections.

A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.

A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

Gram-negative, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature. Both motile and non-motile strains exist. The species is closely related to KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE and is frequently associated with nosocomial infections

A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.

Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.

A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.

Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.

Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.

A species of bacterium of the family NOCARDIACEAE, producing pulmonary infections in man.

A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.

Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.

Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.

An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.

An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)

Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

The method of measuring the dispersion of an optically active molecule to determine the relative magnitude of right- or left-handed components and sometimes structural features of the molecule.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.

A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.

A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid).

Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.

The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. This test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.

Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.

INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Pathological developments in the CECUM.

Neural modulation of cephalexin intestinal absorption through the di- and tripeptide brush border transporter of rat jejunum in vivo. (1/3191)

Intestinal absorption of beta-lactamine antibiotics (e.g., cefixime and cephalexin) has been shown to proceed through the dipeptide carrier system. In a previous study, nifedipine (NFP), an L-type calcium channel blocker, enhanced the absorption of cefixime in vivo but not in vitro, and it was suggested that neural mechanisms might be involved in the effect of NFP. The aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of the nervous system on the intestinal absorption of cephalexin (CFX). To investigate this, we used a single-pass jejunal perfusion technique in rats. NFP and diltiazem enhanced approximately 2-fold the plasma levels of CFX in treated rats versus untreated controls. NFP also increased approximately 2-fold the CFX level in portal plasma and increased urinary excretion of CFX, thus indicating that CFX did effectively increase CFX intestinal absorption. Perfusing high concentrations of dipeptides in the jejunal lumen competitively reduced CFX absorption and inhibited the enhancement of CFX absorption produced by NFP. Hexamethonium and lidocaine inhibited the effect of NFP, whereas atropine, capsaicin, clonidine, and isoproterenol enhanced CFX absorption by the same order of magnitude as NFP. Thus, complex neural networks can modulate the function of the intestinal di- and tripeptide transporter. Sympathetic noradrenergic fibers, intestinal sensory neurons, and nicotinic synapses are involved in the increase of CFX absorption produced by NFP. (+info)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (2/3191)

The in vitro activities of several cephalosporins and quinolones against 195 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diary calves affected by neonatal diarrhea were determined. One hundred thirty-seven of these strains produced one or more potential virulence factors (F5, F41, F17, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verotoxin, and the eae gene), but the remaining 58 strains did not produce any of these factors. From 11 to 18% of the E. coli strains were resistant to cephalothin, nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin. However, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefquinome were highly effective against the E. coli isolates tested. Some significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistance to quinolones between the strains producing potential virulence factors and nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains were found. Thus, eae-positive, necrotoxigenic, and verotoxigenic (except for nalidixic acid) E. coli strains were significantly more sensitive to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin than nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains. Moreover, eae-positive strains were significantly more sensitive to enoxacin and enrofloxacin than F5-positive strains. Thus, the result of this study suggest that the bovine E. coli strains that produce some potential virulence factors are more sensitive to quinolones than those that do not express these factors. (+info)

Structure-function studies of Ser-289 in the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99. (3/3191)

Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-289 of the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99 was performed to investigate the role of this residue in beta-lactam hydrolysis. This amino acid lies near the active site of the enzyme, where it can interact with the C-3 substituent of cephalosporins. Kinetic analysis of six mutant beta-lactamases with five cephalosporins showed that Ser-289 can be substituted by amino acids with nonpolar or polar uncharged side chains without altering the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. These data suggest that Ser-289 is not essential in the binding or hydrolytic mechanism of AmpC beta-lactamase. However, replacement by Lys or Arg decreased by two- to threefold the kcat of four of the five beta-lactams tested, particularly cefoperazone, cephaloridine, and cephalothin. Three-dimensional models of the mutant beta-lactamases revealed that the length and positive charge of the side chain of Lys and Arg could create an electrostatic linkage to the C-4 carboxylic acid group of the dihydrothiazine ring of the acyl intermediate which could slow the deacylation step or hinder release of the product. (+info)

Clindamycin suppresses endotoxin released by ceftazidime-treated Escherichia coli O55:B5 and subsequent production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta. (4/3191)

Treatment of septicemia caused by Escherichia coli with ceftazidime (CAZ) may be associated with the development of septic shock due to the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We examined the suppressive effect of clindamycin (CLDM) on CAZ-induced release of endotoxin by cultured E. coli and the subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta]). E. coli ATCC 12014 was incubated in inactivated horse serum with or without CLDM for 1, 4, or 18 h, followed by the addition of CAZ and collection of the culture supernatant at 0, 1, and 2 h. The concentration of endotoxin in each sample was measured by a chromogenic Limulus test. Another portion of the culture supernatant was added to THP-1 cell culture and incubated for 4 h, and the concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the supernatant were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the control group (no CLDM), CAZ administration resulted in significant increases in endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta concentrations. Pretreatment of E. coli with CLDM for 4 or 18 h before the addition of CAZ significantly suppressed the concentrations of endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta in a time-dependent manner. In addition, CAZ treatment transformed E. coli from rodshaped bacteria to filament-like structures, as determined by electron microscopy, while pretreatment with CLDM prevented these morphological changes. Our in vitro studies showed that CAZ-induced release of large quantities of endotoxin by E. coli could be suppressed by prior administration of CLDM. (+info)

Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. (5/3191)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro possibilities of ampicillin-ceftriaxone combinations for 10 Enterococcus faecalis strains with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (HLRAg) and to assess the efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone, both administered with humanlike pharmacokinetics, for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to HLRAg E. faecalis. A reduction of 1 to 4 dilutions in MICs of ampicillin was obtained when ampicillin was combined with a fixed subinhibitory ceftriaxone concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. This potentiating effect was also observed by the double disk method with all 10 strains. Time-kill studies performed with 1 and 2 micrograms of ampicillin alone per ml or in combination with 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml showed a > or = 2 log10 reduction in CFU per milliliter with respect to ampicillin alone and to the initial inoculum for all 10 E. faecalis strains studied. This effect was obtained for seven strains with the combination of 2 micrograms of ampicillin per ml plus 10 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml and for six strains with 5 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml. Animals with catheter-induced endocarditis were infected intravenously with 10(8) CFU of E. faecalis V48 or 10(5) CFU of E. faecalis V45 and were treated for 3 days with humanlike pharmacokinetics of 2 g of ampicillin every 4 h, alone or combined with 2 g of ceftriaxone every 12 h. The levels in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the humanlike pharmacokinetics of ampicillin or ceftriaxone in rabbits were similar to those found in humans treated with 2 g of ampicillin or ceftriaxone intravenously. Results of the therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by E. faecalis V48 or V45 showed that the residual bacterial titers in aortic valve vegetations were significantly lower in the animals treated with the combinations of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone than in those treated with ampicillin alone (P < 0.001). The combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone showed in vitro and in vivo synergism against HLRAg E. faecalis. (+info)

Use of an oxacillin disk screening test for detection of penicillin- and ceftriaxone-resistant pneumococci. (6/3191)

In a context of worldwide emergence of resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, early detection of strains with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics is important for clinicians. If the 1-microgram oxacillin disk diffusion test is used as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, no interpretation is available for strains showing zone sizes of /=2.0 microgram/ml) to penicillin. For ceftriaxone, among 98 strains with no zone of inhibition in response to oxacillin, 68 had intermediate resistance (MIC, 1.0 microgram/ml), and 22 were resistant (MIC, >/=2.0 microgram/ml). To optimize the use of the disk diffusion method, we propose that the absence of a zone of inhibition around the 1-microgram oxacillin disk be regarded as an indicator of nonsusceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone and recommend that such strains be reported as nonsusceptible to these antimicrobial agents, pending the results of a MIC quantitation method. (+info)

Cefamandole: in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetics. (7/3191)

Cefamandole has a broader spectrum and greater potency than the other cephalosporins. It includes Haemophilus influenzae, most strains of Enterobacter, and many strains of indole-positive Proteus and Bacteroides, with a lower minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, etc. Concentrations of drug in the serum after the parenteral injection of cefamandole exceed manyfold the minimal inhibitory concentrations of over 82% of the bacteria studied. Approximately 65 to 85% is excreted in a biologically active form in the urine. This antibiotic offers advantages of antibacterial effectiveness and at the same time retains the safety of penicillin G and cephalothin in animals. (+info)

Antibiotic penetrance of ascitic fluid in dogs. (8/3191)

Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid after parenteral therapy may be important in the treatment of peritonitis. We have created ascites in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Ascitic fluid volume was measured at the time each antibiotic was administered. Nine antibiotics were studied in the same three dogs. Antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid was found to vary inversely with ascites volume. Percentage of penetration (ratio of ascites peak to serum peak x100) ranged from 5.8 to 65% among the drugs studied. Only metronidazole showed a statistically significant higher percentage of penetration than other antimicrobials. Concentrations in ascitic fluid after single doses of cephalothin (15 mg/kg) and the aminoglycosides (2 mg/kg, gentamicin and tobramycin; 7.5 mg/kg, amikacin and kanamycin) did not exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration of many gram-negative rods and may justify the use of higher than usual initial parenteral doses, or possibly initial intraperitoneal administration in seriously ill patients. (+info)

Cephalosporins works as a bactericidal antibiotic; that by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), inhibit the last step ... Second generation cephalosporins are more effective in treating Gram-negative bacilli compared to first generation ... Cefuroxime axetil, sold under the brand name Ceftin among others, is a second generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic. It is ... Bui T, Preuss CV (2020). Cephalosporins. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31855361. Retrieved 2020-04-23. Perry CM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefuroxime_axetil

Cephalosporins antibiotics. Discovered by Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948. Artificial insemination, although previously theorized, only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries

January 1977). "Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups ... Cefazaflur (INN) is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefazaflur stands out among this group of analogues because it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefazaflur

From salvarsan to cephalosporins". J Invest Surg. 25 (2): 67-77. doi:10.3109/08941939.2012.664099. PMID 22439833. S2CID ... Abraham EP (1987). "Cephalosporins 1945-1986". Drugs. 34 Suppl 2 (Supplement 2): 1-14. doi:10.2165/00003495-198700342-00003. ... Hamilton-Miller JM (March 2008). "Development of the semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins". Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents ... aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

It should not be used in pregnant or lactating animals or in animals with a history of allergies to penicillin or cephalosporin ... Cefovecin (INN) is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class, licensed for the treatment of skin infections in cats and dogs. It ... Cephalosporins and cephamycins". Small animal clinical pharmacology (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 164-168. ISBN ... Cefovecin is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic administered by subcutaneous injection. It is used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefovecin

... (INN, codenamed S-1090) is an orally-active cephalosporin antibiotic. It was developed in Japan and first described ... Cazzola M (February 2000). "Novel oral cephalosporins". Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 9 (2): 237-46. doi:10.1517/13543784.9.2.237 ... a new oral cephalosporin". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39 (11): 2544-51. doi:10.1128/aac.39.11.2544. PMC 162981. PMID 8585742 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefmatilen

Morin, Robert B.; Gorman, Marvin (2014). Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Academic Press. pp. xxii. ISBN 978-1-4832-7719-6. Ward ... Early research on penicillin and cephalosporins". BioEssays. 12 (12): 601-606. doi:10.1002/bies.950121208. PMID 2080915. Miller ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming

It is usually resistant to a variety of antibiotics including penicillins, ; cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromobacter_xylosoxidans

From salvarsan to cephalosporins". Journal of Investigative Surgery. 25 (2): 67-77. doi:10.3109/08941939.2012.664099. PMID ... Several anti-infective medications have been derived from fungi including penicillin and the cephalosporins (antibacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

... is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. Dunn GL, Hoover JR, Berges DA, Taggart JJ, Davis LD, Dietz EM, et al ... January 1976). "Orally active 7-phenylglycyl cephalosporins. Structure-activity studies related to cefatrizine (SK&F 60771)". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefatrizine

For example, bacterial resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillin and cephalosporins) can be circumvented ... Barber M, Waterworth PM (August 1964). "Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins and Cephalosporins". British Medical Journal. 2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance

Carbamazepine Archived 2011-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Kelkar PS, Li JT (September 2001). "Cephalosporin allergy". The New ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allergens

Broad-spectrum fourth generation injectable aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. Cefotaxime (1) is a potent cephalosporin antibiotic ... Although fourth-generation cephalosporin resistance is very rare, they are active against bacteria carrying the AmpC-type β- ... Since the late 1990s, the US and EU have surveyed and gathered data for fourth-generation cephalosporins for both human and ... Hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins occur rarely. The product does not contain an antimicrobial preservative. To ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefquinome

Flynn EH (1972). Cephalosporins and Penicillins : Chemistry and Biology. New York and London: Academic Press. Hosseyni S, ... cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, which are, therefore, also called β-lactam antibiotics. Nearly all of these ... most β-lactam research was concerned with the penicillin and cephalosporin groups, but since then, a wide variety of structures ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactam

Hydrolysis of cephalosporin C, isolation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and the addition of side chains opened the possibility ... Interest in studying cephalosporins was brought about by some unusual properties of cephaloridine. This antibiotic stands in ... Turck M (1982). "Cephalosporins and related antibiotics: an overview". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 4 Suppl: S281-7. doi: ... Cephaloridine is a cephalosporin compound with pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side groups. The molecular nucleus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephaloridine

It is also the source of cephalosporins. Lalchhandama, K. (2020). "Reappraising Fleming's snot and mould". Science Vision. 20 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_rubens

"The Use of Cephalosporins in Penicillin-allergic Patients". www.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. ... It is a third-generation cephalosporin that works by preventing bacteria from making a cell wall. Ceftriaxone was patented in ... Ceftriaxone is a third-generation antibiotic from the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. It is within the β-lactam family of ... Although there is negligible cross-reactivity between penicillins and third-generation cephalosporins, caution should still be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxone

Susceptibility to tetracyclines and cephalosporins is variable. A Spanish study, involving enteric pathogens also found that 32 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnia_(bacterium)

Petri (2011). "Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other Beta-Lactam Antibiotics". In Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (eds.). ... It can be made less effective by other antibiotic, such as chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillin

It is also generally resistant to cephalosporins. Some human cases have been successfully treated with trimethoprim/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_bronchiseptica

Cephalosporin Discovery and development of cephalosporins Treccani.it v t e. ... Brotzu is recognized as the discoverer of the Cephalosporin based antibiotics, that were first isolated from cultures of ... Giuseppe Brotzu and the discovery of cephalosporins. Clin Microbiol Infect 6 (Suppl 3): 6-9. PMID 11449655. Bo G (Jan-Feb 1999 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Brotzu

Main article: Cephalosporin. Available forms[edit]. Cefdinir is administered orally. It is available as capsules and a ... now Astellas) and introduced in 1991 under the brand name Cefzon.[2][3] Warner-Lambert licensed this cephalosporin for ... Cefdinir (SEF-di-nir) is a third-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic sold under the brand names Cefzon and Omnicef. ... Cefdinir is a bactericidal antibiotic of the cephalosporin class of antibiotics. It can be used to treat infections caused by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefdinir

During a skiing holiday in 1958 Abraham conceived the structure of cephalosporin C, which he then went on to establish with ... The cephalosporin CA family". Biochemical Journal. 79 (2): 403-408. doi:10.1042/bj0790403. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1205852. PMID ... There are now five generations of cephalosporins, of which some are among the few remaining antibiotics for the treatment of ... Through the registration of the patent on cephalosporin, he was able to generate a regular income, which he devoted almost ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abraham

ISBN 978-0-8412-0046-3. Hamilton-Miller JM (March 2008). "Development of the semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins". ... the cephalosporins, still retain it at the center of their structures. Fleming warned the possibility of penicillin resistance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_penicillin

Like most other cephalosporins, cefalexin is not metabolized or otherwise inactivated in the body. The elimination half-life of ... Cefalexin is a beta-lactam antibiotic of the cephalosporin family. It is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting synthesis of the ... Cefalexin is a beta-lactam antibiotic within the class of first-generation cephalosporins. It works similarly to other agents ... The most common adverse effects of cefalexin, like other oral cephalosporins, are gastrointestinal (stomach area) disturbances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefalexin

Yamada H, Jimpo K, Tobiki H, Komatsu T, Noguchi H, Irie K, Nakagome T (May 1983). "New broad-spectrum cephalosporins with anti- ... Cefaparole (cephaparole) is a cephem antibiotic of the cephalosporin subclass that was never marketed. ... cephalosporins". The Journal of Antibiotics. 36 (5): 522-31. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.36.522. PMID 6409868. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefaparole

... combination of first generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) or a third generation cephalosporin ... Cephalosporins are generally the first line of antibiotics. The antibiotics are continued for 24 hours to minimize the risk of ... First generation cephalosporin (cefazolin) is recommended as first line antibiotics for the treatment of open fractures. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_fracture

SKC sold only two cephalosporins-Ancef and Anspor (cephradine). Lilly dominated the cephalosporin market with its sales of ... From 1964 to 1972, Lilly's patents gave it a monopoly over all the cephalosporin drugs then in use. In 1973, competitors began ... In 1974 the two market leaders, Keflex and Keflin, accounted for 75% of all hospital cephalosporin purchases; Kefzol/Ancef was ... The district court found that Lilly monopolized the cephalosporin market. The district court concluded: Lilly, by linking its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmithKline_Corp._v._Eli_Lilly_&_Co.

These include cephalosporins, ceftobiprole, ceftarolin and FR-264205. The lack of newly emerging antimicobrial drugs have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_Gram-negative_bacteria

cephalosporin (plural cephalosporins) *Any of a class of natural and synthetic antibiotics developed from Acremonium fungi, ... Another important group of antibiotics, the cephalosporins, a class that includes more than twenty-five different drugs, are ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=cephalosporin&oldid=45973672" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cephalosporin

Please see Suspected Cephalosporin Treatment Failure in Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults - STI Treatment ...

https://www.cdc.gov/stiapp/gonorrhea_SCTF.html

The evolution of resistance to cephalosporins.. Moosdeen F1.. Author information. 1. Department of Medical Microbiology, ... The greatest disadvantage of the cephalosporins is that they are inactivated by the array of beta-lactamases produced by ... The high levels of chromosomal enzymes produced by these organisms are a major cause of cephalosporin resistance. Plasmid- ... The expression of resistance to cephalosporins is highly varied and due to various mechanisms. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9114204?dopt=Abstract

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on CMAJ.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

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The first cephalosporins were designated first-generation cephalosporins, whereas, later, more extended-spectrum cephalosporins ... "cephalosporin". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "cephalosporin - definition of cephalosporin in English from the Oxford dictionary ... Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945, and first sold in 1964. The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin C was found in the ... The cephalosporin nucleus can be modified to gain different properties. Cephalosporins are sometimes grouped into "generations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporin

Read more about the prescription drug CEPHALOSPORINS - INJECTION. ... USES: Cephalosporins are antibiotics used to treat a wide ... Consumer information about the medication CEPHALOSPORINS - INJECTION , includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended ... GENERIC NAME: CEPHALOSPORINS - INJECTION. Medication Uses , How To Use , Side Effects , Precautions , Drug Interactions , ... Certain cephalosporins (your medication belongs to this class of drugs) can interact strongly with alcohol. Do not drink ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/cephalosporins-injection/article.htm

The cephalosporin class is very extensive so a good classification system is necessary to distinguish different cephalosporins ... First generation cephalosporins were the first cephalosporins on the market. They have good antimicrobial activity against gram ... Cephalothin, a first generation cephalosporin for parenteral use was the first cephalosporin to become available for patients ... The first chemical compounds of the cephalosporin group were isolated from Cephalosporium acremonium, a cephalosporin-producing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_cephalosporins

Compare cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors. View important safety information, ratings, user reviews, popularity and more ... Cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors. What are Cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors?. Cephalosporins are a group of ... The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is the same as penicillins in that they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis ... List of Cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors:. Filter by: -- all conditions --. Intraabdominal Infection. Kidney Infections ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/cephalosporins-beta-lactamase-inhibitors.html

Helping you find trustworthy answers on cephalosporin , Latest evidence made easy ... Find all the evidence you need on cephalosporin via the Trip Database. ... using cephalosporins. Both TAP and cephalosporins are risk factors for enterococcal colonization although their impact on ... Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility of Oropharyngeal Neisseria Species in Antibiotic-Using Men-who-have-sex-with-men of ...

https://www.tripdatabase.com/search?criteria=cephalosporin&lang=en&page=2

No one cephalosporin is appropriate for all infectious disease problems. Cefotaxime and ceftizoxime have the best gram-positive ... The third-generation cephalosporins except for cefoperazone penetrate cerebrospinal fluid and are indicated for the treatment ... and low frequency of adverse effects make third-generation cephalosporins the preferred antibiotic in many clinical situations. ... Third-generation cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents useful in a variety of clinical situations. ...

https://www.prohealth.com/lyme-disease/library/third-generation-cephalosporins-10640

... provides information about interactions between Calcium Creamies Oral and antacids-h2-antagonistsppis-selected-cephalosporins. ... Selected Cephalosporins/Antacids; H2 Antagonists;PPIs Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as ... The effects of gastric pH and food on the pharmacokinetics of a new oral cephalosporin, cefpodoxime proxetil. Clin Pharmacol ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-152230/calcium-creamies-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-2264/dmtitle-antacids-h2-antagonistsppis-selected-cephalosporins/intrtype-drug

Each time the structure changes, a new generation of cephalosporins are made. So far there are five generations of ... scientists have been improving the structure of cephalosporins to make them more effective against a wider range of bacteria. ... Cephalosporins. Written by C. Fookes, BPharm on July 20, 2018.. What are Cephalosporins?. Cephalosporins are a large group of ... First generation cephalosporins. First generation cephalosporins refer to the first group of cephalosporins discovered. Their ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/cephalosporins.html

Cephalosporins. Class Summary. Cephalosporins are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins. They inhibit ... A second-generation cephalosporin, cefoxitin has activity against some gram-positive organisms, gram-negative organisms ( ... Cefotetan is a second-generation cephalosporin indicated for infections caused by susceptible gram-positive cocci and gram- ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926795-medication

Pharmacology/Cephalosporins. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world. , Pharmacology. This page may need to be reviewed ... Cephalosporins are known as beta-lactam antibiotics because their chemical structure consist of a beta-lactam ring adjoined to ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacology/Cephalosporins&oldid=3347061" ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pharmacology/Cephalosporins

cephalosporin synonyms, cephalosporin pronunciation, cephalosporin translation, English dictionary definition of cephalosporin ... cephalosporin. Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.. Related to cephalosporin: cephalosporin C ... 0.99 cephalosporin 3rd-generation 26 (35.1) 1,089 (16.7) ,0.01 cephalosporin 4th-generation 0 1 0.99 cephalosporin ... cefadroxil, Ultracef - a cephalosporin antibiotic (trade name Ultracef). Cefobid, cefoperazone - a parenteral cephalosporin ( ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/cephalosporin

... , Second Generation Cephalosporins, Cefuroxime, Loracarbef, Cefprozil, Lorabid, ... Cephalosporin Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins Third Generation Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins Penicillin Allergy ... Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins. Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins Aka: Second Generation Broad- ... Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins Second Generation ...

https://fpnotebook.com/id/Pharm/ScndGnrtnBrdSpctrmCphlsprns.htm

... , Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefamandole. ... Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins. Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins Aka: Second Generation Anti- ... Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins Second Generation ... Third Generation Anti-Pseudomonal Cephalosporins Third Generation Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins Third Generation ...

https://fpnotebook.com/ID/Pharm/ScndGnrtnAntAnrbCphlsprns.htm

Urethritis is defined as infection-induced inflammation of the urethra. The term is typically reserved to describe urethral inflammation caused by an STD, and the condition is normally categorized into either gonococcal urethritis (GU) or nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438091-medication

Cephalosporin can be injected into an IV line or directly into the infected tissue of a hospitalized patient.. ... Cephalosporin is an antibiotic medication commonly prescribed to treat several different types of infections. It is also an ... The most common cephalosporin side effects include stomach upset, abdominal cramps, nausea, and low-grade fever. Some patients ... Doctors classify cephalosporin as a beta-lactum, the same category as penicillin and several other antibiotics. Chemically, the ...

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cephalosporin.htm

... about interactions between Antacid Liquid-Simethicone II Oral and aluminum-magnesium-compounds-selected-cephalosporins. ... Selected Cephalosporins/Aluminum; Magnesium Compounds Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as ... Antacids that contain aluminum and/or magnesium may bind to some cephalosporins in your stomach and intestines and prevent your ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3804/antacid-liquid-simethicone-ii-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-1432/dmtitle-aluminum-magnesium-compounds-selected-cephalosporins/intrtype-drug

precursor of cephalosporin acylase. A. 689. Brevundimonas diminuta. Mutation(s): 2 EC: 3.5.1 (PDB Primary Data), 3.5.1.93 ( ... Cephalosporin acylase (CA) is a recently identified member of the N-terminal hydrolase family that is activated from an ... Cephalosporin acylase (CA) is a recently identified member of the N-terminal hydrolase family that is activated from an ... Precursor structure of cephalosporin acylase. Insights into autoproteolytic activation in a new N-terminal hydrolase family. ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1keh

The syn isomer of a compound of the formula ##STR1## in the R or S form or a mixture of R and S forms wherein their non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and having antibacterial activity and their preparation wherein the substituents are defined as in the specification.

http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5621095.html

Learn more about Cephalosporins at Portsmouth Regional Hospital Vitamin K - Supplementation Possibly Helpful See also ... In addition, antibiotics in the cephalosporin family may also interfere with the way vitamin K works. 1 For this reason, taking ... Like all other antibiotics, cephalosporins might interfere with vitamin K levels by killing vitamin K-producing bacteria in the ... extra vitamin K may be a good idea when using cephalosporins over the long term. ...

https://portsmouthhospital.com/hl/?/21501/Ceftin&com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1

SEARCH RESULTS for: Cephalosporin Antibacterial [Drug Class] (523 results) * Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing tools. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Cephalosporin%20Antibacterial&searchdb=class

Chinas demand for Cephalosporin has grown at a fast pace in the past decade. In the next decade, both - Market Research ... Cephalosporin Output and Demand. China s Cephalosporin Consumption by Product. China s Cephalosporin Demand by Category. First- ... China s Key Cephalosporin producers Location by Province. China s Cephalosporin Consumption by Application. IV. CEPHALOSPORIN ... CEPHALOSPORIN PRODUCTION AND DEMAND. China s Cephalosporin Production and Demand. China s Cephalosporin Consumption by product ...

https://www.bharatbook.com/materials-chemicals-market-research-reports-371116/cephalosporin-china.html

See also changes related to Cephalosporin, or pages that link to Cephalosporin or to this page or whose text contains " ... Cefpodoxime [r]: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic compound. [e]. * Cefprozil [r]: A second-generation cephalosporin ... Cefotetan [r]: A second generation cephalosporin class of antibiotic medication used to treat bacterial infections. [e] ... Cefaclor [r]: A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic drug used to treat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic ...

https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cephalosporin/Related_Articles

The fourth-generation cephalosporin cefepime is relatively stable to the action of AmpC beta-lactamases; consequently, it ... The fourth-generation cephalosporin cefepime is relatively stable to the action of AmpC beta-lactamases; consequently, it ... What is the role of fourth generation cephalosporins in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?. Updated: Jun 18, 2019 ... encoded search term (What is the role of fourth generation cephalosporins in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?) and ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/216845-63128/what-is-the-role-of-fourth-generation-cephalosporins-in-the-treatment-of-enterobacter-infections

Transfer Potential of Plasmids Conferring Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Solveig ... Role of Ceftiofur in Selection and Dissemination of blaCMY-2-Mediated Cephalosporin Resistance in Salmonella enterica and ... Our results showed that this system is involved in nisin and bacitracin resistance, as well as resistance to cephalosporins, ... A Homologue of the Aspergillus velvet Gene Regulates both Cephalosporin C Biosynthesis and Hyphal Fragmentation in Acremonium ...

https://aem.asm.org/keyword/cephalosporins

Another important group of antibiotics, the cephalosporins , a class that includes more than twenty-five different drugs, are chemically distinct from the penicillins but act in the same way as cell wall inhibitors, as do vancomycin and bacitracin. (wiktionary.org)
Cephalosporins are antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections , such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections and urinary tract infections . (medicinenet.com)
citation needed] Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other β-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins), but are less susceptible to β-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics can involve either reduced affinity of existing PBP components or the acquisition of a supplementary β-lactam-insensitive PBP. (wikipedia.org)
Cephalosporins are a group of broad spectrum, semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the mould Cephalosporium. (drugs.com)
Some species of bacteria produce beta-lactamase enzymes, which cleave the beta-lactam group in antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, that have a beta-lactam ring in their structure. (drugs.com)
Cephalosporins are a broad class of bactericidal antibiotics that include the β-lactam ring and share a structural similarity and mechanism of action with other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, carbapenems and monobactams). (wikipedia.org)
Cephalosporins are widely used antibiotics because of their clinical efficiency and desirable safety profile. (wikipedia.org)
Modification of side chains on the relevant positions has been used to create a whole new class of cephalosporin antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
Third generation cephalosporins remain the sole class of antibiotics available which can be used effectively against N.gonorrhoeae . (cdc.gov)
Cephalosporins are a large group of antibiotics derived from the mold Acremonium (previously called Cephalosporium ). (drugs.com)
Cephalosporins are known as beta-lactam antibiotics because their chemical structure consist of a beta-lactam ring adjoined to a thiazolidine ring. (wikibooks.org)
Doctors classify cephalosporin as a beta-lactum, the same category as penicillin and several other antibiotics. (wisegeek.com)
Like all other antibiotics, cephalosporins might interfere with vitamin K levels by killing vitamin K-producing bacteria in the intestines. (portsmouthhospital.com)
In addition, antibiotics in the cephalosporin family may also interfere with the way vitamin K works. (portsmouthhospital.com)
A beta- lactamase restistant, broad-spectrum antibiotic medication within the cephalosporin class of antibiotics. (citizendium.org)
Penicillins (Penams) and cephalosporins (cephems) are beta-lactam antibiotics containing 6-aminopenicillanate (6-APA) and 7-aminocephalosporanate (7-ACA) nuclei, respectively. (genome.jp)
Determination of cephalosporin antibiotics in water samples by op. (ingentaconnect.com)
A reliable and robust analytical method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detector was developed for the simultaneous determination of five cephalosporin antibiotics (Ceftazidime, Cefradine, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime and Cefoperazone) in various water samples. (ingentaconnect.com)
Under optimised conditions, it was applicable to preconcentrate up to 500 ml of water samples in the OASIS HLB cartridges with reasonable recoveries for all the cephalosporin antibiotics tested. (ingentaconnect.com)
However, all the selected cephalosporin antibiotics were identified in the influent and effluent of a local WWTP at ng l −1 -µg l −1 level. (ingentaconnect.com)
The results indicate that the 'pseudo-persistent' contamination of cephalosporin antibiotics in the water environment could not be neglected. (ingentaconnect.com)
To describe the initial clinical response and care escalation needs for children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) resistant to third-generation cephalosporins while on discordant antibiotics. (aappublications.org)
Antibiotics can be classified into several groups according to their mode of action on or within bacteria: (1) Drugs inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, such as bacitracin, vancomycin and the β-lactams based agents (e.g. penicillin, cephalosporins (e.g. ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime). (thefreedictionary.com)
Cephalosporins are bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics . (merckmanuals.com)
For routine sensitivity testing only one of the cephalosporin antibiotics may be considered. (springer.com)
Unlike the penicillins, the cephalosporins rarely provoke an allergic reaction, and they are resistant to bacterial enzymes (β-lactamases), which destroy antibiotics. (thefreedictionary.com)
The antibiotics investigated in the study included penicillins (ampicillin, carbenicillin and piperacillin), 1st generation cephalosporins (cephalothin), 2nd generation cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefoxitin and cefaclor), 3rd generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime), 4th generation cephalosporins (cefepime) carbapenems (imipenem) and monocyclic lactams (aztreonam). (thefreedictionary.com)
Cephalosporin C (CPC) was the second [beta]-lactam antibiotics to be discovered after penicillin from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium by Giuseppe Brotzu (1,2). (thefreedictionary.com)
A systematic approach toward building activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci into the cephalosporin class of beta-lactam antibiotics is described. (nih.gov)
Assessment of INR Prolongation in Patients Treated Simultaneously With Warfarin and Antibiotics From the Cephalosporins Family,Observational Retrospective Study. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Warfarin-treated patients who were hospitalized for any reason in the department of internal medicine and were treated with antibiotics from the Cephalosporins group during their hospitalization. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This is because penicillins and cephalosporins are antibiotics that are structurally similar to each other. (verywellhealth.com)
Cephalosporins, which are the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotics, are related to penicillin in their structure, uses and effects. (healthcanal.com)
The cephalosporins are the largest and most diverse family of antibiotics of the beta-lactam group. (emedexpert.com)
Cephalosporins have the same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics. (emedexpert.com)
Penicillins and cephalosporins are two groups of widely prescribed antibiotics. (hkmj.org)
EMAILWIRE.COM , January 11, 2018 ) Cephalosporins are bactericidal antibiotics and act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. (emailwire.com)
These findings suggest that p.o. cephalosporins accumulate in the Caco-2 cell monolayers via the H+/dipeptide cotransport system localized in the apical membranes and that a specific transport system is involved in the efflux of these antibiotics across the basolateral membranes. (aspetjournals.org)
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of nimbolide, desacetylnimbin isolated from Azadirachta indica , and the amide derivatives of nimbolide in combination with first-generation cephalosporin antibiotics against major wound-associated bacterial pathogens. (rsc.org)
Pharmacology - The cephalosporin antibiotics are comprised of several different classes of compounds with dissimilar spectrums of activity and pharmacokinetic profiles. (elephantcare.org)
Like other beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins are generally considered to be more effective against actively growing bacteria. (elephantcare.org)
The cephalosporin class of antibiotics is usually divided into three classifications or generations. (elephantcare.org)
Educational intervention was effective in reducing the use of oral third-generation cephalosporins without increasing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and worsening clinical outcome. (springermedizin.de)

Cephalosporins are indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by bacteria susceptible to this particular form of antibiotic. (wikipedia.org)
Studies of selective digestive decontamination as a natural experiment to evaluate topical antibiotic prophylaxis and cephalosporin use as population-level risk factors for enterococcal bacteraemia among ICU patients. (tripdatabase.com)
parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis (PPAP) using cephalosporins . (tripdatabase.com)
Their proven record of clinical efficacy, favorable pharmacokinetics, and low frequency of adverse effects make third-generation cephalosporins the preferred antibiotic in many clinical situations. (prohealth.com)
Cephalosporins are not usually used as a first-choice antibiotic. (drugs.com)
The study showed some bugs found in the faeces were resistant to common antibiotic medications such as cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone. (thefreedictionary.com)
Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. (fpnotebook.com)
A semi-synthetic cephalosporin and a beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. (fpnotebook.com)
A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. (fpnotebook.com)
A semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant, second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived from cephalosporium. (fpnotebook.com)
Cephalosporin is an antibiotic medication commonly prescribed to treat several different types of infections. (wisegeek.com)
A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic medication used to treate bacterial infections. (citizendium.org)
A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic drug used to treat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria . (citizendium.org)
A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic medication no longer commonly used. (citizendium.org)
Cephalosporin antibiotic compound similar to cefaclor , cefadroxil and cefazolin . (citizendium.org)
A cephalosporin type of antibiotic drug used to treat bacterial infections. (citizendium.org)
Semisynthetic cephalosporin [[antibiotic] primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections. (citizendium.org)
A cephalosporin -based antibiotic medication used to treat bacterial infections. (citizendium.org)
Fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic typically reserved for severe infections. (citizendium.org)
Semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum cephalosporin type of antibiotic medication. (citizendium.org)
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic compound. (citizendium.org)
Because the cephalosporins are structurally similar to the penicillins, some patients allergic to penicillins may be allergic to a cephalosporin antibiotic. (emedexpert.com)
Public hospitals often suggest avoiding all cephalosporins indiscriminately for patients with penicillin hypersensitivity, as exemplified by a recent antibiotic guideline. (hkmj.org)
Is clindamycin a cephalosporin antibiotic? (healthtap.com)

Chlamydia trachomatis) and reflecting concern about emerging gonococcal resistance, CDC's 2010 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) treatment guidelines recommended combination therapy for gonorrhea with a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone 250 mg intramuscularly or cefixime 400 mg orally) plus either azithromycin orally or doxycycline orally, even if nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for C. trachomatis was negative at the time of treatment ( 2 ). (geosalud.com)
may be selected during therapy with a number of β-lactam drugs, especially expanded-spectrum cephalosporins such as ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone ( 6 , 7 , 10 , 17 , 31 ). (asm.org)
What's the most important organisms that 4th gen cephalosporins cover (that ceftriaxone doesn't)? (brainscape.com)
Currently, third-generation oral cephalosporins, such as cefixime or injectable ceftriaxone, are recommended as first-line therapy. (bmj.com)
With the worldwide increase in the prevalence of penicillin-resistance pneumococci, combination therapy with a third-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone sodium used in this study) plus vancomycin has become the standard approach to empirical antimicrobial therapy. (termedia.pl)

No one third-generation cephalosporin treats all infectious disease scenarios. (drugs.com)
Each of these presentations adds to the growing body of evidence in favor of cefepime-enmetazobactam to treat infections by third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, the most prevalent 'critical priority' pathogen as defined by the WHO," said Klaus Wilgenbus, Chief Executive Officer of Allecra Therapeutics. (thefreedictionary.com)
7 ). The United States Food meat, pigs and pork as sources of ExPEC from bloodstream infections caused by and Drug Administration recently pro- related virulence genes and resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from commu- third-generation cephalosporin-resis- hibited the off-label use of cephalo- nity-dwelling humans and UTI patients. (cdc.gov)
18 years old presenting to an acute care setting of 5 children's hospitals and a large managed care organization from 2012 to 2017 with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant UTIs (defined as the growth of ≥50 000 colony-forming units per mL of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp. (aappublications.org)
Zhao Z, Hua X, Yu J, Zhang H, Li J, Li Z. Duration of empirical therapy in neonatal bacterial meningitis with third generation cephalosporin: a multicenter retrospective study. (termedia.pl)
Third generation cephalosporin therapy does not have a different prognosis for negative CSF culture of neonatal bacterial meningitis in term infants in this study. (termedia.pl)

Predictive accuracy of disk diffusion test for Proteus vulgaris and Providencia species against five newer orally administered cephalosporins, cefdinir, cefetamet, cefprozil, cefuroxime, and loracarbef. (asm.org)
Three members of the tribe Proteeae (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, and Providencia stuartii) were tested against five newer orally administered cephalosporins (cefdinir, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefetamet, and loracarbef) by the disk diffusion and reference broth microdilution methods. (asm.org)
The second generation cephalosporins include: cefaclor (PO), cefamandole (IM/IV), cefonicid (IM/IV), ceforanide (IM/IV) and cefuroxime (PO/IM/IV). (elephantcare.org)

Therefore, the cephalosporins can be further classified into generations depending on antibacterial activity, time of invention and structural basis. (wikipedia.org)
Their antibacterial activity is strong against penicillinase forming and penicillinase-free Staphylococci and - especially - against Pneumococci, Neisseriae and Streptococci group A. For these resistance tests with cephalosporins is no problem. (springer.com)

tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to cefoperazone, any other cephalosporin [e.g., cefaclor (Ceclor), cefadroxil (Duricef), or cephalexin (Keflex)], penicillins, or any other drugs. (drugrevenue.com)
Hypersensitivity to cefaclor, any component of the formulation, or other cephalosporins. (dentalcare.com)

Third-generation cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents useful in a variety of clinical situations. (prohealth.com)
Cephalosporin use tal admissions would be counted as a Aarestrup);WorldHealthOrganizationCol- result of cephalosporin and other anti- in Poultry, Europe laborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resis- microbial drug use in poultry. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial resistance generation cephalosporins ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
The cephalosporins have been classified by "generations" according to general features of antimicrobial activity, with successive generations having increasing activity against gram-negative organisms and decreasing activity against gram-positive organisms. (thefreedictionary.com)
In 2007, emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae in the United States prompted CDC to no longer recommend fluoroquinolones for treatment of gonorrhea, leaving cephalosporins as the only remaining recommended antimicrobial class ( 3 ). (geosalud.com)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has revoked its order prohibiting the extralabel use of cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
The antimicrobial action of the cephalosporins is due, as in the case of the penicillins, to their ability to block the formation of the microbial cell wall. (thefreedictionary.com)
Said cephalosporin compound is useful as an antimicrobial agent. (google.com)
A pharmaceutical composition for use as an antimicrobial agent which comprises the cephalosporin compound (I) or a salt thereof as an active ingredient together with an inert carrier therefor is also provided in the present invention. (google.com)
Cephalosporins are classified into five "generations" (Table 1) based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity. (emedexpert.com)
Each newer generation of cephalosporins has significantly broader gram-negative antimicrobial spectrum than the preceding generation, and in most cases decreased activity against gram-positive organisms. (emedexpert.com)
The gram-negative antimicrobial property significantly increases with each newer generation of cephalosporin. (emailwire.com)
The Cephalosporin Antimicrobial Agents: A Comprehensive Review. (elephantcare.org)

The first chemical compounds of the cephalosporin group were isolated from Cephalosporium acremonium, a cephalosporin-producing fungus first discovered by Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948 from a sewage outfall off the Sardinian coast. (wikipedia.org)
Natural cephalosporins-cephalosporin C and cephalosporin N (penicillin N)-were isolated in 1945 by the Italian microbiologist G. Brotzu from a mold of the genus Cephalosporium . (thefreedictionary.com)
Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from cultures of bacteria Cephalosporium acremonium found in a sewage outfall off the Sardinian coast in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. (emedexpert.com)
All "true" cephalosporins are derived from cephalosporin C which is produced from Cephalosporium acremonium. (elephantcare.org)

Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. (fpnotebook.com)
6-APA and 7-ACA are key intermediates for a variety of semisynthetic penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. (genome.jp)
Physicians generally prescribe semisynthetic cephalosporins, since they are more active than the natural ones. (thefreedictionary.com)

The so-called first generation of cephalosporins include (routes of administration in parentheses): cephalothin (IM/IV), cefazolin (IM/IV), cephapirin (IM/IV/Intramammary), cephradine (IM/IV/PO), cephalexin (PO) and cefadroxil (PO). (elephantcare.org)

Although not true cephalosporins (they are actually cephamycins), cefoxitin (IM/IV) and cefotetan (IM/IV) are usually included in this group, although some references categorize cefotetan as a 3rd generation agent. (elephantcare.org)

Novel cephalosporin derivatives possessing a bicyclic heterocycle at the 3-position. (nii.ac.jp)

2017. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/745765/all/cephalosporin. (tabers.com)
Deerfield Beach, FL -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 03/16/2017 -- The market research report by QY Research provides detailed study on the overall Cephalosporin market size, its financial positions, its unique selling points, key products, and key developments. (sbwire.com)
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The third-generation cephalosporins except for cefoperazone penetrate cerebrospinal fluid and are indicated for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. (prohealth.com)
All the third-generation cephalosporins except for cefoperazone (discontinued) penetrate cerebrospinal fluid. (drugs.com)

The commonly quoted figure of 10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins and/or carbapenems also having cross-reactivity with cephalosporins originated from a 1975 study looking at the original cephalosporins, and subsequent "safety first" policy meant this was widely quoted and assumed to apply to all members of the group. (wikipedia.org)
CreC Sensor Kinase Activation Enhances Growth of Escherichia coli in the Presence of Cephalosporins and Carbapenems. (tripdatabase.com)

Cefotetan disodium is more active against gram-negative organisms and less active against gram-positive organisms compared to first-generation cephalosporins. (fpnotebook.com)

The 5th-generation cephalosporins ceftaroline and ceftobiprole are active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . (merckmanuals.com)

In 1959 Abraham reported that his N-phenylacetyl derivative of cephalosporin C was much more potent against Staphylococcus aureus strains than the parent compound. (wikipedia.org)
The emergence of multidrug resistant gonococcal strains which are resistant to both oral and injectable cephalosporin drugs could have a catastrophic effect on gonorrhea control activities. (cdc.gov)
It is also active against many strains resistant to other cephalosporins, such as Enterobacter species and indole-positive Proteus species. (fpnotebook.com)
Gram positive organisms and Neisseria strains are quite evenly influenced by all cephalosporins. (springer.com)
The extent of Cephalosporin C (CPC) production in producing strains is elated with the expression or inhibition of the relevent genes. (sid.ir)

Cefepime is the only fourth generation cephalosporin available in the United States. (drugs.com)

The evolution of resistance to cephalosporins. (nih.gov)
The expression of resistance to cephalosporins is highly varied and due to various mechanisms. (nih.gov)
The high levels of chromosomal enzymes produced by these organisms are a major cause of cephalosporin resistance. (nih.gov)
The potential emergence and spread of both oral and parenteral cephalosporin-resistance in N.gonorrhoeae (Ceph-R NG) needs to be monitored and appropriate action needs to be taken to avoid a major public health problem. (cdc.gov)
Ceftaroline, a "fifth generation" cephalosporin with activity against S aureus and other staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant isolates, has activity and resistance potential against E cloacae complex isolates similar to those of third-generation cephalosporins. (medscape.com)
Our results showed that this system is involved in nisin and bacitracin resistance, as well as resistance to cephalosporins, ethidium bromide (EtBr), and benzalkonium chloride (BC). (asm.org)
Guelph, Ontario, Canada (R. crobial drug resistance is rapidly ris- sons resulting from third-generation Irwin);andOntarioVeterinaryCollege/Uni- ing, with resultant increased illness cephalosporin use in poultry, detailed versityofGuelph,Guelph(S.McEwen) and death. (cdc.gov)
Multidrug-resistance in Shigellae is a matter of growing concern all over the world, for which third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are increasingly being used3. (thefreedictionary.com)
Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins commonly develops in Enterobacter aerogenes during therapy due to selection of mutants producing high levels of the chromosomal Bush group 1 β-lactamase. (asm.org)
Because of the linkage of resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with ESBL production, it is possible that the usage of these drugs was responsible for selecting plasmid-mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in E. aerogenes . (asm.org)
Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillins, and aztreonam usually emerges in Enterobacter spp. (asm.org)
The increase in the prevalence of resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins among species of Enterobacter has been associated with the increased use of the more newly developed cephalosporins ( 6 , 10 ). (asm.org)
What are the mechs of resistance for cephalosporins? (brainscape.com)
However, low-level increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for cephalosporins are now widely reported, 1 and reports of azithromycin resistance 2 further highlight reduced therapeutic options. (bmj.com)
Recommendations to limit spread of cephalosporin resistance may well include combination and even prolonged therapy, but these undermine clinical desirability for a single observable dose. (bmj.com)

Tell your doctor your medical history, especially of: kidney problems, liver problems, stomach problems, alcohol usage, allergies (especially allergies to penicillins , cephalosporins or other drugs ). (medicinenet.com)
Certain cephalosporins (your medication belongs to this class of drugs) can interact strongly with alcohol. (medicinenet.com)
Patients who have experienced allergic responses to penicillin are at the highest risk of cephalosporin sensitivity since the drugs have very similar chemical arrangements. (wisegeek.com)
Research and Markets( http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/xgxhhr/global ) has announced the addition of the 'Global Cephalosporin Drugs Market 2015-2019' report to their offering. (prnewswire.co.uk)
The report, Global Cephalosporin Drugs Market 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (prnewswire.co.uk)
it also covers the landscape of the global cephalosporin drugs market and its growth prospects in the coming years. (prnewswire.co.uk)
The increased approvals and use of combination drugs is an emerging trend in the global cephalosporin drugs market. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Further, the report states that most drugs in the cephalosporin market are generics, resulting in decreased revenue for the products. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Kinetic parameters such as the half-life (t 1/2 ), clearance (Cl), and volume of distribution (Vd) change with development, so the kinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides need to be studied in order to optimise therapy with these drugs. (mdpi.com)
These drugs may be slightly less active against gram-positive cocci than 1st-generation cephalosporins. (merckmanuals.com)
Best buy Cefobid - Cephalosporins {Systemic} prescription drugs without or no prescription. (drugrevenue.com)
ReportsWeb.com published Cephalosporin Drugs Market from its database. (emailwire.com)
Cephalosporin drugs can be grouped into five classes or generations. (emailwire.com)
In this report, Publisher covers the present scenario and growth prospects of the global cephalosporin drugs market for 2015-2019. (emailwire.com)
Note: There are presently over 20 different cephalosporin drugs available for either human or veterinary use. (elephantcare.org)
The country research report on India cephalosporin drugs market is a customer intelligence and competitive study of the India market. (marketresearch.com)
Also, factors that are driving and restraining the cephalosporin drugs market are highlighted in the study. (marketresearch.com)
The companies and dealers/distributors profiled in the report include manufacturers & suppliers of cephalosporin drugs market in India. (marketresearch.com)
The report on India cephalosporin drugs market provides a detailed analysis of segments in the market based on generation of cephalosporin, drug administration, and application. (marketresearch.com)
1) What is the market size of cephalosporin drugs market in India? (marketresearch.com)
2) What are the factors that affect the growth in cephalosporin drugs market over the forecast period? (marketresearch.com)
3) What is the competitive position in India cephalosporin drugs market? (marketresearch.com)
4) What are the opportunities in India cephalosporin drugs market? (marketresearch.com)
5) What are the modes of entering India cephalosporin drugs market? (marketresearch.com)

Most people who take cephalosporin as directed by their doctors experience full recoveries in one to four weeks, depending on the nature and severity of their infections. (wisegeek.com)
What is the role of fourth generation cephalosporins in the treatment of Enterobacter infections? (medscape.com)
Oral 1st-generation cephalosporins are commonly used for uncomplicated skin and soft-tissue infections , which are usually due to staphylococci and streptococci. (merckmanuals.com)
Second-generation cephalosporins and cephamycins are often used for polymicrobial infections that include gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. (merckmanuals.com)
The advantage of the second-generation cephalosporins over the first-generation cephalosporins is that they are more effective against some of the anaerobes, however, they are more effective in treating early infections rather than late infections. (dentalcare.com)

This research report has segmented the Cephalosporin market based on the segments covering all the domains in terms of type, country, region, forecasting revenues, and market share, along with analysis of latest trends in every sub-segment. (sbwire.com)

The greatest disadvantage of the cephalosporins is that they are inactivated by the array of beta-lactamases produced by bacteria. (nih.gov)
First-generation cephalosporins are active predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. (wikipedia.org)
Successive generations of cephalosporins have increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria, albeit often with reduced activity against Gram-positive organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The cephalosporins (and other β-lactams) have the ability to kill bacteria by inhibiting essential steps in the bacterial cell wall synthesis which in the end results in osmotic lysis and death of the bacterial cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cephalosporins are bactericidal (kill bacteria) and work in a similar way to penicillins . (drugs.com)
Since the first cephalosporin was discovered in 1945, scientists have been improving the structure of cephalosporins to make them more effective against a wider range of bacteria. (drugs.com)
There are currently five "generations" of cephalosporins, with each generation differing slightly in their antibacterial spectrum (ie, how effective they are at killing certain types of bacteria). (drugs.com)
Second-generation cephalosporins are more active against gram-negative bacteria, with less activity against gram-positive bacteria. (drugs.com)
Fourth generation cephalosporins are structurally related to third-generation cephalosporins but possess an extra ammonium group, which allows them to rapidly penetrate through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, enhancing their activity. (drugs.com)
Some fourth-generation cephalosporins have excellent activity against gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-susceptible staphylococci , penicillin-resistant pneumococci , and viridans group streptococci . (drugs.com)
It also retains the activity of the later-generation cephalosporins and is effective against susceptible gram-negative bacteria. (drugs.com)
Penicillins are produced only by fungi, while cephalosporins (including cephamycins) are produced by fungi and bacteria. (genome.jp)
Taking cephalosporins may deplete good bacteria. (limamemorial.org)
Cephalosporins are bactericidal agents (which means that they kill bacteria). (emedexpert.com)
Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which causes the walls to break down and eventually the bacteria die. (emedexpert.com)
Cephalosporins are usually bactericidal against susceptible bacteria and act by inhibiting mucopeptide synthesis in the cell wall resulting in a defective barrier and an osmotically unstable spheroplast. (elephantcare.org)
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an educational intervention on reducing the inappropriate use of oral third-generation cephalosporins, the prevalence of resistant bacteria, and clinical outcomes. (springermedizin.de)

This, however, should be viewed in the light of recent epidemiological work suggesting, for many second-generation (or later) cephalosporins, the cross-reactivity rate with penicillin is much lower, having no significantly increased risk of reactivity over the first generation based on the studies examined. (wikipedia.org)
The overall cross-reactivity rate is about 1% when using first-generation cephalosporins or cephalosporins with similar R1 side chains. (emedexpert.com)
A 10% cross-reactivity rate is commonly cited between penicillins and cephalosporins. (hkmj.org)

The cephalosporins are diverse in their antibacterial spectrum, water solubility, acid tolerability, oral bioavailability, biological half-life and other properties. (wikipedia.org)
Polyclonal gut colonization with extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and/or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a normal status for hotel employees on the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. (tripdatabase.com)
For low-income countries, data regarding the intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum cephalosporin -resistant (ESC-R) and colistin-resistant (CST-R) Enterobacteriaceae in the community are still scarce. (tripdatabase.com)
These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins. (fpnotebook.com)
We aimed to assess the intestinal colonization dynamics by multiple extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (ESC-R-Ent) clones in Swiss travelers to India, a country with high prevalence of these multidrug-resistant pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Fourth generation cephalosporins, however, have true broad spectrum activity. (emedexpert.com)
Hospital outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations by hyperproduction of SHV-5 beta-lactamase. (asm.org)
A study was designed to investigate ESBL production among 31 clinical isolates of E. aerogenes from Richmond, Va., with decreased susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and a positive double-disk potentiation test. (asm.org)
FK037, a new parenteral cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum. (nii.ac.jp)

The effects of gastric pH and food on the pharmacokinetics of a new oral cephalosporin, cefpodoxime proxetil. (webmd.com)
Within each generation, there are differences in terms of administration (such as oral or intravenous administration), absorption, excretion, and how long the activity of the cephalosporin lasts for in the body. (drugs.com)
A doctor may prescribe cephalosporin in the form of a dissolving oral tablet, gel capsule, or liquid solution. (wisegeek.com)
In this report, the global Oral Cephalosporin market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022. (medgadget.com)
The likelihood of bacteriologic and clinical failure of GAS tonsillopharyngitis treatment in both European and U.S. patients is significantly less if a 10-day course of oral cephalosporin is prescribed, and is at least similar, if not significantly less, with a 4- to 5-day course of oral cephalosporin compared with a 10-day course of oral penicillin. (springer.com)
Transepithelial transport of oral cephalosporins by monolayers of intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2: specific transport systems in apical and basolateral membranes. (aspetjournals.org)
The primary outcome was the use of oral third-generation cephalosporins in inpatients as measured by the monthly median days of therapy (DOTs) per 1000 patient days. (springermedizin.de)

Patients generally experience symptom relief within a few days of taking cephalosporin. (wisegeek.com)

Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945, and first sold in 1964. (wikipedia.org)

Cephalothin, a first generation cephalosporin for parenteral use was the first cephalosporin to become available for patients in the US in 1964. (wikipedia.org)

See Fourth-generation cephalosporin. (thefreedictionary.com)

So far there are five generations of cephalosporins. (drugs.com)
There are 5 generations of cephalosporins (see table Cephalosporins ). (merckmanuals.com)
Cephalosporins are classified in generations (see table Some Clinical Uses of 3rd- and 4th-Generation Cephalosporins ). (merckmanuals.com)
Newer generations of cephalosporins possess side-chains that are dissimilar to those of penicillins, leading to low cross-reactivity. (hkmj.org)

They are also active against β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae which may inactivate third-generation cephalosporins. (drugs.com)

Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is the same as penicillins in that they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. (drugs.com)
Synthesis of cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates: biofilm dispersing NO" by Nageshwar Rao Yepuri, Nicolas Barraud et al. (edu.au)
This paper details the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of six cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates as biofilm-targeted NO-donor prodrugs. (edu.au)

The core itself can also be referred to as 7-aminocephalosporanic acid which can be derived by hydrolysis from the natural compound cephalosporin C. Chemical compounds containing this core are relatively stable to acid hydrolysis and tolerance to β-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
Today we are left with thousands of semisynthesized analogues of natural cephalosporin compounds based on the knowledge gained by intensive research on the chemistry of those two starting materials. (wikipedia.org)
The cephalosporin compounds in severe neonatal infection. (biomedsearch.com)
The new cephalosporin compounds have increased in vitro activity against gram-negative enteric bacilli and penetrate well into cerebrospinal fluid. (biomedsearch.com)

Pichichero M, Margolis P (1991) A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillins in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis supporting the concept of microbial copathogenicity. (springer.com)

In the assessment of cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins, one has to take into account the background beta-lactam hypersensitivity, which occurs in up to 10% of patients. (hkmj.org)
Studies in the 1960s and 1970s frequently estimated 10% cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins. (hkmj.org)

In the present study, Medline, Embase, reference lists, and abstract searches were used to identify randomized, controlled trials of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal (GAS) tonsillopharyngitis. (springer.com)

The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin C was found in the sea near a sewage outfall in Su Siccu, by Cagliari harbour in Sardinia, by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in July 1945. (wikipedia.org)

As detailed in the July 3 rule, the decision to prohibit extralabel use of cephalosporins in food-producing animals was based on information that such uses likely contribute to the emergence of cephalosporin-resistant zoonotic food-borne pathogens. (veterinarypracticenews.com)

Thus, consumption of alcohol after taking Cephalosporin orally or intravenously is contraindicated, and in severe cases can lead to death. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanism of action of the new orally active cephalosporin FK027. (semanticscholar.org)

ME1209 (CP6679), a new parenteral cephalosporin. (nii.ac.jp)

Recent papers have shown that a major feature in determining frequency of immunological reactions is the similarity of the side chains (e.g., first generation cephalosporins are similar to penicillins), and this is the reason the β-lactams are associated with different frequencies of serious reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis). (wikipedia.org)
Third-generation cephalosporins. (prohealth.com)
Each time the structure changes, a new 'generation' of cephalosporins are made. (drugs.com)
First generation cephalosporins refer to the first group of cephalosporins discovered. (drugs.com)
There are also differences with regards to how frequently the different first-generation cephalosporins need to be dosed. (drugs.com)
Third generation cephalosporins followed the second-generation cephalosporins. (drugs.com)
TEM beta-lactamase mutants hydrolysing third-generation cephalosporins. (nih.gov)
The catalytic properties of six "natural" mutants of the TEM-1 beta-lactamase have been studied in detail, with special emphasis on their activity versus third-generation cephalosporins. (nih.gov)
They are typically classed with 2nd-generation cephalosporins. (merckmanuals.com)
Such isolates exhibit significantly higher MIC values to third-generation cephalosporins. (nih.gov)
T/F: 2nd generation Cephalosporins are first-line agents. (brainscape.com)
However, this figure originated from studies in the 1960s and 1970s which included first-generation cephalosporins with similar side-chains to penicillins. (hkmj.org)
3 4 Notably, cross-reactivity is higher between penicillins and first- and second-generation cephalosporins compared with third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. (hkmj.org)
While there may be differences in MIC's for individual first generation cephalosporins, their spectrums of activity are quite similar. (elephantcare.org)
The third generation cephalosporins retain the gram positive activity of the first and second generation agents, but in comparison, have much expanded gram negative activity. (elephantcare.org)
A new study has reaffirmed that, as methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) remains the most common skin infection in pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, first‐generation cephalosporins remain the appropriate empiric therapy. (mdedge.com)

Cephalosporin C acylase is purified from a mixture of the acylase and a deacetylase contaminant by selectively aggregating and precipitating the deacetylase contaminant by adding to the solution a benzylated cationic or methylated cationic surfactant in an amount of 0.1 to 0.6% of the mixture. (google.com)
A carrier containing immobilized cephalosporin C acylase is regenerated by contacting the carrier with an alkaline or acidic protease. (google.com)

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 1% of patients) associated with the cephalosporin therapy include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, electrolyte disturbances, and pain and inflammation at injection site. (wikipedia.org)

Cephalosporins bind into the reaction site of PBP's rendering the enzyme unable to cross-link the bacterial wall giving bactericidal activity. (academic.ru)

CP6679, a new injectable cephalosporin : II. (nii.ac.jp)

In vitro bactericidal activity of amoxicillin combined with different cephalosporins against endocarditis-associated Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates. (tripdatabase.com)

Organisms41

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care4

Geographicals1

Neural modulation of cephalexin intestinal absorption through the di- and tripeptide brush border transporter of rat jejunum in vivo. (1/3191)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (2/3191)

Structure-function studies of Ser-289 in the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99. (3/3191)

Clindamycin suppresses endotoxin released by ceftazidime-treated Escherichia coli O55:B5 and subsequent production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta. (4/3191)

Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. (5/3191)

Use of an oxacillin disk screening test for detection of penicillin- and ceftriaxone-resistant pneumococci. (6/3191)

Cefamandole: in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetics. (7/3191)

Antibiotic penetrance of ascitic fluid in dogs. (8/3191)

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporin Resistance

beta-Lactamases

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Cephaloridine

Cephalosporinase

Cefotaxime

Cephalexin

Cefixime

beta-Lactams

Penicillins

Ceftriaxone

Cephalothin

Cefmenoxime

beta-Lactam Resistance

Cefotiam

Enterobacteriaceae

Ceftazidime

Ceftizoxime

Bacteria

Cephradine

Enterobacter

Cefazolin

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Penicillinase

Aztreonam

Enterobacteriaceae Infections

Cefoxitin

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Cefamandole

Penicillin Resistance

Cephamycins

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Klebsiella

Cefaclor

Cefoperazone

Carbapenems

Cefmetazole

Cefadroxil

Klebsiella Infections

Moxalactam

Ampicillin

Escherichia coli

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Isoelectric Focusing

Enterobacter cloacae

Cefotetan

Penicillin G

Bacterial Infections

Cephaloglycin

Cefuroxime

Clavulanic Acid

Cross Infection

Cefatrizine

Lactams

Penicillanic Acid

Cloxacillin

Gonorrhea

Structure-Activity Relationship

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Imipenem

Cefsulodin

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

Penicillin-Binding Proteins

Monobactams

Escherichia coli Infections

Drug Utilization

Chemistry

Chemical Phenomena

Citrobacter

Thienamycins

Hydrolysis

Proteus

Proteus vulgaris

Proteus mirabilis

Clavulanic Acids

Citrobacter freundii