Central pattern generators. Medical search

Central Pattern Generators: Networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of MOTOR NEURONS to produce rhythmic movements such as MASTICATION; WALKING; SWIMMING; RESPIRATION; and PERISTALSIS.Instinct: Stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation.Ganglia, Invertebrate: Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Brachyura: An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.Leeches: Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.Nephropidae: Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.Tritonia Sea Slug: A genus of large marine sea slugs in the family Tritoniidae found in the northern Pacific Ocean. They are used in neurological research.Swimming: An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.Lymnaea: A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Locusta migratoria: A species of migratory Old World locusts, in the family ACRIDIDAE, that are important pests in Africa and Asia.Lampreys: Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.Palinuridae: A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.Radionuclide Generators: Separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. The daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Nervous System Physiological Phenomena: Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Biological Clocks: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.Hirudo medicinalis: A species of European freshwater LEECHES used for BLOODLETTING in ancient times and also for LEECHING in modern times.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Respiratory Physiological Processes: Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.Aplysia: An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.Pleurobranchaea: A genus of side-gilled sea slugs in the family Pleurobranchidae, superorder GASTROPODA. They are opportunistic voracious feeders but prefer the sea anemone.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Cheek: The part of the face that is below the eye and to the side of the nose and mouth.Pylorus: The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Laryngeal Nerves: Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.Decerebrate State: A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Respiratory Center: Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.Escape Reaction: Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Deglutition: The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Laryngeal Muscles: The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).Digestive System: A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Hermissenda: A genus of marine sea slugs in the family Glaucidae, superorder GASTROPODA, found on the Pacific coast of North America. They are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Digestive System Physiological Phenomena: Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Grasshoppers: Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Electrophysiological Phenomena: The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.Feedback: A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.Respiratory Mechanics: The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Vocalization, Animal: Sounds used in animal communication.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Vibrissae: Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Nonlinear Dynamics: The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.Proprioception: Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Walking: An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Gait: Manner or style of walking.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Batrachoidiformes: An order of bottom fishes with short, small, spinous dorsal fins. It is comprised of one family (Batrachoididae) and about 70 species.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Data Interpretation, Statistical: Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.High Vocal Center: Nucleus in the NEOSTRIATUM of bird brains that sends signals for song production and receives auditory input. In some adult SONGBIRDS, research has shown that the size of this nucleus changes seasonally and that it exhibits neurogenesis.Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Actinium: Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.Oviposition: The process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (OVA) from the female body. The term is usually used for certain INSECTS or FISHES with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.Chemoreceptor Cells: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.Extremities: The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.Skinfold Thickness: The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (From McArdle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)

The effects of vestibular stimulation rate and magnitude of acceleration on central pattern generation for chest wall kinematics in preterm infants. (1/24)

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Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. (2/24)

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Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system? (3/24)

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DCC mediated axon guidance of spinal interneurons is essential for normal locomotor central pattern generator function. (4/24)

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Episodic swimming in the larval zebrafish is generated by a spatially distributed spinal network with modular functional organization. (5/24)

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Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization. (6/24)

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Memory trace in feeding neural circuitry underlying conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. (7/24)

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Neuromodulator-evoked synaptic metaplasticity within a central pattern generator network. (8/24)

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Neural oscillation

Central pattern generatorEdit. Main article: Central pattern generator. Synchronized firing of neurons also forms the basis of ... called a central pattern generator. Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that-when activated-can produce rhythmic ... Examples are walking, breathing, and swimming,[57] Most evidence for central pattern generators comes from lower animals, such ... Marder E, Bucher D (2001). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Curr Biol. 11 (23): R986-R996. ...

Action potential

Hooper SL (March 2000). "Central pattern generators". Curr. Biol. 10 (5): R176. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.133.3378 . doi:10.1016/S0960- ... Neuroscience portal Anode break excitation Biological neuron model Bursting Central pattern generator Chronaxie Frog battery ... one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks. The ... such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators. ...

Neuroscience of rhythm

A central pattern generator (CPG) is defined as a neural network that does not require sensory input to generate a rhythm. This ... Hooper, Scott L. (1999-2010). "Central Pattern Generators". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1038/npg. ... Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man". Brain. 117 (Pt 5): 1143-59. doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1143. PMID ... This allows for self-sustaining patterns of oscillation. Furthermore, new motor patterns, such as athletic skills or the ...

Quantitative models of the action potential

... such as the central pattern generators responsible for some automatic reflex actions. Such networks can generate a complex ... ISBN 0-262-11133-0. Hooper, Scott L. "Central Pattern Generators." Embryonic ELS (1999) http://www.els.net/elsonline/figpage/ ... Mauro A (1960). "Properties of thin generators pertaining to electrophysiological potentials in volume conductors". J. ... temporal pattern of action potentials that is used to coordinate muscular contractions, such as those involved in breathing or ...

Primary motor cortex

"Cortical control of a whisking central pattern generator". J. Neurophysiol. 96 (1): 209-217. doi:10.1152/jn.00071.2006. PMC ... Neurons in this region project to a specific subcortical nucleus in which a pattern generator coordinates the cyclic rhythm of ... Woolsey, C.N., Settlage, P.H., Meyer, D.R., Sencer, W., Hamuy, T.P. and Travis, A.M. (1952). "Pattern of localization in ... The human primary motor cortex is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus. It also extends anteriorly out of the ...

Action potential

Hooper SL (March 2000). "Central pattern generators". Curr. Biol. 10 (5): R176. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.133.3378. doi:10.1016/S0960- ... such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators.[71][bx] ... one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks. ... In neurons, action potentials play a central role in cell-to-cell communication by providing for-or with regard to saltatory ...

Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury

These activities work if neurons of the central pattern generator (CPG) circuits, which generate rhythmic movements of the body ... "Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 860: 360-76. Bibcode: ... The benefits include: (1) assist in reproducing leg movements and optimizing gait pattern (speed, step length, amplitude); (2) ... although a trainer should analyze the gait pattern and outcome measures of the training and supervise training). It is ...

Neural oscillation

... called a central pattern generator. Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that-when activated-can produce rhythmic ... Frequency changes are also commonly observed in central pattern generators and directly relate to the speed of motor activities ... Like pacemaker neurons in central pattern generators, subtypes of cortical cells fire bursts of spikes (brief clusters of ... Examples are walking, breathing, and swimming, Most evidence for central pattern generators comes from lower animals, such as ...

Spinal locomotion

Central pattern generator Central nervous system Locomotive Proprioception Spinal cord Spinal cord injury Special senses , ... The central pattern generator (CPG) provides the basic locomotor rhythm and synergies by integrating commands from various ... Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.860:360-76 Hornby, George T., Zemon, David H., & ... spinal cord pattern generators for locomotion. Clin Neurophysiol. 114:1379-89 Forssberg H, Grillner S, Rossignol S. 1975 Phase ...

Ian Stewart (mathematician)

"Symmetry in locomotor central pattern generators and animal gaits". Nature. 401 (6754): 693. doi:10.1038/44416. PMID 10537106. ...

Bird vocalization

Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong". Brain & Language. 115 (1 ... Howell, Steve N. G. & Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press ... Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch Fringilla ... Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird ...

Stomatogastric nervous system

The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator. It is a model system for motor pattern generation because of the ... The circuits underlying such rhythmic behaviors, central pattern generators (CPGs), all operate on the same general principles ... More importantly, CPG circuits are usually not dedicated to producing a single neuronal activity pattern. This flexibility ...

Bursting

Action potential Central pattern generator Dynamical systems Information theory Wagenaar, Daniel; Jerome Pine; Steve M. Potter ... Bursting is thought to be important in the operation of robust central pattern generators, the transmission of neural codes, ... Bursting, or burst firing, is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central ... The slow subsystem also is connected to endogenous bursting patterns in neurons, where the pattern can be maintained completely ...

Pre-Bötzinger complex

"Multiple Rhythmic States in a Model of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator". Journal of Neurophysiology. 101 (4): 2146-65 ... Neuronal discharge patterns are altered during the depressed synaptic inhibition, contributing to the reformation of the ... This single neuronal network can create multiple respiratory rhythmic patterns and is by itself both necessary and sufficient ... It is hypothesized that the pre-Bötzinger complex is the main location of the rhythmic pattern generation circuitry involved in ...

Models of neural computation

Mutually inhibitory processes are a unifying motif of all central pattern generators. This has been demonstrated in the ... which is implicated in the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms of central pattern generators. This approach, influenced by control ... A" 2(2) 322-341 Michael P. Nusbaum and Mark P. Beenhakker, A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation, Nature 417, ... On differences between peripheral and foveal pattern masking. Diss. University of California, Berkeley, 1999. Molnar, Alyosha; ...

Bird vocalization

Konishi, M. (2010). "From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong". Brain & Language. 115: ... Bird Language: Exploring the Language of Nature with Jon Young A blog with stories and tips for learning the patterns in bird ... These neurons also fire in similar patterns when the bird is singing that same song. Swamp sparrows employ 3-5 different song ... Thorpe, W. H. (1958). "The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch Fringilla ...

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

The NTS directs signals about these functions to a central pattern generator (CPG). This CPG actually coordinates the sequences ... doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00583.x. Hornby, Pamela J. (December 2001). "Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis". The ...

Whisking in animals

Behavioral evidence for a central pattern generator". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (14): 5374-5380. Kleinfeld, D. (2008). " ... Gao, P; Bermejo, R; Zeigler, HP (2001). "Whisker deafferentation and rodent whisking patterns: ...

Scratch reflex

Biological neural network Central nervous system Central pattern generator Stein, P. S. G. (1983). The vertebrate scratch ... Mortin, L. I., & Stein, P. S. G. (1989). "Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for ... Results from animal studies have indicated that spinal neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs) are ... CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Earhart G. M., Stein P. S. G. (2000). "Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the ...

Mikhail Rabinovich

Among them, the synchronization of bursting neurons in central pattern generators of biological systems. Early 2000s: ... In 2000, Mikhail publishes his latest book on physicsThe dynamics of Patterns. Mikhail Rabinovich published over 250 peer ...

RunBot

Instead of using a central pattern generator it uses reflexes which generate the gait. The reflexes are triggered by ground ... for example where a moveable upper body mass on the robot keeps the walking pattern stable even on uneven terrain. The ...

Holonomic brain theory

Baev K.V. (2012). "Solution of the Problem of Central Pattern Generators and a New Concept of Brain Functions". Neurophysiology ... Lashley suggested that brain interference patterns could play a role in perception, but was unsure how such patterns might be ... He demonstrated that the information pattern of a three-dimensional object can be encoded in a beam of light, which is more-or- ... As long as a part of the hologram is large enough to contain the interference pattern, that part can recreate the entirety of ...

Arm swing in human locomotion

... showing that central pattern generator (CPG) might be involved in cyclic arm swing. However, these findings do not imply ... Biomechanics of sprint running Bipedalism Central pattern generator F. C. Anderson, M. G. Pandy (2003). Dynamic Optimization of ... were investigated in this perspective and the results pointed a common central control mechanism. Performing the left- ...

Undulatory locomotion

Based on biologically hypothesized connections of the central pattern generator in the salamander, a robotic system has been ... Ijspeert, A. J. (2001). "A Connectionist Central Pattern Generator for the Aquatic and Terrestrial Gaits of a Simulated ... However, this pattern can change based on the particular undulating animal, the environment, and the metric in which the animal ... Wavelike motor pattern typically arise from a series of coupled segmental oscillator. Each segmental oscillator is capable of ...

Mesencephalic locomotor region

List of regions in the human brain Central pattern generator Central nervous system Gait (human) Motor Control Brain ... Decerebrate cat walks Multi-Layered Multi-Pattern Central Pattern Generator for Adaptive Locomotion of Humanoid Robots. ... responsible for regulating the excitability of reticulospinal neurons that in turn project to spinal central pattern generators ... Step-like motor patterns of the lower extremities can be induced through activation of the spinal circuitry alone; however, ...

Robot fish

A central neural system known as a "Central Pattern Generator" (CPGs) can govern multilink robotic fish locomotion. The CPG is ... the signal from the cerebrum stops and the CPGs can produce and modulate locomotion patterns. Similar to their role in living ... "Charlie: CIA's Robotic Fish - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2016. http://tech.mit.edu/V115/ ...

Free will

It is also possible that one's desire for control, or other basic motivational patterns, act as a third variable. ... For instance, some hardware random number generators work by amplifying quantum effects into practically usable signals. A more ... it is plausible that the central loci of our responsibility are our choices, or "willings".. ... "formation of macroscopic population dynamics that shapes the patterns of activity of the contributing individuals", applicable ...

Motor program

Central pattern generator Challenge Point Framework Hearing Multisensory integration Proprioception Vestibular system Visual ... This presented an issue related to the storage capacity of the central nervous system; a vast array of movements would require ... Marder E, Calabrese RL (July 1996). "Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation". Physiol. Rev. 76 (3): 687-717. PMID ... contains the generalized rules that generate the spatial and temporal muscle patterns to produce a specified movement.p. 32 ...

Central Pattern Generators

... by networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs can produce these patterns even in the absence of inputs that carry ... Central Pattern Generators. Dirk Bucher, New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA Gal ... Diaz‐Rios M and Miller MW (2006) Target‐specific regulation of synaptic efficacy in the feeding central pattern generator of ... Marder E and Bucher D (2001) Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements. Current Biology 11 (23): R986- ...

els.net

Central pattern generator - Wikipedia

How Do Central Pattern Generators Work? @ www.bio.brandeis.edu Hoopers Review of Central Pattern Generators (PDF)[dead link] ... Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural networks that produce rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory ... Thus, humans also possess a central pattern generator for locomotion that is capable not only of rhythmic pattern generation ... Central pattern generators, as part of the neural circuitry of an organism, can be modulated to adapt to the organisms needs ...

en.wikipedia.org

Frontiers | Real-time biomimetic Central Pattern Generators in an FPGA for hybrid experiments | Neuroscience

The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the most simple central pattern generators (CPG). In biology, CPG provide for ... The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the most simple central pattern generators (CPG). In biology, CPG provide for ... Real-time biomimetic Central Pattern Generators in an FPGA for hybrid experiments. Matthieu Ambroise1, Timothée Levi1*, ... Ijspeert, A. (2008). Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: a review. J. Neural Netw. 21, 642 ...

frontiersin.org

Neural substrate of locomotor central pattern generators in mammals - Wikipedia

Central pattern generators are neural networks organized to produce any rhythmic output without requiring a rhythmic input. In ... The central pattern generators responsible for locomotion in vertebrates reside as half-center modules in the cervical and ... Barriére G, Leblond H, Provencher J, Rossignol S. Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of ... There exists significant coordination between the central pattern generators actuating individual limbs in mammals. There is ...

en.wikipedia.org

Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator | Journal of Neuroscience

Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator. GG Turrigiano and AI Selverston ... The STG contains 2 central pattern generators (CPGs), the pyloric and the gastric mill CPGs. Bath application of CCK8 to the ... Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator ... Cholecystokinin-like peptide is a modulator of a crustacean central pattern generator ...

jneurosci.org

Firing Properties of Identified Interneuron Populations in the Mammalian Hindlimb Central Pattern Generator | Journal of...

1997) Basic buildings blocks of vertebrate central pattern generators. in Neurons, networks and motor behavior, eds Stein PSG, ... 1992) Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino acids in neonatal rat. J ... 1998) Distribution of central pattern generators for rhythmic motor outputs in the spinal cord of limbed vertebrates. Ann NY ... Firing Properties of Identified Interneuron Populations in the Mammalian Hindlimb Central Pattern Generator. Simon J. B. Butt, ...

jneurosci.org

On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish | Journal of Experimental...

On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ... On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish ...

jeb.biologists.org

Andrey Shilnikov - chaos, bifurcations, nonlinear dynamics, mathematical computational neuroscience, dynamics of neuron and...

Jalil S, Allen D, Yourker J and Shilnikov A. Toward robust phase-locking in Melibe swim central pattern generator model. J. ... Hu X, Youker J., Wojcik J, Clewley R and Shilnikov A, Phase and exact models for multifunctional central pattern generators, ... Wojcik J., Clewley R, and Shilnikov A., Order parameter for bursting polyrhythms in multifunctional central pattern generators ... of individual neurons and polyrhythmic bursting patterns discovered in multifunctional central pattern generators governing ...

www2.gsu.edu

Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator | Springer for Research & Development

... several models have computationally explored the network hypothesis of central respiratory rhythm generation.1, 2One ... We hypothesized that our model of the central respiratory pattern generator, when appropriately modified to include vagal ... Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator. In: Honda Y., Miyamoto Y., Konno K., Widdicombe J.G ... C. von Euler, Brainstem mechanisms for generation and control of breathing pattern, in: "Handbook of Physiology. The ...

rd.springer.com

MicrocircuitDB: Respiratory central pattern generator network in mammalian brainstem (Rubin et al. 2009)

Respiratory central pattern generator network in mammalian brainstem (Rubin et al. 2009). ... Multiple rhythmic states in a model of the respiratory central pattern generator. J Neurophysiol 101:2146-65 [PubMed] ... This model is a reduced version of a spatially organized respiratory central pattern generation network consisting of four ...

senselab.med.yale.edu

ModelDB: Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006)

Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ...

senselab.med.yale.edu

Robust Control of a Humanoid Robot Using a Bio-Inspired Approach Based on Central Pattern Generators, Reflexes, and...

Robust Control of a Humanoid Robot Using a Bio-Inspired Approach Based on Central Pattern Generators, Reflexes, and ...

robotik.dfki-bremen.de

Modeling the output of a central pattern generator | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text

... description of the spatiotemporal pattern of inhibitory synaptic input from the heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG) to ... Calabrese et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. ... To begin the process of elucidating the relative roles of this pattern of input and motor neuron intrinsic properties and ... Our focus was intersegmental and side-to-side coordination of the asymmetric motor pattern: motor neurons on one side fire ...

bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com

Raptor Central Pattern Generator

The Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a neural circuit that can produce a rhythmic motor pattern with no need for sensory ... Neural Control of locomotion; Part 1: The central pattern generator from cats to humans. Duysens, Jacques et. al. Gait and ... Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humans. Dimitrijevic, Milan et. al. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. ... Neural control of locomotion: sensory control of the central pattern generator and its relation to treadmill training. Van de ...

nonlinear.eecs.berkeley.edu

Central pattern generator Archives - Knowing Neurons

For animals to walk, central pattern generators (CPGs) must be modulated to allow different stride lengths in each leg or ... requires flexible and adaptive fine-tuning of the basic alternating stepping pattern of our two legs. ... Kate Fehlhaber 0 Comments 2014, Bidaye, Central pattern generator, Circuit, CpG, Dickson, Drosophila, Fruit fly, Kinematics, ... Jillian L. Shaw 2 Comments 2013, Bachmann, Central pattern generator, Deep Brain Stimulation, Deep Brain Stimulation of the ...

knowingneurons.com

Frontiers | Humanoids Learning to Walk: A Natural CPG-Actor-Critic Architecture | Frontiers in Neurorobotics

In the model,a simplified central pattern generator (CPG) architecture inspired by neuroscientific research and DST is ... In the model, a simplified central pattern generator (CPG) architecture inspired by neuroscientific research and DST is ... Central Pattern Generators. Modeling walking on a humanoid robot is a complicated task related to designing an autonomous ... According to Ijspeert, Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), the bio-inspired neural structures discovered in the middle of the ...

frontiersin.org

Colocalized neuropeptides activate a central pattern generator by acting on different circuit targets. | The Marder Lab

Thirumalai V, Marder E (2002) Colocalized neuropeptides activate a central pattern generator by acting on different circuit ...

blogs.brandeis.edu

Circuits in the Nervous System: Introduction to Central Pattern Generators • iBiology

Eve Marder introduces us to central pattern generators, the circuits in the nervous system that control rhythmic movements such ... 00:01:44.24 to central pattern generators (or CPGs as we call them). 00:01:48.27 and Ill explain that in a moment.. 00:01: ... 00:24:22.17 that allow the central pattern generator to be phase-constant.. 00:24:27.22 And so this, I think, is an important ... In Part 1, Marder introduces us to central pattern generators (CPGs), the circuits in the nervous system that control rhythmic ...

ibiology.org

Neural oscillation - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org

nature.com search

Central pattern generators (1). * Gap junctions (1). * Motor control (1). * Neural circuits (1). ...

nature.com

Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids. - PubMed - NCBI

Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. ... They contract and develop central pattern generator-like neuronal circuits. Finally, we successfully use NMOs to recapitulate ... NMOs; NMPs; central pattern generators; myasthenia gravis; neuromesodermal progenitors; neuromuscular diseases; neuromuscular ...

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

EphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons | PNAS

Relatively little is known about the interneurons that constitute the mammalian locomotor central pattern generator and how ... Abbreviations: cL, contralateral lumbar segment; CPG, central pattern generator; 5-HT, serotonin creatine sulfate; iL, ... components of the ipsilateral locomotor network and describe a group of putative excitatory central pattern generator neurons. ...

pnas.org

Rhythmic electromyographic activities of trunk muscles characterize the sexual behavior in the Himé salmon (landlocked sockeye...

In order to describe precisely the fixed action patterns of salmon sexual behavior, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) ... Rand RH, Cohen AH, Holmes PJ (1988) Systems of coupled oscillators as models of central pattern generators. In: Cohen AH, ... Cohen AH (1988) Evolution of the vertebrate central pattern generator for locomotion. In: Cohen AH, Rossingnol S, Grillner S ( ... Harris-Warrick RM (1988) Chemical modulation of central pattern generators. In: Cohen AH, Rossingnol S, Grillner S (eds) Neural ...

link.springer.com

Long-axis rotation: a missing degree of freedom in avian bipedal locomotion | Journal of Experimental Biology

Review - Feedback to the future: motor neuron contributions to central pattern generator function. ... Knee LAR patterns remain similar between yaws and turns, but the addition of forward motion makes hip LAR patterns less clear. ... Sidestep and crossover patterns can be distinguished, however. For instance, during the initial yaw to the left in the first ... 3D). Knee LAR and digital axis angle plots mirror the sidestep turn data; no clear patterns of hip LAR are evident. Both knees ...

jeb.biologists.org

Strategies to Identify Interneurons Involved in Locomotor Pattern Generation in the Mammalian Spinal Cord | SpringerLink

Stein, P.S.G. (1984). Central pattern generators in the spinal cord. In Handbook of the Spinal Cord, (ed. R.A. Davidoff). ... Grillner, S. and Zangger, P. (1975). How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion? Brain Res. 88, 367-371. ... provide model systems for studying cellular mechanisms underlying central pattern generation using intra- and extracellular ... Miller, S. and Scott, P.D. (1977). The spinal locomotor generator. Exp. Brain Res. 30. 387-403.PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

link.springer.com

In both cases, other neurons are recruited into this rhythmic activity to generate a whole pattern. (els.net)
It is now clear that such motor patterns are actually based on CPG networks (right panels) that can produce rhythmic activity in the absence of timing information from sensory feedback, for example, through mutually inhibitory connections between neurons controlling different agonists. (els.net)
Neurons containing 5-HT7 affect the step cycle duration of the oscillation and the locomotor pattern. (wikipedia.org)
I derive models and create bifurcation toolkits for studying a stunning array of complex activities such as multistability of individual neurons and polyrhythmic bursting patterns discovered in multifunctional central pattern generators governing vital locomotor behaviors of animals and humans. (gsu.edu)
Experimental analysis in our lab has provided a quantitative description of the spatiotemporal pattern of inhibitory synaptic input from the heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG) to segmental motor neurons that drive heartbeat in the medicinal leech. (biomedcentral.com)
To begin the process of elucidating the relative roles of this pattern of input and motor neuron intrinsic properties and electrical coupling in the elaboration of the heartbeat fictive motor pattern, we constructed a conductance-based ensemble model of all the segmental heart motor neurons and their known synaptic inputs. (biomedcentral.com)
Our focus was intersegmental and side-to-side coordination of the asymmetric motor pattern: motor neurons on one side fire nearly in synchrony (synchronous coordination), while on the other they fire in a rear-to-front progression (peristaltic coordination). (biomedcentral.com)
Modeling experiments, indicate that the most important determinant of the intersegmental and side-to-side phase relations among the heart motor neurons in the model was the spatiotemporal pattern of synaptic inputs, yet phasing was influenced by electrical coupling between the motor neurons in each segment, intersegmental conduction delays in the premotor interneurons, intra-burst synaptic plasticity, and intrinsic membrane currents of the motor neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials , which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings substantiate the role of EphA4-positive interneurons as significant components of the ipsilateral locomotor network and describe a group of putative excitatory central pattern generator neurons. (pnas.org)
We find that selective inactivation of Nck in the murine nervous system causes a hopping gait and a defect in the spinal central pattern generator, which is characterized by synchronous firing of bilateral ventral motor neurons. (pnas.org)
Topics include the mechanism that underlie both action potentials and patterns of spontaneous activity in individual nerve cells, interactions between neurons, and the organization of neurons into larger functional units. (bowdoin.edu)
Accordingly, the speed and pattern of spinal circuits that underlie complex motor behaviors may be regulated by quantitatively gating the intra-network cellular activity ratio of E-to-I neurons. (elifesciences.org)
The nervous system contains many reasonably small collections of neurons that collectively generate a well-defined pattern of electrical activity, which continues even when those collections of cells are removed from the animal. (gatech.edu)
These functional groups of neurons are now termed central pattern generators. (gatech.edu)
In this module, we consider two types of cells: one that relays information to the central nervous system (brain) for interpretation and a second set, motor neurons which relay information away from the central nervous system to govern voluntary movement. (coursera.org)
Once this global synaptic refinement occurred, the same neurons now displayed different patterns of spontaneous activity, which in turn exhibited different levels of synaptic plasticity. (plos.org)
Cortical neurons display various patterns of spontaneous activity, depending on the behavioral state of the animal , . (plos.org)
The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator . (thefullwiki.org)
Besides, neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion produce cell type-specific voltage output and firing patterns with high consistency among preparations. (scholarpedia.org)

b) Fictive behaviours, that is, activity patterns recorded in the isolated central nervous system that resemble the motor output of the intact animal, are the ultimate proof of the existence of a CPG. (els.net)
Neural oscillations , or brainwaves , are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
Neural oscillations are observed throughout the central nervous system at all levels, and include spike trains , local field potentials and large-scale oscillations which can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG). (wikipedia.org)
Grillner S, Wallén P (1984) How does the lamprey central nervous system make the lamprey swim? (springer.com)
Serotonin is an important neuromodulatory signalling molecule in the central nervous system that has been linked to a range of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and aggressive behaviour. (le.ac.uk)
Recent evidence suggests that some of the links are due to effects of serotonin during development of the central nervous system. (le.ac.uk)
The nervous system circuitry that controls locomotion has evolved to intrinsically generate an optimal search pattern for resources. (elifesciences.org)
Genomic discovery of ion channel genes in the central nervous system of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. (nih.gov)
Christie AE, Stein W, Quinlan JE, Beenhakker MP, Marder E, Nusbaum MP (2004) Actions of a histaminergic/peptidergic projection neuron on rhythmic motor patterns in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis. (scorcher.ru)
Rhythms in the nervous system are controlled by neural networks within the brain called central pattern generators. (eurekalert.org)
And so, it's that, that is the bottle neck for this enormous central nervous system. (coursera.org)
They're examining the central nervous system: the network of electrical impulses that zip to and fro through the brain and spinal cord. (latimes.com)
In an orgasm orchestra, the genitalia may be the instruments, but the central nervous system is the conductor. (latimes.com)

Homeostatic plasticity of excitability in crustacean central pattern generator networks. (nih.gov)

Based on these observations, we discussed the biomechanics for these motor patterns (oviposition, ejaculation, body vibration, and mouth opening), and the neural mechanisms for the pattern generation. (springer.com)
1976) provide model systems for studying cellular mechanisms underlying central pattern generation using intra- and extracellular unit recording techniques. (springer.com)
Model for intersegmental coordination of leech swimming: central and sensory mechanisms // J Neurophysiol 87(6): 2760-9. (scorcher.ru)
Although connectomes and functional roles for the neuronal subtypes that comprise circuits have begun to be defined, the output of large multicellular networks are difficult to predict from the input pattern because the mechanisms that coordinate and regulate these complex systems remain poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
Scientists have long employed neural oscillators as a method to study neuron/ganglia-based processes that serve as central pattern generators for various organisms and as a method to generate control and coordination signals for various robotic mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
Advances in this limb skin vasculature model with genetic studies have improved understanding molecular mechanisms of vascular development and patterning. (jove.com)
Similar mechanisms and patterns are studied and extended by researchers in mathematics and physics, and widely applied in control systems such as robotics. (mun.ca)

Relatively little is known about the interneurons that constitute the mammalian locomotor central pattern generator and how they interact to produce behavior. (pnas.org)
In order to describe precisely the fixed action patterns of salmon sexual behavior, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activities of trunk and jaw muscles from freely behaving male and female Himé salmon (landlocked sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka ). (springer.com)
A possibility was pointed out that the locomotor pattern generator in the spinal cord may be modulated by descending supraspinal signals and recruited to generate such diverse forms of action patterns in sexual behavior. (springer.com)
Ayers J, Carpenter GA, Currie S, Kinch J (1983) Which behavior does the lamprey central motor program mediate? (springer.com)
Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective addresses the central aims of cognitive neuroscience, seeking to examine the brain not only by its components but also by their functions. (ecampus.com)
Associative neural network models with behavior similar to central path generators have also been developed [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
C shows how reflexes are modulated by aminergic and/or peptidergic innervation (represented by m and n) to exhibit a specific pattern of combination for behavior (m to reflexes 1, 2, and 4 and n to reflexes 1, 3, and 4). (informit.com)

Pattern generation // Curr Opin Neurobiol 7(6): 781-789. (scorcher.ru)

00:03:21.00 are produced by central oscillatory circuits. (ibiology.org)
They contract and develop central pattern generator-like neuronal circuits. (nih.gov)
Dickinson P.S., Mecsas C., Marder E. (1990) Neuropeptide fusion of two motor-pattern generator circuits. (scorcher.ru)
Humans have central pattern generators in the spinal cord-neural circuits that, even in the absence of input of the brain, can generate patterns of flexion and extension in muscles that look like walking. (danielwillingham.com)
More importantly, CPG circuits are usually not dedicated to producing a single neuronal activity pattern. (mbl.edu)
Operation of segmental spinal circuits sometimes involves a type of function generator (FG in Figure 10B , b ). (informit.com)

Neuronal and synaptic properties underlying the precise temporal patterning of sequential bursting activity are shaped by neuromodulators to generate different versions of motor patterns. (els.net)
Still others require song to have syllabic diversity and temporal regularity akin to the repetitive and transformative patterns that define music . (wikipedia.org)
Central generators and the spatio-temporal pattern of movements // In:The development of timing control and temporal organization in coordinated action. (scorcher.ru)
Holy and Guo showed that courtship USVs from different males contain identifiable syllable types produced in regular temporal patterns that differed between individuals ( Holy & Guo, 2005 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Inhibitory synaptic inputs coupled to the syllables of the singing motor pattern were present in another ventilatory interneuron, which is not part of the ventilation-CPG. (acousti.ca)
The generation of slow oscillations did not require fast synaptic transmission, but their patterns were coordinated by local circuit activity. (plos.org)
Several types of patterned activity are shown to efficiently induce synaptic plasticity - , but in these experiments, artificial stimulation protocols were used to produce synaptic plasticity. (plos.org)

Now, researchers in Japan and Italy propose a new approach to walking pattern generation, based on a hierarchical network of electronic oscillators arranged over two levels, which they have demonstrated using an ant-like hexapod robot. (eurekalert.org)
In this paper, the authors approach neural oscillators from a programmer's point of view, providing background and examples for developing neural oscillators to generate rhythmic patterns that can be used in biological modeling and robotics applications. (hindawi.com)
however, literature related to neural oscillators and central pattern generators using these computerized neural network models, such as in [ 10 ], is not so prevalent. (hindawi.com)
For researchers wanting to apply the techniques of neural oscillators and/or central path generators for the programming robotic controls, modeling rhythmic patterns, and so forth, without the necessity of understanding complex theoretical mathematical models or learning how simple invertebrates swim, there appears to be no single source of basic information available. (hindawi.com)
The respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG) is composed of two interacting oscillators. (osu.edu)

Baro DJ, Ayali A, French L, Scholz NL, Labenia J, Lanning CC, Graubard K, Harris-Warrick RM (2000) Molecular underpinnings of motor pattern generation: differential targeting of shal and shaker in the pyloric motor system. (scorcher.ru)
These networks generate the gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (pumping/filtering of chewed food) motor patterns, respectively. (upenn.edu)

MicrocircuitDB: Respiratory central pattern generator network in mammalian brainstem (Rubin et al. (yale.edu)
Pharyngeal dilator muscle activity is influenced by inputs from the chemoreceptors, 8 the brainstem central respiratory pattern generator (CPG), 9 intrapharyngeal negative pressure 10 and possibly vagal input from lung volume. (bmj.com)

a) Originally, rhythmic motor patterns were thought to arise from chains of reflexes (left panels). (els.net)
2007). Through excitation or inhibition of relevant interneurons in this system, signals of each descending tract could produce compound reflexes to provide desired movement patterns, such as target reaching by the hand (Chapter 13). (informit.com)
It involves flexion reflexes, crossed extension reflexes, interlimb coordination, and, in addition, a central pattern generator (CPG) mechanism for rhythm generation (Grillner et al. (informit.com)
Alternatively, reflexes 2, 3, and 4 can be coactivated by descending tracts (b) via FG, a function-generator. (informit.com)

Circuitoids of purified excitatory interneurons were sufficient to generate oscillatory bursts with properties similar to in vivo central pattern generators. (elifesciences.org)
show that there are specific changes in central excitatory input to this neuron concurrent with learning and its consolidation into memory. (nih.gov)

3. The CPU of claim 1, wherein said enable signal generator outputs an enable signal of high level for a first period of a system clock at each cycle. (google.com)
4. The CPU of claim 3, wherein said enable signal generator outputs a low level signal irrespective of the period of the system clock when the edge detection signal or the output signal from the instruction decoder is high level. (google.com)
A Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a kind of neural network capable of generating rhythmic patterned outputs. (mun.ca)

In developing limb skin, peripheral nerves provide a spatial template that controls the branching pattern and differentiation of arteries. (jove.com)
The limb skin vasculature model has been used to study how peripheral nerves provide a spatial template for the differentiation and patterning of arteries. (jove.com)

This model is a reduced version of a spatially organized respiratory central pattern generation network consisting of four neuronal populations (pre-I, early-I, post-I, and aug-E). In this reduction, each population is represented by a single neuron, in an activity-based framework (which includes the persistent sodium current for the pre-I population). (yale.edu)

This CPG is a multifunctional circuit and generates at least two types of buccal motor patterns (BMPs), one that mediates ingestion (iBMP) and another that mediates rejection (rBMP). (yale.edu)

central pattern generators, intrinsic membrane properties and cellular neurophysiology, multi-photon and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, patch-clamp electrophysiology. (wm.edu)
The STG cycle exercises highlight fundamental features of the cellular basis of motor pattern generation and the characterization of dynamical neural systems. (mbl.edu)

In this talk I present a minimal model for one such central pattern generator, based on the interaction of nonlinear dynamical systems interacting on a quenched random network. (gatech.edu)

Neuromodulation provides flexibility of motor pattern generation to adjust output to changing behavioural demands. (els.net)

Little is known about the network structure of the central pattern generator (CPG) controlling locomotor movements in mammals. (jneurosci.org)

2016. Model of the songbird nucleus HVC as a network of central pattern generators . (ucsd.edu)

Locomotor central pattern generator excitability states and serotonin sensitivity after spontaneous recovery from a neonatal lumbar spinal cord injury. (stembook.org)

Grillner S, McClellan A, Perret C (1981) Entrainment of the spinal pattern generator for swimming by mechanosensitive elements in the lamprey spinal cord in vitro. (springer.com)

Bullock T.H. (1961) The origins of patterned nervous discharge. (scorcher.ru)

4 Thus, the breath by breath variability in the ventilatory pattern may be explainable as a fundamental component of the process generating the respiratory rhythm, and not the product of intrinsic or extrinsic noise, or overwhelming system dimensionality. (springer.com)
We used RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analyses to compare patterns of gene expression in VMN to the surrounding hindbrain across three daily and seasonal time points of high and low sound production to identify candidate genes that underlie VMN's intrinsic and network neuronal properties. (biomedcentral.com)

However, animals with an intact vagus consistently displayed more irregular respiratory patterns. (springer.com)

The buccal ganglia of Aplysia contain a central pattern generator (CPG) that mediates rhythmic movements of the foregut during feeding. (yale.edu)
A series of action patterns (quivering and spawning act in males, digging, covering, prespawning act and spawning act in females, and the swimming and turning movements in both sexes) were characterized by rhythmic activities of the trunk muscles. (springer.com)
Some of these networks send signals with a rhythmic pattern and typically drive repetitive movements such as breathing and walking. (elifesciences.org)
These movements comprise the cut and grind type of movement while D shows the firing pattern and movements of the squeeze type movement. (scholarpedia.org)

Each of these activity patterns is quantitatively distinct from the others in such parameters as frequency, bout duration, duty value, intersegmental phase delay, and spatial distribution of rhythmic activities. (springer.com)

Figure illustrates how synchronized patterns of action potentials may result in macroscopic oscillations that can be measured outside the scalp. (wikipedia.org)

Gottschalk A., Geitz K.A., Richter D.W., Ogilvie M.D., Pack A.I. (1992) Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator. (springer.com)

The leech heartbeat neural network is one of the simplest central pattern generators (CPG). (frontiersin.org)

Primary afferent depolarization evoked by the activity of spinal scratching generator. (springer.com)
Polarization of primary afferent terminals of lumbosacral cord elicited by the activity of spinal locomotor generator. (springer.com)

Inspiratory pressure, respiratory rate and inspiratory time were adjusted until the subjects ceased spontaneous ventilation, thereby minimising central respiratory input. (bmj.com)
But only few studies have addressed the functional linkage between the 'pattern' of spontaneous activity and the resultant plasticity - . (plos.org)

1999). Fictive rhythmic motor patterns induced by NMDA in an in-vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation from an adult urodele. (cogprints.org)
Those motor programs are controlled by central pattern generators in the brain stem. (photonics.com)
Things that happen to the brain stem and, and affects central pattern generators. (coursera.org)

eastern wood pewee: note the simple repetitive pattern of ascending and descending tones from a grounding note. (wikipedia.org)

CPG activity is modified by sensory feedback to adapt the motor pattern to changing environmental parameters. (els.net)
The Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is a neural circuit that can produce a rhythmic motor pattern with no need for sensory feedback or descending control . (berkeley.edu)

This activity can be observed in live animals with videoendoscopy and has been shown to usually occur in two different patterns (Heinzel, 1988). (scholarpedia.org)

This paper describes a simple weather generator that can be used in ecological modeling projects. (usda.gov)