The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.
A DNA-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the CENP-B box motif. The protein is localized constitutively to the CENTROMERE and plays an important role in its maintenance.
Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.
Large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.
The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.
Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.
A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.
The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.
An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.
A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.
Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
A genus, Muntiacus, of the deer family (Cervidae) comprising six species living in China, Tibet, Nepal, India, the Malay Peninsula, and neighboring island countries. They are usually found in forests and areas of dense vegetation, usually not far from water. They emit a deep barklike sound which gives them the name "barking deer." If they sense a predator they will "bark" for an hour or more. They are hunted for their meat and skins; they thrive in captivity and are found in many zoos. The Indian muntjac is believed to have the lowest chromosome number in mammals and cell lines derived from them figure widely in chromosome and DNA studies. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed., p1366)
Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.
The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous CHROMOSOMES. It is formed during the ZYGOTENE STAGE of the first meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for CROSSING OVER.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Metacentric chromosomes produced during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS when the CENTROMERE splits transversely instead of longitudinally. The chromosomes produced by this abnormal division are one chromosome having the two long arms of the original chromosome, but no short arms, and the other chromosome consisting of the two short arms and no long arms. Each of these isochromosomes constitutes a simultaneous duplication and deletion.
The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).
The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.
The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the CYTOPLASM completes division, and the CHROMOSOMES lose their distinctness and are transformed into CHROMATIN threads.
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
A mild form of LIMITED SCLERODERMA, a multi-system disorder. Its features include symptoms of CALCINOSIS; RAYNAUD DISEASE; ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS; sclerodactyly, and TELANGIECTASIS. When the defect in esophageal function is not prominent, it is known as CRST syndrome.
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.
Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (HOLLIDAY JUNCTIONS) that are resolved during CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. Crossing-over typically occurs during MEIOSIS but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes.
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny mammalian cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.
The figwort plant family of the order Lamiales. The family is characterized by bisexual flowers with tubular corollas (fused petals) that are bilaterally symmetrical (two-lips) and have four stamens in most, two of which are usually shorter.
A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA.
Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
CIRCULAR DNA that is interlaced together as links in a chain. It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES. Catenated DNA is attached loop to loop in contrast to CONCATENATED DNA which is attached end to end.
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.
High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

All 16 centromere DNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae show DNA curvature. (1/2290)

All 16 centromere DNA regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae including 90 bp framing sequences on either side were cloned. These 300 bp long centromere regions were analysed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found to display a reduced mobility indicative of DNA curvature. The degree of curvature is centromere dependent. The experimental data were confirmed by computer analysis of the 3-dimensional structure of the CEN DNAs. Altogether these data provide further evidence for a model for budding yeast centromeres in which CEN DNA structure could be important for the assembly, activity and/or regulation of the centromere protein-DNA complex.  (+info)

Localization and properties of a silencing element near the mat3-M mating-type cassette of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (2/2290)

Transcription is repressed in a segment of Schizosaccharomyces pombe chromosome II that encompasses the mat2-P and mat3-M mating-type cassettes. Chromosomal deletion analysis revealed the presence of a repressor element within 500 bp of mat3-M. This element acted in synergy with the trans-acting factors Swi6, Clr1, Clr2, Clr3, and Clr4 and had several properties characteristic of silencers: it did not display promoter specificity, being able to silence not only the M mating-type genes but also the S. pombe ura4 and ade6 genes placed on the centromere-distal side of the mat3-M cassette; it could repress a gene when placed further than 2.6 kb from the promoter and it acted in both orientations, although with different efficiencies, the natural orientation repressing more stringently than the reverse. Following deletion of this element, two semistable states of expression of the mat3-M region were observed and these two states could interconvert. The deletion did not affect gene expression in the vicinity of the mat2-P cassette, 11 kb away from mat3-M. Conversely, deleting 1.5 kb on the centromere-proximal side of the mat2-P cassette, which was previously shown to partially derepress transcription around mat2-P, had no effect on gene expression near mat3-M. A double deletion removing the mat2-P and mat3-M repressor elements had the same effect as the single deletions on their respective cassettes when assayed in cells of the M mating type. These observations allow us to refine a model proposing that redundant pathways silence the mating type region of S. pombe.  (+info)

A new X linked neurodegenerative syndrome with mental retardation, blindness, convulsions, spasticity, mild hypomyelination, and early death maps to the pericentromeric region. (3/2290)

We report on a family with an X linked neurodegenerative disorder consisting of mental retardation, blindness, convulsions, spasticity, and early death. Neuropathological examination showed mild hypomyelination. By linkage analysis, the underlying genetic defect could be assigned to the pericentromeric region of the X chromosome with a maximum lod score of 3.30 at theta=0.0 for the DXS1204 locus with DXS337 and PGK1P1 as flanking markers.  (+info)

Short DNA fragments without sequence similarity are initiation sites for replication in the chromosome of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. (4/2290)

We have previously shown that both a centromere (CEN) and a replication origin are necessary for plasmid maintenance in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (). Because of this requirement, only a small number of centromere-proximal replication origins have been isolated from Yarrowia. We used a CEN-based plasmid to obtain noncentromeric origins, and several new fragments, some unique and some repetitive sequences, were isolated. Some of them were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and correspond to actual sites of initiation (ORI) on the chromosome. We observed that a 125-bp fragment is sufficient for a functional ORI on plasmid, and that chromosomal origins moved to ectopic sites on the chromosome continue to act as initiation sites. These Yarrowia origins share an 8-bp motif, which is not essential for origin function on plasmids. The Yarrowia origins do not display any obvious common structural features, like bent DNA or DNA unwinding elements, generally present at or near eukaryotic replication origins. Y. lipolytica origins thus share features of those in the unicellular Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in multicellular eukaryotes: they are discrete and short genetic elements without sequence similarity.  (+info)

Analysis of the 10q23 chromosomal region and the PTEN gene in human sporadic breast carcinoma. (5/2290)

We examined a panel of sporadic breast carcinomas for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in a 10-cM interval on chromosome 10 known to encompass the PTEN gene. We detected allele loss in 27 of 70 breast tumour DNAs. Fifteen of these showed loss limited to a subregion of the area studied. The most commonly deleted region was flanked by D10S215 and D10S541 and encompasses the PTEN locus. We used a combination of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses to investigate the presence of PTEN mutations in tumours with LOH in this region. We did not detect mutations of PTEN in any of these tumours. Our data show that, in sporadic breast carcinoma, loss of heterozygosity of the PTEN locus is frequent, but mutation of PTEN is not. These results are consistent with loss of another unidentified tumour suppressor in this region in sporadic breast carcinoma.  (+info)

Specific destruction of kinetochore protein CENP-C and disruption of cell division by herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein Vmw110. (6/2290)

Examination of cells at the early stages of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection revealed that the viral immediate-early protein Vmw110 (also known as ICP0) formed discrete punctate accumulations associated with centromeres in both mitotic and interphase cells. The RING finger domain of Vmw110 (but not the C-terminal region) was essential for its localization at centromeres, thus distinguishing the Vmw110 sequences required for centromere association from those required for its localization at other discrete nuclear structures known as ND10, promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) bodies or PODs. We have shown recently that Vmw110 can induce the proteasome-dependent loss of several cellular proteins, including a number of probable SUMO-1-conjugated isoforms of PML, and this results in the disruption of ND10. In this study, we found some striking similarities between the interactions of Vmw110 with ND10 and centromeres. Specifically, centromeric protein CENP-C was lost from centromeres during virus infection in a Vmw110- and proteasome-dependent manner, causing substantial ultrastructural changes in the kinetochore. In consequence, dividing cells either became stalled in mitosis or underwent an unusual cytokinesis resulting in daughter cells with many micronuclei. These results emphasize the importance of CENP-C for mitotic progression and suggest that Vmw110 may be interfering with biochemical mechanisms which are relevant to both centromeres and ND10.  (+info)

Dynamic repositioning of genes in the nucleus of lymphocytes preparing for cell division. (7/2290)

We show that several transcriptionally inactive genes localize to centromeric heterochromatin in the nucleus of cycling but not quiescent (noncycling) primary B lymphocytes. In quiescent cells, centromeric repositioning of inactive loci was induced after mitogenic stimulation. A dynamic repositioning of selected genes was also observed in developing T cells. Rag and TdT loci were shown to relocate to centromeric domains following heritable gene silencing in primary CD4+8+ thymocytes, but not in a phenotypically similar cell line in which silencing occurred but was not heritable. Collectively, these data indicate that the spatial organization of genes in cycling and noncycling lymphocytes is different and that locus repositioning may be a feature of heritable gene silencing.  (+info)

Probing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromeric DNA (CEN DNA)-binding factor 3 (CBF3) kinetochore complex by using atomic force microscopy. (8/2290)

Yeast centromeric DNA (CEN DNA) binding factor 3 (CBF3) is a multisubunit protein complex that binds to the essential CDEIII element in CEN DNA. The four CBF3 proteins are required for accurate chromosome segregation and are considered to be core components of the yeast kinetochore. We have examined the structure of the CBF3-CEN DNA complex by atomic force microscopy. Assembly of CBF3-CEN DNA complexes was performed by combining purified CBF3 proteins with a DNA fragment that includes the CEN region from yeast chromosome III. Atomic force microscopy images showed DNA molecules with attached globular bodies. The contour length of the DNA containing the complex is approximately 9% shorter than the DNA alone, suggesting some winding of DNA within the complex. The measured location of the single binding site indicates that the complex is located asymmetrically to the right of CDEIII extending away from CDEI and CDEII, which is consistent with previous data. The CEN DNA is bent approximately 55 degrees at the site of complex formation. A significant fraction of the complexes are linked in pairs, showing three to four DNA arms, with molecular volumes approximately three times the mean volumes of two-armed complexes. These multi-armed complexes indicate that CBF3 can bind two DNA molecules together in vitro and, thus, may be involved in holding together chromatid pairs during mitosis.  (+info)

There are several types of genetic nondisjunction, including:

1. Robertsonian translocation: This type of nondisjunction involves the exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of genetic information that can lead to developmental abnormalities.
2. Turner syndrome: This is a rare condition that occurs when one X chromosome is missing or partially present, leading to physical and developmental abnormalities in females.
3. Klinefelter syndrome: This condition occurs when an extra X chromosome is present, leading to physical and developmental abnormalities in males.
4. Trisomy 13: This condition occurs when there are three copies of chromosome 13, leading to severe developmental and physical abnormalities.
5. Trisomy 18: This condition occurs when there are three copies of chromosome 18, leading to severe developmental and physical abnormalities.

Genetic nondisjunction can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, errors during meiosis, or exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. It can be diagnosed through cytogenetic analysis, which involves studying the chromosomes of cells to identify any abnormalities.

Treatment for genetic nondisjunction depends on the specific type and severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment is necessary, while in others, medication or surgery may be recommended. Prenatal testing can also be done to detect genetic nondisjunction before birth.

In summary, genetic nondisjunction is a chromosomal abnormality that occurs during meiosis and can lead to developmental and physical abnormalities. It can be caused by various factors and diagnosed through cytogenetic analysis. Treatment depends on the specific type and severity of the condition, and prenatal testing is available to detect genetic nondisjunction before birth.

Definition: Isochromosomes are chromosomes that have the same banding pattern and the same number of genes, but differ in size due to variations in the amount of repetitive DNA sequences.

Example: In some cases of cancer, isochromosomes may be present as a result of a chromosomal abnormality. These abnormalities can lead to changes in the expression of genes and potentially contribute to the development and progression of cancer.

Synonyms: Isochromosomes are also known as isochromosomi or isochromosomal aberrations.

Antonyms: There are no direct antonyms for isochromosomes, but related terms that refer to abnormalities in chromosome structure or number include aneuploidy, translocations, and deletions.

Sources:

1. Genetics Home Reference (2022). Crest syndrome. Retrieved from
2. Orphanet (2022). Crest syndrome. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus (2022). Crest syndrome. Retrieved from

There are several types of aneuploidy, including:

1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.

Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).

Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.

In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.

Causes of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Genetic mutations: Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle or chromosome segregation can lead to CIN.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental agents such as radiation and certain chemicals can increase the risk of developing CIN.
3. Errors during DNA replication: Mistakes during DNA replication can also lead to CIN.

Types of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Aneuploidy: Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, either more or fewer than the normal diploid number (46 in humans).
2. Structural changes: Deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other structural changes can occur in the chromosomes.
3. Unstable chromosome structures: Chromosomes with abnormal shapes or structures, such as telomere shortening, centromere instability, or chromosome breaks, can also lead to CIN.

Effects of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Cancer: CIN can increase the risk of developing cancer by disrupting normal cellular processes and leading to genetic mutations.
2. Aging: CIN can contribute to aging by shortening telomeres, which are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that help maintain their stability.
3. Neurodegenerative diseases: CIN has been implicated in the development of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
4. Infertility: CIN can lead to infertility by disrupting normal meiotic recombination and chromosome segregation during gametogenesis.

Detection and Diagnosis of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Karyotyping: This is a technique used to visualize the entire set of chromosomes in a cell. It can help identify structural abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, or translocations.
2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): This technique uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences or proteins on chromosomes. It can help identify changes in chromosome structure or number.
3. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH): This technique compares the genetic material of a sample to a reference genome to identify copy number changes.
4. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): This technique can identify point mutations and other genetic changes in DNA.

Treatment and Management of Chromosomal Instability:

1. Cancer treatment: Depending on the type and stage of cancer, treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery may be used to eliminate cancer cells with CIN.
2. Prenatal testing: Pregnant women with a family history of CIN can undergo prenatal testing to detect chromosomal abnormalities in their fetuses.
3. Genetic counseling: Individuals with a family history of CIN can consult with a genetic counselor to discuss risk factors and potential testing options.
4. Lifestyle modifications: Making healthy lifestyle choices such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking can help reduce the risk of developing cancer and other diseases associated with CIN.

In conclusion, chromosomal instability is a common feature of many human diseases, including cancer, and can be caused by a variety of factors. The diagnosis and management of CIN require a multidisciplinary approach that includes cytogenetic analysis, molecular diagnostics, and clinical evaluation. Understanding the causes and consequences of CIN is crucial for developing effective therapies and improving patient outcomes.

Instability of centromere repetitive DNA was recently shown in cancer and aging. When DNA breaks occur at centromeres in the G1 ... "Regional centromeres" is the term coined to describe most centromeres, which typically form on regions of preferred DNA ... When the centromeres are metacentric, the chromosomes appear to be "x-shaped." Submetacentric means that the centromere is ... In regional centromeres, DNA sequences contribute to but do not define function. Regional centromeres contain large amounts of ...
Centromere-associated protein E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CENPE gene. Centromere-associated protein E is a ... Unlike other centromere-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase and first appears at the centromere region of ... "Entrez Gene: CENPE centromere protein E, 312kDa". "OMIM Entry - # 616051 - MICROCEPHALY 13, PRIMARY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; ... 1991). "CENP-E, a novel human centromere-associated protein required for progression from metaphase to anaphase". EMBO J. 10 (5 ...
... also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, ... Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that facilitates centromere formation. It is a DNA-binding protein that is ... Centromere protein B is a potential biomarker of small-cell lung cancer. Centromere GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125817 ... It is also considered a major centromere autoantigen recognized by sera from patients with anti-centromere antibodies. ...
... (ACAs; often styled solid, anticentromere) are autoantibodies specific to centromere and kinetochore ... Anti-centromere antibodies are found in approximately 60% of patients with limited systemic scleroderma and in 15% of those ... Anti-centromere antibodies present early in the course of disease and are notably predictive of limited cutaneous involvement ... The specificity of this test is >98%. Thus, a positive anti-centromere antibody finding is strongly suggestive of limited ...
Centromeres are the highly compact regions of chromosomes which join sister chromatids together and also allow the mitotic ... Centromeres are composed of a 177 base pair tandem repeat named the α-satellite repeat. Pericentromeric heterochromatin, the ... "Centromere". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-30. Miga KH (September 2015). "Completing the human genome: the progress and ... In the 1950s, Barbara McClintock first observed DNA transposition and illustrated the functions of the centromere and telomere ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F (1999). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Notes Some text in this article was taken from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 13. National ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R ...
Normally a chromosome has just one centromere, but in chromosome 2 there are remnants of a second centromere in the q21.3-q22.1 ... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 2. National ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Lee, Victor Robert (2013-01-15). Performance Anomalies: A Novel. Perimeter ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, Rubenfield M, French L, Steward CA, ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Mainardi PC, Perfumo C, Cali A, Coucourde G, Pastore G, Cavani S, Zara F, ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Antonarakis SE, Lyle R, Dermitzakis ET, Reymond A, Deutsch S (2004). " ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 3. National ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F (2001). "Chromosome 8". Genet Test. 5 (4): 345-54. doi:10.1089/ ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F, Kauff N (2001). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F (1998). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. General references: Bittel DC, Butler MG (2005). "Prader-Willi syndrome: ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F (2000). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the ...
"Entrez Gene: INCENP inner centromere protein antigens 135/155kDa". Choo, K. H. Andy (1997). The centromere. Oxford [Oxfordshire ... In mammalian cells, two broad groups of centromere-interacting proteins have been described: constitutively binding centromere ... Inner centromere protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INCENP gene. ... The term 'passenger proteins' encompasses a broad collection of proteins that localize to the centromere during specific stages ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Science Daily, Apr. 3, 2008. Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. "Why men (and other male animals) die younger: It is all in the Y ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Goldfrank D, Schoenberger E, Gilbert F (2003). "Disease genes and ... Centromere protein U MMAA: methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblA type MTHFD2L: NAD-dependent ...
All centromeres are associated with centromere protein A (CENPA). CENPA also been widely studied as an important player in ... Centromere repositioning and evolutionary new centromeres are also thought to be involved in speciation as incompatibility ... Sullivan, B. A. (2013-01-01). "Centromeres". In Lane, M. Daniel (ed.). Centromeres A2 - Lennarz, William J. Waltham: Academic ... Another striking thing in centromere evolution is that while centromere function is conserved among all eukaryotes the ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Borowsky ML, Kamal M, Kodira CD, Taylor TD, Whittaker ...
The centromere of chromosome 14 is positioned approximately at position 17.2 Mbp. The following are some of the gene count ... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Campo E (2003). "Genetic and molecular genetic studies in the diagnosis of ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Gilbert F, Kauff N (2000). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. Murphy WJ, Fronicke L, O'Brien SJ, Stanyon R (2003). "The Origin of Human ... Centromere protein L CENPF (1q41) CHTOP: Chromatin target of prmt1 CNIH4: cornichon homolog 4 CNST: Consortin CREG1: Cellular ...
The 2018 Gordon Research Seminar on Centromere Biology (GRS) will be held in West Dover, VT. Apply today to reserve your spot. ... The Gordon Research Seminar on Centromere Biology is a unique forum for graduate students, post-docs, and other scientists with ... Centromere and Kinetochore Dynamics / Mentorship Component: Challenges Facing Biomedical Research Discussion Leaders: Sue ... This meeting will focus on the dynamic properties of centromeres, from an evolutionary and a cellular perspective. Topics will ...
View mouse Cenph Chr13:100896182-100912407 with: phenotypes, sequences, polymorphisms, proteins, references, function, expression
Diff selection: Mark the radio buttons of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom ...
nucleus centromere positive. English Text: nucleus centromere positive. Target: Both males and females 12 YEARS - 150 YEARS. ... The centromeres are positive only in prometaphase and metaphase, revealing multiple aligned small and faint dots. ... SSNUCENP - nucleus centromere positive. Variable Name: SSNUCENP. SAS Label: ... 1) homogeneous (AC-1); 2) dense fine speckled (AC-2); 3) centromere (AC-3); 4) fine speckled (AC-4); 5) Coarse speckled (AC-5 ...
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold. ...
Fission yeast Srr1 and Skb1 promote isochromosome formation at the centromere Srr1/Ber1 containing the SRR1-like domain and ... Skb1 the human protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) homolog cause gross chromosomal rearrangements at centromeres in ...
The establishment and maintenance of centromeres is not defined by the underlying DNA sequences. A centromere can be ... Centromere biology: what have we learned from plants? - by Prof. Jiming Jiang * About ... The functional role of the centromere as the chromosomal attachment site for spindle fibers was recognized more than a century ... However, up to the middle 1990s, scientists did not know the DNA sequences or chromatin structure of centromeres in higher ...
Centromeres have the potential to play a central role in speciation, yet our ability to study them has been limited because of ... This guest post is by Paul Bilinski on his paper with coauthors Diversity and evolution of centromere repeats in the maize ... Author post: Diversity and evolution of centromere repeats in the maize genome. Posted on May 21, 2014. by cooplab ... Centromeres have the potential to play a central role in speciation, yet our ability to study them has been limited because of ...
Functional Identification of the Plasmodium Centromere and Generation of a Plasmodium Artificial Chromosome. ... Functional Identification of the Plasmodium Centromere and Generation of a Plasmodium Artificial Chromosome. ...
Other (MHC class II deficiency, centromere instability, ICF syndrome). 20 (14.4). Unknown. 12 (8.6). ...
... at the centromere during the process of cell division. As an important member of the inner kinetochore, defects in any of the ... Uzoeto, H.O., Cosmas, S., Ajima, J.N. et al. Computer-aided molecular modeling and structural analysis of the human centromere ... This interaction is essential for chromosomal alignment and also for the localization of the CENP-IM to the centromere [27]. ... Klare K et al (2015) CENP-C is a blueprint for constitutive centromere-associated network assembly within human kinetochores. J ...
Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere. ... 2) Centromere. The point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm (4) Long arm. ... 2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatin during interphase with centromere. (4) Condensed chromatin during ... Telomeres, centromeres, and other heterochromatic regions have been left undetermined, as have a small number of unclonable ...
The KANSL1 gene provides instructions for making a member (subunit) of a group of interacting proteins called the KAT8 regulatory NSL complex. Learn about this gene and related health conditions.
Abnormal centromere-chromatid apposition (ACCA) and Peters anomaly. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1985 Aug. 6(1-2):247-55. [QxMD ...
Centromeres. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. Chromosome Band. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. ...
centromere nucleus centriole. mitotic spindle Answer: Answer: centriole. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. It begins with ... During the anaphase, the chromosomes divide at the centromere and start moving towards opposite poles. Finally, they are ... During the anaphase, the chromosomes divide at the centromere and start moving towards opposite poles. ...
Roach, K.C.; Ross, B.D.; Malik, M.S. Rapid evolution of centromeres and centromeric/kinetochore proteins. In Rapidly Evolving ... Malik, H.S.; Henikoff, S. Major evolutionary transitions in centromere complexity. Cell 2009, 138, 1067-1082. [Google Scholar ...
Name: centromere protein C1. Type: Gene. Species: Mus musculus (mouse). Chromosome: 5 ...
Ravi, M., and Chan, S. W. L. (2010). Haploid Plants Produced by Centromere-Mediated Genome Elimination. Nature 464, 615-618. ...
Genetic variation of individuals within a species gives some individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce in the conditions of their environment. This leads to the predominance of certain inherited traits within a varied population. When an environment changes, there is a subsequent change in the supply of resources or in the challenges imposed by abiotic and biotic factors of the environment. This results in selective pressures that influence the survival and reproduction of organisms and which lead to adaptations, that is to changes in the traits of survivors within populations, and to extinction of species unable to adapt to such changes. Mutations most often produce non-viable individuals, but, infrequently, can introduce new traits within a population that offer survival advantages. Many such changes, along with reproductive isolation and the selective pressures from the environment can lead to the development of adaptations and, eventually, to distinct new species ...
Centromeres. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. Centromere Locations. Chromosome Band. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. ...
... acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk. ...
Test performance in systemic sclerosis: anti-centromere and anti-Scl-70 antibodies. Am J Med. 1997 Sep. 103(3):242-8. [QxMD ...
0.1µm from the chromosome centromere.. 1Experiment conducted in the lab of Stephen Stack at Colorado State University.. Size: ...
Describe the structure and function of centromeres and kinetochores. *Explain how specific components of the cytoplasmic ...
Clusters of interacting chromosomal domains suggest physical separation of centromere-proximal and centromere-distal regions. ...
Centromeres. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. Centromere Locations. Chromosome Band. hide. dense. squish. pack. full. ...
  • However, up to the middle 1990s, scientists did not know the DNA sequences or chromatin structure of centromeres in higher eukaryotes. (edu.sa)
  • Kinetochores become established on a part of the centromere (specialized chromatin), with the presence of CENP-A (a variant of histone H3) as a major hallmark [ 8 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Srr1/Ber1 containing the SRR1-like domain and Skb1 the human protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) homolog cause gross chromosomal rearrangements at centromeres in the absence of Rad51 recombinase. (nature.com)
  • The functional role of the centromere as the chromosomal attachment site for spindle fibers was recognized more than a century ago. (edu.sa)
  • To guarantee faithful chromosomal segregation, there must be a proper assembling of the kinetochore (a protein complex with multiple subunits) at the centromere during the process of cell division. (springeropen.com)
  • Functional Identification of the Plasmodium Centromere and Generation of a Plasmodium Artificial Chromosome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A chromatid is one-half of a replicated chromosome, being considered as a chromatid when attached at the centromere and prior to separation and becoming a daughter chromosome. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Sister chromatids are attached at an area called the centromere (not necessarily at the center of the chromosome). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Chromosome analysis demonstrated significantly increased centromere fragmentation and translocations from each MWCNT at each dose. (cdc.gov)
  • Given an estimated length of 6.7µm for chromosome 1P and the mean percentage above, this BAC is approximately 5.6µm±0.1µm from the chromosome centromere. (cornell.edu)
  • The inner kinetochore on the other hand serves as a host for the CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network), a complex consisting of sixteen different centromeric proteins (CENPs) [ 12 ], most of which were identified originally in the vertebrates' CENP-A interactome [ 13 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The centromeres of many eukaryotes consist partly of large arrays of short tandem repeats, though the actual sequence of the repeat varies widely across taxa. (haldanessieve.org)
  • As an ancient tetraploid maize originally had 20 chromosomes with 20 centromeres. (haldanessieve.org)
  • During the anaphase, the chromosomes divide at the centromere and start moving towards opposite poles. (syvum.com)
  • The chromosomes are arranged in pairs, and aligned using the position of each chromosome's centromere. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1996, plant scientists discovered several repetitive DNA elements that are conserved in the centromeres of distantly related plant species, which opened the door for plant centromere research. (edu.sa)
  • Centromeres have the potential to play a central role in speciation, yet our ability to study them has been limited because of their repetitive nature. (haldanessieve.org)
  • It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • This guest post is by Paul Bilinski on his paper with coauthors Diversity and evolution of centromere repeats in the maize genome BioRxived here . (haldanessieve.org)
  • The establishment and maintenance of centromeres is not defined by the underlying DNA sequences. (edu.sa)
  • The Gordon Research Seminar on Centromere Biology is a unique forum for graduate students, post-docs, and other scientists with comparable levels of experience and education to present and exchange new data and cutting edge ideas. (grc.org)
  • This GRS will be held in conjunction with the "Centromere Biology" Gordon Research Conference (GRC). (grc.org)
  • Centromere biology: what have we learned from plants? (edu.sa)
  • Several plant species have provided excellent models to dissect the genetic and epigenetic changes that may play a role in centromere function and evolution. (edu.sa)
  • We hope our insights into centromere repeat evolution will build toward a better understanding of their role in evolution. (haldanessieve.org)
  • Using positional and genetic relatedness information from the fully-sequenced centromeres 2 and 5, we found high within-cluster similarity, suggesting that tandem duplications drove most CentC copy number increase. (haldanessieve.org)
  • Topics will span a variety of organisms and will include changes in centromere function and composition across the cell division cycle, and highlight emerging methods and areas of interest in the field. (grc.org)
  • Finally, we demonstrated that CNF induced predominately centromere-positive MN in primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) indicating aneugenic events. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular basis of CENP-C association with the CENP-A nucleosome at yeast centromeres. (nih.gov)
  • Meiotic drive of selfish centromeres, or centromere drive, can explain the "centromere paradox": rapid evolution of both centromere DNA sequences and genes encoding centromere-binding proteins despite conserved centromere function in segregation. (nih.gov)
  • Selfish centromeres exploit the same destabilizing activity, by selectively promoting re-orientation to bias their segregation to the egg (Fig. 2C). (nih.gov)
  • Although regulation of centromeric function by epigenetic factors has been well-studied, the contributions of the underlying DNA sequences have been much less well defined, and existing methodologies for studying centromere genomics in biology are laborious. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, centromere DNA and centromere proteins continually evolve in conflict with each other, analogous to a molecular arms race between viruses and the immune system. (nih.gov)
  • Rapid molecular assays to study human centromere genomics. (nih.gov)
  • This theory has been influential, but it was largely unknown how centromere drive happens cell biologically. (nih.gov)
  • The centromere drive theory is based on the idea that natural selection favors centromere DNA sequences that act selfishly in female meiosis. (nih.gov)
  • Fitness costs associated with centromere drive would also select for alleles of centromere-binding proteins that suppress centromere drive. (nih.gov)
  • The lab has established the first experimental system for centromere drive in mice, leading to three major advances. (nih.gov)
  • Centromere drive and the resulting conflicts between centromere DNA and centromere proteins can generate distinct evolutionary trajectories in different populations, explaining the large divergence in centromere DNA even between closely-related species or strains. (nih.gov)
  • First, we showed that centromeres with expanded satellite repeats act selfishly to preferentially orient towards the egg pole of the meiotic spindle to remain in the egg (Fig. 1 and 2A). (nih.gov)