Centrifugation zonal. Medical search

Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. The sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. Each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. The range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. It is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Condition wherein the force of gravity is greater than or is increased above that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being greater than 1 g.

A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture. They are also found in certain neoplasms.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.

Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.

Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single membrane, such as PEROXISOMES; GLYOXYSOMES; and glycosomes.

Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A process of selective diffusion through a membrane. It is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.

Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.

Preparations made from animal tissues or organs (ANIMAL STRUCTURES). They usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active. Tissue extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The application of high intensity ultrasound to liquids.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urate and unidentified products. It is a copper protein. The initial products decompose to form allantoin. EC 1.7.3.3.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of EPITHELIAL CELLS by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface.

The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

The measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acylhexosamine residues in N-acylhexosamides. Hexosaminidases also act on GLUCOSIDES; GALACTOSIDES; and several OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. It is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in TICKS and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in CATTLE; SHEEP; and GOATS.

Techniques used in microbiology.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

The process by which semen is kept viable outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Extracellular vesicles generated by the shedding of CELL MEMBRANE blebs.

Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).

A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)

The quality of SEMEN, an indicator of male fertility, can be determined by semen volume, pH, sperm concentration (SPERM COUNT), total sperm number, sperm viability, sperm vigor (SPERM MOTILITY), normal sperm morphology, ACROSOME integrity, and the concentration of WHITE BLOOD CELLS.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

A sucrose polymer of high molecular weight.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Morphological observation of canine natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity. (1/379)

The cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). NK cell mediated cytotoxicity on CL-1 target cells was detected by 51Cr release assay. SEM showed that a canine NK cell extended projections to the CL-1 target cell. Furthermore, the surface of CL-1 target cells changed a mesh-like structure. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were morphologically demonstrated. (+info)

Purification and protein composition of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. (2/379)

The marine, icosahedral bacteriophage PM2 was isolated in the late 1960s. It was the first phage for which lipids were firmly demonstrated to be part of the virion structure and it has been classified as the type organism of the Corticoviridae family. The host, Pseudoalteromonas espejiana BAL-31, belongs to a common group of marine bacteria. We developed a purification method producing virions with specific infectivity approximately as high as that of the lipid-containing phages PRD1 and φ6. The sensitivity of the virus to normally used purification media such as those containing sucrose is demonstrated. We also present an alternative host, a pseudoalteromonad, that allows enhanced purification of the virus under reduced salt conditions. We show, using N-terminal amino acid sequencing and comparison with the genomic sequence, that there are at least eight structural proteins in the infectious virus. (+info)

Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle. (3/379)

Acetylcholine receptor was purified by affinity chromatography from denervated rat hemidiaphragms that had been incubated in organ culture for 24 hr in medium containing [35-S] methionine. Radioactive acetylcholine receptor was identified in purified preparations by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, by isoelectric focusing, and by precipitation with an antiserum to the acetylcholine receptor from electric eel. When innervated and denervated hemidiaphragms were incubated with [35-S] methionine in organ culture, and the acetylcholine receptors from each were purified separately, only the preparation from denervated muscles contained radioactive receptor as determined by zone sedimentation. We conclude that newly synthesized receptor is accumulated as a result of muscle denervation. (+info)

Secretion granules of the rabbit parotid. Selective removal of secretory contaminants from granule membranes. (4/379)

A membrane subfraction obtained from secretion granules isolated from rabbit parotid has been shown to be contaminated by residual secretory proteins to an estimated level of 25-30% of its total protein. In the present study an additional contaminant has been identified by improved mixing experiments and by comparative peptide mapping of specific polypeptides recovered from gels of membrane and content subfractions. This contaminant coelectrophoresis with (and probably comprises the bulk of) the majority component of the membrane subfraction (mol wt approximately 40,000). The contaminating polypeptides can be removed to a large extent by treating the membranes with low concentrations of saponin in the presence of 0.3 M Na2SO4. Although this treatment disrupts the typical bilayer structure of the granule membrane, it does not appear to cause dissociation of its phospholipids or bona fide membrane proteins. (+info)

Dye-ligand chromatographic purification of intact multisubunit membrane protein complexes: application to the chloroplast H+-FoF1-ATP synthase. (5/379)

n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside was used as a detergent to solubilize the ammonium sulphate precipitate of chloroplast F(O)F(1)-ATP synthase, which was purified further by dye-ligand chromatography. Upon reconstitution of the purified protein complex into phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid liposomes, ATP synthesis, driven by an artificial DeltapH/Deltapsi, was observed. The highest activity was achieved with ATP synthase solubilized in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside followed by chromatography with Red 120 dye. The optimal dye for purification with CHAPS was Green 5. All known subunits were present in the monodisperse proton-translocating ATP synthase preparation obtained from chloroplasts. (+info)

A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (6/379)

Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point. (+info)

A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. (7/379)

Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits. (+info)

Human bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the bone marrow of normal individuals. (8/379)

This study was undertaken to determine the proportions and in vitro immune capacities of lymphocyte populations in the bone marrows of normal humans. Relatively pure mononuclear cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow aspirates by linear sucrose gradient centrifugations. Simultaneous peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from each individual were assayed for lymphocyte surface markers and mitogen responsiveness. Maximal possible contamination of bone marrow aspirates by peripheral blood was determined by performing aspirates on individuals who had received 51chromium-labeled autologous erythrocytes. Rhymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, as determined by the sheep red blood cell (E) rosette assay, comprised 8.6-(plus or minus 1.6)% of the total bone marrow lymphocyte pool. Bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, as determined by the presence of a complement receptor, made up 15.4-(plus or minus 1.9)% of the lymphocyte pool whereas 74.6 (plus or minus 2.4)% of mononuclear cells lacked easily detectable surface markers. These findings could not be explained by contamination with peripheral blood lymphocytes since contamination was corrected for in the calculations. Lymphocyte-enriched suspensions of bone marrow cells responded to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanalin A, and particularly pokeweed mitogen. In vitro incubations of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes with tritiated thymidine followed by determinations of E and erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosettes were performed. Simultaneous rosetteradioautographs demonstrated that the proliferative potential of bone marrow B lymphocytes was greater than peripheral blood B lymphocytes (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, the proliferative potential of bone marrow T lymphocytes was the same as that of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that in addition to containing B lymphocytes the normal bone marrow contains a small fraction of T lymphocytes similar to the mature T lymphocyte pool found in the peripheral blood. These T cells most probably enter the bone marrow parenchyma as part of the normal recirculating lymphocyte pool. (+info)

... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.196.941.336.419 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.200.249.249 - cell culture techniques MeSH ... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.181.724.336.336 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.196.039.564 - neutron activation analysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)

Zonal rotors and continuous flow systems are capable of handing bulk and larger sample volumes, respectively, in a laboratory- ... "Basics of Centrifugation". Cole-Parmer. Retrieved 11 March 2012. "Plasmid DNA Separation: Fixed-Angle and Vertical Rotors in ... Centrifugation Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Mar 4, 2004, pp. 247-267. Vogel-Prandtl, Johanna Ludwig Prandtl: A Biographical ... Centrifugal force Centrifugation Clearing factor Honey extractor Hydroextractor Lamm equation Sedimentation coefficient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge

2. Zonal centrifugation indicated complex density distributions of the sedimentable portions of these enzymes and of adenosine ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/126/2/381

Day, E D.; Mickey, D D.; Rigsbee, L C.; and Meier, H, "Zonal centrifugation and flotation-fractionation of msd mutant mouse ...

https://mouseion.jax.org/ssbb1972/1757/

... differential centrifugation and concentration after initial clarification of buffered homogenates such as with organic solvents ... further fractionation by rate or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as developed by Brakke (1960). Because of the ... The Use of Density Gradient Centrifugation in a Zonal Centrifuge Rotor During the Purification of a Pear Virus * J. A. ... differential centrifugation and concentration after initial clarification of buffered homogenates such as with organic solvents ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-3-1-153

... using zonal centrifugation on zonal rotor [23].. *By use of rate zonal centrifugation, followed by either pulsed-field agarose ... Differential centrifugation, rate zonal centrifugation, and equilibrium sucrose gradient centrifugation of rat liver ... Gene context of Centrifugation, Zonal. *Rate zonal centrifugation suggested such complexes are more likely to involve MUC5B ... High impact information on Centrifugation, Zonal. *Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was isolated by zonal centrifugation from the ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/3158.html

Zonal" by people in this website by year, and whether "Centrifugation, Zonal" was a major or minor topic of these publications ... "Centrifugation, Zonal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Centrifugation, Zonal" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Centrifugation, Zonal". ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/12501

... resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation ... resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation ... Isolation by Differential and Zonal Centrifugation of Minicells Segregated by Escherichia coli * Geoffrey R. Barker, Caroline S ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-111-2-387

Rate-zonal centrifugation. Samples were loaded onto a preformed 6%-18% iodixanol gradient and centrifuged at 250,000 g in a ... isopycnic gradient fractions containing eHAV were subjected to a second round of centrifugation in rate-zonal gradients (25). ... Isopycnic gradient centrifugation of virus. Huh-7.5 cells infected with HAV were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% ... The AChE activity that cobanded with eHAV in isopycnic gradients sedimented more slowly than eHAV in rate-zonal gradients, ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/77527

Centrifugation is the use of the centrifugal forces generated in a spinning rotor to separate biological particles, such as ... zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. The first two methods separate particles primarily on the basis of size ... Figure 2. Differential centrifugation of a homogenate: (a) before centrifugation and (b) after centrifugation. ... zonal centrifugation. Alternatively, particles can be separated on the basis of their density using isopycnic centrifugation. ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0002704.html

Purification of DNA-origami nanostructures by rate-zonal centrifugation.. Lin C, Perrault SD, Kwak M, Graf F, Shih WM. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Shih+WM%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

Comparison of Zonal Centrifugation With Complementary Techniques Differential Versus Zonal Centrifugation Theory of Rate-Zonal ... The publication examines fractionations in zonal rotors and the quantitative aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation. The text ... Continuous-Flow Zonal Centrifugation Design and Operation of Rotors Fractionation With B-Type Rotors Fractionation With J- and ... 3 Practical Aspects of Rate-Zonal Centrifugation Experimental Design Gradient Materials Simple Sugars Glycerol Polysaccharides ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/centrifugal-separations-in-molecular-and-cell-biology/birnie/978-0-408-70803-6

Major applications: Rate-zonal centrifugation of subcellular particles. Max RPM 32,000, Max RCF, 102,000, 96,500, k-Factor 481 ... Type Ti-15 Titanium Zonal Rotor and Lid with B29 Core. For use in instruments classified: HS. ...

https://www.beckman.com/centrifuges/rotors/zonal/969313

Zonal grathent centrifugation has removed reactogenic contaminants. Treatment of the virus with solvents (split vaccine) or ... Zonal grathent centrifugation has removed reactogenic contaminants. Treatment of the virus with solvents (split vaccine) or ...

https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/journals/pedann/2000-11-29-11/%7B0006b524-451d-4703-bd69-f48bdf9700e5%7D/influenza-vaccines

Categories: Centrifugation, Zonal Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Centrifugation,+Zonal&parentid=5731&catid=5735

Separate sub-cellular organelles with rate zonal centrifugation. Sample Protection. *Maintain sample integrity by customizing ...

https://www.beckman.com/centrifuges/high-speed/avanti-j-30i

Rate zonal centrifugation. Samples were subjected to centrifugation on a GuHCl isokinetic density gradient to study the ... Rate zonal centrifugation indicated that the mucus samples from the bumetanide+DMA-pretreated tracheas had an abnormal ... Secretions were then subjected to rate zonal centrifugation by a 6-8 M GuHCl gradient to separate the molecular forms of MUC5B ... Studies performed with rate-zonal centrifugation and laser light-scattering. Biochem J. 1987;245(3):757-762.. View this article ...

https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/89752

Purification of the protein crystal from Bacillus thuringiensis by zonal gradient centrifugation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36 ... and then crystals were harvested in 1M NaCl by centrifugation (Beckman) at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5977058.html

Human diploid cell rabies vaccine purified by zonal centrifugation: a controlled study of antibody response and side effects ... by zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. It is formulated for IM administration in a single-dose vial containing ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5703a1.htm

... conventional and zonal centrifugation;. centrifugal elutriation (counter-streaming centrifugation); unit gravity separation;. ... other cells by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Such centrifugation can follow any standard protocol for centrifugation speed, ... In one embodiment, for example, cells collected from the placenta are recovered from perfusate by centrifugation at 5000 x g ... containing 1% fetal calf serum (FBS) then separated by differential gradient density centrif-ugation through LymphoprepTM ( ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/CA2624916A1/en

Notkins AL, Rosenthal J, Johnson B (1971) Rate zonal centrifugation of herpes simplex virus antibody complexes. Virology 43: ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-82416-6_15

Following harvest, the virus is purified in a sucrose density gradient using continuous flow zonal centrifugation. The purified ...

https://www.rxlist.com/afluria-drug.htm

The preparative ultracentrifugation service provides facilities for rate-zonal, equilibrium, flotation and differential ... Training includes introdution to the centrifugation facilities, to safe operation of centrifuges, as well as hands-on support ... centrifugation. It is equipped with a farm of ultracentrifuges as well as swing out and fixed angle rotors with different ... for the first centrifugation experiment;. *Users are expected to clean up the work places immediately after they have completed ...

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/infrastructures/integrated-structural-cell-biology/biocomplex-purification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)

Labeling and purification of virus by isopycnic and rate-zonal centrifugation methods.Subconfluent monolayers of C6/36 cells in ... Note that following precipitation with PEG and rate-zonal centrifugation, pr signals were relatively less intense in the ... Alterations of infectivity and virus replication.Our analysis of the extracellular particles by rate-zonal centrifugation and ... In the separation of viral particles by rate-zonal centrifugation assay, particles were first precipitated with PEG, ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/82/21/10776?ijkey=5b5f3ce7f61f2fe4b51c21d6d277d2d0020a622c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Lipid composition of synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat brain by zonal centrifugation. Biochemistry 8, 4606-4612 (1969 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-018-0031-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7f2048f8-e381-4bf2-8893-642b61895d6a

Rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation of clarified cell culture supernatants. (A) Cells transfected with the prM ... 3A were analyzed again by rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation after treatment with 0.5% Triton X-100 (open ... The particles were then separated by rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation (41) and, when high purity was required ... The cell supernatants were cleared by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C in a Beckman JLA16.250 rotor, and ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/77/21/11357

... obtained by zonal centrifugation, J. Neurochem. 35 (2): 458.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...

https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-1830-0_14

Purification of DNA-origami nanostructures by rate-zonal centrifugation. Lin, C.; Perrault, S.D.; Kwak, M.; Graf, F.; Shih, W.M ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/the-enabled-state-of-dna-nanotechnology-FEsldGA6Yt/1

The virus is inactivated with b-propiolactone, then further purified and concentrated by zonal centrifugation. The vaccine is ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0050848/m0050848.asp

The virus is inactivated with β-propiolactone, and further processed by zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density-gradient. The ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=11f8bc10-14ae-4f99-9cf2-ca4fa6258266

Separation of Treponema pallidum from Tissue Substances by Continuous-Flow Zonal Centrifugation ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/issues/10405/

Wetter, 1960), ( b ) further fractionation by rate or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as developed by Brakke (1960). (microbiologyresearch.org)

4. The process of any one of claim 1 to 3 wherein the prepurification step is centrifugation, filtration, ultra filtration, selective precipitation, expanded bed chromatography, batch chromatography including magnetic beads or combinations thereof. (sumobrain.com)
Method Property 1) Rate-zonal Centrifugation Mass 2) Ion-exchange Chromatography Charge 3) Gel Filtration Chromatography Mass How do you know you have isolated the activity of interest? (coursehero.com)
In order to characterise Muc5ac and Muc5b, four tracheal wash samples from horses showing signs of mucus hypersecretion were pooled, solubilised in 4M guanidinium chloride and analysed by caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation (buoyant density), anion exchange chromatography (charge distribution) and rate-zonal sedimentation (size distribution). (nih.gov)
Separation of lipoprotein X and beta-lipoprotein tadalafil prix en pharmacie by zonal centrifugation or hydroxyapatite chromatography. (realpick.icu)

Summary: Minicells segregated from Escherichia coli x925 carrying a drug-resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Homogenates made from the mucosa of the guinea pig small intestine were fractionated in a zonal rotor by rate and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. (athabascau.ca)
This microsomal fraction was subjected to zonal centrifugation on buffered sucrose gradients, in a B XIV Anderson type rotor, for 15 hr at 45,000 rpm in order to separate the two cytoplasmic organelles. (rupress.org)
In addition, the free cytoplasmic subribosomal particles of liver and hepatoma cells were studied by zonal centrifugation followed by concentration and either resedimentation on sucrose gradients, equilibrium banding on CsCl gradients, or extraction of the RNA followed by examination of its size distribution, labelling kinetics and base composition. (surrey.ac.uk)

Secretions were then subjected to rate zonal centrifugation by a 6-8 M GuHCl gradient to separate the molecular forms of MUC5B. (jci.org)
Fibroblast supernatants were subjected to rate zonal centrifugation to isolate and purify exosomes. (acrabstracts.org)

Rate‐zonal or sedimentation velocity density gradient centrifugation. (els.net)
Discussions focus on the basic concepts of sedimentation theory, centrifugation methods, designing centrifugation experiments, care of centrifuges and rotors, and statistical estimation of molecular parameters. (elsevier.com)
1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. (athabascau.ca)
by sedimentation occurred during initial low-speed centrifugation of the crude extract from systemically infected hosts. (oregonstate.edu)
In rate-zonal centrifugation the problem of cross-contamination of particles of different sedimentation rates may be avoided by layering. (ictedservices.com)
Large scale zonal centrifugation separates large volumes of sample components by sedimentation as bands in a density gradient. (beckman.co.za)

The publication examines fractionations in zonal rotors and the quantitative aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation. (elsevier.com)
Heavy and light microsomal fractions were subfractioned using high performance zonal rotors, and assayed for approtenin sensitive kallikrein- like amidolytic activity (pH 8.2). (springer.com)
K-J. Andersen, H. J. Haga, and M. Dobrota, Heterogeneity of rat kidney-cortex lysosomes fractionated by gradient centrifugation in zonal rotors, Biochem. (springer.com)
Density Marker Beads have been used to monitor gradients of Percoll in zonal centrifuge rotors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Separation of liver components in zonal rotors. (surrey.ac.uk)
Operating techniques for zonal rotors have been developed, and computer programs written to simplify handling of the data obtained. (surrey.ac.uk)
Swing bucket rotors: These are ideal for isopycnic and rate-zonal centrifugation. (biomall.in)

Major applications: Rate-zonal centrifugation of subcellular particles. (beckman.com)
1. Comment on the pros and cons of using differential oentrifugation and rate-zonal centrifugation to isolate subcellular organelles. (coursehero.com)
The cationic, antibacterial proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with a unique subcellular particle that is separable through zonal density gradient centrifugation from acid phosphatase-containing particles as well as from particles that contain alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. (sciencemag.org)

These samples would be pooled and processed by using available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun libraries, carry out shotgun sequencing of the mixture of viral genomes, and reconstruct these genomes in silico with the techniques originally developed to sequence the entire human genome from random fragments. (cdc.gov)

2. Zonal centrifugation indicated complex density distributions of the sedimentable portions of these enzymes and of adenosine triphosphatases and suggested the presence of two mitochondrial populations, as well as a bimodal distribution of peroxisomes and heterogeneity of the acid p -nitrophenyl phosphatase-containing particles. (biochemj.org)
The first two methods separate particles primarily on the basis of size while isopycnic centrifugation separates particles on the basis of their density. (els.net)
The choice of centrifugation method depends on the nature of the particles and often more than one separation technique is required. (els.net)
Depending on the centrifugation force used, particles from cells to those as small as macromolecules can be separated. (els.net)
Particles can be separated on the basis of their size using differential pelleting or rate‐zonal centrifugation. (els.net)
Alternatively, particles can be separated on the basis of their density using isopycnic centrifugation. (els.net)
b-d) With increasing centrifugation time, the particles in the sample zone move down through the gradient as discrete bands. (els.net)
Centrifugal Separations in Molecular and Cell Biology focuses on the application of modern centrifugation technology in molecular and cell biology, including the separation and fractionation of biological particles by centrifugation on the preparative and analytical scales. (elsevier.com)
The mutation resulted in the secretion of two distinct size classes of particles that could be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. (asm.org)
Sarcoplasmic vesicles and ß-glycogen particles 30-40 mµ in diameter were isolated from perfused rabbit skeletal muscle by the differential precipitation-centrifugation method. (rupress.org)

The three main methods of separation are differential pelleting, rate‐zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. (els.net)
For example, membrane fractionation often involves first making an enriched fraction from a cell homogenate by differential pelleting followed by isopycnic centrifugation to obtain purified fractions. (els.net)
The text then reviews isopycnic centrifugation in ionic media and analytical centrifugation. (elsevier.com)

Many centrifugation purification procedures involve sequential centrifugation steps, often a size separation followed by purification using isopycnic gradient centrifugation. (els.net)
DG centrifugation of the infectious, concentrated PEG extract was the best purification method. (oregonstate.edu)
Purification of Muc5ac and Muc5b by caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation.Tracheal washes were dissolved in equal volume of 8 M guanidinium chloride and the mucins separated from other proteins by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. (nih.gov)

Wetter, 1960), ( b ) further fractionation by rate or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as developed by Brakke (1960). (microbiologyresearch.org)
The preparative ultracentrifugation service provides facilities for rate-zonal, equilibrium, flotation and differential centrifugation. (helsinki.fi)
The extent to which this molecule is associated with proteins was investigated by rate zonal and CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of clarified lysates of S cytoplasm maize mitochondria. (deepdyve.com)

2015). Building on these studies, we further purified RNA exosomes, +/- DIS3, by rate-zonal centrifugation using glycerol density gradients (Domanski et al . (bio-protocol.org)
Linear (also known as continuous), rate-zonal density gradients are formed in several ways, but the process always starts with layering a discontinuous (also known as step) gradient first. (mybeckman.cz)

Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (uchicago.edu)
Isolation and partial characterization of high-density lipoprotein HDL1 from rat plasma by gradient centrifugation. (uchicago.edu)
Buoyant density gradient centrifugation in a continuous gradient. (els.net)
The book also ponders on the practical aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation, including gradient materials, density and viscosity of glycerol solutions, and resolution and gradient shape. (elsevier.com)
Following harvest, the virus is purified in a sucrose density gradient using continuous flow zonal centrifugation. (rxlist.com)
The virus is inactivated with β-propiolactone, and further processed by zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density-gradient. (nih.gov)
3. Researcher Thomas Parkinson is planning a density gradient centrifugation experiment to study protein-DNA interaction. (coursehero.com)
By combining isopycnic and rate zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation with phase partitioning, we obtained a highly enriched dense vesicle fraction. (plantcell.org)
After harvesting the virus-containing fluids, each influenza virus is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation using a linear sucrose density gradient solution containing detergent to disrupt the viruses. (whale.to)
In zonal centrifugation, the suspension of cell contents is placed on top of a sucrose density gradient. (scribd.com)
48/75 exosomal studies used density gradient centrifugations. (exocarta.org)

Each of the influenza virus strains is harvested and clarified separately by centrifugation and filtration prior to inactivation with betapropiolactone. (rx-index.ru)

1. Homogenates were prepared from sphaeroplasts of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and the distributions of marker enzymes were investigated after differential centrifugation. (biochemj.org)

tannic acid‐glutaraldehyde‐fixed section of vesicles prepared by centrifugation and free‐flow electrophoresis. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
membranes during free flow zonal electrophoresis in plants. (karensteffano.co.za)

Membranes were prepared from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte azurophil and specific granules separated by zonal differential centrifugation. (rupress.org)

2016]). The following protocol describes an approach to purify RNA exosome complexes from HEK-293 cells, making use of inducible ectopic expression, affinity capture, and rate-zonal centrifugation. (bio-protocol.org)

4. The cell cycle was analysed by separation of cells into classes representing successive stages in the cell cycle by isopycnic zonal centrifugation. (portlandpress.com)

Although the nature of transport proteins is known for the uptake of E 1 S, there is virtually no information on its zonal uptake within the liver acinus. (aspetjournals.org)
Zonal profiles of absorbance at 280 mµ, proteins, glycogen, and enzymatic activities (phosphorylase b kinase, phosphorylase b, and glycogen synthetase) were performed. (rupress.org)
The surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are obtained from the influenza virus particle by further centrifugation in the presence of nonylphenol ethoxylate, a process which removes most of the internal proteins. (rx-index.ru)

The vaccine is prepared by growing the virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs, which are purified using a zonal centrifugation technique. (drugdevelopment-technology.com)

The selection first covers the principles and practices of centrifugation and the bases of centrifugal separations. (elsevier.com)

Moreover, the presence of zonal distribution of transporters in the liver would affect the cellular concentration and processing of E 1 S by desulfation or biliary excretion among zonal cells, thus altering the overall hepatic clearance. (aspetjournals.org)

Zonal centrifugation and flotation-fractionation of msd mutant mouse b" by E D. Day, D D. Mickey et al. (jax.org)
Zonal centrifugation and flotation-fractionation of msd mutant mouse brain. (jax.org)
and Meier, H, "Zonal centrifugation and flotation-fractionation of msd mutant mouse brain. (jax.org)

Preliminary clarification of crude extract was achieved by a low-speed centrifugation followed by a moderate-speed centrifugation. (oregonstate.edu)

Centrifugation, Zonal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)

Preparative Centrifugation - a Practical Approach, pp. 77-142. (els.net)
Preparative Centrifugation: A Practical Approach (1992) Edited D Rickwood , Oxford: Oxford University Press. (els.net)

Flow chart of a typical differential centrifugation of a cell or tissue homogenate. (els.net)

Anatomy46

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment61

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care3

Morphological observation of canine natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity. (1/379)

Purification and protein composition of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. (2/379)

Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle. (3/379)

Secretion granules of the rabbit parotid. Selective removal of secretory contaminants from granule membranes. (4/379)

Dye-ligand chromatographic purification of intact multisubunit membrane protein complexes: application to the chloroplast H+-FoF1-ATP synthase. (5/379)

A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (6/379)

A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. (7/379)

Human bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the bone marrow of normal individuals. (8/379)

Centrifugation

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

Centrifugation, Zonal

Centrifugation, Isopycnic

Cell Fractionation

Metrizamide

Microscopy, Electron

Molecular Weight

Subcellular Fractions

Povidone

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Ultracentrifugation

Hypergravity

Cell Separation

Filtration

Cell Membrane

Chromatography, Gel

Kinetics

Tritium

Sucrose

Organoids

Cesium

Methods

Cattle

Liver

Solubility

Detergents

Chromatography

Silicon Dioxide

Nucleotidases

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Diatrizoate

Acid Phosphatase

Rabbits

Macromolecular Substances

Lysosomes

Microsomes

Spermatozoa

Membranes

Cell Line

Chemical Precipitation

Temperature

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

Amino Acids

Triiodobenzoic Acids

Cytoplasmic Granules

Colloids

Cells, Cultured

Electrophoresis

Carbon Isotopes

Cell-Free System

Rats, Inbred Strains

Octoxynol

Magnesium

Polyethylene Glycols

Freezing

Escherichia coli

DNA

Phospholipids

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Microbodies

Phosphotungstic Acid

Erythrocytes

Membrane Proteins

Proteins

Chromatography, Affinity

Cytoplasm

Organelles

Blood Specimen Collection

Intracellular Membranes

Cell Nucleus

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Ribonucleases

Phosphorus Isotopes

Carbohydrates

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Electrophoresis, Disc

Pronase

Virus Cultivation

Immunodiffusion