Centrifugation
Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Centrifugation, Zonal
Centrifugation, Isopycnic
A technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. The sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. Each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. The range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. It is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types.
Cell Fractionation
Metrizamide
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Povidone
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Ultracentrifugation
Hypergravity
Filtration
Cell Membrane
Chromatography, Gel
Sucrose
Organoids
Cesium
Cattle
Liver
Solubility
Detergents
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Silicon Dioxide
Nucleotidases
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Diatrizoate
Acid Phosphatase
Rabbits
Macromolecular Substances
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Spermatozoa
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
Membranes
Chemical Precipitation
Temperature
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Amino Acids
Colloids
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.
Cells, Cultured
Electrophoresis
Carbon Isotopes
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Rats, Inbred Strains
Octoxynol
Magnesium
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Microbodies
Phosphotungstic Acid
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Erythrocytes
Membrane Proteins
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Chromatography, Affinity
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Blood Specimen Collection
Intracellular Membranes
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Phosphorus Isotopes
Carbohydrates
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Electrophoresis, Disc
Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.
Immunodiffusion
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Edetic Acid
Sperm Motility
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chemical Fractionation
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Dialysis
Protein Binding
Ribosomes
Culture Techniques
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Cytosol
Surface-Active Agents
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Chemistry
Erythrocyte Aging
Tissue Extracts
Chemical Phenomena
Immune Sera
Specimen Handling
Trypsin
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Spectrophotometry
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Amino Acid Sequence
Semen
Adenosine Triphosphate
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Digitonin
Reticulocytes
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Glycoproteins
Peptide Hydrolases
Ultrafiltration
The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).
Urate Oxidase
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Complement Fixation Tests
Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.
Mucins
Nucleic Acid Renaturation
Malate Dehydrogenase
Densitometry
Biological Transport
Carbon Radioisotopes
Blood
Spheroplasts
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
Hexosaminidases
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Protein Biosynthesis
Alkaline Phosphatase
Osmolar Concentration
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Cricetinae
Gravitation
Staining and Labeling
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Histocytochemistry
DNA, Circular
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Coxiella
Kidney
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Substrate Specificity
Cryopreservation
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Binding Sites
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Semen Preservation
Lipids
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Lymphocytes
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Hydrolases
Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Microsomes, Liver
Base Sequence
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Chloroform
Guinea Pigs
Haplorhini
Protamines
A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
Semen Analysis
Buffers
Blood Platelets
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Adsorption
Autoradiography
Chick Embryo
Morphological observation of canine natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity. (1/379)
The cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). NK cell mediated cytotoxicity on CL-1 target cells was detected by 51Cr release assay. SEM showed that a canine NK cell extended projections to the CL-1 target cell. Furthermore, the surface of CL-1 target cells changed a mesh-like structure. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were morphologically demonstrated. (+info)Purification and protein composition of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. (2/379)
The marine, icosahedral bacteriophage PM2 was isolated in the late 1960s. It was the first phage for which lipids were firmly demonstrated to be part of the virion structure and it has been classified as the type organism of the Corticoviridae family. The host, Pseudoalteromonas espejiana BAL-31, belongs to a common group of marine bacteria. We developed a purification method producing virions with specific infectivity approximately as high as that of the lipid-containing phages PRD1 and φ6. The sensitivity of the virus to normally used purification media such as those containing sucrose is demonstrated. We also present an alternative host, a pseudoalteromonad, that allows enhanced purification of the virus under reduced salt conditions. We show, using N-terminal amino acid sequencing and comparison with the genomic sequence, that there are at least eight structural proteins in the infectious virus. (+info)Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle. (3/379)
Acetylcholine receptor was purified by affinity chromatography from denervated rat hemidiaphragms that had been incubated in organ culture for 24 hr in medium containing [35-S] methionine. Radioactive acetylcholine receptor was identified in purified preparations by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, by isoelectric focusing, and by precipitation with an antiserum to the acetylcholine receptor from electric eel. When innervated and denervated hemidiaphragms were incubated with [35-S] methionine in organ culture, and the acetylcholine receptors from each were purified separately, only the preparation from denervated muscles contained radioactive receptor as determined by zone sedimentation. We conclude that newly synthesized receptor is accumulated as a result of muscle denervation. (+info)Secretion granules of the rabbit parotid. Selective removal of secretory contaminants from granule membranes. (4/379)
A membrane subfraction obtained from secretion granules isolated from rabbit parotid has been shown to be contaminated by residual secretory proteins to an estimated level of 25-30% of its total protein. In the present study an additional contaminant has been identified by improved mixing experiments and by comparative peptide mapping of specific polypeptides recovered from gels of membrane and content subfractions. This contaminant coelectrophoresis with (and probably comprises the bulk of) the majority component of the membrane subfraction (mol wt approximately 40,000). The contaminating polypeptides can be removed to a large extent by treating the membranes with low concentrations of saponin in the presence of 0.3 M Na2SO4. Although this treatment disrupts the typical bilayer structure of the granule membrane, it does not appear to cause dissociation of its phospholipids or bona fide membrane proteins. (+info)Dye-ligand chromatographic purification of intact multisubunit membrane protein complexes: application to the chloroplast H+-FoF1-ATP synthase. (5/379)
n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside was used as a detergent to solubilize the ammonium sulphate precipitate of chloroplast F(O)F(1)-ATP synthase, which was purified further by dye-ligand chromatography. Upon reconstitution of the purified protein complex into phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid liposomes, ATP synthesis, driven by an artificial DeltapH/Deltapsi, was observed. The highest activity was achieved with ATP synthase solubilized in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside followed by chromatography with Red 120 dye. The optimal dye for purification with CHAPS was Green 5. All known subunits were present in the monodisperse proton-translocating ATP synthase preparation obtained from chloroplasts. (+info)A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (6/379)
Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point. (+info)A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. (7/379)
Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits. (+info)Human bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the bone marrow of normal individuals. (8/379)
This study was undertaken to determine the proportions and in vitro immune capacities of lymphocyte populations in the bone marrows of normal humans. Relatively pure mononuclear cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow aspirates by linear sucrose gradient centrifugations. Simultaneous peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from each individual were assayed for lymphocyte surface markers and mitogen responsiveness. Maximal possible contamination of bone marrow aspirates by peripheral blood was determined by performing aspirates on individuals who had received 51chromium-labeled autologous erythrocytes. Rhymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, as determined by the sheep red blood cell (E) rosette assay, comprised 8.6-(plus or minus 1.6)% of the total bone marrow lymphocyte pool. Bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, as determined by the presence of a complement receptor, made up 15.4-(plus or minus 1.9)% of the lymphocyte pool whereas 74.6 (plus or minus 2.4)% of mononuclear cells lacked easily detectable surface markers. These findings could not be explained by contamination with peripheral blood lymphocytes since contamination was corrected for in the calculations. Lymphocyte-enriched suspensions of bone marrow cells responded to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanalin A, and particularly pokeweed mitogen. In vitro incubations of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes with tritiated thymidine followed by determinations of E and erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosettes were performed. Simultaneous rosetteradioautographs demonstrated that the proliferative potential of bone marrow B lymphocytes was greater than peripheral blood B lymphocytes (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, the proliferative potential of bone marrow T lymphocytes was the same as that of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that in addition to containing B lymphocytes the normal bone marrow contains a small fraction of T lymphocytes similar to the mature T lymphocyte pool found in the peripheral blood. These T cells most probably enter the bone marrow parenchyma as part of the normal recirculating lymphocyte pool. (+info)
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Corning™ Centrifuge Tubes with CentriStar™ Cap 15mL; Max. RCF: 12500xG; Cap included Corning™ Centrifuge Tubes with CentriStar™...
Corning™ Centrifuge Tubes with CentriStar™ Cap 50mL; Max. RCF: 15500xG; Cap and rack included Corning™ Centrifuge Tubes with...
International Equipment Company MP4 Centrifuge Benchtop Centrifuge - reLink Medical
Microcentrifuges | Benchtop Centrifuges | Refrigerated Centrifuges | MIDSCI
Heraeus™ Multifuge™ X1 Centrifuge Series
Used Thermo Scientific Sorvall ST 40 Centrifuge (600-4886) | Benchtop Centrifuge | Centrifuges | BioSurplus
Rate-zonal centrifugation
... is a centrifugation technique employed to effectively separate particles of different sizes. The tube ... Once the centrifugation is over, fractions are collected. Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Kaiser, Chris; Krieger, Monty; ...
Protein purification
Samples separated by these gradients are referred to as "rate zonal" centrifugations. After separating the protein/particles, ... Such an "equilibrium" centrifugation can allow extensive purification of a given particle. Sucrose gradient centrifugation - a ... During centrifugation in the absence of sucrose, as particles move farther and farther from the center of rotation, they ... The rate of centrifugation is determined by the angular acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured in comparison to ...
Christian de Duve
Among other subjects, he studied the distribution of enzymes in rat liver cells using rate-zonal centrifugation. His work on ...
Knut Aukland
1-78 Repeatable measurement of local and zonal GFR in the rat kidney with aprotinin (sm.m. O. Tenstad og H. E. Williamson), i ... for hyaluronan and albumin in rat tail tendons 2001 Isolation of interstitial fluid from rat mammary tumors by a centrifugation ... 21-31 Renal cortical interstitium and fluid absorption by peritubular capillaries 1994 Autoregulation of zonal glomerular ... blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1995 Interstitial exclusion of macromolecules studied by graded centrifugation of ...
List of MeSH codes (E05)
... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.196.941.336.419 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.200.249.249 - cell culture techniques MeSH ... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.181.724.336.336 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.196.039.564 - neutron activation analysis ...
Ultracentrifuge
Zonal rotors are designed to contain a large volume of sample in a single central cavity rather than in tubes. Some zonal ... Centrifugation Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Mar 4, 2004, pp. 247-267. "Svedberg Lecture". Retrieved 2019-02-18. "Beckman ... Analytical ultracentrifugation Gas centrifuge Theodor Svedberg Differential centrifugation Buoyant density ultracentrifugation ...
Centrifuge
Zonal rotors and continuous flow systems are capable of handing bulk and larger sample volumes, respectively, in a laboratory- ... "Basics of Centrifugation". Cole-Parmer. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012. ""Plasmid DNA ... Centrifugal force Centrifugation Clearing factor Honey extractor Hydroextractor Lamm equation Sedimentation coefficient ... RCF Calculator and Nomograph Centrifugation Rotor Calculator Selection of historical centrifuges in the Virtual Laboratory of ...
RESOLUTION OF THREE DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF NERVE ENDINGS FROM RAT BRAIN HOMOGENATES BY ZONAL ISOPYCNIC CENTRIFUGATION |...
Conditions have been established for the fractionation of subcellular components of rat forebrain homogenates by zonal ... RESOLUTION OF THREE DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF NERVE ENDINGS FROM RAT BRAIN HOMOGENATES BY ZONAL ISOPYCNIC CENTRIFUGATION Ursula ... LYSOSOMES IN RAT THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES FRACTIONATED BY ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON ISOLATED CELL COMPONENTS : XVII. The ... LYSOSOMES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE : Zonal Centrifugation Evidence for Multiple Cellular Sources ...
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Furthermore, contaminated host cell was removed by zonal centrifugation and remaining rickettsial protein was adjusted to a ... Host cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 1,000 × g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was passed through a 0.22-μm-pore ... The infected monolayer was scraped, harvested, washed with 0.1 M PBS by centrifugation at 500 × g for 5 minutes, and ... monolayers and centrifugation at 17,000 × g for 15 minutes to pellet the infected Vero cells. Cells were resuspended in ...
US Patent for Three-dimensional cell and tissue culture apparatus Patent (Patent # 5,160,490 issued November 3, 1992) - Justia...
... conventional and zonal centrifugation, centrifugal elutriation (counter-streaming centrifugation), unit gravity separation, ... Dissociated cells were filtered using a 20 .mu.m nylon mesh, resuspended in HBSS, and pelleted by centrifugation at 300 g for ... Both populations were collected and diluted separately in 5 ml of PBS, washed, and collected by centrifugation at 2500 g for 5 ... concentrated Dulbeccos medium] was layered on top of the HBSS by centrifugation at 800 g for 10 minutes. Liver parenchyma ...
DeCS
Centrifugations, Zonal. Zonal Centrifugation. Zonal Centrifugations. Tree number(s):. E05.181.724.336.336. E05.196.941.336.419 ... Centrifugation, Zonal - Preferred Concept UI. M0003813. Scope note. Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity ... centrifugado zonal Scope note:. Centrifugación que emplea una cámara giratoria de gran capacidad en la cual se separan ... Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient ...
Details of DPV Rice tungro bacilliform virus and References
Further purification and, if necessary, separation from RTSV can be effected by rate zonal or isopycnic gradient centrifugation ... Pool supernatant fractions from both centrifugations and add polyethylene glycol (mol. wt 6000), NaCl and Triton X-100 to give ... centrifugation at 11,000g for 10 min the virus is found in the supernatant fluid. ...
DeCS 2016 - June 12, 2016 version
magnetococcus marinus magnetite nanoparticles separation
Publications
Consequences Of Coupling Transcription And Translation
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
By using zonal centrifugation of total H. pylori cell lysates and immunfluorescence analysis we revealed peripheral membrane ... RgsP and RgsM localize to sites of zonal cell wall synthesis at the new cell pole and cell divison site, suggesting a role in ... Members of the Rhizobiales (class of α-proteobacteria) display zonal peptidoglycan cell wall growth at one cell pole, ...
CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleic acids - CCGB | index - [PDF Document]
Purification of avian influenza virus - PDF Free Download
... small to large scale in vaccine production and antiserum preparation instead of other techniques such as zonal centrifugation. ... and centrifugation on a sucrose gradient, which are mostly used on the laboratory scale. In 1977, centrifugation on a sucrose ... Purification of large quantities of influenza virus by density gradient centrifugation. J Virol 1967; 1: 1207- 1216. 18. Pushko ... Here we describe a standard strategy for the purification of avian influenza virus using centrifugation, ultrafiltration, and ...
Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus
DeCS 2019 - June 12, 2019 version
DeCS 2018 - July 31, 2018 version
DeCS 2017 - December 21, 2017 version
DeCS 2017 - July 04, 2017 version
gene purification - Biocom California Institute Career Lab
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Centrifuges, Lab Equipment
Innovative centrifugation technology has helped us serve customers in life sciences, biotech, pharma, clinical diagnostics, ... Simple pelleting to rate zonal, elutriation and continuous flow separations *Simplified high throughput sample processing ... Since 1947 Beckman Coulter has been providing centrifugation solutions for laboratories, hospitals and universities around the ...
Terapias con potencial regenerativo articular en el caballo
Zonal chondrocyte subpopulations reacquire zone-specific characteristics during in vitro redifferentiation. Am J Sports Med 37 ... Evaluation of single and double centrifugation tube methods for concentrating equine platelets. Res Vet Sci 81, 237-245. ... It is thought that implants with a zonal structure could improve the quality of autologous implants by improving the structure ...
D-Leu2]-Melanocyte- StimulatingHormone-Release InhibitingFactor | http://hivinhibitor.com
Contents of number
Selective zonal isolation during cementing jobs using water-swellable cup packer. Keywords: well cementing quality, casing ... More than 100 heavy oil samples extracted from the appraisal well s oil-wet cores through high-speed centrifugation were used ... The purpose of the present research effort is to develop a method for determination of partial (zonal) production rates in ... selective zonal isolation with chemicals, application of casing packers, and others. To isolate a borehole section being ...
Density-gradient centrifugation1
- Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (bvsalud.org)
Sucrose2
- Conditions have been established for the fractionation of subcellular components of rat forebrain homogenates by zonal isopycnic equilibration in continuous sucrose density gradients using a B-XIV rotor. (rupress.org)
- Generally, viruses have been purified by a variety of methods, including PEG/NaCl precipitation (7), ultracentrifugation (8), column chromatography (9), high-performance liquid chromatography (10), and centrifugation on a sucrose gradient, which are mostly used on the laboratory scale. (pdffox.com)
Vaccine1
- In conclusion, this procedure can be used in vaccine production and antiserum preparation as an alternative to traditional methods and also can be considered in the purifying of other viruses when there is no facility of ultracentrifuge or zonal centrifuge. (pdffox.com)
Rate-zonal2
- Isolation of native glycogen by combined rate-zonal and isopycnic centrifugation. (nih.gov)
- The procedure relies on standard fractionation techniques, including differential centrifugation, rate-zonal centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography, but it has been optimized for minimal vesicle loss while maintaining a high degree of purity. (mpg.de)
DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION4
- Differential centrifugation techniques are used to separate particles of the same size based on their differences in density, whereas differential centrifugation techniques are used to separate particles of the same density. (forensicfield.blog)
- Differential centrifugation is a common procedure in microbiology and cytology useful to separate certain organelles for further analysis of specific parts of cells. (stockenhoefe.de)
- Differential centrifugation is sometimes considered a simpler form of centrifugation. (stockenhoefe.de)
- Differential Pelleting (differential centrifugation) It is the most common type of centrifugation employed. (stockenhoefe.de)
Isopycnic1
- Continuous-flow centrifugation combined with isopycnic banding: rotors B-8 and B-IX. (nih.gov)
Density3
- Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (nih.gov)
- What is Density Gradient Centrifugation? (stockenhoefe.de)
- It is used for separating cells and organelles while density gradient centrifugation is used for molecules and particles. (stockenhoefe.de)
Fractionation4
- 14. Free Flow Zonal Electrophoresis for Fractionation of Plant Membrane Compartments Prior to Proteomic Analysis. (nih.gov)
- Centrifugation is known to have a vital role in the fractionation of many subcellular organelles. (stockenhoefe.de)
- Furthermore, centrifugation is also useful in the fractionation of membrane fractions and membranes. (stockenhoefe.de)
- Centrifugation also has applications in the fractionation of membrane vesicles. (stockenhoefe.de)
Cell organelles1
- 18. Preparative free-flow electrophoresis, a versatile technology complementing gradient centrifugation in the isolation of highly purified cell organelles. (nih.gov)
Membranes1
- 5. Enhanced separation of membranes during free flow zonal electrophoresis in plants. (nih.gov)
Particles3
- At the These samples would be pooled and processed by using outset, researchers wanted to determine whether viruses as available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, a class differed in a systematic way from all other small recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun particles in nature. (cdc.gov)
- These samples would be pooled and processed by using available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun libraries, carry out shotgun sequencing of the mixture of viral genomes, and reconstruct these genomes in silico with the techniques originally developed to sequence the entire human genome from random fragments. (cdc.gov)
- Don't know title but it will be about an electron microscope study of particles that have been isolated from brain tissue by zonal centrifugation. (nih.gov)
Types1
- Jul 12, 2021 Types of Centrifugation. (stockenhoefe.de)
Smaller1
- 00:11:56.02 At medium speeds of centrifugation, other somewhat smaller organelles, like the mitochondrion, 00:12:01.24 the lysosome, or the peroxisome, can be sedimented and obtained in a slightly enriched form. (stockenhoefe.de)
Difference1
- The main difference between the two centrifugation methods is the type of physical properties in which the process is based on. (stockenhoefe.de)