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CephalosporinsCephalosporin Resistancebeta-LactamasesMicrobial Sensitivity TestsCephaloridineCephalosporinaseCefotaximeCephalexinCefiximebeta-LactamsPenicillinsCeftriaxoneCephalothinCefmenoximebeta-Lactam ResistanceCefotiamEnterobacteriaceaeCeftazidimeCeftizoximeBacteriaCephradineEnterobacterCefazolinKlebsiella pneumoniaeDrug Resistance, MicrobialPenicillinaseAztreonamEnterobacteriaceae InfectionsCefoxitinGram-Negative BacteriaCefamandolePenicillin ResistanceCephamycinsKlebsiellaCefaclorCefoperazoneCarbapenemsCefmetazoleCefadroxilKlebsiella InfectionsMoxalactamAmpicillinEscherichia coliDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialIsoelectric FocusingEnterobacter cloacaeCefotetanPenicillin GBacterial InfectionsIsodonCefuroximeClavulanic AcidCross InfectionCefatrizineLactamsPenicillanic AcidCloxacillinGonorrheaStructure-Activity RelationshipNeisseria gonorrhoeaeImipenemCefsulodinGram-Positive BacteriaGram-Negative Bacterial InfectionsPenicillin-Binding ProteinsMonobactamsEscherichia coli InfectionsChemistryChemical PhenomenaCitrobacterThienamycinsHydrolysisProteusProteus vulgarisProteus mirabilisCitrobacter freundiiImino PyranosesPenicillin VPiperacillinProvidenciaAminoglycosidesProtein DeficiencyDNA, BacterialPlasmidsConjugation, GeneticSalmonella paratyphi AStreptococcus pneumoniaeFluoroquinolonesDrug StabilitySulbactamCephapirinKineticsElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldSarcinaMuramoylpentapeptide CarboxypeptidaseSalmonella InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusPlesiomonasBacteremiaMethicillinPeptidyl TransferasesAnti-Infective AgentsSpectrophotometry, InfraredKanamycinEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousCefonicidCulture MediaEnterococcusSerine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala CarboxypeptidaseHospitalsBacteroides fragilisGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaSalmonella entericaAdministration, OralAmoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate CombinationMolecular Sequence DataStaphylococcusEnterobacter aerogenesHLA-DRB5 ChainsAcinetobacter baumanniiPenicillin AmidaseEikenella corrodensHexosyltransferasesAcinetobacterParatyphoid FeverBacteroidesClostridium difficileSalmonella typhiSulbenicillinSalmonellaDrug HypersensitivityCarbenicillinDrug SynergismPolymerase Chain ReactionAmpicillin ResistanceDrug Resistance, MultipleHaemophilus influenzaePorinsMeningitis, BacterialPseudomonas InfectionsNocardia asteroidesQuinolonesSerratia marcescensVancomycinMice, Inbred ICRUrinary Tract InfectionsAmidohydrolasesPneumococcal InfectionsClindamycinBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsTyphoid FeverAntibiotic ProphylaxisFleroxacinTicarcillinMeningitis, PneumococcalCommunity-Acquired InfectionsOptical Rotatory DispersionSequence Analysis, DNAGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsAcremoniumAmoxicillinChloramphenicolGenes, BacterialSpainGentamicinsMandelic AcidsAcinetobacter InfectionsHalf-LifeEscherichiaBlood ProteinsCiprofloxacinSerum Bactericidal TestDNA FingerprintingTonsillitisHospitals, UniversityPeritonitisMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyDrug PrescriptionsAmino Acid SequenceHeterocyclic CompoundsOxacillinAmikacinCecal Diseases
Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.Cephalosporin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.Microbial Sensitivity Tests: Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.CephalosporinaseCefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.beta-Lactams: Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.Penicillins: A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.beta-Lactam Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.Ceftizoxime: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.Enterobacter: Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.Klebsiella pneumoniae: Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.Drug Resistance, Microbial: The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.Enterobacteriaceae Infections: Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.Penicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.Cephamycins: Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.Klebsiella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.Carbapenems: A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.Klebsiella Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial: The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.Enterobacter cloacae: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in water, sewage, soil, meat, hospital environments, and on the skin and in the intestinal tract of man and animals as a commensal.Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.Isodon: A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE used in TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE.Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.Lactams: Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.Penicillin-Binding Proteins: Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.Monobactams: Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. They lack the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.Escherichia coli Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Citrobacter: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.Thienamycins: Beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from PENICILLINS in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. They are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. Thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Proteus: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.Proteus vulgaris: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.Proteus mirabilis: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.Citrobacter freundii: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in humans and other animals including MAMMALS; BIRDS; REPTILES; and AMPHIBIANS. It has also been isolated from SOIL and WATER as well as from clinical specimens such as URINE; THROAT; SPUTUM; BLOOD; and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.Imino Pyranoses: Six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom.Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.Providencia: Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.Aminoglycosides: Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.Protein Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Conjugation, Genetic: A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.Salmonella paratyphi A: A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.Streptococcus pneumoniae: A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.Fluoroquinolones: A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.Drug Stability: The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone.Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field: Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.Sarcina: A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. It has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens.Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase: Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.Salmonella Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.Plesiomonas: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.Peptidyl Transferases: Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous: An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.Serine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala Carboxypeptidase: A carboxypeptidase that is specific for proteins that contain two ALANINE residues on their C-terminal. Enzymes in this class play an important role in bacterial CELL WALL biosynthesis.Hospitals: Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.Bacteroides fragilis: Gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. It is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections.Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.Salmonella enterica: A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Enterobacter aerogenes: Gram-negative, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature. Both motile and non-motile strains exist. The species is closely related to KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE and is frequently associated with nosocomial infectionsHLA-DRB5 Chains: A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that is associated with the HLA-DR51 serological subtype.Acinetobacter baumannii: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.Penicillin Amidase: An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.Eikenella corrodens: Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.Acinetobacter: A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.Paratyphoid Fever: A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.Bacteroides: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.Salmonella typhi: A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.Drug Hypersensitivity: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Ampicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.Drug Resistance, Multiple: Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.Haemophilus influenzae: A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.Porins: Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.Meningitis, Bacterial: Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.Nocardia asteroides: A species of bacterium of the family NOCARDIACEAE, producing pulmonary infections in man.Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.Serratia marcescens: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.Mice, Inbred ICRUrinary Tract Infections: Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.AmidohydrolasesPneumococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Typhoid Fever: An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.Meningitis, Pneumococcal: An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)Community-Acquired Infections: Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.Optical Rotatory Dispersion: The method of measuring the dispersion of an optically active molecule to determine the relative magnitude of right- or left-handed components and sometimes structural features of the molecule.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.Chloramphenicol: An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Spain: Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.Mandelic Acids: Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid).Acinetobacter Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.Blood Proteins: Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.Serum Bactericidal Test: Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. This test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY.DNA Fingerprinting: A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.Hospitals, University: Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.Peritonitis: INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Drug Prescriptions: Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Heterocyclic Compounds: Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.Cecal Diseases: Pathological developments in the CECUM.

Neural modulation of cephalexin intestinal absorption through the di- and tripeptide brush border transporter of rat jejunum in vivo. (1/3191)

Intestinal absorption of beta-lactamine antibiotics (e.g., cefixime and cephalexin) has been shown to proceed through the dipeptide carrier system. In a previous study, nifedipine (NFP), an L-type calcium channel blocker, enhanced the absorption of cefixime in vivo but not in vitro, and it was suggested that neural mechanisms might be involved in the effect of NFP. The aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of the nervous system on the intestinal absorption of cephalexin (CFX). To investigate this, we used a single-pass jejunal perfusion technique in rats. NFP and diltiazem enhanced approximately 2-fold the plasma levels of CFX in treated rats versus untreated controls. NFP also increased approximately 2-fold the CFX level in portal plasma and increased urinary excretion of CFX, thus indicating that CFX did effectively increase CFX intestinal absorption. Perfusing high concentrations of dipeptides in the jejunal lumen competitively reduced CFX absorption and inhibited the enhancement of CFX absorption produced by NFP. Hexamethonium and lidocaine inhibited the effect of NFP, whereas atropine, capsaicin, clonidine, and isoproterenol enhanced CFX absorption by the same order of magnitude as NFP. Thus, complex neural networks can modulate the function of the intestinal di- and tripeptide transporter. Sympathetic noradrenergic fibers, intestinal sensory neurons, and nicotinic synapses are involved in the increase of CFX absorption produced by NFP.  (+info)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (2/3191)

The in vitro activities of several cephalosporins and quinolones against 195 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diary calves affected by neonatal diarrhea were determined. One hundred thirty-seven of these strains produced one or more potential virulence factors (F5, F41, F17, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verotoxin, and the eae gene), but the remaining 58 strains did not produce any of these factors. From 11 to 18% of the E. coli strains were resistant to cephalothin, nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin. However, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefquinome were highly effective against the E. coli isolates tested. Some significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistance to quinolones between the strains producing potential virulence factors and nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains were found. Thus, eae-positive, necrotoxigenic, and verotoxigenic (except for nalidixic acid) E. coli strains were significantly more sensitive to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin than nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains. Moreover, eae-positive strains were significantly more sensitive to enoxacin and enrofloxacin than F5-positive strains. Thus, the result of this study suggest that the bovine E. coli strains that produce some potential virulence factors are more sensitive to quinolones than those that do not express these factors.  (+info)

Structure-function studies of Ser-289 in the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99. (3/3191)

Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser-289 of the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99 was performed to investigate the role of this residue in beta-lactam hydrolysis. This amino acid lies near the active site of the enzyme, where it can interact with the C-3 substituent of cephalosporins. Kinetic analysis of six mutant beta-lactamases with five cephalosporins showed that Ser-289 can be substituted by amino acids with nonpolar or polar uncharged side chains without altering the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. These data suggest that Ser-289 is not essential in the binding or hydrolytic mechanism of AmpC beta-lactamase. However, replacement by Lys or Arg decreased by two- to threefold the kcat of four of the five beta-lactams tested, particularly cefoperazone, cephaloridine, and cephalothin. Three-dimensional models of the mutant beta-lactamases revealed that the length and positive charge of the side chain of Lys and Arg could create an electrostatic linkage to the C-4 carboxylic acid group of the dihydrothiazine ring of the acyl intermediate which could slow the deacylation step or hinder release of the product.  (+info)

Clindamycin suppresses endotoxin released by ceftazidime-treated Escherichia coli O55:B5 and subsequent production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta. (4/3191)

Treatment of septicemia caused by Escherichia coli with ceftazidime (CAZ) may be associated with the development of septic shock due to the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We examined the suppressive effect of clindamycin (CLDM) on CAZ-induced release of endotoxin by cultured E. coli and the subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta]). E. coli ATCC 12014 was incubated in inactivated horse serum with or without CLDM for 1, 4, or 18 h, followed by the addition of CAZ and collection of the culture supernatant at 0, 1, and 2 h. The concentration of endotoxin in each sample was measured by a chromogenic Limulus test. Another portion of the culture supernatant was added to THP-1 cell culture and incubated for 4 h, and the concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the supernatant were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the control group (no CLDM), CAZ administration resulted in significant increases in endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta concentrations. Pretreatment of E. coli with CLDM for 4 or 18 h before the addition of CAZ significantly suppressed the concentrations of endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta in a time-dependent manner. In addition, CAZ treatment transformed E. coli from rodshaped bacteria to filament-like structures, as determined by electron microscopy, while pretreatment with CLDM prevented these morphological changes. Our in vitro studies showed that CAZ-induced release of large quantities of endotoxin by E. coli could be suppressed by prior administration of CLDM.  (+info)

Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. (5/3191)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro possibilities of ampicillin-ceftriaxone combinations for 10 Enterococcus faecalis strains with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (HLRAg) and to assess the efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone, both administered with humanlike pharmacokinetics, for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to HLRAg E. faecalis. A reduction of 1 to 4 dilutions in MICs of ampicillin was obtained when ampicillin was combined with a fixed subinhibitory ceftriaxone concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. This potentiating effect was also observed by the double disk method with all 10 strains. Time-kill studies performed with 1 and 2 micrograms of ampicillin alone per ml or in combination with 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml showed a > or = 2 log10 reduction in CFU per milliliter with respect to ampicillin alone and to the initial inoculum for all 10 E. faecalis strains studied. This effect was obtained for seven strains with the combination of 2 micrograms of ampicillin per ml plus 10 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml and for six strains with 5 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml. Animals with catheter-induced endocarditis were infected intravenously with 10(8) CFU of E. faecalis V48 or 10(5) CFU of E. faecalis V45 and were treated for 3 days with humanlike pharmacokinetics of 2 g of ampicillin every 4 h, alone or combined with 2 g of ceftriaxone every 12 h. The levels in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the humanlike pharmacokinetics of ampicillin or ceftriaxone in rabbits were similar to those found in humans treated with 2 g of ampicillin or ceftriaxone intravenously. Results of the therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by E. faecalis V48 or V45 showed that the residual bacterial titers in aortic valve vegetations were significantly lower in the animals treated with the combinations of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone than in those treated with ampicillin alone (P < 0.001). The combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone showed in vitro and in vivo synergism against HLRAg E. faecalis.  (+info)

Use of an oxacillin disk screening test for detection of penicillin- and ceftriaxone-resistant pneumococci. (6/3191)

In a context of worldwide emergence of resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, early detection of strains with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics is important for clinicians. If the 1-microgram oxacillin disk diffusion test is used as described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, no interpretation is available for strains showing zone sizes of /=2.0 microgram/ml) to penicillin. For ceftriaxone, among 98 strains with no zone of inhibition in response to oxacillin, 68 had intermediate resistance (MIC, 1.0 microgram/ml), and 22 were resistant (MIC, >/=2.0 microgram/ml). To optimize the use of the disk diffusion method, we propose that the absence of a zone of inhibition around the 1-microgram oxacillin disk be regarded as an indicator of nonsusceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone and recommend that such strains be reported as nonsusceptible to these antimicrobial agents, pending the results of a MIC quantitation method.  (+info)

Cefamandole: in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetics. (7/3191)

Cefamandole has a broader spectrum and greater potency than the other cephalosporins. It includes Haemophilus influenzae, most strains of Enterobacter, and many strains of indole-positive Proteus and Bacteroides, with a lower minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, etc. Concentrations of drug in the serum after the parenteral injection of cefamandole exceed manyfold the minimal inhibitory concentrations of over 82% of the bacteria studied. Approximately 65 to 85% is excreted in a biologically active form in the urine. This antibiotic offers advantages of antibacterial effectiveness and at the same time retains the safety of penicillin G and cephalothin in animals.  (+info)

Antibiotic penetrance of ascitic fluid in dogs. (8/3191)

Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid after parenteral therapy may be important in the treatment of peritonitis. We have created ascites in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Ascitic fluid volume was measured at the time each antibiotic was administered. Nine antibiotics were studied in the same three dogs. Antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid was found to vary inversely with ascites volume. Percentage of penetration (ratio of ascites peak to serum peak x100) ranged from 5.8 to 65% among the drugs studied. Only metronidazole showed a statistically significant higher percentage of penetration than other antimicrobials. Concentrations in ascitic fluid after single doses of cephalothin (15 mg/kg) and the aminoglycosides (2 mg/kg, gentamicin and tobramycin; 7.5 mg/kg, amikacin and kanamycin) did not exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration of many gram-negative rods and may justify the use of higher than usual initial parenteral doses, or possibly initial intraperitoneal administration in seriously ill patients.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of CXA-101, a New Antipseudomonal Cephalosporin, in Healthy Adult Male and Female Subjects...Pharmacokinetics and Safety of CXA-101, a New Antipseudomonal Cephalosporin, in Healthy Adult Male and Female Subjects...
The medical need for new antibiotics active against multiply drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens has been clearly established (5). Organisms of concern include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (5, 10, 13). Unfortunately, the current pipeline for such agents is unimpressive (1, 4, 16, 17).. CXA-101 (previously FR264205) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with excellent in vitro and in vivo activity against P. aeruginosa, including drug-resistant isolates (3, 12). In general, the anti-Gram-positive and -Gram-negative profile of CXA-101 is similar to that of third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, but its antipseudomonal activity is the most potent among all currently available β-lactams, including the cephalosporins and carbapenems (3). Indeed, the minimum concentration of CXA-101 that inhibits 90% of the microbial strains (MIC90) for P. aeruginosa (≤2 μg/ml) is the lowest among all systemically administered ...
Preparation of Cefquinome Sulfate Proliposome and its Pharmacokinetics in RabbitPreparation of Cefquinome Sulfate Proliposome and its Pharmacokinetics in Rabbit
Cefquinome Sulfate (CS) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin, which has been developed solely for veterinary use. It shows potent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. However, Cefquinome is susceptible to hydrolysis, which limiting its clinical employment efficacies to some extent. So, in this study, to increase Cefquinome Sulfate biological half-life, a novel Cefquinome Sulfate proliposome was prepared by solid dispersion and effervescent techniques and characterized for morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. A Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was first chosen and established to determine the drug concentration in plasma after intra muscular (IM) administrating Cefquinome Sulfate solution and liposome at a single dosage of 18 mg/kg in rabbit. Then their pharmacokinetics in vivo was compared. Results showed that the received liposome was milky white suspension, spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. The
In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of Ro 63-9141, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant...In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of Ro 63-9141, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant...
High affinity for PBP 2′ is crucial for the antibacterial activity of β-lactams against MRS. Unfortunately, none of the available β-lactam antibiotics sufficiently fulfils this requirement. This fact increasingly limits the therapeutic potential against staphylococcal infections of these otherwise very useful drugs.. However, the intensive search for new antistaphylococcal drugs has shown recently (1, 7, 11, 12, 14) that it is possible to achieve strong inhibition of PBP 2′ with selected β-lactam structures. Ro 63-9141 is a member of the class of pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephems, which show high potency against PBP 2′ of S. aureus but higher IC50s against normal, sensitive PBPs than other β-lactam antibiotics, e.g., methicillin and imipenem. This appears to be a common property of the pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephems, as it has been observed before for other members of this structural class (7). Ro 63-9141 shares features of cephalosporins with 7-aminothiazolylhydroxyimino ...
Basilea announces launch of antibiotic Zevtera® (ceftobiprole medocaril) in GermanyBasilea announces launch of antibiotic Zevtera® (ceftobiprole medocaril) in Germany
Basilea Pharmaceutica AG / Basilea announces launch of antibiotic Zevtera® (ceftobiprole medocaril) in Germany . Processed and transmitted by NASDAQ OMX Corporate Solutions. The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.
Drug utilization evaluation of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital in South India<...Drug utilization evaluation of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital in South India<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Drug utilization evaluation of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital in South India. AU - Jimmy, B.. AU - Parthasarthi, G.. AU - Jose, J.. N1 - Cited By :1 Export Date: 10 November 2017 Correspondence Address: Jimmy, B.; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical sciences, Manipal-576104, India; email: [email protected] Chemicals/CAS: cefixime, 79350-37-1; cefoperazone, 62893-19-0, 62893-20-3; cefotaxime, 63527-52-6, 64485-93-4; ceftazidime, 72558-82-8; ceftriaxone, 73384-59-5, 74578-69-1 References: Report calls for action on antibiotic resistance (1998) BMJ, 316, p. 1261. , Kamran Abbasi; Lindbaek, M., Berild, D., Straand, J., Hjortdahl, P., Influence of prescription patterns in general practice on anti-microbial resistance in Norway (1999) Br J Gen Pract, 49 (443), pp. 436-440; Hart, C.A., Antibiotic resistance: An increasing problem? (1998) BMJ, 316 (7140), pp. 1255-1256; Gary, M.H., Missan, H., The members of Society of ...
Ceftobiprole in Hospital Acquired Pneumonia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govCeftobiprole in Hospital Acquired Pneumonia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Ceftobiprole medocaril (the water-soluble prodrug [form] of ceftobiprole) referred to as ceftobiprole is a cephalosporin antibiotic with anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) activity. Ceftobiprole is not yet approved for the treatment of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia. This is a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of ceftobiprole versus a comparator (linezolid plus ceftazidime) to assess the effectiveness and safety of ceftobiprole in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. The patients will be randomized to ceftobiprole plus placebo or the comparator. The primary endpoint is the clinical cure rate of ceftobiprole at the test-of-cure visit. The patients will receive either ceftobiprole plus placebo or the comparator for 7 to 14 days (unless extended at discretion of medical monitor). Patient safety will be monitored throughout the study. In December 2006, this study (BAP00248) and another similar study (BAP00307, see NCT00210964) were amended (changed) to create ...
Protocol Development for a Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety and Feasibility of Ceftobiprole Compared to Conventional Therapy...Protocol Development for a Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety and Feasibility of Ceftobiprole Compared to Conventional Therapy...
Ceftobiprole medocaril is a cephalosporin antibiotic with anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) activity. Ceftobiprole medocaril in not approved for the treatment of bacterial blood stream infections. S. aureus is a major human pathogen. It causes a wide range of serious infections, including skin and skin structure infections, infections of vascular devices and catheters, and infections of the heart and lungs, bones and joints, and deep tissues. Particularly challenging and difficult to treat are blood-borne infections (bacteremia). Bacteremic infections are prone to relapse and they are often complicated by metastatic seeding of sites throughout the body. MRSA strains are increasing in prevalence, incidence, and virulence. Moreover, the frequency of patients presenting with persistent MRSA bacteremia appears to be rising. The objective of the open label trial is to compare the effectiveness and safety of ceftobiprole versus a comparator in patients with MRSA and MSSA ...
cephalosporinscephalosporins
第5世代まであるぞ cephalosporins 第5世代もはやスターウォーズcephalosporins 第3世代経口は察し cephalosporins 風邪にはきかない cephalosporins 採用ミニマリスト目指そう cephalosporins UpToDate
Bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli in onco-haematological patients: Risk factors and mortality in an Italian...Bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli in onco-haematological patients: Risk factors and mortality in an Italian...
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) remain life-threatening complications in the clinical course of patients with haematological malignancies (HM) and Escherichia coli represent one of the most frequent cause of such infections. In this study, we aimed to describe risk factors for resistance to third generation cephalosporins and prognostic factors, including the impact of third generation cephalosporins resistance, in patients with HM and BSIs caused by E. coli. Three hundred forty-two cases of E. coli BSIs were collected during the study period (from January 2016 to December 2017). The percentage of resistance to third generation cephalosporins was 25.7%. In multivariate analysis, the variables recent endoscopic procedures, culture-positive surveillance rectal swabs for multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotic prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones, and prolonged neutropenia were independently associated with bloodstream infections caused by a third generation cephalosporins resistant E. coli. The overall 30-day
Cefdinir Online Shop - Free DeliveryCefdinir Online Shop - Free Delivery
Pediatric Dosage Children 13 year of age or older or those weighing more than 43 kg may receive the usual Cefdinir Online shop dosage of cefdinir. Cautions Adverse Effects Adverse effects reported with cefdinir are similar to those reported with other oral cephalosporins. See Cautions in the Cephalosporins General Statement 8: Cefdinir generally is well tolerated. Precautions and Contraindications Cefdinir Cefdinir Online shops the toxic potentials of other cephalosporins, Cefdinir Online Shop, and the usual cautions, Cefdinir Online Shop, precautions, and contraindications associated Cefdinir Online shop cephalosporin therapy should be observed.. There is clinical and laboratory evidence of generic Famvir cross-allergenicity among cephalosporins and other b-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephamycins. Use of cephalosporins should be avoided in patients who have had an immediate-type anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction to penicillins. For a more complete discussion of these and ...
CiNii Articles - YAMAMOTO HIROAKICiNii Articles - YAMAMOTO HIROAKI
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7.BETA.-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-cephalosporin derivatives. III. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 7.BETA.-[2-amino-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]cephalosporins.:III. SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 7β-[2-AMINO- 2-(2-A MINOTHIAZOL-4-YL)ACETAMIDO]CEPHALOSPORINS （1980 ...
2-(2-Formamidothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetic acid 65872-43-7 Chemical Properties Physical Properties2-(2-Formamidothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetic acid 65872-43-7 Chemical Properties Physical Properties
2-(2-Formamidothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetic acid chemical properties, What are the chemical properties of 2-(2-Formamidothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetic acid 65872-43-7, What are the physical properties of 2-(2-Formamidothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino acetic acid ect.
Spectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical FormulationsSpectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Cephalosporins are the most commonly prescribed β-lactam antibiotics. Spectrophotometry is probably the most convenient analytical technique for routine analysis, because of its inherent simplicity, low cost and wide availability in quality control laboratories. Several papers have been presented in recent years regarding the development and validation for spectrophotometry methods for analysis of cephalosporins in pharmaceutical formulations. In this review article, various spectroscopic methods for analysis of cephalosporins are presented and discussed.
Cephalosporins | Article about Cephalosporins by The Free DictionaryCephalosporins | Article about Cephalosporins by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Cephalosporins? Find out information about Cephalosporins. a group of natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with similar chemical structures and biological properties. Natural cephalosporins-cephalosporin C and... Explanation of Cephalosporins
Buy Omnicef Cefdinir Sefdin Online Prices & Shipping from IndiaBuy Omnicef Cefdinir Sefdin Online Prices & Shipping from India
Cefdinir is a third-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic sold under the brand names Cefzon and Omnicef.. As of 2008, cefdinir, as Omnicef, was the highest-selling cephalosporin antibiotic in the United States, with more than US$585 million in retail sales of its generic versions alone. Cephalosporin is structurally similar to cefixime.. Cefdinir is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as bronchitis (infection of the airway tubes leading to the lungs); pneumonia; and infections of the skin, ears, sinuses, throat, and tonsils.. Cefdinir is in a class of medications called cephalosporin antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria.. Antibiotics such as cefdinir will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Using antibiotics when they are not needed increases your risk of getting an infection later that resists antibiotic treatment.. ...
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Ceftobiprole [medocaril] Versus Comparators in the Treatment of Patients With...Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Ceftobiprole [medocaril] Versus Comparators in the Treatment of Patients With...
The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of ceftobiprole versus a comparator in patients with fever and neutropenia
Cephalosporins: an update. - MyScienceWorkCephalosporins: an update. - MyScienceWork
Cephalosporins: an update.: The cephalosporins are the largest and most diverse family of antimicrobial agents available. Although they rarely are considered dr
Use of third-generation cephalosporins for treatment of neonatal infections<...Use of third-generation cephalosporins for treatment of neonatal infections<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Use of third-generation cephalosporins for treatment of neonatal infections. AU - McCracken, G. H.. PY - 1985. Y1 - 1985. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0022219267&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0022219267&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 4061402. AN - SCOPUS:0022219267. VL - 139. SP - 1079. EP - 1080. JO - JAMA Pediatrics. JF - JAMA Pediatrics. SN - 2168-6203. IS - 11. ER - ...
Cephalosporins: Four Generations of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics - www.urology-textbook.comCephalosporins: Four Generations of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics - www.urology-textbook.com
Cephalosporins are an important group of β-lactame antibiotics, which are grouped in four generations with different antibiotic spectrums, from the online textbook of urology by D. Manski
IJSRSET - International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and TechnologyIJSRSET - International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
Antibiotic resistance became a global cause for failure of antimicrobial therapy nowadays. Cephalosporin being the class of drugs with broad spectrum of activity and favourable safety profile, many generations of this class nowadays used in clinical practice. The classification from first to fourth generation cephalosporin contain drugs which are effective against gram positive and gram negative organisms. This review describes about the fifth generation of cephalosporin, a new group of drugs in this class which are highly effective against pseudomonas and multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus. They are less susceptible to development of resistance by microorganisms. The two drugs included in this group are Ceftaboprole and Ceftarolone. The spectrum, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosage, drug interactions and clinical uses of these two drugs are described. The fifth generation cephalosporins are an ideal solution for antibiotic resistance in present era. ...
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Third-generation cephalosporins are a crucial component of the antibiotic arsenal for human and veterinary medicine. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is often conveyed by blaCMY-2 plasmids. The prevalence of ...
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Third-generation cephalosporins are a crucial component of the antibiotic arsenal for human and veterinary medicine. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is often conveyed by blaCMY-2 plasmids. The prevalence of ...
What is risk of reaction if allergic to pcn and taking cephalosporin antibiotic? - Answered by top doctors on HealthTapWhat is risk of reaction if allergic to pcn and taking cephalosporin antibiotic? - Answered by top doctors on HealthTap
Dr. Menchell responded: Cephalosporin rx. Older studies suggested that there was a 5-7% risk of having a reaction to a cephalosporin if you had a history of |a href="/topics/penicillin-allergy" track_data="{
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Combinations of penicillins and cephalosporins<...Combinations of penicillins and cephalosporins<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Combinations of penicillins and cephalosporins. AU - Sabath, L. D.. PY - 1975. Y1 - 1975. M3 - Chapter. T3 - Clinical use of combinations of antibiotics.. SP - 71. EP - 87. BT - Clinical use of combinations of antibiotics. A2 - Klastersky, J.. PB - Hodder and Stoughton. ER - ...
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Percentage of surgical patients aged 18 years and older undergoing procedures with the indications for a first OR second generation cephalosporin prophylactic antibiotic who had an order for a first OR second generation cephalosporin for antimicrobial prophylaxis ...
Phenomenex HPLC Application #16908: Polar-RP - CephalosporinsPhenomenex HPLC Application #16908: Polar-RP - Cephalosporins
HPLC Application #16908: Polar-RP - Cephalosporins. Column used: Synergi™ 4 µm Polar-RP 80 Å, LC Column 150 x 4.6 mm, Ea Part#: 00F-4336-E0
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But if its your first year in pharmacology, its a lot to take in. I did make some memory aids for studying generations of cephalosporins but after a while, I promise you wont need them ...
Global Cephalosporin Market - Emerging Markets in Developing Countries | Share Market News LiveGlobal Cephalosporin Market - Emerging Markets in Developing Countries | Share Market News Live
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Cefdinir (SEF-di-nir) is a third-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic sold under the brand names Cefzon and Omnicef. As of 2008, cefdinir, as Omnicef, was the .... ...
A Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Ceftobiprole in Pediatric Patients =3 Months to |18 Years of Age - Full Text...A Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Ceftobiprole in Pediatric Patients =3 Months to |18 Years of Age - Full Text...
This purpose of this study will be to assess the pharmacokinetics (how drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body and removed over time) and safety of a single dose of ceftobiprole in pediatric patients undergoing treatment with systemic antibiotics and may be used to guide dosing recommendations for ceftobiprole in children. This study is an open-label (all patients will know the identity of the drug) single-dose, pharmacokinetic study in infants and children =3 months to ,18 years of age who are medically stable as judged by the clinical investigator and require therapy with antibiotics. Patients will be given a 2-hour i.v. infusion (given directly into the vein) of 7, 10, or 15 mg/kg ceftobiprole. The study population will be grouped according to the following 4 age groups: =12 to ,18 years of age; =6 to ,12 years of age; =2 to ,6 years of age; and =3 months to ,2 years of age. Every attempt will be made to include patients of both sexes in each age group. Safety evaluations will include ...
Cefepime sebagai Antibiotik Sefalosporin Generasi IV | farmakoterapi-infoCefepime sebagai Antibiotik Sefalosporin Generasi IV | farmakoterapi-info
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Cefprozil (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo ClinicCefprozil (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic
Cefprozil is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. It belongs to the class of medicines known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. However, this medicine will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections. ...
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With an estimated 700,000 new cases each year in the U.S. alone, gonorrhea is one of the most common STDs. It spreads through direct contact with the penis, vagina, mouth or anus, and can also be transmitted from mom to baby during delivery ...
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Parabolic Drugs Limited (PDL), a leading research based API manufacturer with stronghold in Antibiotic space and marking its presence in the Custom Synthesis and Contract manufacturing (CRAMS) segment has posted a 36.29% rise in net profit at Rs. 10.53 crore for the first quarter ended June 2010, as compared to Rs. 7.73 cr in the corresponding period of the previous year. The companys Q1 gross Sales stood at Rs. 140.15 cr from Rs. 112.71 cr., up by 24.35% supported by launch of new Sterile Cephalosporin antibiotic API and through penetration in newer geographies. EBIDTA rose to Rs. 25.74 crore up by 52.13% as compared to Rs. 16.92 crore in the corresponding period in previous year. This was mainly due to increased share in sales of high value Cephalosporin APIs. Parabolic is extremely bullish about its estimations for FY2011.. The total income & EBIDTA margins are estimated to be Rs.705 crs & Rs. 128 crs correspondingly. The projected PAT for FY2011 is estimated to reach approximately Rs. 54 ...
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Ceftibuten (Oral Route) Side Effects - Mayo ClinicCeftibuten (Oral Route) Side Effects - Mayo Clinic
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:. ...
7-ACA - 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid (chemical) | AcronymFinder7-ACA - 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid (chemical) | AcronymFinder
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Serratia Bacteremia in a Large University Hospital: Trends in Antibiotic Resistance During 10 Years and Implications for...Serratia Bacteremia in a Large University Hospital: Trends in Antibiotic Resistance During 10 Years and Implications for...
RESULTS: Among 122 Serratia isolates, 117 (95.9%) were Serratia marcescens and 110 (90.2%) were of nosocomial origin. During the study period, the 122 isolates showed a high rate of resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins (45.9%) and extended‐spectrum penicillins (56.6%). The resistance rate to ciprofloxacin was 32.0%. The resistance rate to third‐generation cephalosporins increased from 31.7% for 1991 to 1995 to 54.9% for 1996 to 1998 and 50.0% for 1999 to 2001. In the multivariate analysis, prior use of a second‐generation cephalosporin (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.90; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.41 to 24.6; P = .015) or a third‐generation cephalosporin (OR, 3.26; CI95, 1.20 to 8.87; P = .020) was a strong independent risk factor for resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins. The overall case‐fatality rate was 25.4% (Serratia bacteremia-related case‐fatality rate, 13.1 ...
Use of cephalosporins in patients with immediate penicillin hypersensitivity: cross-reactivity revisited | HKMJUse of cephalosporins in patients with immediate penicillin hypersensitivity: cross-reactivity revisited | HKMJ
A 10% cross-reactivity rate is commonly cited between penicillins and cephalosporins. However, this figure originated from studies in the 1960s and 1970s which included first-generation cephalosporins with similar side-chains to penicillins. Cephalosporins were frequently contaminated by trace amount of penicillins at that time. The side-chain hypothesis for beta-lactam hypersensitivity is supported by abundant scientific evidence. Newer generations of cephalosporins possess side-chains that are dissimilar to those of penicillins, leading to low cross-reactivity. In the assessment of cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins, one has to take into account the background beta-lactam hypersensitivity, which occurs in up to 10% of patients. Cross-reactivity based on skin testing or in-vitro test occurs in up to 50% and 69% of cases, respectively. Clinical reactivity and drug challenge test suggest an average cross-reactivity rate of only 4.3%. For third- and fourth-generation ...
Implications of current recommendations for third-generation cephalosporin use in the WHO Western Pacific Region following the...Implications of current recommendations for third-generation cephalosporin use in the WHO Western Pacific Region following the...
To ascertain recommendations for the treatment of gonorrhoea in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) following the emergence of "cephalosporin-resistant" Neisseria gonorrhoeae and to relate these to clinical and laboratory measures directed towards disease and antibiotic resistance control. WHO WPR Gonococcal Antimicrobial Resistance Programme members provided data on the type, dose and source of third-generation cephalosporins recommended for the treatment of gonorrhoea. Ceftriaxone was recommended more widely (11/15 respondents) than cefixime (five centres). No cephalosporins were recommended in three jurisdictions. One other oral (ceftibuten) and injectable (cefodizime) agent was recommended. Uniform (400 mg) doses of cefixime were recommended but ceftriaxone regimens ranged between 125 mg and 1 g, with nine of 11 respondents using a 250 mg dose. Both generic and proprietary preparations were widely used. Third-generation cephalosporins are widely recommended for the treatment of gonorrhoea ...
Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001 - I. Gram...Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001 - I. Gram...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Yearly changes in antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates between 1996 and 2001 - I. Gram-positive bacteria. AU - Suzuki, Yumiko. AU - Nishinari, Chisato. AU - Endo, Harumi. AU - Hiramatsu, Nobuyoshi. AU - Akiyama, Kazumitsu. AU - Koyama, Tsuneo. PY - 2003/8. Y1 - 2003/8. N2 - The in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (CZOP), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates obtained between 1996 and 2001 were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, and penicillins. A total of 1,274 strains in 15 species of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from the clinical materials annually collected from January to December, and consisted of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, ...
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Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates...Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates from China. AU - Qiu, S.. AU - Xu, X.. AU - Wang, Y.. AU - Yang, G.. AU - Wang, Z.. AU - Wang, H.. AU - Zhang, L.. AU - Liu, N.. AU - Chen, C.. AU - Liu, W.. AU - Li, J.. AU - Su, W.. AU - Jia, L.. AU - Wang, L.. AU - Jin, H.. AU - Keim, Paul S. AU - Yuan, Z.. AU - Huang, L.. AU - Song, H.. PY - 2012/4. Y1 - 2012/4. N2 - We report here on the first identification of Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c in China. We also report the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins in this subserotype 1c for the first time. Isolates of seven strains circulating in China yielded three new sequence types and seven pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, thus demonstrating the existence of high genetic diversity within the isolates. Overall, the seven isolates showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; one isolate was ciprofloxacin ...
Pharmaceuticals | Free Full-Text | Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Aminoglycosides in the Neonate:...Pharmaceuticals | Free Full-Text | Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Aminoglycosides in the Neonate:...
Bacterial infections are common in the neonates and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sixty percent of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units received at least one antibiotic during the first week of life. Penicillins, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins comprised 53, 43 and 16%, respectively. Kinetic parameters such as the half-life (t1/2), clearance (Cl), and volume of distribution (Vd) change with development, so the kinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides need to be studied in order to optimise therapy with these drugs. The aim of this study is to review the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides in the neonate in a single article in order to provide a critical analysis of the literature and thus provide a useful tool in the hands of physicians. The bibliographic search was performed electronically using PubMed, as the search engine, until February 2nd, 2010. Medline search terms were as follows: pharmacokinetics AND
New Advances in Antibiotic Treatment for Animals - WSAVA2002 - VINNew Advances in Antibiotic Treatment for Animals - WSAVA2002 - VIN
CEPHALOSPORINS. The first-generation cephalosporins represented by the oral drugs cephalexin and cefadroxil, and the injectable drug cefazolin have a spectrum of activity that includes staphylococci, streptococci, and many of the enteric gram-negative bacilli. However, resistance among gram-negative bacteria develops easily, primarily from synthesis of ß-lactamase enzymes that can hydrolyze these drugs. Extended-spectrum cephalosporins include those from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation have been used in resistant infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Proteus species (especially indole-positive), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 2nd-generation cephalosporins, the ones used most often in veterinary medicine are cefoxitin and cefotetan. Their use has been valuable for treating organisms resistant to the 1st generation cephalosporins or in cases in which there are anaerobic bacteria present. Anaerobic bacteria such as those of the Bacteroides ...
Hydrolysis of 3-substituted cephalosporins catalysed by ?-lactamases I and II from Bacillus cereus and by hydroxide ion -...Hydrolysis of 3-substituted cephalosporins catalysed by ?-lactamases I and II from Bacillus cereus and by hydroxide ion -...
Second-order rate constants for the alkaline hydrolysis of 3-thiol substituted cephalosporins are independent of the pKa of the thiol over a pKa range of 9. If there is a leaving group at C-3 it is expelled after the -lactam ring is opened and the expulsion of the leaving group does not enhance the rate of -lactam C-N bond fission. The zinc enzyme -lactamase II is about a 100-fold better catalyst than the serine enzyme -lactamase I for the hydrolysis of the same cephalosporin. The second-order rate constant kcat/Km for both -lactamase enzymes shows no dependence on the nature of the substituent at C-3 which is not explicable by the different chemical reactivity of the cephalosporins. There is no evidence for a significant recognition site in either enzyme for the C-3 substituent. The kinetic parameters kcat and Km for the -lactamase I-catalysed hydrolysis may be complicated by the formation of intermediates.. ...
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Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) treatment. Presently, third-generation parenteral cephalosporins, like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, are the first option. Resistance to oral, but not to parenteral, third-generation cephalosporins has been reported previously. We analysed the microbial susceptibility (as minimum inhibitory concentration - MIC) of NG cultures obtained from high-risk visitors of the largest Dutch outpatient clinic for sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Among 1,596 visitors, we identified 102 patients with at least one NG isolate with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime (0.125 μg/ml < MIC ≤ 0.5 μg/ml). The percentage of NG isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime rose from 4.8% in 2006 to 12.1% in 2008 (chi2 17.5, p<0.001). With multivariate logistic regression, being a man who has sex with men (MSM) was significantly associated with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime (p<0.001).
Simultaneous Determination of Cefuroxime Axetil and Cefuroxime in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Thin-Layer Chromatography and...Simultaneous Determination of Cefuroxime Axetil and Cefuroxime in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Thin-Layer Chromatography and...
Conditions have been established for identification and quantification of cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime by thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. Good separation of these compounds was achieved on silica gel by use of chloroform-ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid-water, 4:4:4:1 (v/v), as mobile phase. UV densitometry was used to detect spots on chromatograms. Under these conditions the limits of detection for cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime were 40 ng and 30 ng, respectively. Recoveries of cefuroxime axetil and cefuroxime were 99.93% and 97.94%, respectively. ...
Experiences with three cephalosporin antibiotics in respiratory system infections. - Semantic ScholarExperiences with three cephalosporin antibiotics in respiratory system infections. - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Experiences with three cephalosporin antibiotics in respiratory system infections. by Eric J Benner
What is Cefodizime Sodium? | PharmaceuticalWhat is Cefodizime Sodium? | Pharmaceutical
Cefodizime Sodium is the sodium alkali anatomy of cefodizime, a third-generation, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin for parenteral use. Cefodizime has broad-spectrum activity and is abiding to a lot of beta-lactamases. Cefodizime Sodium for bang is Whitish or anemic bare apparent powder. Cefodizime sodium is a broad-spectrum, third bearing cephalosporin. It is awful aggressive to a ample spectrum…
Point-of-care antibiotic susceptibility testing for gonorrhoea: improving therapeutic options and sparing the use of...Point-of-care antibiotic susceptibility testing for gonorrhoea: improving therapeutic options and sparing the use of...
Antimicrobial therapy for Neiserria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern with high rates of resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones detected in England and Wales in the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) (GRASP 2008 Report: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistant Gonorrhoea. Health Protection agency. http://www.hpa.org.uk/Publications/InfectiousDiseases/HIVAndSTIs/0906GRASP2008/ last accessed 26 July 2010). Currently, third-generation oral cephalosporins, such as cefixime or injectable ceftriaxone, are recommended as first-line therapy. However, low-level increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for cephalosporins are now widely reported,1 and reports of azithromycin resistance2 further highlight reduced therapeutic options. Recommendations to limit spread of cephalosporin resistance may well include combination and even prolonged therapy, but these undermine clinical desirability for a single observable dose.. However, there ...
Acervo Digital: Avaliacao da atividade da nova cefalosporina de quarta geracao cefpiroma contra amostras clinicas isoladas em...Acervo Digital: Avaliacao da atividade da nova cefalosporina de quarta geracao cefpiroma contra amostras clinicas isoladas em...
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro activity of the fourth-generation cephalosporin cefpirome in comparison to that of ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and imipenem in a multicenter study involving nine hospitals from six cities (four states). Material and methods: A total of 804 isolates from patients hospitalized in either intensive care units or Oncology/Hematology units was evaluated. The isolates were collected between June and November of 1995, i.e. before cefpirome became commercially available in Brazil, and susceptibility tested by broth microdilution following the NCCLS procedures. All isolates resistant to cefpirome were retested by B-test. Results: Against Enterobacteriaceae (n = 344), cefpirome demonstrated an activity 2 to 32-fold higher than that of the third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs) and similar to that of imipenem. The percentages of Enterobacteriaceae susceptible were: 88%, 69% and 96% for cefpirome, TGCs and imipenem, respectively, The cefpirome spectrum were ...
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Cefprozil is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It can be used to treat ear infections, skin infections, and other bacterial infections.[citation needed] It comes as a tablet and as a liquid suspension. Although there is a widely quoted cross-allergy risk of 10% between cephalosporins and penicillin, an article[1] has shown no increased risk for cross-allergy for cefprozil and several other second-generation or later cephalosporins. It was patented in 1983 and approved for medical use in 1992.[2] ...
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Cefuroxime and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?Cefuroxime and breastfeeding. Are they compatible?
Second-generation cephalosporin for oral and injection or parenteral administration. Like most cephalosporins for which data are available, excretion occurs in breast milk in very small amount and it is clinically insignificant (Voropaeva 1982, Amiraslanova 1985, Nakamura 1987). No adverse effects reported in breasted infants (Benyamini 2005). Intravenously administered Cefuroxime salt is not orally absorbed. Cephalosporins are widely used in the Pediatric practice with a good tolerance, even in the neonatal period, so it is very unlikely that in small amounts through milk would be a cause of problems in the infant. Be aware of the possibility of false negative results of cultures in febrile infants whose mothers are taking antibiotics as well as the possibility of gastroenteritis (Ito 1993) by altering the intestinal flora.
Second Generation Anti-anaerobe CephalosporinsSecond Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins
This page includes the following topics and synonyms: Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefamandole.
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Looking for cephalosporin? Find out information about cephalosporin. any of a group of more than 20 antibiotics antibiotic, any of a variety of substances, usually obtained from microorganisms, that inhibit the growth of or... Explanation of cephalosporin
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Huamin Pharma Plans $168 Million Antibiotic Facility - ChinaBio® TodayHuamin Pharma Plans $168 Million Antibiotic Facility - ChinaBio® Today
Hebei Huamin Pharmaceutical Co., a division of North China Pharmaceutical, will spend 1.1 billion RMB ($168 million) to build a production facility for 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). As the name implies, 7-ACA is used to synthesize cephalosporin antibiotics. More details....Stock Symbol: (SHA: 600812)     Share this with colleagues:   var switchTo5x=true;stLight.options({publisher:d7871f5b-67bc-4d30-b66f-1465d0b97213});
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... ! Cephalexin tablets comprise Cephalexin as an active ingredient. Cephalexin is a first generation Cephalosporin - a semisynthetic, beta-lactam antibiotic of a broad spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.
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Cefuroxime is an enteral second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It was discovered by the Glaxo, now GlaxoSmithKline and first marketed in 1978 as Zinacef. It received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 1983.. Cefuroxime is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (e.g., common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or overuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.. ...
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Cefuroxime Axetil is the name of the medication. It comes in the form of a tablet, and should be taken by mouth. It belongs to a class of medications called Cephalosporin Antibiotic.
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Cefpirome Sulfate Market Capacity, Entry Strategies, Production and Production Value & Forecast 2017-2022 | HealthCefpirome Sulfate Market Capacity, Entry Strategies, Production and Production Value & Forecast 2017-2022 | Health
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Abstract Cefditoren pivoxil (Spectracef®, Meiact®) is a third-generation oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against pathogens, including both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria,...
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Doctors give trusted answers on uses, effects, side-effects, and cautions: Dr. Werner on ceftin cefuroxime axetil: These are two antibiotics.The Cefuroxime is a cousin of penicillin. The germs they would likely kill, dose, frequency and side effects would differ.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to be of major public health concern in the South-East Asia Region of WHO (SEAR). Failure to adequately treat STI at an early stage may lead to serious complications and sequelae. STIs have also been found to increase the risk of sexual transmission and acquisition of HIV infection. The rise in incidence of anorectal infections among men who have sex with men, and the increasing lack of response to third generation cephalosporins in SEAR countries are other areas of concern ...
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CefazaflurCefazaflur
Pharmaceutical industryPharmaceutical industry
CefovecinCefovecin
CefmatilenCefmatilen
Natural productNatural product
Drug resistanceDrug resistance
CefquinomeCefquinome
Beta-lactamBeta-lactam
CeftriaxoneCeftriaxone
Bordetella bronchisepticaBordetella bronchiseptica
Giuseppe BrotzuGiuseppe Brotzu
PfizerPfizer
Edward AbrahamEdward Abraham
CefalexinCefalexin
SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co.SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co.
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteriaMultidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
ListeriaListeria
CefapirinCefapirin
CeftazidimeCeftazidime
CefoxitinCefoxitin
CephamycinCephamycin
CefprozilCefprozil
CefpiromeCefpirome
Deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthaseDeacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase
1961 in science1961 in science
Β-lactam antibioticΒ-lactam antibiotic
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
CefaclorCefaclor
CefuroximeCefuroxime
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceaeCarbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
CephalosporinsCephalosporin Resistancebeta-LactamasesMicrobial Sensitivity TestsCephaloridineCephalosporinaseCefotaximeCephalexinCefiximebeta-LactamsPenicillinsCeftriaxoneCephalothinCefmenoximebeta-Lactam ResistanceCefotiamEnterobacteriaceaeCeftazidimeCeftizoximeBacteriaCephradineEnterobacterCefazolinKlebsiella pneumoniaeDrug Resistance, MicrobialPenicillinaseAztreonamEnterobacteriaceae InfectionsCefoxitinGram-Negative BacteriaCefamandolePenicillin ResistanceCephamycinsKlebsiellaCefaclorCefoperazoneCarbapenemsCefmetazoleCefadroxilKlebsiella InfectionsMoxalactamAmpicillinEscherichia coliDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialIsoelectric FocusingEnterobacter cloacaeCefotetanPenicillin GBacterial InfectionsIsodonCefuroximeClavulanic AcidCross InfectionCefatrizineLactamsPenicillanic AcidCloxacillinGonorrheaStructure-Activity RelationshipNeisseria gonorrhoeaeImipenemCefsulodinGram-Positive BacteriaGram-Negative Bacterial InfectionsPenicillin-Binding ProteinsMonobactamsEscherichia coli InfectionsChemistryChemical PhenomenaCitrobacterThienamycinsHydrolysisProteusProteus vulgarisProteus mirabilisCitrobacter freundiiImino PyranosesPenicillin VPiperacillinProvidenciaAminoglycosidesProtein DeficiencyDNA, BacterialPlasmidsConjugation, GeneticSalmonella paratyphi AStreptococcus pneumoniaeFluoroquinolonesDrug StabilitySulbactamCephapirinKineticsElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldSarcinaMuramoylpentapeptide CarboxypeptidaseSalmonella InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusPlesiomonasBacteremiaMethicillinPeptidyl TransferasesAnti-Infective AgentsSpectrophotometry, InfraredKanamycinEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousCefonicidCulture MediaEnterococcusSerine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala CarboxypeptidaseHospitalsBacteroides fragilisGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaSalmonella entericaAdministration, OralAmoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate CombinationMolecular Sequence DataStaphylococcusEnterobacter aerogenesHLA-DRB5 ChainsAcinetobacter baumanniiPenicillin AmidaseEikenella corrodensHexosyltransferasesAcinetobacterParatyphoid FeverBacteroidesClostridium difficileSalmonella typhiSulbenicillinSalmonellaDrug HypersensitivityCarbenicillinDrug SynergismPolymerase Chain ReactionAmpicillin ResistanceDrug Resistance, MultipleHaemophilus influenzaePorinsMeningitis, BacterialPseudomonas InfectionsNocardia asteroidesQuinolonesSerratia marcescensVancomycinMice, Inbred ICRUrinary Tract InfectionsAmidohydrolasesPneumococcal InfectionsClindamycinBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsTyphoid FeverAntibiotic ProphylaxisFleroxacinTicarcillinMeningitis, PneumococcalCommunity-Acquired InfectionsOptical Rotatory DispersionSequence Analysis, DNAGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsAcremoniumAmoxicillinChloramphenicolGenes, BacterialSpainGentamicinsMandelic AcidsAcinetobacter InfectionsHalf-LifeEscherichiaBlood ProteinsCiprofloxacinSerum Bactericidal TestDNA FingerprintingTonsillitisHospitals, UniversityPeritonitisMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyDrug PrescriptionsAmino Acid SequenceHeterocyclic CompoundsOxacillinAmikacinCecal Diseases
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Phenomenex HPLC Application #16908: Polar-RP - CephalosporinsPhenomenex HPLC Application #16908: Polar-RP - Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins | Article about Cephalosporins by The Free DictionaryCephalosporins | Article about Cephalosporins by The Free Dictionary
What is risk of reaction if allergic to pcn and taking cephalosporin antibiotic? - Answered by top doctors on HealthTapWhat is risk of reaction if allergic to pcn and taking cephalosporin antibiotic? - Answered by top doctors on HealthTap
Cephalosporins: Four Generations of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics - www.urology-textbook.comCephalosporins: Four Generations of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics - www.urology-textbook.com
Medicowesome: Cephalosporins mnemonicMedicowesome: Cephalosporins mnemonic
Cephalosporins: an update. - MyScienceWorkCephalosporins: an update. - MyScienceWork
Combinations of penicillins and cephalosporins<...Combinations of penicillins and cephalosporins<...
Spectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical FormulationsSpectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Formulations
cephalosporinscephalosporins
Drug utilization evaluation of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital in South India<...Drug utilization evaluation of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital in South India<...
Learn: Cephalosporin generations (by fohikugu) - Memorize.com - Remember and UnderstandLearn: Cephalosporin generations (by fohikugu) - Memorize.com - Remember and Understand
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cephalosporin - Wiktionarycephalosporin - Wiktionary
The evolution of resistance to cephalosporins. - PubMed - NCBIThe evolution of resistance to cephalosporins. - PubMed - NCBI
Letter: Cephalosporins in otitis media | CMAJLetter: Cephalosporins in otitis media | CMAJ
CEPHALOSPORINS - INJECTION side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.CEPHALOSPORINS - INJECTION side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
List of Cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors - Drugs.comList of Cephalosporins/beta-lactamase inhibitors - Drugs.com
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Third-generation cephalosporins. - ProhealthThird-generation cephalosporins. - Prohealth
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Cephalosporin Susceptibility Among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates --- United States, 2000--2010Cephalosporin Susceptibility Among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates --- United States, 2000--2010
Second Generation Broad-spectrum CephalosporinsSecond Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins
Second Generation Anti-anaerobe CephalosporinsSecond Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins
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DailyMed - Search Results for Cephalosporin AntibacterialDailyMed - Search Results for Cephalosporin Antibacterial
Cephalosporin Markets in ChinaCephalosporin Markets in China
Cephalosporin - Related Articles - CitizendiumCephalosporin - Related Articles - Citizendium
What is the role of fourth generation cephalosporins in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?What is the role of fourth generation cephalosporins in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?
Cephalosporin analog - DrugBankCephalosporin analog - DrugBank
TEM beta-lactamase mutants hydrolysing third-generation cephalosporins. A kinetic and molecular modelling analysis. - PubMed -...TEM beta-lactamase mutants hydrolysing third-generation cephalosporins. A kinetic and molecular modelling analysis. - PubMed -...
Determination of cephalosporin antibiotics in water samples by op...: Ingenta ConnectDetermination of cephalosporin antibiotics in water samples by op...: Ingenta Connect
OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
CephalosporinsCephalosporin Resistancebeta-LactamasesMicrobial Sensitivity TestsCephaloridineCephalosporinaseCefotaximeCephalexinCefiximebeta-LactamsPenicillinsCeftriaxoneCephalothinCefmenoximebeta-Lactam ResistanceCefotiamEnterobacteriaceaeCeftazidimeCeftizoximeBacteriaCephradineEnterobacterCefazolinKlebsiella pneumoniaeDrug Resistance, MicrobialPenicillinaseAztreonamEnterobacteriaceae InfectionsCefoxitinGram-Negative BacteriaCefamandolePenicillin ResistanceCephamycinsKlebsiellaCefaclorCefoperazoneCarbapenemsCefmetazoleCefadroxilKlebsiella InfectionsMoxalactamAmpicillinEscherichia coliDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialIsoelectric FocusingEnterobacter cloacaeCefotetanPenicillin GBacterial InfectionsIsodonCefuroximeClavulanic AcidCross InfectionCefatrizineLactamsPenicillanic AcidCloxacillinGonorrheaStructure-Activity RelationshipNeisseria gonorrhoeaeImipenemCefsulodinGram-Positive BacteriaGram-Negative Bacterial InfectionsPenicillin-Binding ProteinsMonobactamsEscherichia coli InfectionsChemistryChemical PhenomenaCitrobacterThienamycinsHydrolysisProteusProteus vulgarisProteus mirabilisCitrobacter freundiiImino PyranosesPenicillin VPiperacillinProvidenciaAminoglycosidesProtein DeficiencyDNA, BacterialPlasmidsConjugation, GeneticSalmonella paratyphi AStreptococcus pneumoniaeFluoroquinolonesDrug StabilitySulbactamCephapirinKineticsElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldSarcinaMuramoylpentapeptide CarboxypeptidaseSalmonella InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusPlesiomonasBacteremiaMethicillinPeptidyl TransferasesAnti-Infective AgentsSpectrophotometry, InfraredKanamycinEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousCefonicidCulture MediaEnterococcusSerine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala CarboxypeptidaseHospitalsBacteroides fragilisGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaSalmonella entericaAdministration, OralAmoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate CombinationMolecular Sequence DataStaphylococcusEnterobacter aerogenesHLA-DRB5 ChainsAcinetobacter baumanniiPenicillin AmidaseEikenella corrodensHexosyltransferasesAcinetobacterParatyphoid FeverBacteroidesClostridium difficileSalmonella typhiSulbenicillinSalmonellaDrug HypersensitivityCarbenicillinDrug SynergismPolymerase Chain ReactionAmpicillin ResistanceDrug Resistance, MultipleHaemophilus influenzaePorinsMeningitis, BacterialPseudomonas InfectionsNocardia asteroidesQuinolonesSerratia marcescensVancomycinMice, Inbred ICRUrinary Tract InfectionsAmidohydrolasesPneumococcal InfectionsClindamycinBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsTyphoid FeverAntibiotic ProphylaxisFleroxacinTicarcillinMeningitis, PneumococcalCommunity-Acquired InfectionsOptical Rotatory DispersionSequence Analysis, DNAGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsAcremoniumAmoxicillinChloramphenicolGenes, BacterialSpainGentamicinsMandelic AcidsAcinetobacter InfectionsHalf-LifeEscherichiaBlood ProteinsCiprofloxacinSerum Bactericidal TestDNA FingerprintingTonsillitisHospitals, UniversityPeritonitisMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyDrug PrescriptionsAmino Acid SequenceHeterocyclic CompoundsOxacillinAmikacinCecal Diseases
AntibioticAntibioticsPenicillinsPenicillinCeftriaxoneOral CephalosporinFluoroquinolonesInfectionsCefepimeThird-generationAllergyCefiximeSemisyntheticThird-generation CeBactericidalCefadroxilAntibacterial activityCefaclorAntimicrobialCefoperazoneCarbapenemsCefotetanStrainsPenicillins and Cephalosporins2017BacteriaMethicillin-resistSpectrumGlobal cephalosporin drugs marketCross-reactivity rateInhibitory concentrationsDrugsAbstractDays of taking cephalCephalothinAcremoniumFourth generation cephalosporinsOralSynthesisResistance to cephalosporinsAmerican Academy ofResistantGiuseppe BrotzuBacterialParenteral cephalosporinInjectableConcentrations
Antibiotic6
Antibiotics4
Penicillins1
Penicillin8
Ceftriaxone1
Oral Cephalosporin1
  • In this report, the global Oral Cephalosporin market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022. (medgadget.com)
Fluoroquinolones2
Infections2
Cefepime1
  • Sebagai zwitter ion, cefepime mempunyai suatu muatan negatif pada posisi 4 pada inti cephalosporin dan suatu substituen yang mengandung nitrogen kuartener (muatan positif) pada posisi 3 dari inti cephem. (wordpress.com)
Third-generation7
  • abstract = "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prescribing pattern of third generation cephalosporins in a tertiary care hospital and develop guidelines for its use. (elsevier.com)
  • A guideline for the use of third generation cephalosporins was prepared by the method of formal consensus and was implemented in the hospital. (elsevier.com)
  • Appropriateness of use of third generation cephalosporins before and after implementation of guidelines was assessed in terms of indication for use, dose, frequency of administration, duration of therapy and change over from intravenous route to oral therapy with regard to the prepared guidelines. (elsevier.com)
  • A total of 200 prescriptions containing third generation cephalosporins were reviewed and assessed for appropriateness, of which 100 each were before and after implementation of the guidelines. (elsevier.com)
  • The overall appropriateness of use of third generation cephalosporins before implementation of the guidelines was 91% for indication, 77% for dose,100% for frequency of administration, 81% for duration of therapy and 81% for change over from intravenous route to oral therapy. (elsevier.com)
  • In this study, we aimed to describe risk factors for resistance to third generation cephalosporins and prognostic factors, including the impact of third generation cephalosporins resistance, in patients with HM and BSIs caused by E . coli . (plos.org)
  • Cox regression revealed that significant predictors of mortality were acute hepatic failure, septic shock, male sex, refractory/relapsed HM, and third generation cephalosporins resistance by E . coli isolate. (plos.org)
Allergy1
Cefixime1
Semisynthetic1
Third-generation Ce4
  • Each of these presentations adds to the growing body of evidence in favor of cefepime-enmetazobactam to treat infections by third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, the most prevalent 'critical priority' pathogen as defined by the WHO," said Klaus Wilgenbus, Chief Executive Officer of Allecra Therapeutics. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Zhao Z, Hua X, Yu J, Zhang H, Li J, Li Z. Duration of empirical therapy in neonatal bacterial meningitis with third generation cephalosporin: a multicenter retrospective study. (termedia.pl)
  • Third generation cephalosporin therapy does not have a different prognosis for negative CSF culture of neonatal bacterial meningitis in term infants in this study. (termedia.pl)
  • Optimisation of strategies for laboratory detection of third-generation cephalosporin resistance can be simplified in the WPR because of the restricted spectrum of cephalosporins recommended. (bmj.com)
Bactericidal4
Cefadroxil2
Antibacterial activity2
  • Therefore, the cephalosporins can be further classified into generations depending on antibacterial activity, time of invention and structural basis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their antibacterial activity is strong against penicillinase forming and penicillinase-free Staphylococci and - especially - against Pneumococci, Neisseriae and Streptococci group A. For these resistance tests with cephalosporins is no problem. (springer.com)
Cefaclor1
Antimicrobial12
Cefoperazone1
Carbapenems2
  • The commonly quoted figure of 10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins and/or carbapenems also having cross-reactivity with cephalosporins originated from a 1975 study looking at the original cephalosporins, and subsequent "safety first" policy meant this was widely quoted and assumed to apply to all members of the group. (wikipedia.org)
  • CreC Sensor Kinase Activation Enhances Growth of Escherichia coli in the Presence of Cephalosporins and Carbapenems. (tripdatabase.com)
Cefotetan2
Strains6
Penicillins and Cephalosporins4
201711
  • 2017. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/745765/all/cephalosporin. (tabers.com)
  • Deerfield Beach, FL -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 03/16/2017 -- The market research report by QY Research provides detailed study on the overall Cephalosporin market size, its financial positions, its unique selling points, key products, and key developments. (sbwire.com)
  • In the recent times, the global market for Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 has surfaced as one of the most promising markets in the pharmaceutical industry, thanks to the significant rise in research and development activities by leading vendors of Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 across the world. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • Manufacturers have turned to technological innovations and data-driven customization to satisfy the augmenting consumer demand for efficiency and more accuracy in results, leading to an increased usage of technology in the Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 production processes, which is also reflecting positively on the growth of this market. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • The research report on the Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 is an analytical study which comprehensively analyzes the competitive framework of this market. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • Using a number of effective assessment tools, such as porter's five forces and value chain analysis, it performs in-depth analyses of the production and supply as well as the demand and sales of Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 and provides deep insights into the future prospects of this market. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • The study begins with a detailed overview of the market for Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017, including the definition, classification, and industry chain structure of Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017, and move forward to cover every aspect of this market, counting several criteria based on which the market is classified. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • With chemical industry undergoing a phase of technological disruption, innovations in products are likely to shape the future of the Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • Further, it offers an estimation of the market size in terms of value (US$) and in volume (kilo tons) and talks about the key segments and the geographical subdivisions of the market for Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 in details. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • It provides in-depth information on the development trends and the policies and regulations, concerning Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017, implemented in each of the geographical segments. (qyresearchreports.com)
  • The predominant applications of the Emea europe middle east and africa cephalosporin drugs market report 2017 have also been discussed at length in this research study. (qyresearchreports.com)
Bacteria11
Methicillin-resist1
Spectrum13
Global cephalosporin drugs market5
  • Research and Markets( http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/xgxhhr/global ) has announced the addition of the 'Global Cephalosporin Drugs Market 2015-2019' report to their offering. (prnewswire.co.uk)
  • The report, Global Cephalosporin Drugs Market 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (prnewswire.co.uk)
  • it also covers the landscape of the global cephalosporin drugs market and its growth prospects in the coming years. (prnewswire.co.uk)
  • The increased approvals and use of combination drugs is an emerging trend in the global cephalosporin drugs market. (prnewswire.co.uk)
  • In this report, Publisher covers the present scenario and growth prospects of the global cephalosporin drugs market for 2015-2019. (emailwire.com)
Cross-reactivity rate2
Inhibitory concentrations1
  • However, low-level increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for cephalosporins are now widely reported, 1 and reports of azithromycin resistance 2 further highlight reduced therapeutic options. (bmj.com)
Drugs11
Abstract1
Days of taking cephal1
Cephalothin1
Acremonium1
  • In this research, cephalosporin C (CPC) production on pilot scale fermenters of 600 L capacity with 350 L working volume by Acremonium chrysogenum UMIP 2566.04 was performed. (scialert.net)
Fourth generation cephalosporins1
Oral8
Synthesis6
  • Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is the same as penicillins in that they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. (drugs.com)
  • Synthesis of cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates: biofilm dispersing NO" by Nageshwar Rao Yepuri, Nicolas Barraud et al. (edu.au)
  • This paper details the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of six cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates as biofilm-targeted NO-donor prodrugs. (edu.au)
  • Cephalosporin inhibits the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls which is responsible for cell wall structural integrity. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • With advanced synthesis platform and the experienced scientists, Creative Biolabs is dedicated to helping customers develop cephalosporins-linker complexes using readily available or customized linkers for antibody conjugation in a cost-effective manner. (creative-biolabs.com)
Resistance to cephalosporins2
American Academy of1
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics lists some cephalosporins as safe for use during breastfeeding, but it is best to check for information specific to the drug you are prescribed. (babymed.com)
Resistant4
  • Ceftaroline, a "fifth generation" cephalosporin with activity against S aureus and other staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant isolates, has activity and resistance potential against E cloacae complex isolates similar to those of third-generation cephalosporins. (medscape.com)
  • As detailed in the July 3 rule, the decision to prohibit extralabel use of cephalosporins in food-producing animals was based on information that such uses likely contribute to the emergence of cephalosporin-resistant zoonotic food-borne pathogens. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Few good options exist or are in development for treating cephalosporin-resistant isolates, as most have had multidrug resistance. (nih.gov)
  • These recommendations represent public sector practice only and of themselves are unlikely to contain the further spread of "cephalosporin-resistant" gonococci because of the general clinical use of cephalosporins. (bmj.com)
Giuseppe Brotzu1
  • The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin was found in the sea near a sewage outfall in Su Siccu, by Cagliari harbour in Sardinia, by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in July 1945. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial2
Parenteral cephalosporin1
Injectable1
Concentrations1
Bacterial Pneumonia Medication: Antibiotics, Glucocorticoids, Vaccines
Bacterial Pneumonia Medication: Antibiotics, Glucocorticoids, Vaccines (emedicine.medscape.com)
Plus it
Plus it (cmaj.ca)
Antibiotics for Staph Strep Infections | LIVESTRONG.COM
Antibiotics for Staph Strep Infections | LIVESTRONG.COM (livestrong.com)
Antibiotics to Treat Tonsillitis | Livestrong.com
Antibiotics to Treat Tonsillitis | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Head and Neck Surgery: Overview, Choice of Antibiotics and Spectrum, Types of Antibiotics
Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Head and Neck Surgery: Overview, Choice of Antibiotics and Spectrum, Types of Antibiotics (emedicine.medscape.com)
Letter: Cephalosporins in otitis media | CMAJ
Letter: Cephalosporins in otitis media | CMAJ (cmaj.ca)
Update to CDC's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010: Oral Cephalosporins No Longer a Recommended Treatment...
Update to CDC's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010: Oral Cephalosporins No Longer a Recommended Treatment... (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | The BMJ
Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | The BMJ (bmj.com)
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Rocephin (Ceftriaxone): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)
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Fortaz (Ceftazidime): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)
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Ceftriaxone - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses (drugs.com)
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Cefaclor Oral Suspension (Cefaclor): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses (rxlist.com)
Zinacef (Cefuroxime): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Zinacef (Cefuroxime): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)
Ceftin - Ceftin tablets price, Ceftin third generation cephalosporin
Ceftin - Ceftin tablets price, Ceftin third generation cephalosporin (alnaharpluskw.com)
Antibiotics for Klebsiella Pneumoniae | Livestrong.com
Antibiotics for Klebsiella Pneumoniae | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Third-generation cephalosporins. - Prohealth
Third-generation cephalosporins. - Prohealth (prohealth.com)
Antibiotics - blood, infection, pregnancy, risk, children, Definition, Purpose, Description
Antibiotics - blood, infection, pregnancy, risk, children, Definition, Purpose, Description (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
DailyMed - CEFOTAXIME injection
DailyMed - CEFOTAXIME injection (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
What is Cephalosporin? (with pictures)
What is Cephalosporin? (with pictures) (wisegeek.com)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2011 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2011 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics Dispensed to Privately Insured Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections - United States, 2014 | MMWR
Antibiotics Dispensed to Privately Insured Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections - United States, 2014 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2014 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2014 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Antibiotic Use among Women with Urinary Tract Infections in First Trimester of Pregnancy and Birth Defects | CDC
Antibiotic Use among Women with Urinary Tract Infections in First Trimester of Pregnancy and Birth Defects | CDC (cdc.gov)
Complete Guide to Prescription & Nonprescription Drugs 2011 - H. Winter Griffith - Google Books
Complete Guide to Prescription & Nonprescription Drugs 2011 - H. Winter Griffith - Google Books (books.google.com)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2013 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2013 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2018 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2018 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2015 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2015 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
News break: FDA estimates US livestock get 29 million pounds of antibiotics per year | WIRED
News break: FDA estimates US livestock get 29 million pounds of antibiotics per year | WIRED (wired.com)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2017 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2017 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2012 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2012 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2016 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions - United States, 2016 | Community | Antibiotic Use | CDC (cdc.gov)
Cephalosporin Susceptibility Among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates --- United States, 2000--2010
Cephalosporin Susceptibility Among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates --- United States, 2000--2010 (cdc.gov)