Centrifugation
Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Centrifugation, Zonal
Centrifugation, Isopycnic
A technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. The sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. Each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. The range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. It is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types.
Cell Fractionation
Metrizamide
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Povidone
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Ultracentrifugation
Hypergravity
Filtration
Cell Membrane
Chromatography, Gel
Sucrose
Organoids
Cesium
Cattle
Liver
Solubility
Detergents
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Silicon Dioxide
Nucleotidases
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Diatrizoate
Acid Phosphatase
Rabbits
Macromolecular Substances
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Spermatozoa
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
Membranes
Chemical Precipitation
Temperature
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Amino Acids
Colloids
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.
Cells, Cultured
Electrophoresis
Carbon Isotopes
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Rats, Inbred Strains
Octoxynol
Magnesium
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Microbodies
Phosphotungstic Acid
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Erythrocytes
Membrane Proteins
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Chromatography, Affinity
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Blood Specimen Collection
Intracellular Membranes
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Phosphorus Isotopes
Carbohydrates
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Electrophoresis, Disc
Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.
Immunodiffusion
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Edetic Acid
Sperm Motility
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chemical Fractionation
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Dialysis
Protein Binding
Ribosomes
Culture Techniques
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Cytosol
Surface-Active Agents
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Chemistry
Erythrocyte Aging
Tissue Extracts
Chemical Phenomena
Immune Sera
Specimen Handling
Trypsin
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Spectrophotometry
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Amino Acid Sequence
Semen
Adenosine Triphosphate
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Digitonin
Reticulocytes
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Glycoproteins
Peptide Hydrolases
Ultrafiltration
The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).
Urate Oxidase
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Complement Fixation Tests
Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.
Mucins
Nucleic Acid Renaturation
Malate Dehydrogenase
Densitometry
Biological Transport
Carbon Radioisotopes
Blood
Spheroplasts
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
Hexosaminidases
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Protein Biosynthesis
Alkaline Phosphatase
Osmolar Concentration
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Cricetinae
Gravitation
Staining and Labeling
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Histocytochemistry
DNA, Circular
Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Coxiella
Kidney
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Substrate Specificity
Cryopreservation
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Binding Sites
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Semen Preservation
Lipids
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Lymphocytes
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Hydrolases
Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Microsomes, Liver
Base Sequence
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Chloroform
Guinea Pigs
Haplorhini
Protamines
A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
Semen Analysis
Buffers
Blood Platelets
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Adsorption
Autoradiography
Chick Embryo
Morphological observation of canine natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity. (1/379)
The cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). NK cell mediated cytotoxicity on CL-1 target cells was detected by 51Cr release assay. SEM showed that a canine NK cell extended projections to the CL-1 target cell. Furthermore, the surface of CL-1 target cells changed a mesh-like structure. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of canine NK cells on CL-1 target cells were morphologically demonstrated. (+info)Purification and protein composition of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. (2/379)
The marine, icosahedral bacteriophage PM2 was isolated in the late 1960s. It was the first phage for which lipids were firmly demonstrated to be part of the virion structure and it has been classified as the type organism of the Corticoviridae family. The host, Pseudoalteromonas espejiana BAL-31, belongs to a common group of marine bacteria. We developed a purification method producing virions with specific infectivity approximately as high as that of the lipid-containing phages PRD1 and φ6. The sensitivity of the virus to normally used purification media such as those containing sucrose is demonstrated. We also present an alternative host, a pseudoalteromonad, that allows enhanced purification of the virus under reduced salt conditions. We show, using N-terminal amino acid sequencing and comparison with the genomic sequence, that there are at least eight structural proteins in the infectious virus. (+info)Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle. (3/379)
Acetylcholine receptor was purified by affinity chromatography from denervated rat hemidiaphragms that had been incubated in organ culture for 24 hr in medium containing [35-S] methionine. Radioactive acetylcholine receptor was identified in purified preparations by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, by isoelectric focusing, and by precipitation with an antiserum to the acetylcholine receptor from electric eel. When innervated and denervated hemidiaphragms were incubated with [35-S] methionine in organ culture, and the acetylcholine receptors from each were purified separately, only the preparation from denervated muscles contained radioactive receptor as determined by zone sedimentation. We conclude that newly synthesized receptor is accumulated as a result of muscle denervation. (+info)Secretion granules of the rabbit parotid. Selective removal of secretory contaminants from granule membranes. (4/379)
A membrane subfraction obtained from secretion granules isolated from rabbit parotid has been shown to be contaminated by residual secretory proteins to an estimated level of 25-30% of its total protein. In the present study an additional contaminant has been identified by improved mixing experiments and by comparative peptide mapping of specific polypeptides recovered from gels of membrane and content subfractions. This contaminant coelectrophoresis with (and probably comprises the bulk of) the majority component of the membrane subfraction (mol wt approximately 40,000). The contaminating polypeptides can be removed to a large extent by treating the membranes with low concentrations of saponin in the presence of 0.3 M Na2SO4. Although this treatment disrupts the typical bilayer structure of the granule membrane, it does not appear to cause dissociation of its phospholipids or bona fide membrane proteins. (+info)Dye-ligand chromatographic purification of intact multisubunit membrane protein complexes: application to the chloroplast H+-FoF1-ATP synthase. (5/379)
n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside was used as a detergent to solubilize the ammonium sulphate precipitate of chloroplast F(O)F(1)-ATP synthase, which was purified further by dye-ligand chromatography. Upon reconstitution of the purified protein complex into phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid liposomes, ATP synthesis, driven by an artificial DeltapH/Deltapsi, was observed. The highest activity was achieved with ATP synthase solubilized in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside followed by chromatography with Red 120 dye. The optimal dye for purification with CHAPS was Green 5. All known subunits were present in the monodisperse proton-translocating ATP synthase preparation obtained from chloroplasts. (+info)A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (6/379)
Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point. (+info)A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. (7/379)
Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits. (+info)Human bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in the bone marrow of normal individuals. (8/379)
This study was undertaken to determine the proportions and in vitro immune capacities of lymphocyte populations in the bone marrows of normal humans. Relatively pure mononuclear cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow aspirates by linear sucrose gradient centrifugations. Simultaneous peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from each individual were assayed for lymphocyte surface markers and mitogen responsiveness. Maximal possible contamination of bone marrow aspirates by peripheral blood was determined by performing aspirates on individuals who had received 51chromium-labeled autologous erythrocytes. Rhymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, as determined by the sheep red blood cell (E) rosette assay, comprised 8.6-(plus or minus 1.6)% of the total bone marrow lymphocyte pool. Bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes, as determined by the presence of a complement receptor, made up 15.4-(plus or minus 1.9)% of the lymphocyte pool whereas 74.6 (plus or minus 2.4)% of mononuclear cells lacked easily detectable surface markers. These findings could not be explained by contamination with peripheral blood lymphocytes since contamination was corrected for in the calculations. Lymphocyte-enriched suspensions of bone marrow cells responded to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanalin A, and particularly pokeweed mitogen. In vitro incubations of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes with tritiated thymidine followed by determinations of E and erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosettes were performed. Simultaneous rosetteradioautographs demonstrated that the proliferative potential of bone marrow B lymphocytes was greater than peripheral blood B lymphocytes (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, the proliferative potential of bone marrow T lymphocytes was the same as that of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that in addition to containing B lymphocytes the normal bone marrow contains a small fraction of T lymphocytes similar to the mature T lymphocyte pool found in the peripheral blood. These T cells most probably enter the bone marrow parenchyma as part of the normal recirculating lymphocyte pool. (+info)
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International Equipment Company MP4 Centrifuge Benchtop Centrifuge - reLink Medical
Microcentrifuges | Benchtop Centrifuges | Refrigerated Centrifuges | MIDSCI
Heraeus™ Multifuge™ X1 Centrifuge Series
Used Thermo Scientific Sorvall ST 40 Centrifuge (600-4886) | Benchtop Centrifuge | Centrifuges | BioSurplus
Protein purification
Samples separated by these gradients are referred to as "rate zonal" centrifugations. After separating the protein/particles, ... Such an "equilibrium" centrifugation can allow extensive purification of a given particle. Sucrose gradient centrifugation - a ... During centrifugation in the absence of sucrose, as particles move farther and farther from the center of rotation, they ... The rate of centrifugation is determined by the angular acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured in comparison to ...
Christian de Duve
Among other subjects, he studied the distribution of enzymes in rat liver cells using rate-zonal centrifugation. His work on ...
Knut Aukland
1-78 Repeatable measurement of local and zonal GFR in the rat kidney with aprotinin (sm.m. O. Tenstad og H. E. Williamson), i ... for hyaluronan and albumin in rat tail tendons 2001 Isolation of interstitial fluid from rat mammary tumors by a centrifugation ... 21-31 Renal cortical interstitium and fluid absorption by peritubular capillaries 1994 Autoregulation of zonal glomerular ... blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1995 Interstitial exclusion of macromolecules studied by graded centrifugation of ...
List of MeSH codes (E05)
... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.196.941.336.419 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.200.249.249 - cell culture techniques MeSH ... centrifugation, isopycnic MeSH E05.181.724.336.336 - centrifugation, zonal MeSH E05.196.039.564 - neutron activation analysis ...
Rate-zonal centrifugation
... is a centrifugation technique employed to effectively separate particles of different sizes. The tube ... Once the centrifugation is over, fractions are collected. Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Kaiser, Chris; Krieger, Monty; ...
Ultracentrifuge
Zonal rotors are designed to contain a large volume of sample in a single central cavity rather than in tubes. Some zonal ... Centrifugation Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Mar 4, 2004, pp. 247-267. "Svedberg Lecture". Retrieved 2019-02-18. "Beckman ... Analytical ultracentrifugation Gas centrifuge Theodor Svedberg Differential centrifugation Buoyant density ultracentrifugation ...
Centrifuge
Zonal rotors and continuous flow systems are capable of handing bulk and larger sample volumes, respectively, in a laboratory- ... "Basics of Centrifugation". Cole-Parmer. Retrieved 11 March 2012. "Plasmid DNA Separation: Fixed-Angle and Vertical Rotors in ... Centrifugation Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Mar 4, 2004, pp. 247-267. Vogel-Prandtl, Johanna Ludwig Prandtl: A Biographical ... Centrifugal force Centrifugation Clearing factor Honey extractor Hydroextractor Lamm equation Sedimentation coefficient ...
Rate-zonal centrifugation - Wikipedia
WikiGenes - Centrifugation, Zonal
... using zonal centrifugation on zonal rotor [23].. *By use of rate zonal centrifugation, followed by either pulsed-field agarose ... Differential centrifugation, rate zonal centrifugation, and equilibrium sucrose gradient centrifugation of rat liver ... Gene context of Centrifugation, Zonal. *Rate zonal centrifugation suggested such complexes are more likely to involve MUC5B ... High impact information on Centrifugation, Zonal. *Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was isolated by zonal centrifugation from the ...
Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces...
2. Zonal centrifugation indicated complex density distributions of the sedimentable portions of these enzymes and of adenosine ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ... Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces ...
Centrifugation, Zonal | Profiles RNS
Zonal" by people in this website by year, and whether "Centrifugation, Zonal" was a major or minor topic of these publications ... "Centrifugation, Zonal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Centrifugation, Zonal" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Centrifugation, Zonal". ...
Isolation by Differential and Zonal Centrifugation of Minicells Segregated by Escherichia coli | Microbiology Society
... resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation ... resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation ... Isolation by Differential and Zonal Centrifugation of Minicells Segregated by Escherichia coli * Geoffrey R. Barker, Caroline S ...
JCI -
Human pDCs preferentially sense enveloped hepatitis A virions
Rate-zonal centrifugation. Samples were loaded onto a preformed 6%-18% iodixanol gradient and centrifuged at 250,000 g in a ... isopycnic gradient fractions containing eHAV were subjected to a second round of centrifugation in rate-zonal gradients (25). ... Isopycnic gradient centrifugation of virus. Huh-7.5 cells infected with HAV were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% ... The AChE activity that cobanded with eHAV in isopycnic gradients sedimented more slowly than eHAV in rate-zonal gradients, ...
"Zonal centrifugation and flotation-fractionation of msd mutant mouse b" by E D. Day, D D. Mickey et al.
The Use of Density Gradient Centrifugation in a Zonal Centrifuge Rotor During the Purification of a Pear Virus | Microbiology...
... differential centrifugation and concentration after initial clarification of buffered homogenates such as with organic solvents ... further fractionation by rate or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as developed by Brakke (1960). Because of the ... The Use of Density Gradient Centrifugation in a Zonal Centrifuge Rotor During the Purification of a Pear Virus * J. A. ... differential centrifugation and concentration after initial clarification of buffered homogenates such as with organic solvents ...
Centrifugation Techniques
Centrifugation is the use of the centrifugal forces generated in a spinning rotor to separate biological particles, such as ... zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. The first two methods separate particles primarily on the basis of size ... Figure 2. Differential centrifugation of a homogenate: (a) before centrifugation and (b) after centrifugation. ... zonal centrifugation. Alternatively, particles can be separated on the basis of their density using isopycnic centrifugation. ...
Shih WM[au] - PubMed - NCBI
Centrifugal Separations in Molecular and Cell Biology - 1st Edition
Comparison of Zonal Centrifugation With Complementary Techniques Differential Versus Zonal Centrifugation Theory of Rate-Zonal ... The publication examines fractionations in zonal rotors and the quantitative aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation. The text ... Continuous-Flow Zonal Centrifugation Design and Operation of Rotors Fractionation With B-Type Rotors Fractionation With J- and ... 3 Practical Aspects of Rate-Zonal Centrifugation Experimental Design Gradient Materials Simple Sugars Glycerol Polysaccharides ...
969313 - Beckman Coulter
Influenza Vaccines
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Avanti J-30I, High-Speed Centrifuge - Beckman Coulter
JCI Insight -
Defective postsecretory maturation of MUC5B mucin in cystic fibrosis airways
Rate zonal centrifugation. Samples were subjected to centrifugation on a GuHCl isokinetic density gradient to study the ... Rate zonal centrifugation indicated that the mucus samples from the bumetanide+DMA-pretreated tracheas had an abnormal ... Secretions were then subjected to rate zonal centrifugation by a 6-8 M GuHCl gradient to separate the molecular forms of MUC5B ... Studies performed with rate-zonal centrifugation and laser light-scattering. Biochem J. 1987;245(3):757-762.. View this article ...
Antiproliferative protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis - Research Development Foundation
Human Rabies Prevention --- United States, 2008
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices
REFRIGERATOR-TEMPERATURE STABLE INFLUENZA VACCINE COMPOSITIONS - MEDIMMUNE, LLC
... subjecting the viral harvest to a centrifugation step (e.g., continuous zonal centrifugation, continuous flow centrifugation); ... subjecting the viral harvest to a centrifugation step (e.g., continuous zonal centrifugation, continuous flow centrifugation); ... subjecting the viral harvest to a centrifugation step (e.g., continuous zonal centrifugation, continuous flow centrifugation); ... subjecting the viral harvest to a centrifugation step (e.g., continuous zonal centrifugation, continuous flow centrifugation); ...
CA2624916A1 - Production of oligodendrocytes from placenta-derived stem cells
- Google Patents
... conventional and zonal centrifugation;. centrifugal elutriation (counter-streaming centrifugation); unit gravity separation;. ... other cells by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Such centrifugation can follow any standard protocol for centrifugation speed, ... In one embodiment, for example, cells collected from the placenta are recovered from perfusate by centrifugation at 5000 x g ... containing 1% fetal calf serum (FBS) then separated by differential gradient density centrif-ugation through LymphoprepTM ( ...
Global Screening for Human Viral Pathogens - Volume 9, Number 7-July 2003 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Separation of sub-cellular components and viruses by combined rate- and isopycnic-zonal centrifugation. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr ... The development of zonal centrifuges and ancillary systems for tissue fractionation and analysis. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1966 ... Purification of influenza virus in the K-II zonal centrifuge. Nature. 1969;221:1255-6. DOIPubMed ... Purification of large quantities of influenza virus by density gradient centrifugation. J Virol. 1967;1:1207-6.PubMed ...
Protein purification - Wikipedia
Samples separated by these gradients are referred to as "rate zonal" centrifugations. After separating the protein/particles, ... Such an "equilibrium" centrifugation can allow extensive purification of a given particle. Sucrose gradient centrifugation - a ... During centrifugation in the absence of sucrose, as particles move farther and farther from the center of rotation, they ... The rate of centrifugation is determined by the angular acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured in comparison to ...
Complement, Viruses, and Virus-Infected Cells | SpringerLink
Afluria (Influenza Virus Vaccine): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Biocomplex purification | Integrated Structural Cell Biology | University of Helsinki
The preparative ultracentrifugation service provides facilities for rate-zonal, equilibrium, flotation and differential ... Training includes introdution to the centrifugation facilities, to safe operation of centrifuges, as well as hands-on support ... centrifugation. It is equipped with a farm of ultracentrifuges as well as swing out and fixed angle rotors with different ... for the first centrifugation experiment;. *Users are expected to clean up the work places immediately after they have completed ...
Differential Modulation of prM Cleavage, Extracellular Particle Distribution, and Virus Infectivity by Conserved Residues at...
Labeling and purification of virus by isopycnic and rate-zonal centrifugation methods.Subconfluent monolayers of C6/36 cells in ... Note that following precipitation with PEG and rate-zonal centrifugation, pr signals were relatively less intense in the ... Alterations of infectivity and virus replication.Our analysis of the extracellular particles by rate-zonal centrifugation and ... In the separation of viral particles by rate-zonal centrifugation assay, particles were first precipitated with PEG, ...
Cholesterol catalyses Aβ42 aggregation through a heterogeneous nucleation pathway in the presence of lipid membranes | Nature...
Two Distinct Size Classes of Immature and Mature Subviral Particles from Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus | Journal of Virology
Rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation of clarified cell culture supernatants. (A) Cells transfected with the prM ... 3A were analyzed again by rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation after treatment with 0.5% Triton X-100 (open ... The particles were then separated by rate-zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation (41) and, when high purity was required ... The cell supernatants were cleared by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C in a Beckman JLA16.250 rotor, and ...
Animal Models of Genetic Disorders of Myelin | Springer for Research & Development
Gradient centrifugationSucrose gradientsSubjected to rate zonal centrifugationRotorChromatographyPurificationFractionsSubcellularUltracentrifugationIsolateSedimentationIsopycnic centrifugationRotorsGradientsGlycerolFiltrationEnzymesProteinsVaccineRateContinuousSeparationMembranesInfluenza virusCentrifugalConcentrationFractionationRabbitSuspensionAcidClarificationMeSHPreparativeCellCellsVirus
Gradient centrifugation15
- Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (uchicago.edu)
- Isolation and partial characterization of high-density lipoprotein HDL1 from rat plasma by gradient centrifugation. (uchicago.edu)
- Wetter, 1960), ( b ) further fractionation by rate or equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as developed by Brakke (1960). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Many centrifugation purification procedures involve sequential centrifugation steps, often a size separation followed by purification using isopycnic gradient centrifugation. (els.net)
- Rate‐zonal or sedimentation velocity density gradient centrifugation. (els.net)
- Buoyant density gradient centrifugation in a continuous gradient. (els.net)
- The mutation resulted in the secretion of two distinct size classes of particles that could be separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. (asm.org)
- K-J. Andersen, H. J. Haga, and M. Dobrota, Heterogeneity of rat kidney-cortex lysosomes fractionated by gradient centrifugation in zonal rotors, Biochem. (springer.com)
- 3. Crude fractions of endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and mitochondria were separated from a post-nuclear supernatant by sedimentation-rate gradient centrifugation in a BXIV zonal rotor. (biochemj.org)
- 3. Researcher Thomas Parkinson is planning a density gradient centrifugation experiment to study protein-DNA interaction. (coursehero.com)
- By combining isopycnic and rate zonal sucrose density gradient centrifugation with phase partitioning, we obtained a highly enriched dense vesicle fraction. (plantcell.org)
- The cationic, antibacterial proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with a unique subcellular particle that is separable through zonal density gradient centrifugation from acid phosphatase-containing particles as well as from particles that contain alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. (sciencemag.org)
- The extent to which this molecule is associated with proteins was investigated by rate zonal and CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of clarified lysates of S cytoplasm maize mitochondria. (deepdyve.com)
- Purification of Muc5ac and Muc5b by caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation.Tracheal washes were dissolved in equal volume of 8 M guanidinium chloride and the mucins separated from other proteins by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. (nih.gov)
- In order to characterise Muc5ac and Muc5b, four tracheal wash samples from horses showing signs of mucus hypersecretion were pooled, solubilised in 4M guanidinium chloride and analysed by caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation (buoyant density), anion exchange chromatography (charge distribution) and rate-zonal sedimentation (size distribution). (nih.gov)
Sucrose gradients4
- Summary: Minicells segregated from Escherichia coli x925 carrying a drug-resistance plasmid were separated from nucleated cells by differential centrifugation and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Homogenates made from the mucosa of the guinea pig small intestine were fractionated in a zonal rotor by rate and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. (athabascau.ca)
- This microsomal fraction was subjected to zonal centrifugation on buffered sucrose gradients, in a B XIV Anderson type rotor, for 15 hr at 45,000 rpm in order to separate the two cytoplasmic organelles. (rupress.org)
- In addition, the free cytoplasmic subribosomal particles of liver and hepatoma cells were studied by zonal centrifugation followed by concentration and either resedimentation on sucrose gradients, equilibrium banding on CsCl gradients, or extraction of the RNA followed by examination of its size distribution, labelling kinetics and base composition. (surrey.ac.uk)
Subjected to rate zonal centrifugation2
- Secretions were then subjected to rate zonal centrifugation by a 6-8 M GuHCl gradient to separate the molecular forms of MUC5B. (jci.org)
- Fibroblast supernatants were subjected to rate zonal centrifugation to isolate and purify exosomes. (acrabstracts.org)
Rotor7
- Centrifugation is the use of the centrifugal forces generated in a spinning rotor to separate biological particles, such as cells, viruses, sub‐cellular organelles, macromolecules (principally proteins and nucleic acids) and macromolecular complexes (such as ribonucleoproteins and lipoproteins). (els.net)
- Zonal rotor analysis of the subcellular localization of B-glycero-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1-naphthyl palmitate and 2-napthyl laurate hydrolases in the mucosa of the guinea-pig small intestine. (athabascau.ca)
- Whole homogenate of guinea-pig small intestine mucosa was analysed by centrifugation in a zonal rotor. (athabascau.ca)
- Zonal rotor study of the subcellular distribution of acyl-CoA synthetases, carnitine acyl transferases and phosphatidate phosphatase in the guinea-pig small intestine. (athabascau.ca)
- 1. Rate dependent and isopycnic banding in a zonal rotor were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of guinea-pig small intestinal mucosa. (athabascau.ca)
- Zonal rotor centrifugation of clarified supernatant resulted in a concentration of BYMV into a narrow band, but the virus sample was still impure. (oregonstate.edu)
- The A-XII zonal rotor was used to isolate the large sheets of membrane found in liver. (surrey.ac.uk)
Chromatography2
- 4. The process of any one of claim 1 to 3 wherein the prepurification step is centrifugation, filtration, ultra filtration, selective precipitation, expanded bed chromatography, batch chromatography including magnetic beads or combinations thereof. (sumobrain.com)
- Method Property 1) Rate-zonal Centrifugation Mass 2) Ion-exchange Chromatography Charge 3) Gel Filtration Chromatography Mass How do you know you have isolated the activity of interest? (coursehero.com)
Purification2
- DG centrifugation of the infectious, concentrated PEG extract was the best purification method. (oregonstate.edu)
- Due to the purification by zonal centrifugation the compatibility of this vaccine is excellent. (bvsalud.org)
Fractions3
- Once the centrifugation is over, fractions are collected. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, membrane fractionation often involves first making an enriched fraction from a cell homogenate by differential pelleting followed by isopycnic centrifugation to obtain purified fractions. (els.net)
- Heavy and light microsomal fractions were subfractioned using high performance zonal rotors, and assayed for approtenin sensitive kallikrein- like amidolytic activity (pH 8.2). (springer.com)
Subcellular3
- Major applications: Rate-zonal centrifugation of subcellular particles. (beckman.com)
- 1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. (athabascau.ca)
- 1. Comment on the pros and cons of using differential oentrifugation and rate-zonal centrifugation to isolate subcellular organelles. (coursehero.com)
Ultracentrifugation2
- The preparative ultracentrifugation service provides facilities for rate-zonal, equilibrium, flotation and differential centrifugation. (helsinki.fi)
- Using rate zonal ultracentrifugation, we isolated two lipoproteins in almost equal proportions from this density range. (portlandpress.com)
Isolate2
- These samples would be pooled and processed by using available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun libraries, carry out shotgun sequencing of the mixture of viral genomes, and reconstruct these genomes in silico with the techniques originally developed to sequence the entire human genome from random fragments. (cdc.gov)
- At the These samples would be pooled and processed by using outset, researchers wanted to determine whether viruses as available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, a class differed in a systematic way from all other small recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun particles in nature. (cdc.gov)
Sedimentation3
- Discussions focus on the basic concepts of sedimentation theory, centrifugation methods, designing centrifugation experiments, care of centrifuges and rotors, and statistical estimation of molecular parameters. (elsevier.com)
- by sedimentation occurred during initial low-speed centrifugation of the crude extract from systemically infected hosts. (oregonstate.edu)
- In rate-zonal centrifugation the problem of cross-contamination of particles of different sedimentation rates may be avoided by layering. (ictedservices.com)
Isopycnic centrifugation4
- The three main methods of separation are differential pelleting, rate‐zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. (els.net)
- The first two methods separate particles primarily on the basis of size while isopycnic centrifugation separates particles on the basis of their density. (els.net)
- Alternatively, particles can be separated on the basis of their density using isopycnic centrifugation. (els.net)
- The text then reviews isopycnic centrifugation in ionic media and analytical centrifugation. (elsevier.com)
Rotors5
- The publication examines fractionations in zonal rotors and the quantitative aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation. (elsevier.com)
- Density Marker Beads have been used to monitor gradients of Percoll in zonal centrifuge rotors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Separation of liver components in zonal rotors. (surrey.ac.uk)
- Operating techniques for zonal rotors have been developed, and computer programs written to simplify handling of the data obtained. (surrey.ac.uk)
- Swing bucket rotors: These are ideal for isopycnic and rate-zonal centrifugation. (biomall.in)
Gradients2
- 2015). Building on these studies, we further purified RNA exosomes, +/- DIS3, by rate-zonal centrifugation using glycerol density gradients (Domanski et al . (bio-protocol.org)
- Linear (also known as continuous), rate-zonal density gradients are formed in several ways, but the process always starts with layering a discontinuous (also known as step) gradient first. (mybeckman.cz)
Glycerol1
- The book also ponders on the practical aspects of rate-zonal centrifugation, including gradient materials, density and viscosity of glycerol solutions, and resolution and gradient shape. (elsevier.com)
Filtration1
- Each of the influenza virus strains is harvested and clarified separately by centrifugation and filtration prior to inactivation with betapropiolactone. (rx-index.ru)
Enzymes2
- 1. Homogenates were prepared from sphaeroplasts of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and the distributions of marker enzymes were investigated after differential centrifugation. (biochemj.org)
- 2. Zonal centrifugation indicated complex density distributions of the sedimentable portions of these enzymes and of adenosine triphosphatases and suggested the presence of two mitochondrial populations, as well as a bimodal distribution of peroxisomes and heterogeneity of the acid p -nitrophenyl phosphatase-containing particles. (biochemj.org)
Proteins4
- Finally, the cell debris can be removed by centrifugation so that the proteins and other soluble compounds remain in the supernatant. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the nature of transport proteins is known for the uptake of E 1 S, there is virtually no information on its zonal uptake within the liver acinus. (aspetjournals.org)
- Zonal profiles of absorbance at 280 mµ, proteins, glycogen, and enzymatic activities (phosphorylase b kinase, phosphorylase b, and glycogen synthetase) were performed. (rupress.org)
- The surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are obtained from the influenza virus particle by further centrifugation in the presence of nonylphenol ethoxylate, a process which removes most of the internal proteins. (rx-index.ru)
Vaccine1
- The vaccine is prepared by growing the virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs, which are purified using a zonal centrifugation technique. (drugdevelopment-technology.com)
Rate4
- Rate-zonal centrifugation is a centrifugation technique employed to effectively separate particles of different sizes. (wikipedia.org)
- Particles can be separated on the basis of their size using differential pelleting or rate‐zonal centrifugation. (els.net)
- 2016]). The following protocol describes an approach to purify RNA exosome complexes from HEK-293 cells, making use of inducible ectopic expression, affinity capture, and rate-zonal centrifugation. (bio-protocol.org)
- solid‐phase assays are both less complex and more efficient than liquid‐phase assays such as rate zonal centrifugation. (elsevier.com)
Continuous3
- 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the continuous zonal centrifugation is performed over a sucrose density gradient. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 33. The method of claim 22, wherein the continuous zonal centrifugation is performed at a temperature of 4° C. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Following harvest, the virus is purified in a sucrose density gradient using continuous flow zonal centrifugation. (rxlist.com)
Separation3
- The choice of centrifugation method depends on the nature of the particles and often more than one separation technique is required. (els.net)
- Centrifugal Separations in Molecular and Cell Biology focuses on the application of modern centrifugation technology in molecular and cell biology, including the separation and fractionation of biological particles by centrifugation on the preparative and analytical scales. (elsevier.com)
- 4. The cell cycle was analysed by separation of cells into classes representing successive stages in the cell cycle by isopycnic zonal centrifugation. (portlandpress.com)
Membranes1
- Membranes were prepared from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte azurophil and specific granules separated by zonal differential centrifugation. (rupress.org)
Influenza virus1
- After harvesting the virus-containing fluids, each influenza virus is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation using a linear sucrose density gradient solution containing detergent to disrupt the viruses. (whale.to)
Centrifugal2
- The selection first covers the principles and practices of centrifugation and the bases of centrifugal separations. (elsevier.com)
- Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles of varying masses or densities suspended in a liquid. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration1
- Moreover, the presence of zonal distribution of transporters in the liver would affect the cellular concentration and processing of E 1 S by desulfation or biliary excretion among zonal cells, thus altering the overall hepatic clearance. (aspetjournals.org)
Fractionation3
Rabbit1
- Sarcoplasmic vesicles and ß-glycogen particles 30-40 mµ in diameter were isolated from perfused rabbit skeletal muscle by the differential precipitation-centrifugation method. (rupress.org)
Suspension1
- In zonal centrifugation, the suspension of cell contents is placed on top of a sucrose density gradient. (scribd.com)
Acid1
- tannic acid‐glutaraldehyde‐fixed section of vesicles prepared by centrifugation and free‐flow electrophoresis. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Clarification1
- Preliminary clarification of crude extract was achieved by a low-speed centrifugation followed by a moderate-speed centrifugation. (oregonstate.edu)
MeSH1
- Centrifugation, Zonal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
Preparative2
Cell1
- Flow chart of a typical differential centrifugation of a cell or tissue homogenate. (els.net)
Cells1
- Depending on the centrifugation force used, particles from cells to those as small as macromolecules can be separated. (els.net)
Virus1
- The inactivated virus is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. (rx-index.ru)