Central pattern generators. Medical search

Networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of MOTOR NEURONS to produce rhythmic movements such as MASTICATION; WALKING; SWIMMING; RESPIRATION; and PERISTALSIS.

Stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.

Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.

Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.

A genus of large marine sea slugs in the family Tritoniidae found in the northern Pacific Ocean. They are used in neurological research.

An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.

A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A species of migratory Old World locusts, in the family ACRIDIDAE, that are important pests in Africa and Asia.

Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.

A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.

Separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. The daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

A species of European freshwater LEECHES used for BLOODLETTING in ancient times and also for LEECHING in modern times.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A genus of side-gilled sea slugs in the family Pleurobranchidae, superorder GASTROPODA. They are opportunistic voracious feeders but prefer the sea anemone.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The part of the face that is below the eye and to the side of the nose and mouth.

The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).

A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A genus of marine sea slugs in the family Glaucidae, superorder GASTROPODA, found on the Pacific coast of North America. They are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.

Sounds used in animal communication.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.

Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Manner or style of walking.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).

An order of bottom fishes with short, small, spinous dorsal fins. It is comprised of one family (Batrachoididae) and about 70 species.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Nucleus in the NEOSTRIATUM of bird brains that sends signals for song production and receives auditory input. In some adult SONGBIRDS, research has shown that the size of this nucleus changes seasonally and that it exhibits neurogenesis.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.

The process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (OVA) from the female body. The term is usually used for certain INSECTS or FISHES with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.

The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (From McArdle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)

The effects of vestibular stimulation rate and magnitude of acceleration on central pattern generation for chest wall kinematics in preterm infants. (1/24)

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Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. (2/24)

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Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system? (3/24)

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DCC mediated axon guidance of spinal interneurons is essential for normal locomotor central pattern generator function. (4/24)

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Episodic swimming in the larval zebrafish is generated by a spatially distributed spinal network with modular functional organization. (5/24)

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Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization. (6/24)

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Memory trace in feeding neural circuitry underlying conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. (7/24)

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Neuromodulator-evoked synaptic metaplasticity within a central pattern generator network. (8/24)

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How Do Central Pattern Generators Work? @ www.bio.brandeis.edu Hooper's Review of Central Pattern Generators(PDF) Dimitrijevic ... Thus, humans also possess a central pattern generator for locomotion that is capable not only of rhythmic pattern generation ... Central pattern generators, as part of the neural circuitry of an organism, can be modulated to adapt to the organism's needs ... Central pattern generators can also play a role in rhythm generation for other functions in vertebrates. For example, the rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pattern_generator

The central pattern generators responsible for locomotion in vertebrates reside as half-center modules in the cervical and ... Central pattern generators are biological neural networks organized to produce any rhythmic output without requiring a rhythmic ... Barriére G, Leblond H, Provencher J, Rossignol S. Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of ... There exists significant coordination between the central pattern generators actuating individual limbs in mammals. There is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_substrate_of_locomotor_central_pattern_generators_in_mammals

Anode break excitation Bioelectricity Biological neuron model Bursting Central pattern generator Chronaxie Frog battery Law of ... Hooper SL (March 2000). "Central pattern generators". Current Biology. 10 (5): R176-R179. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.133.3378. doi: ... one that has been exploited biologically to form central pattern generators and mimicked in artificial neural networks. The ... such as escape reflexes and others controlled by central pattern generators. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

A central pattern generator (CPG) is defined as a neural network that does not require sensory input to generate a rhythm. This ... Hooper, Scott L. (1999-2010). "Central Pattern Generators". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1038/npg. ... Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man". Brain. 117 (Pt 5): 1143-59. doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1143. PMID ... This allows for self-sustaining patterns of oscillation. Furthermore, new motor patterns, such as athletic skills or the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_rhythm

... such as the central pattern generators responsible for some automatic reflex actions. Such networks can generate a complex ... ISBN 978-0-262-11133-1. Hooper, Scott L. "Central Pattern Generators." Embryonic ELS (1999) http://www.els.net/elsonline/ ... Mauro A (1960). "Properties of thin generators pertaining to electrophysiological potentials in volume conductors". J. ... temporal pattern of action potentials that is used to coordinate muscular contractions, such as those involved in breathing or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_models_of_the_action_potential

... called a central pattern generator. Central pattern generators are neuronal circuits that-when activated-can produce rhythmic ... Frequency changes are also commonly observed in central pattern generators and directly relate to the speed of motor activities ... Like pacemaker neurons in central pattern generators, subtypes of cortical cells fire bursts of spikes (brief clusters of ... Examples are walking, breathing, and swimming, Most evidence for central pattern generators comes from lower animals, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillation

"Symmetry in locomotor central pattern generators and animal gaits". Nature. 401 (6754): 693-5. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..693G. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)

Bucher, Dirk; Marder, Eve (November 27, 2001). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Current ... A selection of works are listed below: Marder, E.; Calabrese, R. L. (July 1, 1996). "Principles of rhythmic motor pattern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Marder

Marder, Eve; Bucher, Dirk (2001). "Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements". Current Biology. 11 (23 ... Dale, N. (1995). "Experimentally derived model for the locomotor pattern generator in the Xenopus embryo". The Journal of ... Remmers, J.; Gdovin, M.; Torgerson, C. (January 1997). "Ontogeny of central chemoreception during fictive gill and lung ... Delvolvé, Isabelle; Branchereau, Pascal; Dubuc, Réjean; Cabelguen, Jean-Marie (1999). "Fictive Rhythmic Motor Patterns Induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_behavior

Central pattern generator Allen Selverston (2007). "Stomatogastric ganglion". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 1661. doi:10.4249/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatogastric_ganglion

A possible alternative control over teleoperation is a nv network which is a specialized form of a central pattern generator. ... "A Comparison of Several Hardware-Realized Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)". Advanced Control Technology Laboratory, National ... This is a pseudorandom number generator which is producing an oscillating signal. It moves the legs similar to a clockwork. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler_(BEAM)

Central pattern generator Central nervous system Locomotive Proprioception Spinal cord Spinal cord injury Special senses ... The central pattern generator (CPG) provides the basic locomotor rhythm and synergies by integrating commands from various ... Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 860:360-376. Hornby, ... Guertin PA (December 2009). "The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion". Brain Research Reviews. 62 (4): 345-56. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_locomotion

The central pattern generator (CPG) from the model is simulated as a network of spinal neurons that controls the basic ... The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion. Brain Research Reviews. 2009;62(1):45-56. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev. ... The coordination of interlimb can be represented by an integrated model which contains a central pattern generator (CPG), ... Furthermore, repeated adaptations of the gait pattern may improve the flexible adaptation of the movement to new tasks and may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlimb_coordination

"Cortical control of a whisking central pattern generator". J. Neurophysiol. 96 (1): 209-217. doi:10.1152/jn.00071.2006. PMC ... Neurons in this region project to a specific subcortical nucleus in which a pattern generator coordinates the cyclic rhythm of ... Woolsey, C.N., Settlage, P.H., Meyer, D.R., Sencer, W., Hamuy, T.P. and Travis, A.M. (1952). "Pattern of localization in ... The human primary motor cortex is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus. It also extends anteriorly out of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex

Harris-Warrick, RM (October 2011). "Neuromodulation and flexibility in Central Pattern Generator networks". Current Opinion in ... The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral ... GABA is one of two neuroinhibitors in the central nervous system (CNS), along with glycine. GABA has a homologous function to ... In vertebrates, the majority of neurons belong to the central nervous system, but some reside in peripheral ganglia, and many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

Ruppert, F., & Badri-Spröwitz, A. (2022). Learning plastic matching of robot dynamics in closed-loop central pattern generators ... Static support is provided by ensuring the center of gravity is within the support pattern formed by legs in contact with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_robot

SHCs have been used as an alternative to central pattern generators for robotic control. Horchler et al. used SHCs to produce ... An example of this can be found in central pattern generators, which are widely used for rhythmic robotic motion. Heteroclinic ... Ijspeert, Auke Jan (2008-05-01). "Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review". Neural ... a central pattern generator which was adapted to be temporally sensitive, and a modified control framework which has an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroclinic_channels

Mutually inhibitory processes are a unifying motif of all central pattern generators. This has been demonstrated in the ... which is implicated in the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms of central pattern generators. The soliton model is an alternative to ... For simple mathematical models of neuron, for example the dependence of spike patterns on signal delay is much weaker than the ... A" 2(2) 322-341 Michael P. Nusbaum and Mark P. Beenhakker, A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation, Nature 417, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_neural_computation

Dzeladini, Florin; van den Kieboom, Jesse; Ijspeert, Auke (2014-06-26). "The contribution of a central pattern generator in a ... Ijspeert, Auke Jan (2008). "Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review". Neural Networks ... "The Human Central Pattern Generator for Locomotion: Does It Exist and Contribute to Walking?". The Neuroscientist. 23 (6): 649- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auke_Ijspeert

These activities work if neurons of the central pattern generator (CPG) circuits, which generate rhythmic movements of the body ... Dimitrijevic, MR; Gerasimenko, Y; Pinter, MM (16 November 1998). "Evidence for a spinal central pattern generator in humans". ... The benefits include: (1) assist in reproducing leg movements and optimizing gait pattern (speed, step length, amplitude); (2) ... although a trainer should analyze the gait pattern and outcome measures of the training and supervise training). It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_in_spinal_cord_injury

The central pattern generators are made up of different groups of spinal interneurons. There are four principal types of neural ... Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations ... Neural circuits in the spinal cord called central pattern generators are responsible for controlling motor instructions ... A resulting repetitive pattern is the outcome that only stops if one or more of the synapses fail, or if an inhibitory feed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_circuit

Often, these oscillators are thought to represent the central pattern generators underlying walking. These models have rich ... Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest: It was converted from car traffic into pedestrian zone in 1962. Generally ... Interleg coordination patterns have been studied in a variety of insects, including locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), ... with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking

... is also very important in the context of central pattern generators. In this context, neuronal ... Northcutt AJ, Schulz DJ (January 2020). "Molecular mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in central pattern generator networks ... Northcutt AJ, Schulz DJ (January 2020). "Molecular mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in central pattern generator networks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostatic_plasticity

It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. ... ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0. Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and ... This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid ... As the dorsal and ventral column cells proliferate, the lumen of the neural tube narrows to form the small central canal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

There is a central pattern generator in the spinal cord, made up of groups of spinal interneurons, that is involved in the ... Guertin, PA (2012). "Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations ... medial amygdala ventral premammillary nuclei ventral tegmental area central tegmental field mesencephalic central gray ... This is known as the spinal generator for ejaculation. To map the neuronal activation of the brain during the ejaculatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculation

The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator. It is a model system for motor pattern generation because of the ... The circuits underlying such rhythmic behaviors, central pattern generators (CPGs), all operate on the same general principles ... More importantly, CPG circuits are usually not dedicated to producing a single neuronal activity pattern. This flexibility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatogastric_nervous_system

... pulsatility is observed in oscillatory activity from central pattern generators. In the heart, pacemakers are able to work and ... This pattern in amplitude of release is observed to be consistent across vertebrates. Studies done in humans, rats, and sheep ... A pulsatile secretion pattern is critical to the function of many hormones in order to maintain the delicate homeostatic ... A similar pattern is observed for triiodothyronine, however with a phase shift. Pulsatile release contributes to the ultradian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsatile_secretion

Among them, the synchronization of bursting neurons in central pattern generators of biological systems. Early 2000s: ... In 2000, Mikhail published his latest book on physics The dynamics of Patterns. Mikhail Rabinovich published over 250 peer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Rabinovich

His theory reflects today's widely accepted concept of central pattern generators in motor neurons. However, at the time, his ... a contribution to the physiology of the central nervous system". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Brown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Brown

Action potential Central pattern generator Dynamical systems Information theory Wagenaar, Daniel; Jerome Pine; Steve M. Potter ... Bursting is thought to be important in the operation of robust central pattern generators, the transmission of neural codes, ... Bursting, or burst firing, is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central ... The slow subsystem also is connected to endogenous bursting patterns in neurons, where the pattern can be maintained completely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursting

While medical CAT scanners use a rotating X-ray generator around the target object, Mu-CAT uses multiple detectors around the ... "GEANT4 Simulation of a Cosmic Ray Muon Tomography System With Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors for the Detection of High-Z Materials ... muography to glacier studies was first demonstrated with a survey of the top portion of Aletch glacier located in the Central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_tomography

Somebody was on the mic, and they sampled that and played it over the drumtrack pattern. Having got the drum machine and the ... In a certain sense this technological innovation lead to the resurgence of the DIY mentality that was once central to dance ... "The Bass-Line Generator," and "IBM Probe" are considered early examples of techno-like music. In a review of Scott's Manhattan ... This is essentially a drum pattern popularized by disco (or even polka) and is common throughout house and trance music as well ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno

If light is passed through a two-dimensional square aperture, the central spot in the diffraction pattern can be closely ... on YouTube by Matt Parker Online Calculator for supercircle and super-ellipse Web based supercircle generator (CS1 errors: ... "LCD pixel shape and far-field diffraction patterns" (PDF). Optik. 116 (6): 265-269. Bibcode:2005Optik.116..265F. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squircle

"Multiple Rhythmic States in a Model of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator". Journal of Neurophysiology. 101 (4): 2146-65 ... Neuronal discharge patterns are altered during the depressed synaptic inhibition, contributing to the reformation of the ... This single neuronal network can create multiple respiratory rhythmic patterns and is by itself both necessary and sufficient ... It is hypothesized that the pre-Bötzinger complex is the main location of the rhythmic pattern generation circuitry involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

Before the invasion of Japan in 1942, Semarang had already become the capital of Central Java Province, as the result of trade ... The existence of the market, in the later years, become a primary element and a generator of urban economic growth. An ... few of the lower classes were interested in moving to the district but it set a pattern that was followed with three more ... After Indonesian independence in 1945, Semarang became the capital of Central Java province. The city included a Muslim area ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_architecture_in_Semarang

Tangüis cotton grows in Canete's valley (south of Lima) and in the Central Coast of Peru. The success of the Tangüis cotton, ... which in turn activates an electrical generator." Semiconductors David O. Ramos of Isabela, and Martin Bresciani of Guaynabo, ... "Development of differential sperm tail swelling patterns during exposure of human spermatozoa to hypoosmotic environments ... used in Central and South America as well as the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and the South Asia tsunami response and reconstruction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 ... "George, M., Hamid, M., and Miller A. Gold Code Generators in Virtex Devices at the Internet Archive PDF section 4 beginning on ... the USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (Holloman AFB) conducted developmental flight tests of four prototype GPS ... GPS data mining: It is possible to aggregate GPS data from multiple users to understand movement patterns, common trajectories ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

The central waterspace was higher than the outer space, acting as a steam dome. This also made the boiler's water level less ... The rear wheels were large in diameter and constructed on the traction engine pattern, with two rows of narrow built-up spokes ... Kennedy, Rankin (1905). The Book of Modern Engines and Power Generators. Vol. III (1912 ed.). London: Caxton. pp. 205-209. ... The boiler was fired by dropping fuel, usually gasworks coke, down a central firing chute. For cleaning every few months, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straker-Squire

The higher front area of the trailer mounted a generator as well as wooden boxes for storage of spares and tools. To set up for ... III scanned, 10 degrees at most, the system was normally paired with a second radar with a much wider scanning pattern. In the ... They struck upon the idea of using multiple resonant cavities arranged in a circle outside a common central core, as opposed to ... When the capacitor reached a pre-selected voltage, it triggered a second timebase generator set to 6 microseconds, or in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GL_Mk._III_radar

The weather events in China in 2006 were seen to be a prelude to weather patterns likely to become more common due to global ... contracted €120 million in wind turbo generator business in China in 2006, a 66% increase year-on-year. Responding to the ... to floods and typhoons in central and southeastern China. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China

The single-level section contained washrooms, generators, central heating and other details, and the two-story section ... The PPI and height finder Intercept Cabins were arranged in a C-shaped pattern on the main floor of the Hall, raised slightly ... When the time base generator triggered at the start of a broadcast, it would draw a line along the tube in the direction the ... This was fed power by a 24 hp three-phase AC motor driving a DC generator, this being the era before inexpensive electronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMES_Type_7

... does not follow grid pattern. The majority of surface roads in Broward and Palm Beach Counties similarly follow a grid pattern ... For example, a very low percentage of the area's office space is located in the Central Business District (CBD) of Miami (only ... Miami-Dade County's two largest economic generators. Multiple transfers would be required, however, as a trip from the airport ... The grid pattern is laid out primarily in 1 mi x 1 mi format based on a survey technique called metes and bounds. Within those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_South_Florida

In the first week of the conflict, Somali armed forces seized the southern and central parts of the Ogaden. The units in the ... The Sultanate of Hobyo was different from that of the Majeerteen in terms of its geography and the pattern of the territory. It ... which made the cinnamon trade a very profitable revenue generator, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands ... Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Dr Andre Le Sage (1 June 2005). "Stateless ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia

It is also possible that one's desire for control, or other basic motivational patterns, act as a third variable. Other ... For instance, some hardware random number generators work by amplifying quantum effects into practically usable signals. A more ... it is plausible that the central loci of our responsibility are our choices, or "willings". "Catholic Encyclopedia: Appetite". ... their behaviour betrays many patterns. A recent 2020 survey has shown that compatibilism is quite a popular stance among those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses, and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as ... Arthropods have a central brain, the supraesophageal ganglion, with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for ... which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can ... They act on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

How the patterns are organized varies with the particular architecture and type of instruction. Most instructions have one or ... A computer program is a list of instructions that can be executed by a central processing unit (CPU). A program's execution is ... This distinction between explicit and implicit operands is important in code generators, especially in the register allocation ... Instructions are patterns of bits, digits, or characters that correspond to machine commands. Thus, the instruction set is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code

Such places included towns and pastoral stations in South West and Central Queensland, the Darling Downs and the Wide Bay- ... Notable exceptions included a small number of printed ceramics, include one piece of green cable pattern, another with green ... Other items could also be purchased through the retail store (an important revenue generator for government settlements), where ... Decorations included standard blue "willow" pattern designs. Other ceramic items included a white porcelain tea cup handle, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taroom_Aboriginal_Settlement

... including most of the University Choir of the Venezuelan Central University (Universidad Central de Venezuela) and its Director ... Call-sign CRAZY 46 crashed on downwind of the range pattern. No ejection attempt was made. Don Logan's F-111 Aardvark reference ... due to electrical smoke/fire from generator failure; pilot ejects safely. This was the first F-15 crash. 31 October Final ... Germany while on a mission to survey a site for a radar installation in central Germany. All aboard were killed. 14 October An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft_(1975–1979)

The changing patterns of land use and settlement in the Mary Valley occurred while nearby Gympie evolved from its beginnings as ... In 1897, Gympie's first dairy co-operative for butter production, the Gympie Central Dairying Company was established. By 1897 ... While timber freight was initially the main income generator for the Mary Valley Railway, cream was transported on the line ... By the early 1900s co-operatives were becoming the dominant form of ownership of cheese and butter factories, a pattern that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Valley_Railway_Cream_Sheds

Between 2012 and 2016, the persistent hexagonal cloud pattern at Saturn's north pole changed from a mostly blue color to more ... Instead, the Cassini orbiter was powered by three GPHS-RTG radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which use heat from the ... "Return to Rhea (NASA Cassini Saturn Mission Images)". Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations. March 30, 2015. ... to determine Saturn's weather patterns. Because of Saturn's distance from the Sun, solar arrays were not feasible as power ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini–Huygens

... the UERL also bought the Central London Railway, swapping one of its shares for one of the Central's The combined route was ... At the northern end of the railway, the need to pass deep beneath the bed of the River Thames and the medieval street pattern ... Owing to the limited capacity of the generators, the stations were originally illuminated by gas. The depot was on the surface ... The other terminus at Stockwell was also constructed in a single tunnel but with tracks on each side of a central platform. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway

It is built of notched logs chinked with mortar, with the gable ends of smaller logs laid in a herringbone pattern. Inside, the ... Central state prohibition director Major A.V. Dalrymple declared Iron County in open rebellion against prohibition and ... The plant was expanded in 1907, and new generators were installed in 1914 and 1924. The plant was expanded several times, ... Brackets with sunray-pattern turned spindles support one cantilevered gable. Several of the transom windows contain stained ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County_MRA

Bjelke-Petersen ordered the shutdown of several of the states generators. That led to two weeks of blackouts. The government ... to develop a tourist resort near Yeppoon in Central Queensland. He was an associate of Milan Brych, who had previously been ... which included brightly coloured or patterned shirts, slacks with white stripes or in pastel shades, and shoes and belts of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen

On the ground floor of the front elevation two sets of shuttered French doors flank each side of the central front door. All ... An American Delco 32 volt generator was installed by the Lesters in 1923 and it is still housed in a building adjacent to the ... The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Binnawee ... It is of local significance for having few equivalents in building medium or style in the greater Central West region. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnawee_Homestead

Many such systems obtained ringing power from an extra wire pair from a central office, rather than having a motor generator ... Unlike in the public telephone network, which has a standard ringing cadence (the repeating pattern of ringing and silence), ... A telephone magneto is a hand-cranked electrical generator that uses permanent magnets to produce alternating current from a ... By around 1900, large racks of motor-generator sets in the telephone exchange could supply this ringing current remotely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_magneto

... equipment for seven scientific experiments plus a central remote control station with a radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( ... MSFC also develops systems for monitoring the Earth's climate and weather patterns. At the Global Hydrology and Climate Center ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center

When generators were restarted after a power blackout the building caved in. Six garment factories also in Rana Plaza were ... Alam, Shafiul; Alam, Rabiul; Islam, Manirul; Salek, Amin (February 2017). "Pattern of Injuries and Treatment Given to Victims ... in distant markets such as Central Asia. Bengal also exported cotton and silk textiles to markets such as Europe, Indonesia and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh

Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the ... Georg Friedrich Grotefend: Deciphering of cuneiform Alexander Grothendieck: Mathematician and the central figure behind the ... Cockcroft-Walton-Generator in 1914. Brothers Grimm: Academic pioneers of philology, linguistics, and storytelling. Worked ... and for his discovery of the strange tree-like electrical discharge patterns now called Lichtenberg figures. Justus von Liebig ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers

The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and ... In 1929, the system was improved further by the elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no ... and animated series for the adult demographic such as Comedy Central's South Park. The least expensive forms of entertainment ... This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television

A NOVEL CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR FOR CYCLIC MOTIONS INCLUDING IMPACT, 280-287.. Venus Pasandi,∗ Hamid Sadeghian,∗∗ Mehdi ... 9] S. Manzoor and Y. Choi, Central pattern generator based motion control of hopping robot for ground level acclimatization, ... 11] V. Pasandi, A. Dinale, M. Keshmiri, and D. Pucci, A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output, Robotics ...

https://actapress.com/Reference.aspx?PaperId=54908

Complex motor behaviors can be assembled from simpler repeating elements controlled by pattern-generation circuits operating at ... This suggests that central pattern generators can be nested within another central pattern generator at a higher hierarchical ... This suggests that central pattern generators can be nested within another central pattern generator at a higher hierarchical ... Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neurons or neural circuits that produce periodic output without requiring patterned input ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/71508

Silicon central pattern generators for cardiac diseases. Nogaret, A., OCallaghan, E. L., Lataro, R. M., Salgado, H. C., Meliza ... Central Pattern Generator Implant to Improve Cardiac Function in Heart Failure. *Paton, Julian F R (Principal Investigator) ... Central regulation of heart rate and the appearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: New insights from mathematical modeling. ...

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/projects/central-pattern-generator-implant-to-improve-cardiac-function-in-

A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output. Venus Pasandi, Aiko Dinale, Mehdi Keshmiri, Daniele Pucci. A ... programmable central pattern generator with bounded output. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 125:103423, 2020. [doi] ...

https://researchr.org/publication/PasandiDKP20/references

Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ... Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator (Cataldo et al 2006). Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator ( ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/ShowModel?model=65412&file=%2FAplysia_Feeding_CPG_Network%2FsB52%2FB52_Na_rb.A

Central pattern generator:. Neural network that can produce rhythmic output without sensory feedback as a result of either ... Potential role of a ventral nerve cord central pattern generator in forward and backward locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans ... Although central pattern generators (CPGs) are typically involved in animal locomotion, their presence in C. elegans has been ... Although network central pattern generators are commonly involved in animal locomotion, their presence in C. elegans has been ...

https://direct.mit.edu/netn/article/2/3/323/5431/Potential-role-of-a-ventral-nerve-cord-central

Title: Central pattern generator with inertial feedback for stable locomotion and climbing in unstructured terrain. ... Central pattern generator with inertial feedback for stable locomotion and climbing in unstructured terrain.. Retrieved from ... Central pattern generator with inertial feedback for stable locomotion and climbing in unstructured terrain.. IEEE ... Accepted Manuscript: Central pattern generator with inertial feedback for stable locomotion and climbing in unstructured ...

https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10074374-central-pattern-generator-inertial-feedback-stable-locomotion-climbing-unstructured-terrain

Bibliographic details on A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output. ... A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output. Robotics Auton. Syst. 125: 103423 (2020). ...

https://dblp.org/rec/journals/ras/PasandiDKP20.html

Phase-lag return mappings for a 3 cell multifunctional central pattern generator. *Jeremy Wojcik. 1,2, ... Wojcik, J., Clewley, R. & Shilnikov, A. Phase-lag return mappings for a 3 cell multifunctional central pattern generator. BMC ... Motifs of three coupled cells are a common network configuration including models of biological central pattern generators. We ... Wojcik J, Clewley R, Shilnikov A: Order parameter for bursting polyrhythms in multifunctional central pattern generators. ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-S1-P188

... Neurology of the Brain? (9 min) ... LECTURE: What are the Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) and How do they Relate to the Tremor Mechanism? (12:40 min) (12:43) ... LECTURE: How do the Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) Relate to the Peripheral Nervous System and to the Fascia? (5 min) (4:48 ... LECTURE: How do the Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) Relate to the Neurology of the Brain? (9 min) (8:58) ...

https://www.tre-webinar.com/courses/tre-webinar-interview-with-dr-cassiani-about-the-nervous-system-and-tre/lectures/765770

A pattern of synchrony is robust if it arises for all admissible vector fields. The first main result shows that robust ... Symmetry can lead to patterns of synchronized cells, rotating waves, multirhythms, and synchronized chaos. We ask whether ... patterns of synchrony (invariance of polydiagonal subspaces under all admissible vector fields) are equivalent to the ... Models of central pattern generators for quadruped locomotion I. Primary gaits. *P. Buono, M. Golubitsky ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Symmetry-Groupoids-and-Patterns-of-Synchrony-in-Stewart-Golubitsky/2c9c58b12f0f5135565e0d6d5ad52abe867c6175

Central pattern generator interneurons The N1, N2 and N3 CPG interneurons fire in sequence to generate the protraction, rasp ... Feeding in Lymnaea is an example of a more complex CNS network, a central pattern generator (CPG) interneuronal network that ... Jansen, RF, Pieneman, AW & ter Maat, A (1997) Behavior-dependent activities of a central pattern generator in freely behaving ... 6.2 Feeding: role of neuropeptides as co-transmitters in the modulation of a complex central motor network *6.2.1 Motoneurons ...

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Lymnaea_neuropeptide_genes

A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective addresses the central aims of cognitive neuroscience, seeking to examine the brain not ... Spinal Motor Circuits: Central Pattern Generators. Descending Pathways of Motor Control. The Cerebellum. The Circuitry of the ... Complex Circuits across Segments: Central Pattern Generators. The Bigger Picture: In Search of a Cure for Spinal Cord Injury. ... The Common Features of Every Central Nervous System. Getting Oriented in the Brain. The Peripheral Nervous System. Separate ...

https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/brain-and-behavior-9780195377682?cc=pkPage20iewGridiewGridPage20iewGridiewGridPage20iewGridiewGridPage20iewGridiewGrid&lang=en

Central to learning and intelligence is the ability to predict, that is, to generalize to new situations, beyond the memory of ... Grillner, S. & Wallen, P. Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci ... Central to learning and intelligence is the ability to predict, that is, to generalize to new situations, beyond the memory of ... contralateral spinal circuitry contributes to the normal ipsilateral motor pattern of fictive rostral scratching. J. Neurosci. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03014?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5d5bfd09-a23c-4634-b02a-cebac6690d84

Ikeda et al investigated current source generators (dipoles) of human VEP to pattern-onset stimuli. [1] A visual stimulus (a ... Yuksel et al found that carbamazepine slows down central impulse conduction. [5] . Pattern-reversal VEPs were determined before ... What are the generators of median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SEP)?. What are generators of tibial somatosensory ... this pattern is difficult to explain if SLSEP generator sources are assumed to be linked in series. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1137451-176444/what-are-somatosensory-evoked-potential-sep-tests

2005) The cortex as a central pattern generator. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:477-483. ... 1B) reflected a pattern of coherence within the entire DMN (Fig. 1C). Similar patterns of resting state coherence have now been ... Second, resting state patterns of coherence respect patterns of anatomical connectivity in both monkeys (Vincent et al., 2007) ... 2003) at Stanford University looked at the patterns of coherence in the DMN elicited by placing a region of interest in either ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/41/12729.full

Optimal searching behaviour generated intrinsically by the central pattern generator for locomotion ... Rhythmic activity patterns are ubiquitous in animals and in the marine environment a dominant rhythmic activity is the diel ... While this overall pattern of movement is well understood, the cryptic nature of the marine env... ... A) General movement patterns overlaid on bathymetry; black circles denote last transmission locations and white circles ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicolas-Humphries

The concept of central pattern generators implies preprogrammed neural information produced by the brain stem during dream ... The link between the behavior and the pattern generator is not direct since the forebrain plays an important role both in ... PGO waves are high amplitude electrical potentials which function as internal pattern generators.. P300 waves and PGO waves may ... Internally generated input via internal pattern generators would constitute an efficient way to specify, develop, and ...

https://www.oocities.org/iona_m/Chaosophy3/neuropsych.html

Research on the real-time control system of lower-limb gait movement based on motor imagery and central pattern generator ... Brain-computer interface, Motor imagery, Functional electrical stimulation, Central pattern generator, Gait detection, ... VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF BREATHING ACCORDING TO THE BREATHING PATTERN DURING LISTENING TO MUSIC AND NON- CONTACT MEASUREMENT OF ... Wearable Exoskeleton System for Energy Harvesting and Angle Sensing Based on a Piezoelectric Cantilever Generator Array ...

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1WvolD2-QJ5aUJy5o0Dq5wdFQtLMkMtppZT8s_ihYyA4/edit?usp=sharing

Central Pattern Generators, Homarus americanus. amort17. 2012‑10‑15. Sim. Erika Marie Nyhus (Info). CU Boulder. Cognitive ...

https://neurotree.org/beta/peoplelist.php?searchinst=Bowdoin%20College

BLUE BOX 6: Central Pattern Generators. BLUE BOX 7: Summary: Some Unifying Themes in Memory Research. Suggested Readings: 9. ...

https://my.vanderbilt.edu/sweattlab/table-of-contents/

... central pattern generators; neuromodulation; synaptic plasticity; and theoretical models of associative memory, information ...

https://www.bircham.edu/neural-brain-science.html

CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR BASED MOTION CONTROL OF HOPPING ROBOT FOR GROUND LEVEL ACCLIMATIZATION, 43-52.. Sajjad Manzoor, and ... PATTERN MATCHING USING ALL-DIRECTION SYMMETRIC STRUCTURE WITH IMAGE VARIATIONS, 291-304.. Deep S. Dev and Dakshina R. Kisku. ... pattern recognition, biologically inspired evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy and neural networks in robotics and automation ...

https://www.actapress.com/Content_of_Journal.aspx?journalID=251

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are discrete neuronal networks that drive rhythmic motor behaviors (Marder and Bucher, 2001; ... network provides a foundation for elucidating the genetic and cellular basis of a model chordate central pattern generator. ... Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays Alberto Stolfi, Alberto Stolfi * ... F) En,Delta2 also results in inversion of Dmbx expression pattern (n=51/100), presumably as a result of earlier inverted Pax3/7 ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/138/24/5429/53247/Neural-tube-patterning-by-Ephrin-FGF-and-Notch

Repetitive movement stimulates a Central Pattern Generator which stimulates the nervous system that controls rhythmic motor ... patterns such as walking. This procedure provides superior results in restoration of the patients mobility. Improvement of ...

https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2171091/vejthani-hospital-commences-the-new-era-of-total-orthopedic-solutions

Central pattern generators, CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS, LOCOMOTION, ROOMBOTS",. author = "Rico M{o}ckel and Lucas Dahl and { ... University that provides students with the opportunity to study and develop locomotion control with central pattern generators ... University that provides students with the opportunity to study and develop locomotion control with central pattern generators ... University that provides students with the opportunity to study and develop locomotion control with central pattern generators ...

https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/interdisciplinary-teaching-with-the-versatile-low-cost-modular-ro

Rent the I and E Central RP4030 Active Voltage Rail Probe at Transcat. Weekly and Monthly rental rates available, request a ... 50MHz, 9-Channel, 1 CLK Input TTL/ECL Pattern Generator Probe. Call for price ... I & E Central RP4030 for Rent Active Voltage Rail Probe, 4GHz +/-30V Offset, +/- 800mV ...

https://www.transcat.com/i-and-e-central-rp4030-for-rent

Central nervous system 102, 112, 229, 230, 262. Central pattern generators 260 ...

https://jaypeedigital.com/eReader/chapter/9789389587234/ch1

Modulation of an Integrated Central Pattern Generator-Effector System: Dopamineregic regulation of cardiac Activity in the Blue ... Regulation of the crab heartbeat by crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP): central and peripheral actions. J Neurophysiol. ... Hons) Physiology/Pharmacology with Biochemistry, 1994 University of Central Lancashire Preston, United Kingdom ...

https://www.valdosta.edu/biology/faculty-staff/timothy-fort.php

I was introduced to the concept of spinal reflex loops, central pattern generators and the importance of sensory input in the ... To do this I use a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS allows us to probe central contributions to ... Srbely JZ, Dickey JP, Bent LR, Lee D, Lowerison M. Capsaicin-Induced Central Sensitization Evokes Segmental Increases in ...

https://www.uoguelph.ca/hhns/people/dr-leah-r-bent

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neurons or neural circuits that produce periodic output without requiring patterned input. (elifesciences.org)
Although central pattern generators (CPGs) are typically involved in animal locomotion, their presence in C. elegans has been questioned, mainly because there has been no evident circuit that supports intrinsic network oscillations. (mit.edu)
LECTURE: What are the Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) and How do they Relate to the Tremor Mechanism? (tre-webinar.com)
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neuronal circuits which autonomously produce patterns of phase-locked activity. (bath.ac.uk)
This simple model can be contrasted with the highly derived and markedly differentiated vertebrate brain, where feeding-related CPGs in cranial nuclei and spinal cord are subordinate to executive functions taken over by the basal ganglia and cortex (cost-benefit decision and premotor patterning) and the hypothalamus (appetitive state). (scholarpedia.org)

Although network central pattern generators are commonly involved in animal locomotion, their presence in C. elegans has been questioned due to a lack of an evident neural circuit to support it. (mit.edu)
Central pattern generator with inertial feedback for stable locomotion and climbing in unstructured terrain. (nsf.gov)
This paper describes the approach and material of a successfully running robotics course at Maastricht University that provides students with the opportunity to study and develop locomotion control with central pattern generators on a custom-made, low-cost, versatile EDucational MOdular robotic platform called EDMO. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
For some values of generator parameters, the robots move using different locomotion gaits, such as rolling, side-winding, and rotating. (iearobotics.com)

Accumulating the data from molecular mapping studies on the central ganglia of the CNS (Benjamin, 2008) indicate that at least 2,500 neurons are peptidergic representing 12.5% of the estimated total CNS population of ~20,000 neurons. (scholarpedia.org)
However, many peptidergic neurons form synaptic connections with peripheral organs (e.g. heart or penis) or with other neurons in central circuits of the brain such as those controlling feeding behaviour. (scholarpedia.org)
In my studies I inferred the organization of central pattern generators underlying rhythmic limb movements by resolving the synaptic drive recorded with microelectrodes in motor neurons innervating the limb musculature. (biophysics.org)
Both regions contain glycinergic and GABAergic neurons, and rhythmically active neurons in these regions receive appropriately coordinated phasic inhibition necessary for generation of the normal three-phase respiratory pattern. (eneuro.org)

These changes uncover possible biophysical mechanisms for control and modulation of motor-pattern generation. (biomedcentral.com)
Modulation of an Integrated Central Pattern Generator-Effector System: Dopamineregic regulation of cardiac Activity in the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus. (valdosta.edu)
I was introduced to the concept of spinal reflex loops, central pattern generators and the importance of sensory input in the modulation of how we move. (uoguelph.ca)

When the dreaming brain is free of external sensory patterns of neural excitation, it is subject to even subtle influences. (oocities.org)
Bidirectional sensory afferent (superior laryngeal nerve) and motor efferent (recurrent laryngeal nerve) input to the central nervous system in response to stimulation of laryngopharyngeal mucosa typically results in firing of the thyroarytenoid muscle bilaterally in order to close the vocal folds (adduction) for airway protection (Domer, Kuhn, & Belafsky, 2013). (passy-muir.com)
And so, we think in that part of the nervous system, in this ventral nerve cord, there is this, as you say, a central pattern generation for her that guides the timing and the amount of her song and these pieces of sensory information interact with it. (thenakedscientists.com)

Ingenious local cooling experiments of specific brain regions cause the whole song to slow down, indicating that it is governed by central pattern generating circuits ( Long and Fee, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
In the nervous system , only relatively small numbers of motorneurons and sparse central pattern generator (CPG) circuits are required to generate the simple flexions and stretches of the body needed in their behaviors. (scholarpedia.org)
Defining functional roles of postsynaptic inhibition in respiratory and other mammalian central pattern generation circuits is a longstanding problem. (eneuro.org)
The team was inspired by neural circuits found in animals, called central pattern generators, made of very simple elements that can generate rhythmic patterns to control motions like walking and running. (techbriefs.com)

This short-range relay is distinct from the patterning of the vertebrate spinal cord, which is a result of opposing BMP and Shh morphogen gradients. (biologists.com)
And so, somewhere in that spinal cord equivalent, she's integrating this tactile information with the auditory information from the brain to pattern her song. (thenakedscientists.com)

Inspired by the locomotor nervous system of vertebrates, central pattern generator (CPG) models can be used to design gaits for articulated robots, such as crawling, swimming or legged robots. (nsf.gov)

Is it the same system just running in reverse, so what would be the pattern generator receiving inputs in the female is the same circuitry but it's running backwards and just generating an appropriately synced up output in the male which is then, obviously, supplied to the female. (thenakedscientists.com)

Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective addresses the central aims of cognitive neuroscience, seeking to examine the brain not only by its components but also by their functions. (oup.com)

The classes of patterns currently used includes loops, whorls, and arches. (allindianpatents.com)
Approximately sixty-five percent of the patterns are loops, thirty percent are whorls and approximately five percent are arches. (allindianpatents.com)

Even so, Governor Rell's claim that " this is the most exciting mass transit project ever in the state of Connecticut " is too exuberant: The New Haven Line Metro-North trains from New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford to New York's Grand Central will remain far bigger ridership generators and fulfill a more important function in the state's commuting patterns. (thetransportpolitic.com)
With roughly half a million residents living in and around the state's capital, central Arkansas offers your business a strong existing market as well as new market reach potential. (rrmetro.org)

The buccal ganglia of Aplysia contain a central pattern generator (CPG) that mediates rhythmic movements of the foregut during feeding. (yale.edu)

Swallowing is a complex sensorimotor process that depends on information from multiple levels of the central and peripheral nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Chris - Is this mediated or generated at the level of higher centers in the nervous system, or is there some kind of central pattern generator which is integrating the input from the male - the touching and the licking - with the sounds. (thenakedscientists.com)
According to numerous preclinical studies, stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. (biomedcentral.com)

To ask the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, how much was spent on National Grid constraint payments to wind generators in 2022. (johnredwoodsdiary.com)
The total amount paid to wind generators for 2022 has not yet been finalised. (johnredwoodsdiary.com)
To ask the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, how much has been paid to wind generators in subsidies in 2022. (johnredwoodsdiary.com)

The pre-Bötzinger (pre-BötC) and Bötzinger (BötC) complexes are the brainstem compartments containing interneurons considered to be critically involved in generating respiratory rhythm and motor pattern in mammals. (eneuro.org)
We conclude that inhibitory circuit interactions within and between the pre-BötC and BötC critically regulate rhythmogenesis and are required for normal respiratory motor pattern generation. (eneuro.org)
Inhibitory circuit interactions within and between the brainstem respiratory pre-BötC and BötC have been proposed to be critically involved in normal rhythm and motor pattern generation. (eneuro.org)
Our results demonstrate large, site-specific perturbations of respiratory rhythm and motor pattern including disruption of rhythmic motor output and thus confirm the critical role of inhibitory circuit interactions. (eneuro.org)
Consists of obstructed respiratory efforts usually followed by central apnea. (mhmedical.com)
It remains puz- zling that the physiological effects (change in breathing patterns upon challenge with the hapten) of the potent respiratory-tract sensitizer TMA could be satisfactorily modeled in the guinea pig, while those of the free or conjugated MDI could not, in spite of the presence of MDI-induced allergic bronchial inflammation and anti-MDI antibodies, important fea- tures in occupational asthma. (cdc.gov)

This is an 8-band resonance filters array and "Animation" generator of envelope sequences. (turn2on.com)
It uses the expanse of the playa to create 2-dimensional patterns and sequences of flame, controllable by the spectator. (burningman.org)

A Random Number Generator (RNG) acts as the bingo caller, ensuring that the game is completely fair. (slingo.com)

Periodic breathing is a normal breathing pattern followed by apnea for 5 to 10 seconds without change in heart rate or skin color. (mhmedical.com)

Regulation of the crab heartbeat by crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP): central and peripheral actions. (valdosta.edu)
It is due to an imbalance between the effect of peripheral and central chemoreceptors on ventilatory drive. (mhmedical.com)

Fitted with Four-magnet Generator, Armature wound to a resistance of 500 ohms, Automatic Cut-out for Short-circuiting the Armature when in normal position. (britishtelephones.com)

vaguely empirically were biological download fundamentals of high resolution lung ct common findings common patterns common diseases and in the flows as new also in the terms, but there termed a greater time in the server share, and Canada l course nonprofit to the United States played so more high. (valleybay.com)

9] S. Manzoor and Y. Choi, Central pattern generator based motion control of hopping robot for ground level acclimatization, International Journal of Robotics and Automation, 35(1), 2020. (actapress.com)
11] V. Pasandi, A. Dinale, M. Keshmiri, and D. Pucci, A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output, Robotics and Autonomous Systems (2020). (actapress.com)
Total overdue payments owed by DISCOMs rose to 28% for all electricity generators and 10% for renewables between January and June 2020. (energycentral.com)

Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

This reveals the organizing centers of emergent polyrhythmic patterns and their bifurcations, as the asymmetry of the synaptic coupling is varied. (biomedcentral.com)
PGO waves provide perturbation that keeps the dream narrative in motion, that produces bifurcations in attractor patterns, and leads to abrupt alterations in dream experiences. (oocities.org)

These answers reveal a worry about discussing the magnitude of special payments to renewable generators, and confirms that there are too many days when wind produces little electricity, leaving us dependent on gas, coal and biomass. (johnredwoodsdiary.com)

We demonstrate our technique on a motif of three reciprocally coupled, inhibitory and excitatory, cells that is able to produce multiple patterns of bursting rhythms. (biomedcentral.com)

Motifs of three coupled cells are a common network configuration including models of biological central pattern generators. (biomedcentral.com)
A framework for coupled cell systems that permits a classification of robust synchrony in terms of network architecture and the existence of other robust dynamical patterns using a concept of quotient network is presented. (semanticscholar.org)
This MG regulatory network provides a foundation for elucidating the genetic and cellular basis of a model chordate central pattern generator. (biologists.com)
Applying for membership with Energy Central allows you to connect with a network of more than 200,000 global power industry professionals. (energycentral.com)

Evidence is presented that the developing MG is patterned by sequential Ephrin/FGF/MAPK and Delta/Notch signaling events. (biologists.com)

To mimic the generators' functions, the team built a system of valves that act as oscillators, controlling the order in which pressurized air enters air-powered muscles in the robot's four limbs. (techbriefs.com)
Also included are 10 gas-fired boilers, emergency generators, a 40,000-gallon fuel-oil tank system and 600-amp medium-voltage generators. (enr.com)
We did not get the quarter-penny sales tax to fund public transit that would have funded the MOVE Central Arkansas bus service improvement plan, which included major system improvements. (rrmetro.org)
A system obtains an image of the user's fingerprint (105) and cements it according to a random generator (104). (allindianpatents.com)

Common patterns include X shapes, central squares and four corners. (slingo.com)

In both preparations, disrupting inhibition within pre-BötC or BötC caused major site-specific perturbations of the rhythm and disrupted the three-phase motor pattern, in some experiments terminating rhythmic motor output. (eneuro.org)

Juan González]] and [http://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/people/hzhang/ Houxiang Zhang] * '''Duration''': 25 minutes * '''Place''': [http://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/about-us.html Robotics Innovation Center]. (iearobotics.com)

The two jet size impactor had a large central jet of 0.25 centimeter (cm) diameter, and 16 smaller jets of 0.063cm diameter surrounding the large central hole in a circular pattern. (cdc.gov)
It had a large central jet of 0.24cm diameter, eight aerosols were generated with a monodisperse aerosol generator from solutions of oleic-acid (112801) in isopropanol or potassium- hydrogen-phthalate (877247) in 50 percent water, 50 percent isopropanol. (cdc.gov)

Symmetry can lead to patterns of synchronized cells, rotating waves, multirhythms, and synchronized chaos. (semanticscholar.org)
P.O. Pattern, Double-pole Bell Receiver and Cord, Line Terminals enclosed at top with Enamelled Metal Cover and Spring Catch, extra Receiver Terminals and Hook, and Battery Box to hold two No. 2 Leclanche Cells. (britishtelephones.com)
Purchased replacement parts are warranted for ninety (90) days from the date of retail purchase, with the exception of electronic salt water chlorine generator cells and electrodes, and "Factory Rebuild Kits" for Polaris® pressure cleaners, which are warranted for one (1) year. (poolsupplyunlimited.com)

AniMuRFA effect includes an Animation Patterns sequencer, that helps to replicate all original patterns and create your own patterns for each of 8 filter bands. (turn2on.com)
Just like regular bingo hall games, you'll mark off numbers on your ticket (or tickets) and try to create winning patterns (usually One Line, Two Lines or Full House, but there are other variations too). (slingo.com)
These steps create an interlocking pattern between the narrow topside and the low volume that supports the sundeck. (pressmare.it)

We describe and expand on a novel computational approach to reduce detailed models of central pattern generation to equationless return mapping for the phase lags between the constituting bursting interneurons [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Current models postulate that both generation of the rhythm and coordination of the inspiratory-expiratory pattern involve inhibitory synaptic interactions within and between these regions. (eneuro.org)

In this article, we present an overview of the research project NGA-East, Next Generation Attenuation for Central and Eastern North America (CENA), and summarize the key methodology and products. (usgs.gov)

Rhythmic tasks aren't co-ordinated in the brain, but are controlled by networks of neurones, collectively called a Central Pattern Generator (CPG). (sciencefocus.com)

The team brought in generators to provide power during the brief shutdowns. (enr.com)

Despite the absence of unequivocal changes in breathing patterns upon MDI challenge, MDI-sensitized animals displayed elevated anti-MDI immuno- globulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies, and a significant influx of eosinophilic granulocytes in the bronchial wall and lung-associated lymph nodes. (cdc.gov)

While weatherproofing buildings and fueling generators is important, for tax professionals, there are a few more simple steps to be sure your business is ready to weather the storm. (nationaltaxservice.net)

Based on the distribution pattern of these small polymorphisms, it was possible to separate the seven accessions into three groups. (bvsalud.org)
Small patterns( scale types for anti-virus delivery find a payment. (sisell.de)

While it's safe to say that there's no set pattern as to where the inspiration behind the films we post to DN comes from, I'm fairly certain that a name check for Chaos Theory and Reductionism as idea generators is a first for us. (directorsnotes.com)
Created by Adriano Vessichelli during his studies at Central Saint Martins, Agent of Chaos distills the theoretical into a relatable fleeting moment of 'what if' as two strangers play out the scenarios which see them both connect and miss their moment. (directorsnotes.com)
When I first thought about a film to make for my second year at Central Saint Martins, I could not find anything more interesting than Chaos itself. (directorsnotes.com)

Appropriate adjuvant selection for pesticide applications is central to improve spray performances on waxy leaves and to reduce off-target losses. (usda.gov)

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (biomedcentral.com)
If the entire Inland Route is electrified (the route runs from New Haven north to Springfield, and then east to Boston), it could provide direct and vital access from Central Connecticut and Massachusetts to the large Boston and New York metropolitan areas. (thetransportpolitic.com)

I often wondered about the mechanisms coordinating the expression of multiple ion channel types and the resulting firing patterns of the motor neuron. (biophysics.org)

This swallowing center, known as a central pattern generator (CPG), has effects on swallowing, such as triggering swallow initiation, shaping the swallow, and timing the sequence of the swallow (see Figure 1). (passy-muir.com)

we describe implementation of the NGA-East ground motion characterization (GMC) model in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for sites in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS). (usgs.gov)

Suppressing BötC activity also potently disturbed the rhythm and motor pattern. (eneuro.org)

A palindromic scale has the same pattern of intervals both ascending and descending. (ianring.com)
Indicates if the scale can be constructed using a generator, and an origin. (ianring.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms18

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science3

Health Care2

The effects of vestibular stimulation rate and magnitude of acceleration on central pattern generation for chest wall kinematics in preterm infants. (1/24)

Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. (2/24)

Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system? (3/24)

DCC mediated axon guidance of spinal interneurons is essential for normal locomotor central pattern generator function. (4/24)

Episodic swimming in the larval zebrafish is generated by a spatially distributed spinal network with modular functional organization. (5/24)

Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization. (6/24)

Memory trace in feeding neural circuitry underlying conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. (7/24)

Neuromodulator-evoked synaptic metaplasticity within a central pattern generator network. (8/24)

Central Pattern Generators

Instinct

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Periodicity

Locomotion

Motor Neurons

Interneurons

Brachyura

Leeches

Nephropidae

Tritonia Sea Slug

Swimming

Lymnaea

Nerve Net

Locusta migratoria

Lampreys

Spinal Cord

Mollusca

Palinuridae

Radionuclide Generators

Action Potentials

Nervous System Physiological Phenomena

Biological Clocks

Octopamine

Hirudo medicinalis

Models, Neurological

Respiratory Physiological Processes

Aplysia

Pleurobranchaea

Electric Stimulation

Cheek

Pylorus

Feeding Behavior

Laryngeal Nerves

Decerebrate State

Serotonin

Efferent Pathways

Respiratory Center

Escape Reaction

Motor Activity

Deglutition

Brain Stem

Movement

Neural Inhibition

Neural Pathways

Laryngeal Muscles

Digestive System

Ganglia

Afferent Pathways

Neurons

Electrophysiology

Hermissenda

Spinal Nerve Roots

Digestive System Physiological Phenomena

Central Nervous System

Electromyography

Synapses

Grasshoppers

Synaptic Transmission

Hindlimb

Electrophysiological Phenomena

Feedback

Respiratory Mechanics

Strychnine

Vocalization, Animal

Behavior, Animal

Animals, Newborn

N-Methylaspartate

Neurotransmitter Agents

Vibrissae

Membrane Potentials

Larva

Cats

Nonlinear Dynamics

Proprioception

Evoked Potentials

Walking

Neurons, Afferent

Reflex

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

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