Central Tolerance

Self Tolerance

Immune Tolerance

Thymus Gland

Clonal Deletion

Autoantigens

Autoimmunity

Drug Tolerance

Lymphotoxin beta Receptor

Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune

Mice, Transgenic

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Mice, Knockout

T-Lymphocytes

Transcription Factors

Mice, Inbred NOD

Epithelial Cells

Glucose Tolerance Test

T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Dendritic Cells

Autoantibodies

Mice, Inbred BALB C

T-Lymphocyte Subsets

B-Lymphocytes

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Transplantation Tolerance

Cell Differentiation

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Lymphocyte Activation

Signal Transduction

Transplantation Chimera

Chimerism

Transplantation, Homologous

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Muscular Dystrophies

Injections, Intralymphatic

Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne

Blood Glucose

Glucose

Hemodynamics

Insulin

Glucose Intolerance

Insulin Resistance

Peripheral Tolerance

Skin Transplantation

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

North Carolina

Oxyuroidea

Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms

Germ-Free Life

Collagenases

Flow Cytometry

Unmodified Histone Proteins | EpiGentek

Induction of Central Tolerance - Muscular Dystrophy - Fitness VIP

MLLT10 - Protein AF-10 - Homo sapiens (Human) - MLLT10 gene & protein

Generation of hematopoietic chimerism and induction of central tolerance - GREINER DALE L.

The contribution of GPCRs to thymocyte medullary entry and central tolerance - Lauren Ehrlich

Plus it

Science Signaling Podcast: 26 June 2012 | Science Signaling

Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in immuno-oncology. | Sotio

Immune tolerance - Wikipedia

Case Studies in Immunology (13) CVID TACI mutation 40 yo F w/ recurrent respiratory and GI infections Lower than normal levels...

Thymic epithelial cells control let-7 up-regulation in thymic B progenitors during the neonatal to adult transition | The...

Identification of a novel post-translationally modified antigen in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes

Mechanisms of intrathymic tolerance induction to isolated rat hepatocyte allografts - Attavar - 2003 - Hepatology - Wiley...

John J. Lee, MD | Boston Childrens Hospital

JCI Insight - Combination central tolerance and peripheral checkpoint blockade unleashes antimelanoma immunity

Future of Chimeric Antigen Receptors (Cars): Could it Drive Solutions Beyond Cancer? Examples in Autoimmune Diseases

Conformational Melding Permits a Conserved Binding Geometry in TCR Recognition of Foreign and Self Molecular Mimics | The...

Ex-vivo expanded DC induce donor-specific central and peripheral tolerance and prolong the acceptance of donor skin allografts

Advanced testicular germ cells, expressing novel cell surface area and intracellular

Sohan Hayreh

Clonal deletion

Harald von Boehmer

Medullary thymic epithelial cells

LGBT history in Israel

Buntkicktgut

Cross-presentation

Environmental policy in China

Antibody

Thymus

Limfocyty T regulatorowe, wolna encyklopedia

Vitis berlandieri

T cell

抗體 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

Antibody - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Altstadt (Zürich)

Lymphatic system

Jian-Kang Zhu

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Protutijela - Wikipedija

Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States

Vernita Gray

Immune privilege

German Student Corps

Distributed hash table

T cell

Clonal anergy

Drug policy of Oregon

History of human thought

Immune tolerance

Plasma cell

T细胞 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

Type 2 diabetes

Sensitization

Level of measurement

Kluyveromyces marxianus

Hyperalgesia

Lenape

Mann-Whitney U test

Reinhold Niebuhr

Medical device

Nephrology

Pasta

Moclobemide

Music therapy

Observational learning

Demographics of Brazil

T細胞 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

Youth Climate Movement

顆粒白血球 - 維基百科，自由的百科全

Momordica charantia

History of European Jews in the Middle Ages

Black people

Codon degeneracy

Isotonic regression

W. Michael Blumenthal

Deadwood, South Dakota

White blood cell

Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)

Induction of Central Tolerance1

• Induction of central tolerance by intrathymic injection of viral vectors has been tested in rodents, and offers alternatives to antigen-specific tolerance (Ilan et al. (fitness-vip.com)

Induce1

• The induction of hematopoietic mixed chimerism, defined as the coexistence of donor and recipient hematopoietic cells, could be an approach to induce robust central tolerance. (fitness-vip.com)

Peripheral1

• The invention relates to the methods for producing hematopoietic chimerism and central tolerance by peripheral tolerance induction without myeloablative conditioning. (freepatentsonline.com)

Hematopoietic1

• thereby inducing hematopoietic chimerism and central tolerance in the recipient. (freepatentsonline.com)

Antigens15

• Thus, peripheral tolerance processes exist wherein self-reactive T cells become functionally unresponsive (anergy) or are deleted after encountering self-antigens outside of the thymus. (nih.gov)
• Immunologic tolerance is a state of immune unresponsiveness specific to a particular antigen or set of antigens induced by previous exposure to that antigen or set. (medscape.com)
• The approach involved liver-extrinsic genetic engineering that interfered with the induction of T-cell tolerance in the thymus, the very process thought to inhibit AIH induction by liver-specific expression of exogenous antigens. (mdpi.com)
• To establish tolerance towards self-antigens, developing T cells in the thymus (thymocytes) undergo stringent selection processes. (utexas.edu)
• TSHR belongs to the category of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs), which are expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and thereby induce central T cell tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
• Autoimmune predisposition in Down syndrome may result from a partial central tolerance failure due to insufficient intrathymic expression of AIRE and peripheral antigens. (bvsalud.org)
• Central tolerance i imposed largely within the interior, medullary region of the thymus, where thymocytes encounter a wide array of self-antigens expressed on stromal cells, namely dendritic cells and/or medullary thymic epithelial cells. (grantome.com)
• Peripheral tolerance occurs at mature lymphocytes encounter self-antigens in peripheral tissues. (intechopen.com)
• Background Breakdown of humoral tolerance to RBC antigens may lead to autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a severe and sometimes fatal disease. (haematologica.org)
• The underlying mechanisms behind the breakdown of humoral tolerance to RBC antigens are poorly understood. (haematologica.org)
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) consists of loss of tolerance to self-antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) in the humoral compartment. (haematologica.org)
• 8 , 9 Therefore, baseline humoral tolerance to RBC antigens appears to fail in up to 1-3/1,000 humans, indicating that tolerance mechanisms to RBC antigens are lost with considerable frequency. (haematologica.org)
• The relative inefficiency of humoral tolerance to RBC antigens can not be predicted, given the known characteristics of central B-cell tolerance. (haematologica.org)
• In the intestine, pAPCs including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are strategically positioned to protect the gut while maintaining mucosal tolerance to food, self-antigens and microbiota. (nature.com)
• A large fraction of newly rearranged BCRs bind to self-antigens, including nucleic acids, but these specificities are efficiently removed from the repertoire by receptor editing and deletion and tolerance mechanisms such as anergy control residual self-reactivity in the periphery ( 2 - 4 ). (jimmunol.org)

Thymus18

• In the case of T cell central tolerance, additional sources of antigen are made available in the thymus by the action of the transcription factor AIRE . (bionity.com)
• In this dissertation, I describe previously unreported roles for the chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR7 in the establishment of tolerance in thymus. (utexas.edu)
• Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses initiated by auto-reactive T cells that escaped from thymus, and are therefore essential for maintaining self-tolerance. (utexas.edu)
• The fact that APCs expressing insulin have been demonstrated in both thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues suggests that they may play a role in insulin presentation in both the central and peripheral immune system. (nih.gov)
• This review addresses recent literature and emerging concepts about the expression of self-molecules in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues and its relation to self-tolerance. (nih.gov)
• The results showed that only FLDCs reached the thymus after injection and that these cells induced both central and peripheral tolerance to donor major histocompatibility complexes. (garvan.org.au)
• Tolerance is classified into central tolerance or peripheral tolerance depending on where the state is originally induced-in the thymus and bone marrow (central) or in other tissues and lymph nodes (peripheral). (wikipedia.org)
• For developing T lymphocytes, self-tolerance is induced in the central region of the thymus, the thymic medulla. (grantome.com)
• Central tolerance prevents the maturation and egress of autoreactive immune cells, for example via clonal deletion of T cells in the thymus 1 . (stemcell.com)
• Multiple mechanisms of central tolerance take place in the thymus, where self-reactive T cells undergo clonal deletion or differentiation into regulatory T cells (Tregs) 1 . (stemcell.com)
• Although most autoreactive T cells are deleted or converted into Tregs during their development in the thymus, some self-reactive cells will escape these mechanisms of central tolerance. (stemcell.com)
• The expression of Aire in the thymus is critical for both central tolerance by clonal deletion, and for peripheral tolerance via the generation of Tregs 7 . (stemcell.com)
• The tolerance status of susceptible strains, whose target antigen is not expressed in the thymus at detectable levels, is unclear. (elsevier.com)
• T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus. (springer.com)
• Central tolerance occurs at immature T and B lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. (intechopen.com)
• Dysfunction of central tolerance in the thymus, or in peripheral tolerance, such as regulatory T cells, could allow development of GD. (frontiersin.org)
• Central tolerance involves the deletion of self-reactive T cells in the thymus. (infobarrel.com)
• The thymus is a key organ involved in establishing central immune tolerance. (stanford.edu)

Immunity7

• The maintenance of immune tolerance and gut homeostasis is achieved by an integrated regulation of innate and adaptive immunity but also involves the microbiome itself. (hindawi.com)
• Moreover, pharmacologic blockade of central T cell tolerance and peripheral checkpoint blockade in combination enhanced antimelanoma immunity in a synergistic manner. (jci.org)
• Together, these findings suggest that Aire-mediated central tolerance constrains the efficacy of peripheral checkpoint inhibition and point to simultaneous blockade of Aire and checkpoint inhibitors as a novel strategy to enhance antimelanoma immunity. (jci.org)
• The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of checkpoints that regulate the quality and magnitude of T cell-mediated immunity, known as tolerance checkpoints. (nature.com)
• The intestinal immunity and tolerance are orchestrated by both the innate and the adaptive immune system. (nature.com)
• However, the role of gp96 in regulating CD11c + APCs in the gut immunity and tolerance is unknown. (nature.com)
• CD4+ T-cells are central players orchestrating antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. (ingentaconnect.com)

Immunologic tolerance2

• Induction of immunologic tolerance has been achieved and studied in numerous laboratory animal models, but it remains an elusive goal in clinical organ transplantation and in the management of autoimmune disease in humans. (medscape.com)
• Failure of immunologic tolerance may cause the development of autoimmune response and then autoimmune disease [ 4 , 5 ]. (intechopen.com)

Lymphocytes5

• Central nervous system tumors take advantage of the unique immunology of the CNS and develop exquisitely complex stromal networks that promote growth despite the presence of antigen-presenting cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
• However, these discoveries, and the host of allograft experiments and observations of twin chimerism they inspired, were seminal for the theories of immune tolerance formulated by Sir Frank McFarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner , who were the first to propose the deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes to establish tolerance, now termed clonal deletion . (wikipedia.org)
• Suppressor lymphocytes mediate the tolerance by induction of a shift from a proinflammatory to an antiinflammatory immune response. (elsevier.com)
• Wikipedia , PubMedHealth ) is an autoimmune disease wherein lymphocytes attack the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, leading to relapsing, progressive loss of neurons. (blogspot.com)
• Central to the development of type 1 diabetes are T lymphocytes with specific T-cell receptors that recognize islet molecules. (diabetesjournals.org)

Thymic6

• This process of thymic self-tolerance induction is referred to as central tolerance. (grantome.com)
• How thymic self-peptide expression patterns can dictate these mechanisms of tolerance had previously been unclear. (stemcell.com)
• Even with defective thymic or peripheral tolerance, the development of CNS inflammation is rare. (ox.ac.uk)
• Specifically, the association between thymoma and paraneoplastic encephalitis and changes in T cell receptor excision circles in multiple sclerosis implicate thymic tolerance in these diseases. (ox.ac.uk)
• A loss of function at the AIRE locus is widely known to induce autoimmune activation against host tissues due to lack of central tolerance during thymic T cell development. (jyi.org)
• The deletion of autoreactive T cell clones through thymic-expressed TSAs is known as central tolerance. (jyi.org)

Immunological4

• Here, we discuss how defects in Gimap5 function impair immunological tolerance and lymphocyte survival and ultimately drive the development of CD4 + T cell-mediated early-onset colitis. (hindawi.com)
• Immune tolerance , or immunological tolerance , or immunotolerance , is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in given organism. (wikipedia.org)
• In their Nobel Lecture, Medawar and Burnet define immune tolerance as "a state of indifference or non-reactivity towards a substance that would normally be expected to excite an immunological response. (wikipedia.org)
• 2015. The deacetylase Sirt1 is an essential regulator of Aire-mediated induction of central immunological tolerance. (uib.no)

Clonal3

• For central tolerance, injection of FLDCs induced antigen-specific clonal deletion of both CD8 and CD4 single-positive thymocytes. (garvan.org.au)
• The mechanisms by which B cells undergo tolerance, such as receptor editing, clonal deletion, and anergy, have been established in mice. (rupress.org)
• By following the fate of self-reactive human κ + B cells relative to nonautoreactive λ + cells, we show that tolerance of human B cells occurs at the first site of self-Ag encounter, the bone marrow, via a combination of receptor editing and clonal deletion. (rupress.org)

Periphery4

• In the periphery, DCs mediate peripheral tolerance by promoting regulatory T-cell development, induction of T-cell unresponsiveness, and deletion of activated T cells. (garvan.org.au)
• Any autoreactive cells that escape central tolerance and migrate to the periphery would then encounter mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, for example the induction of anergy or suppression by mechanisms of action of regulatory T cells 2 (Figure 1) . (stemcell.com)
• Hence, multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, including the ones listed below, are in place to prevent these self-reactive cells from causing damage in the periphery. (stemcell.com)
• Moreover, the amount of available self-Ag and the genetics of the cord blood donor dictate the levels of central tolerance and autoreactive B cells in the periphery. (rupress.org)

Induce central1

• To assess the sensitivity of B cell tolerance with respect to receptor/autoantigen affinity, we identified low affinity ligands to the 3-83 (anti-major histocompatibility complex class I) antibody and tested the ability of these ligands to induce central and peripheral tolerance in 3-83 transgenic mice. (scripps.edu)

Aire4

• The thymuses of these DS individuals contained significantly lower levels of AIRE and thyroglobulin , to which tolerance is typically lost in autoimmune thyroiditis leading to hypothyroidism . (bvsalud.org)
• Although little is known about the precise mechanisms that control TSA expression in TECs, the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (Aire) is central to TSA expression ( 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
• AIRE expands: new roles in immune tolerance and beyond. (medlineplus.gov)
• Therefore, even APECED patients with similar mutations at the AIRE locus may have dissimilar symptoms due to variation in specific self-antigen tolerance (De Martino et al. (jyi.org)

Pathogenesis2

• As the autoreactive T cells are present but non-responsive, these data indicate that factors that reverse T-cell non-responsiveness may be central to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (haematologica.org)
• 7 The basic pathogenesis of primary AIHA is poorly understood, but clearly results from a failure of tolerance mechanisms. (haematologica.org)

Tolerogenic1

• In addition, approaches to mimic AIH-associated liver inflammation have instead led to liver tolerance, consistent with the high tolerogenic capacity of the liver. (mdpi.com)

Receptor7

• Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance. (nih.gov)
• We generated T cell receptor transgenic models of these CDS+ T cells and found that an unusual form of tolerance allows CDS+ T cells expressing a high affinity T cell receptor for MBP to escape tolerance and populate the peripheral repertoire. (grantome.com)
• The influence of CeA administration of GABA B receptor agonist and antagonist on the expression and acquisition of morphine-induced incentive tolerance using conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was investigated in the present study. (ac.ir)
• GABA B receptor agonist, baclofen (1.5, 6 and 12 µg/rat) or GABA B receptor antagonist, CGP35348 (1.5, 6 and 12 µg/rat) were injected into the CeA 5 min before the experiments in the test day (expression of tolerance) or 5 min before each injection of morphine (12.5 mg/kg) (acquisition of tolerance). (ac.ir)
• 7. Trujillo KA, Akil H. Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. (ac.ir)
• Negative selection, regulatory T cells, anergy, activation-induced cell death, immune suppression, receptor editing are examples of important steps of immune tolerance. (intechopen.com)
• 10 Establishment of tolerance can lead to deletion, anergy, or receptor editing such that the immunoglobulin is no longer autoreactive. (haematologica.org)

Deletion2

• Hence during B cell development, a number of central and peripheral developmental checkpoints ensure the deletion of self-reactive B cells and selection of tolerant B cells. (gla.ac.uk)
• Peripheral tolerance uses mechanisms of INDIFFERENCE, DELETION AND REGULATORY T CELLS to control this problem. (infobarrel.com)

Regulation4

• The current study investigates the novel role of central α-klotho in the regulation of NPY/AgRP neurons and whole-body metabolism via an FGFR/PI3K mechanism. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Identification of the Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant reveals a central role for sterols in drought tolerance and regulation of reactive oxygen species. (ox.ac.uk)
• As RHD2 NADPH oxidase is de-localized in dry2/sqe1-5 root hairs, we propose that sterols play an essential role in the localization of NADPH oxidases required for regulation of reactive oxygen species, stomatal responses and drought tolerance. (ox.ac.uk)
• Here, we compare and contrast the T cell tolerance checkpoints and discuss their specific roles, with the aim of providing an integrated view of T cell peripheral tolerance and fate regulation. (nature.com)

Nervous system3

• Central nervous system (CNS) tumors account for high rates of morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is believed to have an autoimmune etiology. (grantome.com)
• Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with high levels of morbidity and economic cost. (ox.ac.uk)

Bone marrow1

• Moreover, depending on the location of the self-Ag, tolerance is defined as central (i.e., in the bone marrow) or peripheral (i.e., in other tissues). (rupress.org)

Peripheral T-cell tole1

• Recent advances in mechanistic studies of central and peripheral T-cell tolerance are promoting the development of therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune disease and cancer and improve transplantation outcome. (nih.gov)

Thymocytes1

• Control of central self-tolerance induction by autoreactive CD4+ thymocytes. (ox.ac.uk)

Immune system4

• Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. (wikipedia.org)
• Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities ( allergens , gut microbes , etc. (wikipedia.org)
• [8] In addition, inducing peripheral tolerance in the local microenvironment is a common survival strategy for a number of tumors that prevents their elimination by the host immune system. (wikipedia.org)
• Immune tolerance ensures that the immune system responds to foreign molecules and not to self-molecules. (cshlpress.com)

Immunology1

• Nonetheless, immune tolerance remains the holy grail of transplantation immunology and clinical transplantation. (medscape.com)

Loss of tolerance1

• In this application, we will investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying both the CDS+ T cell tolerance and the loss of tolerance due to infection in this model. (grantome.com)

Anergy1

• In this Perspective, we discuss the mediators and networks that control the six main peripheral tolerance checkpoints throughout the life of a T cell: quiescence, ignorance, anergy, exhaustion, senescence and death. (nature.com)

Unresponsiveness2

• Transplant tolerance is defined as a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness without a need for ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
• For peripheral tolerance, injection of FLDCs induced donor-specific T-cell unresponsiveness and prolonged survival of donor-derived skin grafts. (garvan.org.au)

Tregs1

• FOXP3 remains the most reliable marker of Tregs to date, and the importance of Tregs in maintaining immune tolerance continues to be highlighted. (stemcell.com)

Retinal14

• IV: Retinal tolerance time to acute ischaemia. (bmj.com)
• How is hyperbaric oxygen therapy used to treat central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)? (medscape.com)
• Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
• Central retinal artery occlusion and retinal tolerance time. (medscape.com)
• Optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer damage after transient central retinal artery occlusion: an experimental study in rhesus monkeys. (medscape.com)
• Tobalem S, Schutz JS, Chronopoulos A. Central retinal artery occlusion - rethinking retinal survival time. (medscape.com)
• The incidence of central retinal artery occlusion in Olmsted County, Minnesota. (medscape.com)
• Diagnosis and Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. (medscape.com)
• Clinical characteristics and outcome of current standard management of central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
• Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Results of a Prospective and Standardized Medical Examination. (medscape.com)
• Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and Cerebral Infarction Following Stem Cell Injection for Baldness. (medscape.com)
• Risk and Risk Periods for Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. (medscape.com)
• Ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion or a branch retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
• The central retinal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, enters the eye through the optic disc and divides into multiple branches to perfuse the inner layers of the retina. (medscape.com)

Immature1

• Negative selection of self-reactive immature B cells constitutes a major mechanism of sustaining central tolerance. (gla.ac.uk)

Regulatory T ce1

• As a result, regulatory T cell generation is increased in CCR7-deficient mice, especially at the early neonatal stage, when regulatory T cell induction is particularly critical for the establishment of self-tolerance. (utexas.edu)

Autoantigens3

• When individuals having susceptible genetic background are exposed to environmental factors (e.g., iodine, smoking, infections, and stress, and others so far undisclosed), thyroid autoantigens break "self-tolerance" and AITDs develop ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Central tolerance in the Bcell compartment occurs as a result of exposure to autoantigens at several checkpoints during B-cell development. (haematologica.org)
• This process generates central tolerance to autoantigens. (news-medical.net)

Inflammation1

• however, in the presence of inflammation, tolerance-prone RTEs retain the ability to convert into fully competent effector T cells. (stemcell.com)

Inhibition1

• Furthermore, central α-klotho inhibition via an anti-α-klotho antibody impaired glucose tolerance. (diabetesjournals.org)

Drought-tolerance1

• Here we evaluated how phyB modulates this drought-tolerance response by comparing wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana adult plants to the null phyB in response to water shortage. (uba.ar)

Escape central tolerance1

• many weakly self-reactive T-cells and B-cells manage to escape central tolerance. (scienceblogs.com)

Molecular mechanisms4

• However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. (mdpi.com)
• The cellular and molecular mechanisms governing thymocyte tolerance induction are incompletely understood. (utexas.edu)
• The novel functions of CCR4 and CCR7 discovered by our studies provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern T cell tolerance induction and will provide rationale for development of new therapies for autoimmune disorders. (utexas.edu)
• These studies will illuminate molecular mechanisms that promote thymocyte migration into the medulla and interactions with medullary stromal cells to promote central tolerance, thus broadening our understanding of the etiology of autoimmune diseases. (grantome.com)

Dendritic2

• Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to regulate immune responses by inducing both central and peripheral tolerance. (garvan.org.au)
• Hasegawa, H. & Matsumoto, T. Mechanisms of tolerance induction by dendritic cells in vivo. (nature.com)

Inflammatory4

• The aim of this study was to test whether induction of oral tolerance to proteins extracted from inflammatory colon alleviates experimental colitis, and whether oral tolerization mediated by suppressor cells can induce immune tolerance. (elsevier.com)
• Immune tolerance is critical to prevent the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. (stemcell.com)
• The inflammatory response and mechanisms of generating tolerance, presented in sequence to emphasize the decision making involved in controlling attacks. (coursera.org)
• This study illustrates tolerance induction by contact-based immune cell interaction in target tissues and highlights potentials of tissue regeneration under antigenic incognito in inflammatory settings. (rupress.org)

Checkpoints2

• At the naive T cell stage, two intrinsic checkpoints that actively maintain tolerance are quiescence and ignorance. (nature.com)
• Fig. 1: Integrated road map for T cell tolerance checkpoints. (nature.com)

Self-molecules3

• Recent studies in both humans and experimental rodent models provide new insight into key mechanisms regulating tolerance to self-molecules. (nih.gov)
• These recent advances are bringing about a paradigm shift in our views about tolerance to self-molecules with tissue-restricted expression. (nih.gov)
• There is, indeed, mounting evidence that selected antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have the ability to synthesize and express self-molecules, and that such expression is critical for self-tolerance. (nih.gov)

Multiple sclerosis2

• A strategy to develop tolerance would also be of value in autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus , rheumatoid arthritis , and multiple sclerosis . (medscape.com)
• When tolerance breaks down, severe, self-destructive diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis may develop. (cshlpress.com)

Role11

• In this paper, we place an emphasis on the role of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in maintaining stromal and vascular quiescence, and we underscore the importance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity as a myeloid-driven tumor tolerance mechanism. (hindawi.com)
• In this proposal, the role of candidate GPCRs in promoting medullary entry and self-tolerance will be evaluated. (grantome.com)
• However, the central role of α-klotho in metabolism remains largely unexplored. (diabetesjournals.org)
• The current study investigated the potential role of central α-klotho to modulate neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP)-expressing neurons, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Thus, uveitis-susceptible individuals display a detectable and functionally significant tolerance to their target antigen, in which central mechanisms play a prominent role. (elsevier.com)
• Central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) is the most important region for morphine-induced reward, and GABAergic system plays an important role on morphine reinforcement. (ac.ir)
• Our purpose was to evaluate the role of CeA GABA B receptors in morphine tolerance. (ac.ir)
• 2. Parvardeh S, Moghimi M, Eslami P, Masoudi A. α-Terpineol attenuates morphine-induced physical dependence and tolerance in mice: role of nitric oxide. (ac.ir)
• 2013, Graduate Research, Investigating the Role of HMX1 in ROS Tolerance During Mitosis and Meiosis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. (cmich.edu)
• Investigating the Role of HMX1 in ROS Tolerance Du. (cmich.edu)
• Lymphokines and the immune response: the central role of interleukin-2. (springer.com)

Artificially induced2

• They aimed to prove that tolerance could be artificially induced. (medscape.com)
• Immune tolerance also does not usually refer to artificially induced immunosuppression by corticosteroids, lymphotoxic chemotherapy agents, sublethal irradiation, etc. (wikipedia.org)

Development3

• Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) as well as diabetes is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
• Understanding the mechanisms by which tolerance is induced and circumvented is important for the development of new therapies for autoimmune disorders. (keystonesymposia.org)
• Al Nahyan recognizes that the future development of tolerance rests largely on the perceptions and messages spread by the global media. (ipsnews.net)

Receptors1

• These results confirmed the importance of GABA B receptors with in the CeA in morphine tolerance in female rats. (ac.ir)

Methods1

• The invention relates to the methods for producing hematopoietic chimerism and central tolerance by peripheral tolerance induction without myeloablative conditioning. (freepatentsonline.com)