Centrosome. Medical search

The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

An amorphous region of electron dense material in the cytoplasm from which the MICROTUBULES polymerization is nucleated. The pericentriolar region of the CENTROSOME which surrounds the CENTRIOLES is an example.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.

A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.

The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

Proteins found in the microtubules.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.

A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.

The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

An increased tendency of the GENOME to acquire MUTATIONS when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional.

The process by which the CELL NUCLEUS is divided.

The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).

A 50-kDa protein that complexes with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the CYTOPLASM completes division, and the CHROMOSOMES lose their distinctness and are transformed into CHROMATIN threads.

A cyclin subtype that has specificity for CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. It plays a role in progression of the CELL CYCLE through G1/S and G2/M phase transitions.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture. They are also found in certain neoplasms.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Cell cycle-dependent expression and centrosome localization of a third human aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase, AIK3. (1/1931)

We earlier isolated cDNAs encoding novel human protein kinases AIK and AIK2 sharing high amino acid sequence identities with Drosophila Aurora and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ipl1 kinases whose mutations cause abnormal chromosome segregation. In the present study, a third human cDNA (AIK3) highly homologous to aurora/IPL1 was isolated, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. This cDNA encodes 309 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 35.9 kDa. C-terminal kinase domain of AIK3 protein shares high amino acid sequence identities with those of Aurora/Ipl1 family protein kinases including human AIK, human AIK2, Xenopus pEg2, Drosophila Aurora, and yeast Ipl1, whereas the N-terminal domain of AIK3 protein shares little homology with any other Aurora/Ipl1 family members. AIK3 gene was assigned to human chromosome 19q13.43, which is a frequently deleted or rearranged region in several tumor tissues, by fluorescence in situ hybridization, somatic cell hybrid panel, and radiation hybrid cell panel. Northern blot analyses revealed that AIK3 expression was limited to testis. The expression levels of AIK3 in several cancer cell lines were elevated severalfold compared with normal fibroblasts. In HeLa cells, the endogenous AIK3 protein level is low in G1/S, accumulates during G2/M, and reduces after mitosis. Immunofluorescence studies using a specific antibody have shown that AIK3 is localized to centrosome during mitosis from anaphase to cytokinesis. These results suggest that AIK3 may play a role(s) in centrosome function at later stages of mitosis. (+info)

Abnormal spindle protein, Asp, and the integrity of mitotic centrosomal microtubule organizing centers. (2/1931)

The product of the abnormal spindle (asp) gene was found to be an asymmetrically localized component of the centrosome during mitosis, required to focus the poles of the mitotic spindle in vivo. Removing Asp protein function from Drosophila melanogaster embryo extracts, either by mutation or immunodepletion, resulted in loss of their ability to restore microtubule-organizing center activity to salt-stripped centrosome preparations. This was corrected by addition of purified Asp protein. Thus, Asp appears to hold together the microtubule-nucleating gamma-tubulin ring complexes that organize the mitotic centrosome. (+info)

Influence of centriole behavior on the first spindle formation in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). (3/1931)

The influence of centrioles, derived from the sperm flagellar basal bodies, and the centrosomal material (MTOCs) on spindle formation in the brown alga Fucus distichus (oogamous) was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-centrin and anti-beta-tubulin antibodies. In contrast to a bipolar spindle, which is formed after normal fertilization, a multipolar spindle was formed in polyspermic zygote. The number of mitotic poles in polyspermic zygotes was double the number of sperm involved in fertilization. As an anti-centrin staining spot (centrioles) was located at these poles, the multipolar spindles in polyspermic zygotes were produced by the supplementary centrioles. When anucleate egg fragments were fertilized, chromosome condensation and mitosis did not occur in the sperm nucleus. Two anti-centrin staining spots could be detected, microtubules (MTs) radiated from nearby, but the mitotic spindle was never produced. When a single sperm fertilized multinucleate eggs (polygyny), abnormal spindles were also observed. In addition to two mitotic poles containing anti-centrin staining spots, extra mitotic poles without anti-centrin staining spots were also formed, and as a result multipolar spindles were formed. When karyogamy was blocked with colchicine, it became clear that the egg nucleus proceeded independently into mitosis accompanying chromosome condensation. A monoastral spindle could be frequently observed, and in rare cases a barrel-shaped spindle was formed. However, when a sperm nucleus was located near an egg nucleus, the two anti-centrin staining spots shifted to the egg nucleus from the sperm nucleus. In this case, a normal spindle was formed, the egg chromosomes arranged at the equator, and the associated MTs elongated from one pole of the egg spindle toward the sperm chromosomes which were scattered. From these results, it became clear that paternal centrioles derived from the sperm have a crucial role in spindle formation in the brown algae, such as they do during animal fertilization. However, paternal centrioles were not adequate for the functional centrosome during spindle formation. We speculated that centrosomal materials from the egg cytoplasm aggregate around the sperm centrioles and are needed for centrosomal activation. (+info)

Tobacco BY-2 cell-free extracts induce the recovery of microtubule nucleating activity of inactivated mammalian centrosomes. (4/1931)

The structure and the molecular composition of the microtubule-organizing centers in acentriolar higher plant cells remain unknown. We developed an in vitro complementation assay where tobacco BY-2 extracts can restore the microtubule-nucleating activity of urea-inactivated mammalian centrosomes. Our results provide first evidence that soluble microtubule-nucleating factors are present in the plant cytosolic fraction. The implication for microtubule nucleation in higher plants is discussed. (+info)

Cyclin-dependent kinase control of centrosome duplication. (5/1931)

Centrosomes nucleate microtubules and duplicate once per cell cycle. This duplication and subsequent segregation in mitosis results in maintenance of the one centrosome/cell ratio. Centrosome duplication occurs during the G1/S transition in somatic cells and must be coupled to the events of the nuclear cell cycle; failure to coordinate duplication and mitosis results in abnormal numbers of centrosomes and aberrant mitoses. Using both in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that centrosome duplication in Xenopus laevis embryos requires cyclin/cdk2 kinase activity. Injection of the cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor p21 into one blastomere of a dividing embryo blocks centrosome duplication in that blastomere; the related cdk inhibitor p27 has a similar effect. An in vitro system using Xenopus extracts carries out separation of the paired centrioles within the centrosome. This centriole separation activity is dependent on cyclin/cdk2 activity; depletion of either cdk2 or of the two activating cyclins, cyclin A and cyclin E, eliminates centriole separation activity. In addition, centriole separation is inhibited by the mitotic state, suggesting a mechanism of linking the cell cycle to periodic duplication of the centrosome. (+info)

GMAP-210, A cis-Golgi network-associated protein, is a minus end microtubule-binding protein. (6/1931)

We report that a peripheral Golgi protein with a molecular mass of 210 kD localized at the cis-Golgi network (Rios, R.M., A.M. Tassin, C. Celati, C. Antony, M.C. Boissier, J.C. Homberg, and M. Bornens. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 125:997-1013) is a microtubule-binding protein that associates in situ with a subpopulation of stable microtubules. Interaction of this protein, now called GMAP-210, for Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210, with microtubules in vitro is direct, tight and nucleotide-independent. Biochemical analysis further suggests that GMAP-210 specifically binds to microtubule ends. The full-length cDNA encoding GMAP-210 predicts a protein of 1, 979 amino acids with a very long central coiled-coil domain. Deletion analyses in vitro show that the COOH terminus of GMAP-210 binds to microtubules whereas the NH2 terminus binds to Golgi membranes. Overexpression of GMAP-210-encoding cDNA induced a dramatic enlargement of the Golgi apparatus and perturbations in the microtubule network. These effects did not occur when a mutant lacking the COOH-terminal domain was expressed. When transfected in fusion with the green fluorescent protein, the NH2-terminal domain associated with the cis-Golgi network whereas the COOH-terminal microtubule-binding domain localized at the centrosome. Altogether these data support the view that GMAP-210 serves to link the cis-Golgi network to the minus ends of centrosome-nucleated microtubules. In addition, this interaction appears essential for ensuring the proper morphology and size of the Golgi apparatus. (+info)

HP33: hepatocellular carcinoma-enriched 33-kDa protein with similarity to mitochondrial N-acyltransferase but localized in a microtubule-dependent manner at the centrosome. (7/1931)

Using a new subtraction method and chemically induced rat hepatocellular carcinomas, we identified a hepatocellular carcinogenesis and hepatocyte proliferation-related gene designated hp33 that encoded a 33-kDa protein. The predicted protein was similar to the bovine aralkyl N-acyltransferase and arylacetyl N-acyltransferase. HP33 was restrictively expressed in the liver and kidney, and its gene expression was stimulated in the regenerating liver as well as in hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, it was demonstrated in various hepatic cells that HP33 was localized in regions surrounding the centrosome, where mitochondria were not concentrated. Moreover, its centrosomal localization was evident in the interphase but not in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. The centrosomal localization of HP33 was dependent on microtubules, and ectopically expressed HP33 was seen at centrosomes even in fibroblasts, which do not exhibit a typical staining pattern of HP33. The centrosomal localization of HP33 became invisible by nocodazole treatment, whereas the mitochondrial staining pattern was not affected by it. In vitro cosedimentation experiments using purified microtubules indicated that HP33 bound to MTs directly and that its MT-binding ability was dependent on the C-terminal basic domain of the protein. These results suggest that, different from early predictions based on its primary structure, HP33 has a growth- and carcinogenesis-related function that may be independent of mitochondrial function. (+info)

Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells. (8/1931)

Germline mutations of the Brca1 tumor suppressor gene predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. To study mechanisms underlying BRCA1-related tumorigenesis, we derived mouse embryonic fibroblast cells carrying a targeted deletion of exon 11 of the Brca1 gene. We show that the mutant cells maintain an intact G1-S cell cycle checkpoint and proliferate poorly. However, a defective G2-M checkpoint in these cells is accompanied by extensive chromosomal abnormalities. Mutant fibroblasts contain multiple, functional centrosomes, which lead to unequal chromosome segregation, abnormal nuclear division, and aneuploidy. These data uncover an essential role of BRCA1 in maintaining genetic stability through the regulation of centrosome duplication and the G2-M checkpoint and provide a molecular basis for the role of BRCA1 in tumorigenesis. (+info)

Causes of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Genetic mutations: Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle or chromosome segregation can lead to CIN.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental agents such as radiation and certain chemicals can increase the risk of developing CIN.
3. Errors during DNA replication: Mistakes during DNA replication can also lead to CIN.

Types of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Aneuploidy: Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, either more or fewer than the normal diploid number (46 in humans).
2. Structural changes: Deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other structural changes can occur in the chromosomes.
3. Unstable chromosome structures: Chromosomes with abnormal shapes or structures, such as telomere shortening, centromere instability, or chromosome breaks, can also lead to CIN.

Effects of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Cancer: CIN can increase the risk of developing cancer by disrupting normal cellular processes and leading to genetic mutations.
2. Aging: CIN can contribute to aging by shortening telomeres, which are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that help maintain their stability.
3. Neurodegenerative diseases: CIN has been implicated in the development of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
4. Infertility: CIN can lead to infertility by disrupting normal meiotic recombination and chromosome segregation during gametogenesis.

Detection and Diagnosis of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Karyotyping: This is a technique used to visualize the entire set of chromosomes in a cell. It can help identify structural abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, or translocations.
2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): This technique uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences or proteins on chromosomes. It can help identify changes in chromosome structure or number.
3. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH): This technique compares the genetic material of a sample to a reference genome to identify copy number changes.
4. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): This technique can identify point mutations and other genetic changes in DNA.

Treatment and Management of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Cancer treatment: Depending on the type and stage of cancer, treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery may be used to eliminate cancer cells with CIN.
2. Prenatal testing: Pregnant women with a family history of CIN can undergo prenatal testing to detect chromosomal abnormalities in their fetuses.
3. Genetic counseling: Individuals with a family history of CIN can consult with a genetic counselor to discuss risk factors and potential testing options.
4. Lifestyle modifications: Making healthy lifestyle choices such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking can help reduce the risk of developing cancer and other diseases associated with CIN.

In conclusion, chromosomal instability is a common feature of many human diseases, including cancer, and can be caused by a variety of factors. The diagnosis and management of CIN require a multidisciplinary approach that includes cytogenetic analysis, molecular diagnostics, and clinical evaluation. Understanding the causes and consequences of CIN is crucial for developing effective therapies and improving patient outcomes.

There are several types of aneuploidy, including:

1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.

Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).

Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.

In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.

There are several types of genomic instability, including:

1. Chromosomal instability (CIN): This refers to changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (having an abnormal number of chromosomes) or translocations (the movement of genetic material between chromosomes).
2. Point mutations: These are changes in a single base pair in the DNA sequence.
3. Insertions and deletions: These are changes in the number of base pairs in the DNA sequence, resulting in the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
4. Genomic rearrangements: These are changes in the structure of the genome, such as chromosomal breaks and reunions, or the movement of genetic material between chromosomes.

Genomic instability can arise from a variety of sources, including environmental factors, errors during DNA replication and repair, and genetic mutations. It is often associated with cancer, as cancer cells have high levels of genomic instability, which can lead to the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Research into genomic instability has led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer and other diseases, and has also spurred the development of new therapeutic strategies, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies.

In summary, genomic instability is a key feature of cancer cells and is associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. It can arise from a variety of sources and is the subject of ongoing research in the field of molecular biology.

Polyploidy is a condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, which are the thread-like structures that carry genetic information. It can occur in both plants and animals, although it is relatively rare in most species. In humans, polyploidy is extremely rare and usually occurs as a result of errors during cell division or abnormal fertilization.

In medicine, polyploidy is often used to describe certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, that have extra sets of chromosomes. This can lead to the development of more aggressive and difficult-to-treat tumors.

However, not all cases of polyploidy are cancerous. Some individuals with Down syndrome, for example, have an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is a non-cancerous form of polyploidy. Additionally, some people may be born with extra copies of certain genes or chromosomal regions due to errors during embryonic development, which can lead to various health problems but are not cancerous.

Overall, the term "polyploidy" in medicine is used to describe any condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, regardless of whether it is cancerous or non-cancerous.

The centrosome provides structure for the cell. The centrosome is thought to have evolved only in the metazoan lineage of ... Aberrant numbers of centrosomes in a cell have been associated with cancer. Doubling of a centrosome is similar to DNA ... The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle, so that each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two ... Unlike centrioles, centrosomes are required for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack radial arrays of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome

These include: centrosome duplication during the G1 phase and S Phase, centrosome maturation in the G2 phase, centrosome ... Initiation of the centrosome cycle occurs early in the cell cycle in order to have two centrosomes by the time mitosis occurs. ... The centrosome cycle is important to ensure that daughter cells receive a centrosome after cell division. As the cell cycle ... Centrosome duplication is heavily regulated by cell cycle controls. This link between the cell cycle and the centrosome cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome_cycle

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALMS1 gene. This gene encodes ... "Entrez Gene: ALMS1, centrosome and basal body associated protein". Retrieved 2018-07-27. Collin GB, Marshall JD, Ikeda A, So WV ... "Subcellular localization of ALMS1 supports involvement of centrosome and basal body dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms1,_centrosome_and_basal_body_associated_protein

Centrosome, 3D. "Centrosome 3D Consortium". Research Lab. "Research of Thomas Mayer". University of Konstanz. Archived from the ... thought to promote spindle assembly by cross-linking and sliding along microtubules creating a separation between centrosomes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIF15

She is considered a reference in the field of centrosomes biology and has edited a book about methods to study cilia and ... "Biology of centrosomes and genetic instability". Centre de recherche de l'Institut Curie. Retrieved 2020-04-16. Marthiens, ... With her team she continued investigating the biology of centrosomes and the consequences of genetic instabilities. She has ... "Centrosome Amplification Can Initiate Tumorigenesis in Flies". Cell. 133 (6): 1032-1042. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.039. ISSN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Basto

Theodor Boveri: biologist, described Centrosome. Karlheinz Brandenburg: Inventor and audio engineer; father of audio ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers

Foot, 1894 The Centrosomes of the Fertilization egg of Allolobophora Foetida. Wood's Holl Mar. Bio. Lab. Lect. Foot, 1896-1897 ... Her lecture was titled "The centrosomes of the fertilized egg of Allolobophora foetida". Ella Strobell joined Foot as her ... Foot, 1896 The Origin of the Cleavage Centrosomes J. Morphol. Foot, 1897 The Cocoons and Eggs of Allolobophora Foetida J. ... Centrosome and Archoplasm. Science. Foot, 1897 Yolk-nucleus and Polar Rings J. Morphol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Foot

It is part of the centrosome. Model organisms have been used in the study of NINL function. A conditional knockout mouse line, ... 2003). "Polo-like kinase 1 regulates Nlp, a centrosome protein involved in microtubule nucleation". Dev. Cell. 5 (1): 113-25. ... "Phosphorylation of Nlp by Plk1 negatively regulates its dynein-dynactin-dependent targeting to the centrosome". J. Cell Sci. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninein-like_protein

PARP3 is involved in centrosome regulation. Tankyrase is another (ADP-ribosyl)polymerase that is involved in telomere length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation

The centrosome was discovered jointly by Walther Flemming in 1875 and Edouard Van Beneden in 1876.Edouard Van Beneden made the ... The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at the distal end ... Theodor Boveri introduced the term "centrosome" in 1888 and the term "centriole" in 1895. The basal body was named by Theodor ... Leidel, S.; Delattre, M.; Cerutti, L.; Baumer, K.; Gönczy, P (2005). "SAS-6 defines a protein family required for centrosome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole

2011). "Centrosomes and cilia in human disease". Trends in Genetics. 27 (8): 307-315. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2011.05.004. PMC ... She discovered that the kinase PLK4 regulates the number of centrosomes an organism develops. Her simultaneous studies were on ... Bettencourt-Dias, Mónica (December 2013). "Q&A: Who needs a centrosome?". BMC Biology. 11 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-11-28 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mónica_Bettencourt-Dias

Centrosome In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the ... The centrosome is thought to have evolved only in the metazoan lineage of eukaryotic cells. Fungi and plants lack centrosomes ... Bornens, M.; Azimzadeh, J. (2008). "Origin and Evolution of the Centrosome". Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton. Advances in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L

Feline vaccination Afonso, PV; Zamborlini, A; Saïb, A; Mahieux, R (14 April 2007). "Centrosome and retroviruses: the dangerous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_foamy_virus

... is required for centrosome cohesion. It decorates fibres emanating from the proximal ends of centrioles. During mitosis, ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 2, All stub articles, Human chromosome 2 gene stubs, Centrosome). ... CEP68 dissociates from centrosomes. CEP68 and rootletin depend both on each other for centriole association, and both also ... are required for centrosome cohesion". Journal of Cell Science. 120 (Pt 24): 4321-31. doi:10.1242/jcs.020248. PMID 18042621. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEP68

Aurora A associates with centrosomes and is believed to regulate mitotic entry. Aurora B is a member of the chromosomal ... At the pointed ends, known as spindle poles, microtubules are nucleated by the centrosomes in most animal cells. Acentrosomal ... In contrast to the search-and-capture mechanism in which centrosomes largely dictate the organization of the mitotic spindle, ... Indeed, it has also been shown that laser ablation of centrosomes in vertebrate cells inhibits neither spindle assembly nor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatus

They are commonly organized by the centrosome. In nine triplet sets (star-shaped), they form the centrioles, and in nine ... resist compression but can also bear tension during mitosis and during the positioning of the centrosome). Intermediate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton

Pelletier, L., & Yamashita, Y. (2012). Centrosome asymmetry and inheritance during animal development. Current Opinion In Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actomyosin_ring

Li, Q; Hansen D; Killilea A; Joshi H C; Palazzo R E; Balczon R (February 2001). "Kendrin/pericentrin-B, a centrosome protein ... Balczon R, Bao L, Zimmer WE (1994). "PCM-1, A 228-kD centrosome autoantigen with a distinct cell cycle distribution". J. Cell ... These were originally thought to be scattered only around the centrosomes, but further studies proved that PCM1 was also found ... PCM1 forms a complex at the centrosome with disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein (BBS4), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM1

Manandhar G, Schatten H, Sutovsky P (January 2005). "Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance". Biol. ... Bibliography Manandhar G, Schatten H and Sutovsky P (2005). Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance. ... occurs completely without the aid of spindle-coordinating centrosomes. The creation of oogonia traditionally doesn't belong to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis

Hergovich A, Lamla S, Nigg EA, Hemmings BA (2007). "Centrosome-associated NDR kinase regulates centrosome duplication". Mol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STK38

... has been implicated in regulating stable centrosome architecture in conjunction with NEURL4 other ubiquitinated binding ... Its absence is associated with aberrant centrosome morphology. HERC2 has recently been associated with regulating iron ... "Interaction proteomics identify NEURL4 and the HECT E3 ligase HERC2 as novel modulators of centrosome architecture". Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERC2

"SADB phosphorylation of gamma-tubulin regulates centrosome duplication". Nature Cell Biology. 11 (9): 1081-92. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRSK1

"USP9X regulates centrosome duplication and promotes breast carcinogenesis". Nature Communications. 8: 14866. Bibcode:2017NatCo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USP9X

... when one kinetochore becomes attached to one centrosome, the sister kinetochore becomes exposed to the centrosome located in ... Meraldi P, Lukas J, Fry AM, Bartek J, Nigg EA (June 1999). "Centrosome duplication in mammalian somatic cells requires E2F and ... Mayor T, Meraldi P, Stierhof YD, Nigg EA, Fry AM (June 1999). "Protein kinases in control of the centrosome cycle". FEBS ... In the first place, cells must coordinate centrosome duplication with DNA replication, and a failure in this coordination will ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint

Sato, Norihiro (2004). "Radiation Therapy and Centrosome Anomalies in Pancreatic Cancer". In Erich A. Nigg (ed.). Centrosomes ... The multiple centrosomes segregate to opposite ends of the cell and the spindles attach to the chromosomes haphazardly. When ... Spindle formation is mostly conducted by the aster of the centrosome which it forms around itself. In a mitotic cell wherever ... Cells with multipolar spindles are characterized by more than two centrosomes, usually four, and sometimes have a second ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipolar_spindles

... has been initially described as a protein to interact with MLLT4 and Actinin, alpha 1. In the context of centrosome ... It has been shown that it functions together with WDR8 in centrosome maturation, ensuring proper spindle length and orientation ... July 2013). "The centriolar satellite protein SSX2IP promotes centrosome maturation". The Journal of Cell Biology. 202 (1): 81- ... "The conserved Wdr8-hMsd1/SSX2IP complex localises to the centrosome and ensures proper spindle length and orientation". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSX2IP

2004). "Mammalian RanBP1 regulates centrosome cohesion during mitosis". J. Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 16): 3399-411. doi:10.1242/jcs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANBP1

The encoded protein localizes to the centrosome where it binds to microtubules as part of a complex referred to as the gamma- ... Hsu LC, White RL (October 1998). "BRCA1 is associated with the centrosome during mitosis". Proceedings of the National Academy ... "Sequential phosphorylation of Nedd1 by Cdk1 and Plk1 is required for targeting of the gammaTuRC to the centrosome". Journal of ... "A direct interaction with NEDD1 regulates gamma-tubulin recruitment to the centrosome". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9618. doi:10.1371/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBG1

Mi J, Guo C, Brautigan DL, Larner JM (February 2007). "Protein phosphatase-1alpha regulates centrosome splitting through Nek2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20orf27

2007). "Human Cep192 is required for mitotic centrosome and spindle assembly". Curr. Biol. 17 (22): 1960-6. doi:10.1016/j.cub. ... 2000). "The Centrosomal Protein C-Nap1 Is Required for Cell Cycle-Regulated Centrosome Cohesion". J. Cell Biol. 151 (4): 837-46 ... 2008). "The mammalian SPD-2 ortholog Cep192 regulates centrosome biogenesis". Curr. Biol. 18 (2): 136-41. doi:10.1016/j.cub. ... 2003). "Polo-like kinase 1 regulates Nlp, a centrosome protein involved in microtubule nucleation". Dev. Cell. 5 (1): 113-25. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEP192

The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more.

https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85021958.html

Later, the centrosome becomes more distinct and organizes a radial microtubule shell, and eventually a compact centrosome at ... Fertilization of eggs pretreated with either D2O or taxol shows that the paternal centrosome is dominant over the maternal ... In these activated eggs, centrosomes undergo cycles of compaction and decompaction in synchrony with the chromatin, which also ... At fertilization, paternal centrosomes become dominant over the maternal centrosomal material. ...

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000831&hterms=sea+urchin&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsea%2Burchin

... centrosomes. Such cancer cells achieve bipolar division by clustering their centrosomes into two functional poles, and ... Since centrosome clustering is a complex process involving multiple pathways, the 14 compounds identified in this study provide ... Most normal cells have two centrosomes that form bipolar spindles during mitosis, while cancer cells often contain more than ... Using this screen, we identified 14 compounds that inhibit centrosome clustering and induce mitotic arrest. Some of these ...

https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/124294/

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.. ...

https://www.yeastrc.org/pdr/viewGONode.do?acc=GO:0046607

Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing centers in most eukaryotic cells. Centrosomes consist of a pair of centrioles ... Drosophila is an excellent model system to study the centrosome and diseases that are related to their dysfunction. Here, we ... Pericentrin like protein (Plp) is a radially organized centrosome linker protein that bridges centrioles and PCM. Plp is shown ... Furthermore, we noticed that the N terminus of Plp extends further towards PCM during centrosome maturation (mitotic) and this ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2018/posters/cell-cycle-dependent-regulation-centrosome-maturation-drosophila

Dynamic Recruitment of CDK5RAP2 to Centrosomes Requires Its Association with Dynein. Yue Jia, Ka Wing Fong, Yuk Kwan Choi, Siu ... Dive into the research topics of Dynamic Recruitment of CDK5RAP2 to Centrosomes Requires Its Association with Dynein. ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/dynamic-recruitment-of-cdk5rap2-to-centrosomes-requires-its-assoc/fingerprints/

Although NuMA is not a bona fide constituent of the mitotic centrosome but rather a protein associated with microtubules at the ... NuMA is transported to the mitotic poles where it forms an insoluble crescent around centrosomes tethering microtubules into ... spindle pole, specific splice variants of NuMA have been identified that associate with the centrosome during interphase (Tang ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-380320

Microtubule release from the centrosome in migrating cells. Journal of Cell Biology, 159. pp. 731-737. ISSN 1540-8140 ...

https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/478/

mitotic centrosome signal. English Text: mitotic centrosome signal. Target: Both males and females 12 YEARS - 150 YEARS. Code ... mitotic centrosome positive. English Text: mitotic centrosome positive. Target: Both males and females 12 YEARS - 150 YEARS. ... 1) centrosome (AC-24); 2) spindle apparatus (AC-25); 3) NuMA-like (AC-26); 4) mid-body (AC-27); 5) mitotic chromosomal (AC-28) ... SSMTCNPS - mitotic centrosome positive. Variable Name: SSMTCNPS. SAS Label: ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes3/45a/SSNH3ANA.htm

Moreover, aberrant centrosome and cilia formation are likely critical in the pathogenesis of other BAP1-inactivated tumors. ... Although centrosome amplification does not absolutely correlate with loss of primary cilia in melanocytic neoplasms, absence of ... We found that, compared to nevi, BIMTs show loss of primary cilia and amplification of centrosomes. Occasional nevi also showed ... We evaluated the cilia and centrosomes in 11 BIMTs and five conventional melanocytic nevi using immunofluorescence staining of ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/es/mdl-34085298

centrosome. a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, which allow cell ...

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/introduction-to-biology/cell-structure-and-function/vocabulary/

SP-4: Centrosome integrity as a determinant of replication stress and mitotic dysfunction. Matthias Dobbelstein, Göttingen ... Centrosomes are crucial in the assembly of mitotic spindles and faithful separation of chromosomes in mitosis. Like chromosomes ... This includes the identification of signaling pathways that are induced by centrosome disruption and that lead to impaired DNA ... Preliminary results indicate that the disruption of centrosomes, by inhibiting polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) or by depletion of ...

https://for2800.de/cases/sub-project-4-centrosome-integrity-as-a-determinant-of-replication-stress-and-mitotic-dysfunction/

... centrosomes; drugs; high-throughput screening; Title: High-content screening and profiling of drug activity in an automated ... High-content screening and profiling of drug activity in an automated centrosome-duplication assay Perlman, Z. E., Mitchison, T ... J., & Mayer, T. U. (2005). High-content screening and profiling of drug activity in an automated centrosome-duplication assay. ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_1581071_1

Numerical aberration of the centrosome results in chromosome missegregation, eventually leading to chromosomal instability, a ... Lats1 suppresses centrosome overduplication by modulating the stability of Cdc25B.在哪里下载？这篇文献在哪里可以阅读？: ... Lats1 suppresses centrosome overduplication by modulating the stability of Cdc25B.. Abstract：. :Numerical aberration of the ... 当前位置： SCI文献检索 > Scientific Reports期刊下所有文献 > Lats1 suppresses centrosome overduplication

https://www.shengsci.com/wenxian/2169788.html

Collectively, we show how centrosome-dependent MT modifications contribute to axon formation. ... we show that early developing neurons have fewer somatic acetylated MTs restricted near the centrosome. At later stages, ... Meka, Durga Praveen; Betleja, Ewelina; Cheng, Tao; Mahjoub, Moe R; and et al., "Centrosome-dependent microtubule modifications ... Centrosome-dependent microtubule modifications set the conditions for axon formation. Cell Rep. 2022 Apr 19;39(3):110686. doi: ...

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/oa_4/1413/

Microtubule nucleation around the centrosome as well as the fungal equal. * Post author By gasyblog ... Microtubule nucleation around the centrosome as well as the fungal equal the spindle pole body (SPB) is activated on the ...

http://www.gasyblog.com/2017/03/12/microtubule-nucleation-around-the-centrosome-as-well-as-the-fungal-equal/

... the centrosome is one of the main types of MTOC. As we shall see in the next section, two centrosomes are needed during mitosis ... Microtubules and centrosomes. Just as DNA is a large molecule constructed of building blocks, microtubules are made of ... A centrosome consists of two centrioles that are made of tubulin. The two centrioles are arranged at right angles, or ... Like the chromatin, the centrosome also replicates toward the end of interphase, and by the onset of metaphase each of the two ...

https://visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Cell%20Division%20II/212

Lkb1-deficient HSCs, but not AMPK-deficient HSCs, exhibited defects in centrosomes and mitotic spindles in culture, and became ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21124450/

The phospho-Rab/RILPL1 interaction causes deficits in ciliogenesis and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes. ... Pathogenic LRRK2 does not displace proteinaceous linker proteins which hold duplicated centrosomes together, but causes the ... which stably associate with centrosomes. These data provide fundamental information as to how pathogenic LRRK2 alters the ... centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2, a protein critical for centrosome cohesion. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal displacement ...

https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/1264781

A USP28-53BP1-p53-p21 signaling axis arrests growth after centrosome loss or prolonged mitosis. In: Journal of Cell Biology. ... A USP28-53BP1-p53-p21 signaling axis arrests growth after centrosome loss or prolonged mitosis. Journal of Cell Biology. 2016 ... Precise regulation of centrosome number is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and the maintenance of genomic ... We show that USP28 and 53BP1 act to stabilize p53 after centrosome loss and demonstrate this function to be independent of ...

https://pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/a-usp28-53bp1-p53-p21-signaling-axis-arrests-growth-after-centros-2

The centrosome is an important MT-nucleating and signaling center of the cell (Arquint et al., 2014; Conduit et al., 2015). The ... The centriole is a multifunctional structure that organizes centrosomes and cilia. The centriole is a multifunctional structure ... Chances are which the centrosome plays a great many other undescribed assignments as several book features were recently ... centrosomes and their anchored MTs regulate the placing of many molecules and structures such as nuclei and the Golgi along ...

http://www.pkc-inhibitor.com/2019/06/30/the-centriole-is-a-multifunctional-structure-that-organizes-centrosomes-and-cilia/

Conduit, P. T., Wainman, A., Novak, Z. A., Weil, T. T. & Raff, J. W. Re-examining the role of Drosophila Sas-4 in centrosome ... The microcephaly-associated protein Wdr62/CG7337 is required to maintain centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts. Cell ... A molecular mechanism of mitotic centrosome assembly in Drosophila. eLife 3, e03399 (2014). ... Lawo, S., Hasegan, M., Gupta, G. D. & Pelletier, L. Subdiffraction imaging of centrosomes reveals higher-order organizational ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-018-0251-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=25356dbf-551a-468d-96bf-2609e0a6dd7d

Centrosome. The centrioles and pericentriolar material inside play a role in cell division and building microtubules ...

https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/biology/cells/eukaryotic-cells

acts_upstream_of_or_within establishment of centrosome localization IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype. more info ... Acts upstream of or within establishment of centrosome localization and nuclear migration. Located in intercalated disc. Is ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/234686

Cell biologist Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou studies cell cycle control of centrosome duplication and degeneration, as well as cilia ... Centrosome anchoring regulates progenitor properties and cortical formation.. Shao W, Yang J, He M, Yu XY, Lee CH, Yang Z, ... The goal of my research is to understand the biogenesis of centrioles/centrosomes and primary cilia, and how defects in these ... PPP1R35 ensures centriole homeostasis by promoting centriole-to-centrosome conversion. Fong CS, Ozaki K, Tsou MB. Mol Biol Cell ...

https://www.mskcc.org/research/ski/labs/meng-fu-bryan-tsou

Multimedia: Centrosome. *Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak. *Britannica: url. *Medikuntzako identifikadoreak. *MeSH: D018385. *FMA: ...

https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrosoma

Centrosome Duplication The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two ... Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes Free SampleFree access at this time ... Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell ... Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways - the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated ...

https://www.jove.com/science-education-library/215/cell-division

The PTEN-Akt pathway impacts the integrity and composition of mitotic centrosomes. Leonard MK, Hill NT, Bubulya PA, Kadakia MP ...

https://www.niams.nih.gov/labs/cutaneous-malignancies-unit

Renal cystic diseases: diverse phenotypes converge on the cilium/centrosome complex. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006 Oct. 21(10):1369-76 ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/453831-overview

Centrosome. 253. Cytoplasm. 4549. Cytosol. 1868. Dynactin complex. 5. Dynein complex. 7. ...

https://www.avivasysbio.com/dctn2-antibody-n-terminal-region-arp58450-p050.html

Centrosomes consist of a pair of centrioles encircled by pericentriolar material (PCM). (nih.gov)
Centrosome maturation is a key cell cycle-dependent process that facilitates recruitment of PCM proteins to the centrioles thereby enabling centrosome-driven functions, including microtubule nucleation. (nih.gov)
Pericentrin like protein (Plp) is a radially organized centrosome linker protein that bridges centrioles and PCM. (nih.gov)
2015). The animal centrosome is composed by two centrioles surrounded by a protein-rich material, the pericentriolar matrix (PCM). (pkc-inhibitor.com)
The goal of my research is to understand the biogenesis of centrioles/centrosomes and primary cilia, and how defects in these processes affect mammalian cell physiology and evoke stress responses. (mskcc.org)
A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. (jove.com)

Centrosomes are undetectable in unfertilized sea urchin eggs, and normally the sperm introduces the cell's microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) at fertilization. (nasa.gov)
However, artificial activation or parthenogenesis triggers microtubule assembly in the unfertilized egg, and this study explores the reappearance and behavior of the maternal centrosome. (nasa.gov)
Later, the centrosome becomes more distinct and organizes a radial microtubule shell, and eventually a compact centrosome at the egg center organizes a monaster. (nasa.gov)
Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing centers in most eukaryotic cells. (nih.gov)
Centrosome-dependent microtubule modifications set the conditions for " by Durga Praveen Meka, Ewelina Betleja et al. (wustl.edu)
Microtubule nucleation around the centrosome as well as the fungal equal the spindle pole body (SPB) is activated on the starting point of mitosis. (gasyblog.com)
The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. (jove.com)
During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. (bvsalud.org)

Most normal cells have two centrosomes that form bipolar spindles during mitosis, while cancer cells often contain more than two, or "supernumerary" centrosomes. (lancs.ac.uk)
That is, in interphase Plp resides in a inhibited conformation that prevent PCM recruitment, and in mitosis, Polo relieves Plp from autoinhibition that in turn allows interaction with PCM components thereby activating centrosomes to nucleate microtubules. (nih.gov)
Centrosomes are crucial in the assembly of mitotic spindles and faithful separation of chromosomes in mitosis. (for2800.de)
Moreover, in cooperation with Holger Bastians (SP2), we will test whether this replication stress upon centrosome disruption also contributes to spindle abnormalities, chromosome missegregation in the subsequent mitosis. (for2800.de)
Moreover, detailed analyses of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in response to centrosome disruption will be performed together with SP-Z. Finally, we will ask whether centrosomal abnormalities also affect the characteristics of how under-replicated DNA is repaired during mitosis. (for2800.de)
We therefore propose that centrosome loss or a prolonged mitosis activate a common signaling pathway that acts to prevent the growth of cells that have an increased propensity for mitotic errors. (johnshopkins.edu)
The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS). (bvsalud.org)

NuMA is transported to the mitotic poles where it forms an insoluble crescent around centrosomes tethering microtubules into the bipolar configuration of the mitotic apparatus (Merdes et al. (reactome.org)
Although NuMA is not a bona fide constituent of the mitotic centrosome but rather a protein associated with microtubules at the spindle pole, specific splice variants of NuMA have been identified that associate with the centrosome during interphase (Tang et al, 1994). (reactome.org)
Nanotube s were observed in association with mitotic spindle microtubules, the centrosomes and condensed chromatin in cells exposed to 0.024, 0.24, 2.4 and 24 µg/cm2 SWCNT. (cdc.gov)

Taken together, these data suggest that Lats1 regulates Cdc25B protein level and subsequent Cdk2 activity, thereby suppressing centrosome overduplication during interphase. (shengsci.com)
In interphase, centrosomes and their anchored MTs regulate the placing of many molecules and structures such as nuclei and the Golgi along with the stability of cellular junctions and adhesions, helping to define cell form and polarity (Akhmanova et al. (pkc-inhibitor.com)

However, the mechanism by which p53 is activated in response to centrosome loss remains unknown. (johnshopkins.edu)

Precise regulation of centrosome number is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and the maintenance of genomic integrity. (johnshopkins.edu)

The PTEN-Akt pathway impacts the integrity and composition of mitotic centrosomes. (nih.gov)

The Lats proteins localize at centrosomes, but their centrosomal functions remain elusive. (shengsci.com)
Pathogenic LRRK2 does not displace proteinaceous linker proteins which hold duplicated centrosomes together, but causes the centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2, a protein critical for centrosome cohesion. (ox.ac.uk)
The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2 requires RILPL1 and phospho-Rab proteins, which stably associate with centrosomes. (ox.ac.uk)

BAP1-inactivated melanocytic tumors show prominent centrosome amplification and associated loss of primary cilia. (bvsalud.org)
Because the primary cilium is nucleated on the mother centriole , we examined the connection between the presence of primary cilia and the formation of centrosomes in BAP1-inactivated melanocytic tumors (BIMTs). (bvsalud.org)
We evaluated the cilia and centrosomes in 11 BIMTs and five conventional melanocytic nevi using immunofluorescence staining of acetylated alpha-tubulin and gamma-tubulin . (bvsalud.org)
We found that, compared to nevi , BIMTs show loss of primary cilia and amplification of centrosomes . (bvsalud.org)
Although centrosome amplification does not absolutely correlate with loss of primary cilia in melanocytic neoplasms , absence of BAP1 exacerbates the phenotype . (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, aberrant centrosome and cilia formation are likely critical in the pathogenesis of other BAP1-inactivated tumors . (bvsalud.org)
The centriole is a multifunctional structure that organizes centrosomes and cilia and is important for cell signaling, cell cycle progression, polarity, and motility. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
Cell biologist Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou studies cell cycle control of centrosome duplication and degeneration, as well as cilia assembly and disassembly. (mskcc.org)

We also found that Lats1 physically interacts with Cdc25B phosphatase that localizes both at the centrosome and in the nucleus and regulates the linkage between the centrosome cycle and mitotic progression. (shengsci.com)
Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates centrosome cohesion via Rab10/RILPL1-mediated CDK5RAP2 displacement. (ox.ac.uk)
Centrosome anchoring regulates progenitor properties and cortical formation. (mskcc.org)

To investigate the precise role of Plp during centrosome maturation, we performed a structure-function analysis by generating Plp protein truncation and characterized its function in vivo. (nih.gov)

At fertilization, paternal centrosomes become dominant over the maternal centrosomal material. (nasa.gov)
Preliminary results indicate that the disruption of centrosomes, by inhibiting polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) or by depletion of centrosomal components, hinders the progression of DNA replication forks. (for2800.de)

Numerical aberration of the centrosome results in chromosome missegregation, eventually leading to chromosomal instability, a hallmark of human tumor malignancy. (shengsci.com)
In Lats1(-/-) MEFs, centrosomes were markedly overduplicated, leading to severe mitotic defects such as chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis failure. (shengsci.com)

Centro celular que consiste en un par de CENTRIOLOS rodeados por una nube de material amorfo llamada región pericentriolar. (bvsalud.org)

In conclusion, the disruption of centrosomes activates MK2 and impairs DNA replication fork progression. (for2800.de)
This includes the identification of signaling pathways that are induced by centrosome disruption and that lead to impaired DNA replication. (for2800.de)
Disruption of the centrosome is common in many solid tumors including lung cancer. (cdc.gov)

Centrosome framework and centriole duplication routine in vertebrates. (pkc-inhibitor.com)

By performing in vivo mass spectrometric analysis on these regulatory regions, we identified the precise phosphorylation sites that are targeted by Polo, which is a key kinase of centrosome maturation. (nih.gov)

Such cancer cells achieve bipolar division by clustering their centrosomes into two functional poles, and inhibiting this process then leads to cancer-specific cell death. (lancs.ac.uk)

PPP1R35 ensures centriole homeostasis by promoting centriole-to-centrosome conversion. (mskcc.org)

The phospho-Rab/RILPL1 interaction causes deficits in ciliogenesis and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
Using quantitative proteomics, super-resolution microscopy, comparative genomics, proximity labeling, and whole genome CRISPR screen, we have identified lists of new components associated with vertebrate centrosomes and ciliogenesis. (mskcc.org)

To discover new compounds with greater specificity for cancer cells, we established a high-content screen for agents that block centrosome clustering in BT-549 cells, a breast cancer cell line that harbors supernumerary centrosomes. (lancs.ac.uk)
In nontransformed cells, centrosome loss triggers a p53-dependent surveillance pathway that protects against genome instability by blocking cell growth. (johnshopkins.edu)

Since centrosome clustering is a complex process involving multiple pathways, the 14 compounds identified in this study provide a potentially novel means to developing non-cross-resistant anti-cancer drugs that block centrosome clustering. (lancs.ac.uk)

Lkb1-deficient HSCs, but not AMPK-deficient HSCs, exhibited defects in centrosomes and mitotic spindles in culture, and became aneuploid. (nih.gov)

Here, we have used genome-wide CRI SPR/Cas9 knockout screens to identify a USP28-53BP1-p53-p21 signaling axis at the core of the centrosome surveillance pathway. (johnshopkins.edu)

We have now demonstrated fragmented centrosomes, disrupted mitotic spindles and aneuploid chromosome number at those doses. (cdc.gov)

One of these compounds, N2-(3-pyridylmethyl)-5-nitro-2-furamide (Centrosome Clustering Chemical Inhibitor-01, CCCI-01), that showed the greatest differential response in this screen was confirmed to have selective effects on cancer as compared to normal breast progenitors using more precise apoptosis induction and clonogenic growth endpoints. (lancs.ac.uk)

Like chromosomes, centrosomes need to be duplicated exactly once during the cell cycle, suggesting mutual regulation. (for2800.de)

Some of these compounds were structurally similar, suggesting a common structural motif important for preventing centrosome clustering. (lancs.ac.uk)

Three-dimensional reconstructions showed carbon nanotube s within the centrosome structure. (cdc.gov)

We show that USP28 and 53BP1 act to stabilize p53 after centrosome loss and demonstrate this function to be independent of their previously characterized role in the DNA damage response. (johnshopkins.edu)

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle. (yeastrc.org)

The centrosome is an important MT-nucleating and signaling center of the cell (Arquint et al. (pkc-inhibitor.com)

Drosophila is an excellent model system to study the centrosome and diseases that are related to their dysfunction. (nih.gov)

Additionally, studies have revealed roles for BAP1 in centrosome and mitotic spindle formation. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy17

Organisms4

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs22

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes24

Information Science1

Cell cycle-dependent expression and centrosome localization of a third human aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase, AIK3. (1/1931)

Abnormal spindle protein, Asp, and the integrity of mitotic centrosomal microtubule organizing centers. (2/1931)

Influence of centriole behavior on the first spindle formation in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). (3/1931)

Tobacco BY-2 cell-free extracts induce the recovery of microtubule nucleating activity of inactivated mammalian centrosomes. (4/1931)

Cyclin-dependent kinase control of centrosome duplication. (5/1931)

GMAP-210, A cis-Golgi network-associated protein, is a minus end microtubule-binding protein. (6/1931)

HP33: hepatocellular carcinoma-enriched 33-kDa protein with similarity to mitochondrial N-acyltransferase but localized in a microtubule-dependent manner at the centrosome. (7/1931)

Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells. (8/1931)

Centrosome

Centrioles

Spindle Apparatus

Microtubules

Mitosis

Tubulin

Microtubule-Organizing Center

Microtubule-Associated Proteins

Aurora Kinases

Interphase

Aurora Kinase A

Cell Cycle Proteins

Cell Cycle

Chromosomal Instability

Dyneins

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Nocodazole

Aneuploidy

HeLa Cells

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Prophase

Chromosome Segregation

Kinesin

Cytokinesis

Cell Polarity

Cell Nucleus

Metaphase

Microtubule Proteins

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Cilia

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Kinetochores

Parthenogenesis

Anaphase

RNA Interference

Nuclear Proteins

Genomic Instability

Cell Nucleus Division

Nuclear Envelope

Cyclin E

Drosophila Proteins

Protein Transport

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

RNA, Small Interfering

Cell Line

Fertilization

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Xenopus Proteins

Polyploidy

Caenorhabditis elegans

Chromosomes

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins

Drosophila

Telophase

Cyclin A

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Drosophila melanogaster

Cytoplasm

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cell Division

Meiosis

Organoids

Zygote

Protein Binding

Molecular Sequence Data

Starfish

Models, Biological

Oocytes

Cell cycle-dependent expression and centrosome localization of a third human aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase, AIK3. (1/1931)

Abnormal spindle protein, Asp, and the integrity of mitotic centrosomal microtubule organizing centers. (2/1931)

Influence of centriole behavior on the first spindle formation in zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). (3/1931)

Tobacco BY-2 cell-free extracts induce the recovery of microtubule nucleating activity of inactivated mammalian centrosomes. (4/1931)

Cyclin-dependent kinase control of centrosome duplication. (5/1931)

GMAP-210, A cis-Golgi network-associated protein, is a minus end microtubule-binding protein. (6/1931)

HP33: hepatocellular carcinoma-enriched 33-kDa protein with similarity to mitochondrial N-acyltransferase but localized in a microtubule-dependent manner at the centrosome. (7/1931)

Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells. (8/1931)

Centrosome

Centrosome cycle

Alms1, centrosome and basal body associated protein