Central pattern generators. Medical search

Networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of MOTOR NEURONS to produce rhythmic movements such as MASTICATION; WALKING; SWIMMING; RESPIRATION; and PERISTALSIS.

Stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.

Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.

Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.

A genus of large marine sea slugs in the family Tritoniidae found in the northern Pacific Ocean. They are used in neurological research.

An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.

A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A species of migratory Old World locusts, in the family ACRIDIDAE, that are important pests in Africa and Asia.

Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.

A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.

Separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. The daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

A species of European freshwater LEECHES used for BLOODLETTING in ancient times and also for LEECHING in modern times.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A genus of side-gilled sea slugs in the family Pleurobranchidae, superorder GASTROPODA. They are opportunistic voracious feeders but prefer the sea anemone.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The part of the face that is below the eye and to the side of the nose and mouth.

The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).

A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A genus of marine sea slugs in the family Glaucidae, superorder GASTROPODA, found on the Pacific coast of North America. They are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.

Sounds used in animal communication.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.

Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Manner or style of walking.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).

An order of bottom fishes with short, small, spinous dorsal fins. It is comprised of one family (Batrachoididae) and about 70 species.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Nucleus in the NEOSTRIATUM of bird brains that sends signals for song production and receives auditory input. In some adult SONGBIRDS, research has shown that the size of this nucleus changes seasonally and that it exhibits neurogenesis.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.

The process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (OVA) from the female body. The term is usually used for certain INSECTS or FISHES with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.

The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (From McArdle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)

The effects of vestibular stimulation rate and magnitude of acceleration on central pattern generation for chest wall kinematics in preterm infants. (1/24)

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Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. (2/24)

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Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system? (3/24)

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DCC mediated axon guidance of spinal interneurons is essential for normal locomotor central pattern generator function. (4/24)

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Episodic swimming in the larval zebrafish is generated by a spatially distributed spinal network with modular functional organization. (5/24)

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Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization. (6/24)

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Memory trace in feeding neural circuitry underlying conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. (7/24)

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Neuromodulator-evoked synaptic metaplasticity within a central pattern generator network. (8/24)

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Hooper SL (March 2000). "Central pattern generators". Current Biology. 10 (5): R176-R179. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.133.3378. doi: ... Anode break excitation Bioelectricity Biological neuron model Bursting Central pattern generator Chronaxie Frog battery Neural ... one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks. The ... such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

A central pattern generator (CPG) is defined as a neural network that does not require sensory input to generate a rhythm. This ... Hooper, Scott L. (1999-2010). "Central Pattern Generators". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1038/npg. ... Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man". Brain. 117 (Pt 5): 1143-59. doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1143. PMID ... This allows for self-sustaining patterns of oscillation. Furthermore, new motor patterns, such as athletic skills or the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_rhythm

Central pattern generatorEdit. Main article: Central pattern generator. Synchronized firing of neurons also forms the basis of ... called a central pattern generator. Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that-when activated-can produce rhythmic ... Examples are walking, breathing, and swimming,[57] Most evidence for central pattern generators comes from lower animals, such ... Marder E, Bucher D (2001). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Curr Biol. 11 (23): R986-R996. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_activity

... called a central pattern generator. Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that-when activated-can produce rhythmic ... Frequency changes are also commonly observed in central pattern generators and directly relate to the speed of motor activities ... Like pacemaker neurons in central pattern generators, subtypes of cortical cells fire bursts of spikes (brief clusters of ... Examples are walking, breathing, and swimming, Most evidence for central pattern generators comes from lower animals, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillation

"Symmetry in locomotor central pattern generators and animal gaits". Nature. 401 (6754): 693-5. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..693G. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)

Bucher, Dirk; Marder, Eve (2001-11-27). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Current Biology. 11 ... A selection of works are listed below: Marder, E.; Calabrese, R. L. (1996-07-01). "Principles of rhythmic motor pattern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Marder

Marder, Eve; Bucher, Dirk (2001). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Current Biology. 11 (23 ... Dale, N. (1995). "Experimentally derived model for the locomotor pattern generator in the Xenopus embryo". The Journal of ... Remmers, J.; Gdovin, M.; Torgerson, C. (January 1997). "Ontogeny of central chemoreception during fictive gill and lung ... Delvolvé, Isabelle; Branchereau, Pascal; Dubuc, Réjean; Cabelguen, Jean-Marie (1999). "Fictive Rhythmic Motor Patterns Induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_behavior

A possible alternative control over teleoperation is a nv network which is a specialized form of a central pattern generator. ... "A Comparison of Several Hardware-Realized Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)". Advanced Control Technology Laboratory, National ... This is a pseudorandom number generator which is producing an oscillating signal. It moves the legs similar to a clockwork. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler_(BEAM)

"Cortical control of a whisking central pattern generator". J. Neurophysiol. 96 (1): 209-217. doi:10.1152/jn.00071.2006. PMC ... Neurons in this region project to a specific subcortical nucleus in which a pattern generator coordinates the cyclic rhythm of ... Woolsey, C.N., Settlage, P.H., Meyer, D.R., Sencer, W., Hamuy, T.P. and Travis, A.M. (1952). "Pattern of localization in ... The human primary motor cortex is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus. It also extends anteriorly out of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex

Harris-Warrick, RM (October 2011). "Neuromodulation and flexibility in Central Pattern Generator networks". Current Opinion in ... The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral ... GABA is one of two neuroinhibitors in the central nervous system (CNS), along with glycine. GABA has a homologous function to ... In vertebrates, the majority of neurons belong to the central nervous system, but some reside in peripheral ganglia, and many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

Mutually inhibitory processes are a unifying motif of all central pattern generators. This has been demonstrated in the ... which is implicated in the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms of central pattern generators. The soliton model is an alternative to ... For simple mathematical models of neuron, for example the dependence of spike patterns on signal delay is much weaker than the ... A" 2(2) 322-341 Michael P. Nusbaum and Mark P. Beenhakker, A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation, Nature 417, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_neural_computation

These activities work if neurons of the central pattern generator (CPG) circuits, which generate rhythmic movements of the body ... Dimitrijevic, MR; Gerasimenko, Y; Pinter, MM (16 November 1998). "Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans". ... The benefits include: (1) assist in reproducing leg movements and optimizing gait pattern (speed, step length, amplitude); (2) ... although a trainer should analyze the gait pattern and outcome measures of the training and supervise training). It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_in_spinal_cord_injury

Central pattern generator Central nervous system Locomotive Proprioception Spinal cord Spinal cord injury Special senses ... The central pattern generator (CPG) provides the basic locomotor rhythm and synergies by integrating commands from various ... Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 860:360-376. Hornby, ... Guertin PA (December 2009). "The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion". Brain Research Reviews. 62: 345-56. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_locomotion

The central pattern generators are made up of different groups of spinal interneurons. There are four principal types of neural ... Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations ... Neural circuits in the spinal cord called central pattern generators are responsible for controlling motor instructions ... A resulting repetitive pattern is the outcome that only stops if one or more of the synapses fail, or if an inhibitory feed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_circuit

Northcutt, Adam J.; Schulz, David J. (2019-12-15). "Molecular mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in central pattern generator ... Northcutt AJ, Schulz DJ (2020). "Molecular mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in central pattern generator networks". ... Homeostatic plasticity is also very important in the context of central pattern generators. In this context, neuronal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostatic_plasticity

It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. ... ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0. Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and ... This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid ... It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain and spinal cord together make ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

There is a central pattern generator in the spinal cord, made up of groups of spinal interneurons, that is involved in the ... Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations ... medial amygdala ventral premammillary nuclei ventral tegmentum central tegmental field mesencephalic central gray ... This is known as the spinal generator for ejaculation. To map the neuronal activation of the brain during the ejaculatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculation

The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator. It is a model system for motor pattern generation because of the ... The circuits underlying such rhythmic behaviors, central pattern generators (CPGs), all operate on the same general principles ... More importantly, CPG circuits are usually not dedicated to producing a single neuronal activity pattern. This flexibility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatogastric_nervous_system

Central pattern generator Curiosity Phantom limb Villa, Alessandro E. P.; Masulli, Paolo; Rivero, Antonio Javier Pons (2016). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_babbling

Hooper SL (March 2000). "Central pattern generators". Curr. Biol. 10 (5): R176. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.133.3378. doi:10.1016/S0960- ... such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators.[71][bx] ... one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks. ... In neurons, action potentials play a central role in cell-to-cell communication by providing for-or with regard to saltatory ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potentials

Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong". Brain & Language. 115 (1 ... Howell, Steve N. G. & Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press ... Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch Fringilla ... Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_song

... pulsatility is observed in oscillatory activity from central pattern generators. In the heart, pacemakers are able to work and ... This pattern in amplitude of release is observed to be consistent across vertebrates. Studies done in humans, rats, and sheep ... A pulsatile secretion pattern is critical to the function of many hormones in order to maintain the delicate homeostatic ... A similar pattern is observed for triiodothyronine, however with a phase shift. Pulsatile release contributes to the ultradian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsatile_secretion

Among them, the synchronization of bursting neurons in central pattern generators of biological systems. Early 2000s: ... In 2000, Mikhail publishes his latest book on physics The dynamics of Patterns. Mikhail Rabinovich published over 250 peer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Rabinovich

His theory reflects today's widely accepted concept of central pattern generators in motor neurons. However, at the time, his ... A contribution to the physiology of the central nervous system". hdl:1842/26358. Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Brown, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Brown

Action potential Central pattern generator Dynamical systems Information theory Wagenaar, Daniel; Jerome Pine; Steve M. Potter ... Bursting is thought to be important in the operation of robust central pattern generators, the transmission of neural codes, ... Bursting, or burst firing, is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central ... The slow subsystem also is connected to endogenous bursting patterns in neurons, where the pattern can be maintained completely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursting

Baev K.V. (2012). "Solution of the Problem of Central Pattern Generators and a New Concept of Brain Functions". Neurophysiology ... Lashley suggested that brain interference patterns could play a role in perception, but was unsure how such patterns might be ... He demonstrated that the information pattern of a three-dimensional object can be encoded in a beam of light, which is more-or- ... As long as a part of the hologram is large enough to contain the interference pattern, that part can recreate the entirety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory

"Multiple Rhythmic States in a Model of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator". Journal of Neurophysiology. 101 (4): 2146-65 ... Neuronal discharge patterns are altered during the depressed synaptic inhibition, contributing to the reformation of the ... This single neuronal network can create multiple respiratory rhythmic patterns and is by itself both necessary and sufficient ... It is hypothesized that the pre-Bötzinger complex is the main location of the rhythmic pattern generation circuitry involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

The NTS directs signals about these functions to a central pattern generator (CPG). This CPG actually coordinates the sequences ... The CTZ is in the medulla oblongata, which is phylogenetically the oldest part of the central nervous system.[citation needed] ... Hornby, Pamela J. (December 2001). "Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis". The American Journal of Medicine. 111 (8): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone

Biological neural network Central nervous system Central pattern generator Stein, P. S. G. (1983). The vertebrate scratch ... Mortin, L. I., & Stein, P. S. G. (1989). "Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for ... Results from animal studies have indicated that spinal neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs) are ... and scratch motor patterns in the turtle". Journal of Neurophysiology. 84 (5): 2181-2190. doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2181. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_reflex

Instead of using a central pattern generator it uses reflexes which generate the gait. The reflexes are triggered by ground ... for example where a moveable upper body mass on the robot keeps the walking pattern stable even on uneven terrain. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RunBot

It is also possible that one's desire for control, or other basic motivational patterns, act as a third variable. ... For instance, some hardware random number generators work by amplifying quantum effects into practically usable signals. A more ... it is plausible that the central loci of our responsibility are our choices, or "willings".. ... "formation of macroscopic population dynamics that shapes the patterns of activity of the contributing individuals", applicable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

Central pattern generator (CPG). *NMDA receptor. *Lateral inhibition. *Fixed action pattern. *Krogh's Principle ... an excellent example of how motor programs are integrated with incoming sensory information when generating a behavior pattern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Holmes_Bullock

This is a graded response: the greater the deformation, the greater the generator potential. If the generator potential reaches ... comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand". Journal of ... they can rapidly transmit sensory information regarding joint positions to the central nervous system.[14] ... Deforming the corpuscle creates a generator potential in the sensory neuron arising within it. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor

Whereas in central sleep apnea the body's motions of breathing stop, in OSA the chest not only continues to make the movements ... There are patterns of unusual facial features that occur in recognizable syndromes. Some of these craniofacial syndromes are ... a handheld patient controller to allow it to be switched on before sleep and is powered by an implantable pulse generator, ... As in central apnea, pauses are followed by a relative decrease in blood oxygen and an increase in the blood carbon dioxide. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

Central and peripheral[edit]. Central and peripheral refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something.[33] ... In projectional radiography terminology, an anteroposterior (AP) projection is taken with the X-ray generator anteriorly (such ... plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae ... Central (from Latin centralis) describes something close to the ... but in the case of radiates indicates the central point, rather than a central axis as in vertebrates. Thus, there are multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_

Bishop: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, ISBN 0-387-31073-8. ... Most algorithms are based on a pseudorandom number generator that produces numbers X that are uniformly distributed in the half ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_distribution

"Will Toshiba's Bit-Patterned Drives Change the HDD Landscape?". PC Magazine. August 19, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.. ... Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools, then ... "Xyratex no-go for bit-patterned media". The Register. April 24, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.. ... A 2011 summary of research, into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by Tom's Hardware summarized research findings as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

The pattern of radiation delivery is determined using highly tailored computing applications to perform optimization and ... Depending upon the irradiated zone, late effect neuropathy may occur in either the central nervous system (CNS) or the ... Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator. *Accidents and incidents. *Policy. *Fusion. *Radioisotope thermoelectric ( ... damage-associated molecular patterns and cardiovascular toxicity following cancer therapy". Therapeutic Advances in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

Whether being published under pseudonym or not, Kierkegaard's central writing on religion was Fear and Trembling, and Either/Or ... ISBN 978-0830822379 1986, 1992), says "human beings are explanation generators" and he agrees with Kierkegaard that it would be ... Logical theorems, mathematical symbols, physical-statistical laws can never become patterns of human existence. To be human ... In September 1850, the Western Literary Messenger wrote: "While Martensen with his wealth of genius casts from his central ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Søren_Kierkegaard

Gas generator. engine core. HP compressor. high-pressure compressor (also HPC). HP turbine. high-pressure turbine. Intake ram ... In the aerospace industry, chevrons are the saw tooth patterns on the trailing edges of some jet engine nozzles[24] that are ... The bypass air exits from the fins whilst the exhaust from the core exits from the central nozzle. This fluted jetpipe design ... The core (or gas generator) of the engine must generate enough power to drive the fan at its design flow and pressure ratio. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan

In any event, bottles or activated generators account for the pattern of burned out aluminum skin on top of the aircraft, as ... Except that the "fireball" had nothing to do with it; it was most likely the empty/vapour central tank going off (it was a very ... The two-mask generator is approximately 63 mm (2.5 in) in diameter and 223 mm (8.8 in) long. The three-mask generator is ... Anything nearby that happens to ignite will burn intensely because of the rich oxygen supply.) and Chemical oxygen generator ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Asiana_Airlines_Flight_214/Archive_2

Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB (August 1999). "Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society". J Allergy Clin ... ini berlaku baik untuk generator ion negatif maupun positif.[128] ... Bikol Central. *Български. *Bahasa Banjar. *বাংলা. *Bosanski. * ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

They also have a grid of emergency back-up generators to provide power in the event of an outage. An event that could prevent ... 8 August 2019: Nyonoksa radiation accident at the State Central Navy Testing Range at Nyonoksa, near Severodvinsk, Russia. ... Due to the topographical nature of Japan, as well as the weather pattern for the prefecture, cesium deposits as well as other ... A flawed reactor design and inadequately trained personnel led to a failed backup generator test. This test led to a power ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents

Usually, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gasoline engine driven generator and ... This central battery system consists of lead-acid battery cell units to make up a 12 or 24 VDC system as well as stand-by cells ... Unlike emergency lights, emergency lighting is not a type of light fixture; it is a pattern of the building's normal lights ... it is usual to run the system from a diesel generator with automatic switchover to the mains supply should the generator fail. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_power

As in the examples above, the spring used a single, central mount which isolated the left and right movements. The FRP spring ... toe pattern, roll center height, scrub radius, scuff and more. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_rear_suspension

Influenced by both the European masters and the Heidelberg School of Australian landscape art, he placed the central characters ... when members of this church purchased generators, engaged in significant food hoarding, took lessons in self-sufficiency and ... integrating the mysterious dot designs and evocative circular patterns of traditional Aboriginal art with popular Christian ... Aboriginal crooner Jimmy Little and Australian Idol contestant Guy Sebastian have held Christianity as central to their public ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia

Control from the central nervous system. There is a central pattern generator in the spinal cord, made up of groups of spinal ... "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations". Frontiers in ... This is known as the spinal generator for ejaculation.[16]. To map the neuronal activation of the brain during the ejaculatory ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculation

Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving.[6][103 ... Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the ... 2008). "Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated". Anaesthesia. 63 ... Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, Burslen (2003). Chemistry: The Central Science. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education. p. 958. ISBN 978-0- ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اکسیژن?match=en

"Berlin, Vermont: Central Vermont Medical Center. 2012-02-06. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.. ... An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a magnetic coil, which in turn is connected to the scalp. The ... Later, the figure-eight (butterfly) coil was developed to provide a more focal pattern of activation in the brain, and the four ... TMS has shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system with a wide variety of disease states in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation

Central pattern generator (CPG). *NMDA receptor. *Lateral inhibition. *Fixed action pattern. *Krogh's Principle ... In the early 1980s, NMDA receptors were shown to be involved in several central synaptic pathways.[19][20] Receptor subunit ... "Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor involvement in central nervous system disorders". Neuron. 82 (2): 279-293. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central". Els Sons del Català.. "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental". Els Sons del Català.. ... "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome". Journal of the ... Runaround generator *^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92. *^ For example Beal (2004). *^ a b Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4. ... Central Standard[13] allt [äl̪t̪] 'everything' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant

Patterning[edit]. Patterning in MEMS is the transfer of a pattern into a material. ... Micropower, Hydrogen generators, gas turbines, and electrical generators made of etched silicon ... They usually consist of a central unit that processes data (the microprocessor) and several components that interact with the ... Diamond patterning[edit]. A simple way to carve or create patterns on the surface of nanodiamonds without damaging them could ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems

Central membrane proteins in plants, such as ETO2, ERS1 and EIN2, are used for ethylene signaling in many plant growth ... Commercial ripening rooms use "catalytic generators" to make ethylene gas from a liquid supply of ethanol. Typically, a gassing ... "Ethylene- and shade-induced hypocotyl elongation share transcriptome patterns and functional regulators", "Plant Physiology", ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اتیلن?match=en

Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong". Brain & Language. 115: ... Howell, Steve N. G. & Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press ... Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch Fringilla ... Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization

Coutts[77] describes dreams as playing a central role in a two-phase sleep process that improves the mind's ability to meet ... Hobson, J.A.; McCarly, R.W. (1977). "The brain as a dream-state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream ... According to Tsoukalas (2012) the biology of dreaming is related to the reactive patterns elicited by predatorial encounters ( ... The bulk of the narrative describes a dream vision experienced by its central character, Rhonabwy, a retainer of Madog, in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams

For instance in central and southern Florida the payback period could easily be 7 years or less rather than the 12.6 years ... "Integrated appraisal of micro-generators: Methods and applications". Proceedings of the ICE - Energy. 161 (2): 5, Fig. 1. doi: ... same latitude average insolation can vary a great deal from location to location due to differences in local weather patterns ... When a solar water heating and hot-water central heating system are used together, solar heat will either be concentrated in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_heater

However, statistical techniques combined with a generator ('Unbiased Statistics of a CSP - A Controlled-Bias Generator'),[8] ... "Ask for some patterns that they don't have puzzles. : General". Forum.enjoysudoku.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.. ... The 44 equivalence classes play a central role in other enumeration approaches as well, and speculation will return to the ... Application of counting symmetry patterns for duplicate paired digits achieved reduction to 174 and then to 71 equivalence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_Sudoku

A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver's list from when he first started out as the Hood. This further angers the ... During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident, Central City Police Department (CCPD) undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream ... The team soon realizes that, after a period of time, a backup generator will activate, igniting the methane gas currently ... Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up. Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_

... by networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs can produce these patterns even in the absence of inputs that carry ... Central Pattern Generators. Dirk Bucher, New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA Gal ... Diaz‐Rios M and Miller MW (2006) Target‐specific regulation of synaptic efficacy in the feeding central pattern generator of ... Marder E and Bucher D (2001) Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements. Current Biology 11 (23): R986- ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000032.html

How Do Central Pattern Generators Work? @ www.bio.brandeis.edu Hoopers Review of Central Pattern Generators(PDF) Dimitrijevic ... Thus, humans also possess a central pattern generator for locomotion that is capable not only of rhythmic pattern generation ... Central pattern generators, as part of the neural circuitry of an organism, can be modulated to adapt to the organisms needs ... Central pattern generators can also play a role in rhythm generation for other functions in vertebrates. For example, the rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator

The central pattern generators responsible for locomotion in vertebrates reside as half-center modules in the cervical and ... Central pattern generators are biological neural networks organized to produce any rhythmic output without requiring a rhythmic ... Barriére G, Leblond H, Provencher J, Rossignol S. Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of ... There exists significant coordination between the central pattern generators actuating individual limbs in mammals. There is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_substrate_of_locomotor_central_pattern_generators_in_mammals

The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the most simple central pattern generators (CPG). In biology, CPG provide for ... The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the most simple central pattern generators (CPG). In biology, CPG provide for ... Real-time biomimetic Central Pattern Generators in an FPGA for hybrid experiments. Matthieu Ambroise1, Timothée Levi1*, ... Ijspeert, A. (2008). Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: a review. J. Neural Netw. 21, 642 ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2013.00215/full

2006) A central pattern generator producing alternative outputs: temporal pattern of premotor activity. J Neurophysiol 96:309- ... 2007a) A central pattern generator producing alternative outputs: pattern, strength, and dynamics of premotor synaptic input to ... Constancy and Variability in the Output of a Central Pattern Generator. Brian J. Norris, Angela Wenning, Terrence Michael ... Constancy and Variability in the Output of a Central Pattern Generator. Brian J. Norris, Angela Wenning, Terrence Michael ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/12/4663?ijkey=2959f7a24bcde77c4c22e09422ce268bb689529b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator. GG Turrigiano and AI Selverston ... The STG contains 2 central pattern generators (CPGs), the pyloric and the gastric mill CPGs. Bath application of CCK8 to the ... Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator ... Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/7/2486

On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ...

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/98/1/1

Central pattern generators. Neuronal circuits that produce rhythmic motor patterns that persist in the absence of sensory ... in which central pattern generator (CPG) neurons drive activity in motor neurons; in turn, motor neurons relay these patterns ... 2017). Motor Neurons Tune Premotor Activity in a Vertebrate Central Pattern Generator. J. Neurosci. 37, 3264-3275. doi:10.1523/ ... 2018). Inhibitory and modulatory inputs to the vocal central pattern generator of a teleost fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 526, 1368- ...

https://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/16/jeb193318

Jalil S, Allen D, Yourker J and Shilnikov A. Toward robust phase-locking in Melibe swim central pattern generator model. J. ... Hu X, Youker J., Wojcik J, Clewley R and Shilnikov A, Phase and exact models for multifunctional central pattern generators, ... Wojcik J., Clewley R, and Shilnikov A., Order parameter for bursting polyrhythms in multifunctional central pattern generators ... of individual neurons and polyrhythmic bursting patterns discovered in multifunctional central pattern generators governing ...

http://www2.gsu.edu/~matals/

... and feeding are under the control of networks of neurons in the central nervous system known as central pattern generators ( ... In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea ... In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea ... In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/250/4978/282?ijkey=6bf640f4e626d386e1bba3c2caa8ecf08f4e3f2e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... several models have computationally explored the network hypothesis of central respiratory rhythm generation.1, 2One ... We hypothesized that our model of the central respiratory pattern generator, when appropriately modified to include vagal ... Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator. In: Honda Y., Miyamoto Y., Konno K., Widdicombe J.G ... C. von Euler, Brainstem mechanisms for generation and control of breathing pattern, in: "Handbook of Physiology. The ...

https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-9847-0_7

... These central pattern generators (CPGs) drive the coordinated and rhythmic muscle movements of the crabs stomach and heart, ... Thank you for submitting your article "Two central pattern generators from the crab C. borealis respond robustly and ... Dopamine modulation of transient potassium current evokes phase shifts in a central pattern generator network * RM Harris- ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/41877

Respiratory central pattern generator network in mammalian brainstem (Rubin et al. 2009). ... Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator. J Neurophysiol 101:2146-65 [PubMed] ... This model is a reduced version of a spatially organized respiratory central pattern generation network consisting of four ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicroCircuitDB/ShowModel.cshtml?model=125529

Respiratory central pattern generator (mammalian brainstem) (Rubin & Smith 2019). Download zip file Help downloading and ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=257608

Robust Control of a Humanoid Robot Using a Bio-Inspired Approach Based on Central Pattern Generators, Reflexes, and ...

https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/de/forschung/publikationen/2621.html

Dynamical systems guided design and analysis of silicon oscillators for central pattern generators .pdf. 2.01 MB. Adobe PDF. ... Dynamical systems guided design and analysis of silicon oscillators for central pattern generators. ... approach is proposed for the analysis and design of bio-inspired silicon central pattern generator (CPG) systems. Based on this ... Dynamical systems guided design and analysis of silicon oscillators for central pattern generators. IEEE transactions on ...

https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/95893?mode=simple

Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator, Rubin JE, Shevtsova NA, Ermentrout GB, Smith ... Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator ... Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator ... Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator ...

https://models.cellml.org/exposure/c131f43a81aaf435f113714bab23daf0/rubin_2009.cellml/view

... description of the spatiotemporal pattern of inhibitory synaptic input from the heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG) to ... Calabrese et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. ... To begin the process of elucidating the relative roles of this pattern of input and motor neuron intrinsic properties and ... Our focus was intersegmental and side-to-side coordination of the asymmetric motor pattern: motor neurons on one side fire ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-8-S2-P166

The Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a neural circuit that can produce a rhythmic motor pattern with no need for sensory ... Neural Control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans. Duysens, Jacques et. al. Gait and ... Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humans. Dimitrijevic, Milan et. al. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. ... Neural control of locomotion: sensory control of the central pattern generator and its relation to treadmill training. Van de ...

http://nonlinear.eecs.berkeley.edu/raptor/CPGs/CPGs.htm

Whats a central pattern generator? Essentially its any neural network - the one for this kids leg is in his spinal cord, for ... Beyonces Central Pattern Generator. Peter Freed, M.D.. October 8, 2009. October 2, 2012. Psychotherapy ... Central pattern generators for bipedal locomotion. Journal of mathematical biology (2006) vol. 53 (3) pp. 474-89 ... The neuroself explanation is that what were witnessing is rogue central pattern generators (CPGs for short) taking momentary ...

https://neuroself.com/2009/10/08/beyonces-central-pattern-generator/?replytocom=31591

For animals to walk, central pattern generators (CPGs) must be modulated to allow different stride lengths in each leg or ... requires flexible and adaptive fine-tuning of the basic alternating stepping pattern of our two legs. ... Kate Fehlhaber 0 Comments 2014, Bidaye, Central pattern generator, Circuit, CpG, Dickson, Drosophila, Fruit fly, Kinematics, ... Jillian L. Shaw 2 Comments 2013, Bachmann, Central pattern generator, Deep Brain Stimulation, Deep Brain Stimulation of the ...

https://knowingneurons.com/tag/central-pattern-generator/

In the model,a simplified central pattern generator (CPG) architecture inspired by neuroscientific research and DST is ... In the model, a simplified central pattern generator (CPG) architecture inspired by neuroscientific research and DST is ... Central Pattern Generators. Modeling walking on a humanoid robot is a complicated task related to designing an autonomous ... According to Ijspeert, Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), the bio-inspired neural structures discovered in the middle of the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbot.2013.00005/full

Jalil, S., Allen, D. & Shilnikov, A. Modeling study of a Central Pattern Generator in the Melibe seaslug. BMC Neurosci 13, P187 ... Modeling study of a Central Pattern Generator in the Melibe seaslug. *Sajiya Jalil. 1. , ... Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) are small networks of neurons that are experimentally identified as necessary for expressions ... The phase-locked pattern, observed in the experiment, is identified as an attractor in numerical simulations. We find that ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-S1-P187

Thirumalai V, Marder E (2002) Colocalized neuropeptides activate a central pattern generator by acting on different circuit ...

https://blogs.brandeis.edu/marderlab/2002/03/01/colocalized-neuropeptides-activate-a-central-pattern-generator-by-acting-on-different-circuit-targets/

Eve Marder introduces us to central pattern generators, the circuits in the nervous system that control rhythmic movements such ... 00:01:44.24 to central pattern generators (or CPGs as we call them). 00:01:48.27 and Ill explain that in a moment.. 00:01: ... 00:24:22.17 that allow the central pattern generator to be phase-constant.. 00:24:27.22 And so this, I think, is an important ... In Part 1, Marder introduces us to central pattern generators (CPGs), the circuits in the nervous system that control rhythmic ...

https://www.ibiology.org/neuroscience/circuits-in-the-nervous-system/

title = "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements",. abstract = "Central pattern generators are ... Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Central Pattern ... N2 - Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, ... AB - Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, ...

https://www.researchwithnj.com/en/publications/central-pattern-generators-and-the-control-of-rhythmic-movements

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_activity

Central pattern generators (1). * Gap junctions (1). * Motor control (1). * Neural circuits (1). ...

https://www.nature.com/search?author=%22Jianren+Song%22&error=cookies_not_supported&code=c78a0558-0bc0-4f7b-bcbf-58f72245eaba

Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. ... They contract and develop central pattern generator-like neuronal circuits. Finally, we successfully use NMOs to recapitulate ... NMOs; NMPs; central pattern generators; myasthenia gravis; neuromesodermal progenitors; neuromuscular diseases; neuromuscular ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31956040

A vertebrate central pattern generator. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Central Pattern Generators Medicine & Life ... Intrinsic function of a neuronal network - A vertebrate central pattern generator. Brain Research Reviews. 1998 May 1;26(2-3): ... Intrinsic function of a neuronal network - A vertebrate central pattern generator. In: Brain Research Reviews. 1998 ; Vol. 26, ... Intrinsic function of a neuronal network - A vertebrate central pattern generator. Sten Grillner*, Örjan Ekeberg, Abdeljabbar ...

https://research.kaust.edu.sa/en/publications/intrinsic-function-of-a-neuronal-network-a-vertebrate-central-pat

A basic version of the underlying neural activity is generated in the central nervous system by networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). (els.net)
CPGs can produce these patterns even in the absence of inputs that carry specific timing information. (els.net)
CPGs can produce patterned activity in the absence of patterned input. (els.net)
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. (wikipedia.org)
Although anatomical details of CPGs are specifically known in only a few cases, they have been shown to originate from the spinal cords of various vertebrates and to depend on relatively small and autonomous neural networks (rather than the entire nervous system) to generate rhythmic patterns. (wikipedia.org)
The classical view of CPGs, as specific networks of neurons dedicated to this function alone, has been challenged by numerous data obtained mostly on the central nervous system of invertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
For rhythmic behaviors such as locomotion and breathing, autonomously active neuronal networks called central pattern generators (CPGs) participate with sensory feedback in timing and coordinating motor neuron activity ( Marder and Calabrese, 1996 ). (jneurosci.org)
The STG contains 2 central pattern generators (CPGs), the pyloric and the gastric mill CPGs. (jneurosci.org)
Entrainment effects may be explained by the activation of stretch receptors on either side of the vertebral column-spinal cord, exciting the presumed central pattern generators (CPGs) in the hemisegments ipsilateral to the stretch, while inhibiting the contralateral CPGs. (biologists.org)
The output of these CPGs, often measured as recordings of motor nerves, is referred to as fictive behavior, as the patterns of nerve activity closely match those that occur during in vivo behavior. (biologists.org)
Most rhythmic behaviors such as respiration, locomotion, and feeding are under the control of networks of neurons in the central nervous system known as central pattern generators (CPGs). (sciencemag.org)
These central pattern generators (CPGs) drive the coordinated and rhythmic muscle movements of the crab's stomach and heart, respectively. (elifesciences.org)
Is there any difference between what you're calling CPGs or habit generators, and what others call procedural memory? (neuroself.com)
According to Ijspeert, Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), the bio-inspired neural structures discovered in the middle of the last century ( Hooper, 2001 ), work as a link connecting the sensori-motor level to the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR) in the brainstem which controls vertebrate locomotion. (frontiersin.org)
Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) are small networks of neurons that are experimentally identified as necessary for expressions of behaviors, and the core group capable of controlling various aspects of the behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
Repetitive nature of activity patterns of CPGs can be examined through the relative phase relations between bursting interneurons. (biomedcentral.com)
00:03:06.00 An Introduction to Central Pattern Generating Circuits (CPGs, as we call them). (ibiology.org)
What we do know is that even the simplest brains contain pattern-generator circuits (CPGs)[1], which are wired up specifically for generating walking patterns. (eurekalert.org)
The networks are called central pattern generators (or CPGs for short). (elifesciences.org)
When properly activated, the CPGs are able to generate the basic pattern of stepping. (physiology.org)

The central pattern generators responsible for locomotion in vertebrates reside as half-center modules in the cervical and lumbar region of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
When sinusoidal movements were artificially imposed on the tail region of the curarized spinal dogfish during "fictive locomotion' the coordinated burst pattern recorded in the ventral roots was effectively entrained to follow movement frequencies above as well as below the resting rate. (biologists.org)
Central pattern generators for bipedal locomotion. (neuroself.com)
Cohen AH (1988) Evolution of the vertebrate central pattern generator for locomotion. (springer.com)
Cohen AH, Holmes PJ, Rand RH (1982) The nature of the coupling between segmental oscillators of the lamprey spinal generator for locomotion: a mathematical model. (springer.com)
Whole-body mechanics and gaits in the gray short-tailed opossum monodelphis domestica: integrating patterns of locomotion in a semi-erect mammal. (cogprints.org)
He explains that with locomotion, sometimes the role of the central pattern generator is actually to send signals to inhibit movements, so they become more controlled. (eurekalert.org)
Tuntevski K, Freeman S, Yakovenko S. Towards a Minimalistic Central Pattern Generator for Quadrupedal Locomotion. (iit.it)
Towards a Minimalistic Central Pattern Generator for Quadrupedal Locomotion. (iit.it)

b) Fictive behaviours, that is, activity patterns recorded in the isolated central nervous system that resemble the motor output of the intact animal, are the ultimate proof of the existence of a CPG. (els.net)
thus, motor neurons are traditionally considered the last relay from the central nervous system to muscles. (biologists.org)
Neural oscillations , or brainwaves , are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
Neural oscillations are observed throughout the central nervous system at all levels, and include spike trains , local field potentials and large-scale oscillations which can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). (wikipedia.org)
The escape swim is generated by identified neurons in the central nervous system (see Fig. 3). (scholarpedia.org)
It was later shown that the organized bursting firing pattern that mediates the swim could be produced by the isolated nervous system, proving that the pattern of activity was centrally generated and not the result of a cycle-by-cycle reflex response (Dorsett et al. (scholarpedia.org)
In the isolated nervous system, brief electrical stimulation of a body wall nerve, such as Pedal Nerve 2 or 3 is used as a standard stimulus to initiate what is often termed the "fictive" motor pattern. (scholarpedia.org)
Grillner S, Wallén P (1984) How does the lamprey central nervous system make the lamprey swim? (springer.com)
We find that selective inactivation of Nck in the murine nervous system causes a hopping gait and a defect in the spinal central pattern generator, which is characterized by synchronous firing of bilateral ventral motor neurons. (pnas.org)
We investigated the central nervous coordination between singing motor activity and abdominal ventilatory pumping in crickets. (acousti.ca)
with defects in the forebrain and central/autonomic nervous system neurons that result in high levels of postnatal lethality from respiratory distress. (jax.org)
For example, β-galactosidase expression during embryogenesis is highest in hypothalamus, but also detected in other central nervous system tissues (pons and medulla, spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (dorsal root ganglia), and some non-neuronal tissues (tongue, cartilage brown fat). (jax.org)
Serotonin is an important neuromodulatory signalling molecule in the central nervous system that has been linked to a range of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and aggressive behaviour. (le.ac.uk)
Recent evidence suggests that some of the links are due to effects of serotonin during development of the central nervous system. (le.ac.uk)
Cardiorespiratory integration occurs at multiple levels in the central nervous system (CNS) to coordinate breathing and sympathetic outflow. (scielo.br)
High intracellular concentrations of Cl − ions in neurons interfere with synaptic signaling, particularly of the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and are implicated in several neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. (sciencemag.org)
Genomic discovery of ion channel genes in the central nervous system of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. (nih.gov)
Bullock T.H. (1961) The origins of patterned nervous discharge. (scorcher.ru)
Christie AE, Stein W, Quinlan JE, Beenhakker MP, Marder E, Nusbaum MP (2004) Actions of a histaminergic/peptidergic projection neuron on rhythmic motor patterns in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis. (scorcher.ru)
Rhythms in the nervous system are controlled by neural networks within the brain called central pattern generators. (eurekalert.org)
And so, it's that, that is the bottle neck for this enormous central nervous system. (coursera.org)
The nervous system contains many reasonably small collections of neurons that collectively generate a well-defined pattern of electrical activity, which continues even when those collections of cells are removed from the animal. (gatech.edu)
Sylvius 4 provides a unique digital learning environment for exploring and understanding the structure of the human central nervous system. (oup.com)
Sylvius features fully annotated surface views of the human brain, as well as interactive tools for dissecting the central nervous system and viewing fully annotated cross-sections of preserved specimens and living subjects imaged by magnetic resonance. (oup.com)

In order to obtain the normal gait for the prosthesis -carrier with the change of external environment and gait , we designed a model of dynamic ankle prosthesis and control system and introduced the strategy of central pattern generator (CPG) about the moving trail of dynamic ankle prosthesis . (bvsalud.org)

Neuronal circuits that produce rhythmic motor patterns that persist in the absence of sensory feedback or descending inputs. (biologists.org)

MicrocircuitDB: Respiratory central pattern generator network in mammalian brainstem (Rubin et al. (yale.edu)
Essentially its any neural network - the one for this kid's leg is in his spinal cord, for example, but the one for his arm movement is more likely in his basal ganglia + brainstem + spinal cord - that once triggered produces a sequence of muscle contractions that produce a pattern. (neuroself.com)
Pharyngeal dilator muscle activity is influenced by inputs from the chemoreceptors, 8 the brainstem central respiratory pattern generator (CPG), 9 intrapharyngeal negative pressure 10 and possibly vagal input from lung volume. (bmj.com)
More recently, focal acidification of several other brainstem regions in vivo (nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), raphe, pre-Bötzinger complex, locus coeruleus (LC), hypothalamus) has also been found to activate breathing and sympathetic outflow and this evidence has led to the view that central chemoreceptor stimulation is a 'distributed' property (3). (scielo.br)

They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing. (wikipedia.org)
I derive models and create bifurcation toolkits for studying a stunning array of complex activities such as multistability of individual neurons and polyrhythmic bursting patterns discovered in multifunctional central pattern generators governing vital locomotor behaviors of animals and humans. (gsu.edu)
These observations lead to the question, how are the specific patterns of activities generated and used to control behaviors? (biomedcentral.com)
By recording the activity of individual neurons in an intact animal preparation, it was first shown that the activity of neurons in the central ganglia could be correlated with particular behaviors (Willows, 1967). (scholarpedia.org)
Accordingly, the speed and pattern of spinal circuits that underlie complex motor behaviors may be regulated by quantitatively gating the intra-network cellular activity ratio of E-to-I neurons. (elifesciences.org)

Now, researchers in Japan and Italy propose a new approach to walking pattern generation, based on a hierarchical network of electronic oscillators arranged over two levels, which they have demonstrated using an ant-like hexapod robot. (eurekalert.org)
In this paper, the authors approach neural oscillators from a programmer's point of view, providing background and examples for developing neural oscillators to generate rhythmic patterns that can be used in biological modeling and robotics applications. (hindawi.com)
Scientists have long employed neural oscillators as a method to study neuron/ganglia-based processes that serve as central pattern generators for various organisms and as a method to generate control and coordination signals for various robotic mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
however, literature related to neural oscillators and central pattern generators using these computerized neural network models, such as in [ 10 ], is not so prevalent. (hindawi.com)
For researchers wanting to apply the techniques of neural oscillators and/or central path generators for the programming robotic controls, modeling rhythmic patterns, and so forth, without the necessity of understanding complex theoretical mathematical models or learning how simple invertebrates swim, there appears to be no single source of basic information available. (hindawi.com)

It is now clear that such motor patterns are actually based on CPG networks (right panels) that can produce rhythmic activity in the absence of timing information from sensory feedback, for example, through mutually inhibitory connections between neurons controlling different agonists. (els.net)
Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information. (researchwithnj.com)

Pattern generation // Curr Opin Neurobiol 7(6): 781-789. (scorcher.ru)

were obtained from commercial suppliers (Leeches USA and Biopharm) and maintained in artificial pond water at 15°C. After the animals were anesthetized in ice, they were dissected in cold saline to prepare chains of ganglia consisting of the head brain to at least midbody ganglion 15 for recording the heart interneuron activity rhythm and the IPSC strength pattern in heart motor neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Recently, several models have computationally explored the network hypothesis of central respiratory rhythm generation. (springer.com)
4 Thus, the breath by breath variability in the ventilatory pattern may be explainable as a fundamental component of the process generating the respiratory rhythm, and not the product of intrinsic or extrinsic noise, or overwhelming system dimensionality. (springer.com)
We developed a computational model of spinal circuits consisting of four rhythm generators coupled by commissural interneurons (CINs), providing left-right interactions, and LPNs, mediating homolateral and diagonal interactions. (nih.gov)
To help evaluate the hypothesis that the central respiratory rhythm is generated by a network of interacting neurons, a network model of respiratory rhythmogenesis is formulated and examined computationally. (mit.edu)

In spinal and hindbrain circuits in a variety of animals - including flies, worms, leeches, crustaceans, rodents, birds, fish, amphibians and mammals - studies have indicated a crucial role for motor neuron feedback in maintaining normal behavior patterns dictated by the activity of a central pattern generator. (biologists.org)
Because rhythmic motor patterns are easily quantified and studied, central pattern generators will provide important testing grounds for understanding the effects of numerous genetic mutations on behavior. (researchwithnj.com)
The neural commands for this rhythmic behavior are generated by a central pattern generator (CPG) that has been well characterized. (scholarpedia.org)
Relatively little is known about the interneurons that constitute the mammalian locomotor central pattern generator and how they interact to produce behavior. (pnas.org)
In order to describe precisely the fixed action patterns of salmon sexual behavior, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activities of trunk and jaw muscles from freely behaving male and female Himé salmon (landlocked sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka ). (springer.com)
A possibility was pointed out that the locomotor pattern generator in the spinal cord may be modulated by descending supraspinal signals and recruited to generate such diverse forms of action patterns in sexual behavior. (springer.com)
Ayers J, Carpenter GA, Currie S, Kinch J (1983) Which behavior does the lamprey central motor program mediate? (springer.com)
Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective addresses the central aims of cognitive neuroscience, seeking to examine the brain not only by its components but also by their functions. (ecampus.com)
However, since the level of activity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus is regulated by converging inputs from wake-promoting systems, behavior-specific inputs from higher centers and by chemical drive, the main focus of the present manuscript is to review the contribution of central chemoreceptors to the control of autonomic and respiratory mechanisms. (scielo.br)
Associative neural network models with behavior similar to central path generators have also been developed [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

Using the leech heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG), we selected three different segmental motor neurons that fire in a functional phase progression but receive input from the same four premotor interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
Experimental analysis in our lab has provided a quantitative description of the spatiotemporal pattern of inhibitory synaptic input from the heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG) to segmental motor neurons that drive heartbeat in the medicinal leech. (biomedcentral.com)

Inhibitory synaptic inputs coupled to the syllables of the singing motor pattern were present in another ventilatory interneuron, which is not part of the ventilation-CPG. (acousti.ca)

CPG activity is modified by sensory feedback to adapt the motor pattern to changing environmental parameters. (els.net)
These circuits are defined by their ability to generate rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback or other rhythmic inputs ( Marder and Bucher, 2007 ). (biologists.org)
The Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a neural circuit that can produce a rhythmic motor pattern with no need for sensory feedback or descending control [6]. (berkeley.edu)

Investigation indicates that weak excitatory connections play no significant role in the generation of the pattern but may have stabilizing effect. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings substantiate the role of EphA4-positive interneurons as significant components of the ipsilateral locomotor network and describe a group of putative excitatory central pattern generator neurons. (pnas.org)
Circuitoids of purified excitatory interneurons were sufficient to generate oscillatory bursts with properties similar to in vivo central pattern generators. (elifesciences.org)

Neuronal and synaptic properties underlying the precise temporal patterning of sequential bursting activity are shaped by neuromodulators to generate different versions of motor patterns. (els.net)
To begin the process of elucidating the relative roles of this pattern of input and motor neuron intrinsic properties and electrical coupling in the elaboration of the heartbeat fictive motor pattern, we constructed a conductance-based ensemble model of all the segmental heart motor neurons and their known synaptic inputs. (biomedcentral.com)
Modeling experiments, indicate that the most important determinant of the intersegmental and side-to-side phase relations among the heart motor neurons in the model was the spatiotemporal pattern of synaptic inputs, yet phasing was influenced by electrical coupling between the motor neurons in each segment, intersegmental conduction delays in the premotor interneurons, intra-burst synaptic plasticity, and intrinsic membrane currents of the motor neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials , which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Variations on a theme: Species differences in synaptic connectivity do not predict central pattern generator activity. (umass.edu)

We conclude that the number (four) of inputs to each motor neuron, which each vary in strength, and the phase diversity of the temporal pattern of input from the CPG diminish the influence of individual inputs. (jneurosci.org)
This model is a reduced version of a spatially organized respiratory central pattern generation network consisting of four neuronal populations (pre-I, early-I, post-I, and aug-E). In this reduction, each population is represented by a single neuron, in an activity-based framework (which includes the persistent sodium current for the pre-I population). (yale.edu)
Experimentally and computationally, such phase-lags are measured with respect to a reference neuron, thus allowing for an analysis of various activity patterns in a systematic way. (biomedcentral.com)

[4] Still others require song to have syllabic diversity and temporal regularity akin to the repetitive and transformative patterns that define music . (wikipedia.org)
Central generators and the spatio-temporal pattern of movements // In:The development of timing control and temporal organization in coordinated action. (scorcher.ru)

Neurons containing 5-HT7 affect the step cycle duration of the oscillation and the locomotor pattern. (wikipedia.org)

In this paper, a dynamical systems (DS) approach is proposed for the analysis and design of bio-inspired silicon central pattern generator (CPG) systems. (ntu.edu.sg)
In this talk I present a minimal model for one such central pattern generator, based on the interaction of nonlinear dynamical systems interacting on a quenched random network. (gatech.edu)

The sensory input from starfish touch is conveyed to interneurons Tr1 and DRI (Fig. 3), which initiate the motor pattern. (scholarpedia.org)
Furthermore, we identify alterations in the local rhythmic pattern of flexor and extensor muscles by using isolated spinal cord preparations, and we identify guidance defects of ventral spinal interneurons in Nck-deficient animals. (pnas.org)

A recent study using in situ perfused rat brain preparations demonstrated a reorganization of the respiratory pattern with sequential reduction of the brain stem respiratory network. (cellml.org)
Recent work on vertebrates highlights the importance of neuromodulatory control pathways in enabling spinal cord and brain stem circuits to generate meaningful motor patterns. (researchwithnj.com)
1999). Fictive rhythmic motor patterns induced by NMDA in an in-vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation from an adult urodele. (cogprints.org)
Those motor programs are controlled by central pattern generators in the brain stem. (photonics.com)
Things that happen to the brain stem and, and affects central pattern generators. (coursera.org)

Primary afferent depolarization evoked by the activity of spinal scratching generator. (springer.com)
Polarization of primary afferent terminals of lumbosacral cord elicited by the activity of spinal locomotor generator. (springer.com)

2016. Model of the songbird nucleus HVC as a network of central pattern generators . (ucsd.edu)

Marder E, Calabrese RL: Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. (biomedcentral.com)
The Tritonia swim CPG has been a model system for studying rhythmic motor pattern generation, neuromodulation, and behavioral plasticity. (scholarpedia.org)

a) Originally, rhythmic motor patterns were thought to arise from chains of reflexes (left panels). (els.net)

Based on these observations, we discussed the biomechanics for these motor patterns (oviposition, ejaculation, body vibration, and mouth opening), and the neural mechanisms for the pattern generation. (springer.com)
1976) provide model systems for studying cellular mechanisms underlying central pattern generation using intra- and extracellular unit recording techniques. (springer.com)
Although connectomes and functional roles for the neuronal subtypes that comprise circuits have begun to be defined, the output of large multicellular networks are difficult to predict from the input pattern because the mechanisms that coordinate and regulate these complex systems remain poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
Model for intersegmental coordination of leech swimming: central and sensory mechanisms // J Neurophysiol 87(6): 2760-9. (scorcher.ru)

Benjamin, P.R., Rose, R.M. Central generation of bursting in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis// J. Exp. (scorcher.ru)

Previous work suggested that the phase progression arises because the pattern of relative strength of the four inputs varies systematically across the segmental motor neurons. (jneurosci.org)

eastern wood pewee: note the simple repetitive pattern of ascending and descending tones from a grounding note. (wikipedia.org)
Some of these networks send signals with a rhythmic pattern and typically drive repetitive movements such as breathing and walking. (elifesciences.org)

To make complex movements, motor neurons must produce precise patterns of activity. (jneurosci.org)
A series of action patterns (quivering and spawning act in males, digging, covering, prespawning act and spawning act in females, and the swimming and turning movements in both sexes) were characterized by rhythmic activities of the trunk muscles. (springer.com)

Central pattern generators are biological neural networks organized to produce any rhythmic output without requiring a rhythmic input. (wikipedia.org)

Each of these activity patterns is quantitatively distinct from the others in such parameters as frequency, bout duration, duty value, intersegmental phase delay, and spatial distribution of rhythmic activities. (springer.com)

The long-term goal of replacing damaged neural networks with artificial devices also requires the development of neural network models that match the recorded electrophysiological patterns and are capable of producing the correct stimulation patterns to restore the desired function. (frontiersin.org)

Specifically, with removal of the pons, the normal three-phase pattern transformed to a two-phase inspiratory-expiratory pattern and, with more caudal transections, to one-phase, intrinsically generated inspiratory oscillations. (cellml.org)

Baro DJ, Ayali A, French L, Scholz NL, Labenia J, Lanning CC, Graubard K, Harris-Warrick RM (2000) Molecular underpinnings of motor pattern generation: differential targeting of shal and shaker in the pyloric motor system. (scorcher.ru)
These networks generate the gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (pumping/filtering of chewed food) motor patterns, respectively. (upenn.edu)

We hypothesized that our model of the central respiratory pattern generator, when appropriately modified to include vagal feedback from the pulmonary stretch receptors, would exhibit chaotic dynamics. (springer.com)
Gottschalk A., Geitz K.A., Richter D.W., Ogilvie M.D., Pack A.I. (1992) Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator. (springer.com)
Abstract: The three-phase respiratory pattern observed during normal breathing changes with alterations in metabolic or physiological conditions. (cellml.org)
Initial network connectivity was based on an earlier proposed model of the central respiratory pattern generator. (mit.edu)

However, in an array of species and motor systems, an accumulating body of evidence supports a more complex role of motor neurons in pattern generation. (biologists.org)
These studies suggest that motor neurons not only relay motor patterns to the periphery, but directly contribute to pattern generation by providing feedback to upstream circuitry. (biologists.org)
Our focus was intersegmental and side-to-side coordination of the asymmetric motor pattern: motor neurons on one side fire nearly in synchrony (synchronous coordination), while on the other they fire in a rear-to-front progression (peristaltic coordination). (biomedcentral.com)

The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the simplest central pattern generators (CPG). (frontiersin.org)
Heartbeat control in the medicinal leech: a model system for understanding the origin, coordination, and modulation of rhythmic motor patterns // J Neurobiol 27(3): 390-402. (scorcher.ru)

We describe the effects of extreme changes in extracellular pH - from pH 5.5 to 10.4 - on two central pattern generating networks, the stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia of the crab, Cancer borealis . (elifesciences.org)
The overanalyzing, overthinking front of your brain, the executive center, is lulled by the hum of the movement pattern.At 10 minutes, cardiac drift occurs. (psychcentral.com)
2015. Silicon central pattern generators for cardiac diseases . (ucsd.edu)

synapses in the central pattern generator that initiated the action. (bio.net)

Anatomy33

Organisms18

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science3

Health Care2

The effects of vestibular stimulation rate and magnitude of acceleration on central pattern generation for chest wall kinematics in preterm infants. (1/24)

Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. (2/24)

Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system? (3/24)

DCC mediated axon guidance of spinal interneurons is essential for normal locomotor central pattern generator function. (4/24)

Episodic swimming in the larval zebrafish is generated by a spatially distributed spinal network with modular functional organization. (5/24)

Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization. (6/24)

Memory trace in feeding neural circuitry underlying conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. (7/24)

Neuromodulator-evoked synaptic metaplasticity within a central pattern generator network. (8/24)

Central Pattern Generators

Instinct

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Periodicity

Locomotion

Motor Neurons

Interneurons

Brachyura

Leeches

Nephropidae

Tritonia Sea Slug

Swimming

Lymnaea

Nerve Net

Locusta migratoria

Lampreys

Spinal Cord

Mollusca

Palinuridae

Radionuclide Generators

Action Potentials

Nervous System Physiological Phenomena

Biological Clocks

Octopamine

Hirudo medicinalis

Models, Neurological

Respiratory Physiological Processes

Aplysia

Pleurobranchaea

Electric Stimulation

Cheek

Pylorus

Feeding Behavior

Laryngeal Nerves

Decerebrate State

Serotonin

Efferent Pathways

Respiratory Center

Escape Reaction

Motor Activity

Deglutition

Brain Stem

Movement

Neural Inhibition

Neural Pathways

Laryngeal Muscles

Digestive System

Ganglia

Afferent Pathways

Neurons

Electrophysiology

Hermissenda

Spinal Nerve Roots

Digestive System Physiological Phenomena

Central Nervous System

Electromyography

Synapses

Grasshoppers

Synaptic Transmission

Hindlimb

Electrophysiological Phenomena

Feedback

Respiratory Mechanics

Strychnine

Vocalization, Animal

Behavior, Animal

Animals, Newborn

N-Methylaspartate

Neurotransmitter Agents

Vibrissae

Membrane Potentials

Larva

Cats

Nonlinear Dynamics

Proprioception

Evoked Potentials

Walking

Neurons, Afferent

Reflex

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

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