Central nervous system stimulants. Medical search

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an apparent neuromodulating neuropeptide, has been linked to dopamine systems and dopamine-related psychotic disorders. Because of this association, we determined and compared the effects of psychotomimetic drugs on extrapyramidal and limbic NPY systems. We observed that phencyclidine, methamphetamine (METH), (+)methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cocaine, but not (-)MDMA, similarly reduced the striatal content of NPY-like immunoreactivity from 54% (phencyclidine) to 74% [(+) MDMA] of control. The effects of METH on NPY levels in the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra were characterized in greater detail. We observed that METH decreased NPY levels in specific regions of the nucleus accumbens and the caudate, but had no effect on NPY in the globus pallidus or the substantia nigra. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 blocked these effects of METH, suggesting that NPY levels throughout the nucleus accumbens and the caudate are regulated through D1 pathways. The D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride did not appear to alter the METH effect, but this was difficult to determine because eticlopride decreased NPY levels by itself. A single dose of METH was sufficient to lower NPY levels, in some, but not all, regions examined. The effects on NPY levels after multiple METH administrations were substantially greater and persisted up to 48 h after treatment; this suggests that synthesis of this neuropeptide may be suppressed even after the drug is gone. These findings suggest that NPY systems may contribute to the D1 receptor-mediated effects of the psychostimulants. (+info)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Sydnocarb (3-(beta-phenylisopropyl)-N-phenylcarbamoylsydnonimine) is a psychostimulant in clinical practice in Russia as a primary and adjunct therapy for a host of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression. It has been described as a stimulant with an addiction liability and toxicity less than that of amphetamines. The present study undertook to evaluate the psychomotor stimulant effects of sydnocarb in comparison to those of methamphetamine. Sydnocarb increased locomotor activity of mice with reduced potency (approximately 10-fold) and efficacy compared with methamphetamine. Sydnocarb blocked the locomotor depressant effects of haloperidol at doses that were inactive when given alone. The locomotor stimulant effects of both methamphetamine and sydnocarb were dose-dependently blocked by the dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists SCH 39166 and spiperone, respectively; blockade generally occurred at doses of the antagonists that did not depress locomotor activity when given alone. In mice trained to discriminate methamphetamine from saline, sydnocarb fully substituted for methamphetamine with a 9-fold lower potency. When substituted for methamphetamine under self-administration experiments in rats, 10-fold higher concentrations of sydnocarb maintained responding by its i.v. presentation. Sydnocarb engendered stereotypy in high doses with approximately a 2-fold lower potency than methamphetamine. However, sydnocarb was much less efficacious than methamphetamine in inducing stereotyped behavior. Both sydnocarb and methamphetamine increased dialysate levels of dopamine in mouse striatum; however, the potency and efficacy of sydnocarb was less than methamphetamine. The convulsive effects of cocaine were significantly enhanced by the coadministration of nontoxic doses of methamphetamine but not of sydnocarb. Taken together, the present findings indicate that sydnocarb has psychomotor stimulant effects that are shared by methamphetamine while demonstrating a reduced behavioral toxicity. (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission. (+info)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

We investigated how the effects of chronic immobilization stress in rats are modified by Ca2+ channel blockade preceding restraint sessions. The application of nifedipine (5 mg/kg) shortly before each of seven daily 2 h restraint sessions prevented the development of sensitized response to amphetamine as well as the stress-induced elevation of the densities of L-type Ca2+ channel in the hippocampus and significantly reduced the elevation of the densities of [3H]nitrendipine binding sites in the cortex and D1 dopamine receptors in the limbic forebrain. Neither stress, nor nifedipine affected the density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors and D1 receptors in the cerebral cortex nor D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum. A single restraint session caused an elevation of blood corticosterone level that remained unaffected by nifedipine pretreatment, but the reduction of this response during the eighth session was significantly less expressed in nifedipine-treated rats. We conclude that L-type calcium channel blockade prevents development of several stress-induced adaptive responses. (+info)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

The significance of altered Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways on contractile abnormalities of myocytes isolated from rat hearts 3 wk after myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated by varying extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o, 0.6-5.0 mM) and pacing frequency (0.1-5.0 Hz). Myocytes isolated from 3-wk MI hearts were significantly longer than those from sham-treated (Sham) hearts (125 +/- 1 vs. 114 +/- 1 micrometer, P < 0.0001). At high [Ca2+]o and low pacing frequency, conditions that preferentially favored Ca2+ influx over efflux, Sham myocytes shortened to a greater extent than 3-wk MI myocytes. Conversely, under conditions that favored Ca2+ efflux (low [Ca2+]o and high pacing frequency), MI myocytes shortened more than Sham myocytes. At intermediate [Ca2+]o and pacing frequencies, differences in steady-state contraction amplitudes between Sham and MI myocytes were no longer significant. Collectively, the interpretation of these data was that Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways were subnormal in MI myocytes and that they contributed to abnormal cellular contractile behavior. Because Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity, but not whole cell Ca2+ current, was depressed in 3-wk MI rat myocytes, our results on steady-state contraction are consistent with, but not proof of, the hypothesis that depressed Na+/Ca2+ exchange accounted for abnormal contractility in MI myocytes. The effects of depressed Na+/Ca2+ exchange on MI myocyte mechanical activity were further evaluated in relaxation from caffeine-induced contractures. Because Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum was inhibited by caffeine and with the assumption that intracellular Na+ and membrane potential were similar between Sham and MI myocytes, myocyte relaxation from caffeine-induced contracture can be taken as an estimate of Ca2+ extrusion by Na+/Ca2+ exchange. In MI myocytes, in which Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity was depressed, the half time of relaxation (1.54 +/- 0.14 s) was significantly (P < 0.02) prolonged compared with that measured in Sham myocytes (1.10 +/- 0.10 s). (+info)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

One of the primary cardiovascular adjustments to hyperthermia is a sympathetically mediated increase in vascular resistance in the viscera. Nonneural factors such as a change in vascular tone or reactivity may also contribute to this response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether vascular smooth muscle tone is altered during heating to physiologically relevant temperatures >37 degrees C. Gradually increasing bath temperature from 37 degrees C (normothermia) to 43 degrees C (severe hyperthermia) produced graded contractions in vascular ring segments from rat mesenteric arteries and thoracic aortae. In untreated rings these contractions were relatively small, whereas hyperthermia elicited near-maximal increases in tension when rings were constricted with phenylephrine or KCl before heating. In phenylephrine-treated mesenteric arterial rings, the contractile responses to heating were markedly attenuated by the Ca2+ channel antagonists nifedipine and diltiazem. Diltiazem also blocked the contractile responses to heating in thoracic aortic rings. These results demonstrate that hyperthermia has a limited effect on tension generation in rat vascular smooth muscle in the absence of vascular tone. However, in the presence of agonist-induced tone, tension generation during heating is markedly enhanced and dependent on extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, these data suggest that local regulation of vascular tone can contribute to the hemodynamic adjustments to hyperthermia. (+info)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

To choose a sensitive protocol to discriminate populations exposed and not exposed to inducers, five urinary metabolite ratios (MRs) [MR1 (17X + 17U)/137X, MR2 (5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil [AFMU] + 1X + 1U)/17U, MR3 (17X/137X), MR4 (AFMU + 1X + 1U + 17X + 17U)/137X, and MR5 (AFMU + 1X + 1U)/17X] were calculated in 4-5 h and 0-24 h urine samples after caffeine intake. One hundred twenty-five healthy volunteers (59 nonsmokers and 66 smokers) were included in the study. All ratios showed a log-normal distribution. MR2 in the two time intervals was the only ratio nondependent on the urine flow. Differences between nonsmokers and smokers could be detected with all ratios at 4-5 h. However, only MR2 and, to a lesser extent, MR5 allowed the discrimination of higher cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity in smokers in the 0-24 h sample. Although smokers had increased urinary mutagenicity in relation to nonsmokers, a significant association between MRs and urine mutagenicity was observed only with MR2 in the 4-5 h interval; this ratio/time schedule being that of higher association with tobacco consumption. The most flow-dependent ratios, MR1, MR3, and MR4, were closely correlated with each other at the two intervals. The flow dependency profile of each ratio may explain their different power to indicate both tobacco exposure and tobacco-derived mutagenicity. In conclusion, MR2 in the period of 4-5 h after caffeine intake seems preferable, especially at high urine flow rates. (+info)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

In the present study, we investigated the effects of selective activation or inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) adenylate cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA) on long-term sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA or peripheral amphetamine (AMPH). Selective inhibition of AC by SQ 22,536 (9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine; 100 nmol/side bilateral into VTA) had no effect on acute basal locomotion but attenuated the locomotor stimulation induced by acute i.p. AMPH (1.5 mg/kg). Coinjection of SQ 22,536 (100 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH (15 nmol/side) but had no detectable effect on the sensitization induced by repeated i. p. AMPH. Persistent activation of AC by intra-VTA cholera toxin (500 ng/side) modestly increased acute locomotion and induced a robust sensitization to i.p. AMPH challenge 10 days after the last of three repeated VTA microinjections. Selective inhibition of PKA by Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS; 25 nmol/side) had no effect on acute basal or AMPH-stimulated locomotion. Coinjection of Rp-cAMPS (25 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH but had no effect on sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. Intra-VTA microinjection of the selective PKA activator Sp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Sp-cAMPS; 25-100 nmol/side) dose-dependently stimulated acute locomotion and exerted synergistic effects on locomotor activity when coinfused into the VTA with AMPH but had no detectable effect on acute i.p. AMPH-induced locomotion. Repeated intra-VTA Sp-cAMPS did not induce sensitization to AMPH challenge but potentiated the sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. These results suggest that VTA cAMP signal transduction is necessary for the induction of persistent sensitization to intra-VTA amphetamine and that peripheral and intra-VTA AMPH may not induce behavioral sensitization by identical mechanisms. (+info)

Abuse of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants is common. Addiction to some CNS stimulants can quickly lead to medical, ... Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, ... Avois, L; Robinson, N; Saudan, C; Baume, N; Mangin, P; Saugy, M (7 January 2017). "Central nervous system stimulants and sport ... Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is approved for the treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

LEMONT B. KIER, LAURETTA E. FOX, D. DHAWAN & I. W. WATERS (1962). "A New Class of Central Nervous System Stimulants". Nature. ... group can be found as a substructure in the stimulant drugs feprosidnine and mesocarb. Sydnone was first prepared in 1935 by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydnone

... is a central nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from 15 minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's ... "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system, ... The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

... is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a derivative of pyrazine. Lednicer D, Mitscher LA (1980-05-13). The ... Stimulants, Aminopyrazines, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampyzine

Cocaine, caffeine, and cathinone are stimulants of the central nervous system. Mescaline and many indole alkaloids (such as ... Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans ... Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), ... thus playing a central role in the spread of this pest ant species around the world. Medical use of alkaloid-containing plants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid

Central nervous system stimulants such as substituted amphetamines increase heart rate. Central nervous system depressants or ... Caffeine and nicotine are both stimulants of the nervous system and of the cardiac centres causing an increased heart rate. ... beginning with the central nervous system. A study shows that bottlenose dolphins can learn - apparently via instrumental ... It is also influenced by central factors through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Nervous influence over the heart rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate

... is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. How it works in ADHD is unclear. It is the more active ... Dexmethylphenidate, sold under the brand name Focalin among others, is a strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant ... The symptoms of a moderate acute overdose on methylphenidate primarily arise from central nervous system overstimulation; these ... The symptoms of a moderate acute overdose on methylphenidate primarily arise from central nervous system overstimulation; these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate

Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. These drugs primarily help ... Caffeine, a stimulant known to improve performance, is currently not on the banned list. It was listed until 2004, with a ... Stimulants that are banned include amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, ... stimulants, diuretics, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_the_World_Anti-Doping_Agency

A potent central nervous system stimulant, in the 1940s and 50s methamphetamine was used by Axis and Allied troops in World War ... Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, ... Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (also known in the ... Stimulants: "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use

However, due to its antagonist effect on GABA receptors, it has been used as a central nervous system stimulant. It was also ... Picrotoxin acts as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is extremely toxic to fish and humans, as well as ... It mainly impacts the central nervous system, causing seizures and respiratory paralysis in high enough doses. Picrotoxin is an ... In this synthesis, eight asymmetric centers were stereoselectively prepared on a cis-fused hydrindane ring system using several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrotoxin

An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous system stimulant. The term "analeptic" typically refers to respiratory ... Analeptics are central nervous system (CNS) stimulants that include a wide variety of medications used to treat depression, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analeptic

Central nervous system stimulant. US Patent 2892753, 1957 "Hardy RA, Howell CF, Quinones NQ. Method of producing central ... nervous system stimulation and anorexia. US Patent 3313688, 1964". Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06- ... Aminorex itself is a stimulant drug with a 5-phenyl-2-amino-oxazoline structure. It was developed in the 1960s as an anorectic ... Neurochemical effects of an acute treatment with 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 May 3;180(1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aminorex_analogues

... (trademarked as Megimide) is a central nervous system stimulant. The drug was first made in 1911. It has been used in ... Stimulants, Respiratory agents, Convulsants, Glutarimides, GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators, All stub articles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemegride

... central nervous system depressants, CNS stimulants, dissociative anesthetics, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, and narcotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Recognition_Expert

These medications include central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, modafinil, amphetamine, and ... The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, ... the reticular activating system, and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. In narcoleptic individuals, these systems are all ... The system which regulates sleep, arousal, and transitions between these states in humans is composed of three interconnected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy

Classes of drugs frequently used recreationally include: Stimulants, which activate the central nervous system. These are used ... Hypnotics, which depress the central nervous system. Opioid analgesics, which also depress the central nervous system. These ... Exposure to a psychoactive substance can cause changes in the structure and functioning of neurons, as the nervous system tries ... possibly explaining why these chemicals and their receptors exist within the nervous system. This is a list of commonly used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug

The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness is done through central nervous system stimulants. Methylphenidate and ... It is of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected ... Ishizuka T, Murakami M, Yamatodani A (January 2008). "Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not ... or primary hypersomnia and belongs to a group of sleeping disorders known as central hypersomnias, central disorders of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia

January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they dopamine and ... Central nervous system effects like overstimulation, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, tremor, dizziness and headache; there ... It works mainly as an appetite suppressant, likely as a result of being a CNS stimulant. Chemically, phentermine is a ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 13 April 2019. "METERMINE (Phentermine)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentermine

Its primary toxic effect is to act as a stimulant in the central nervous system. It is a non-competitive gamma-aminobutyric ... Three members of the genus contain a toxin named cicutoxin which causes central nervous system stimulatory effects including ... Water hemlock has a branched root systems with tubules, while poison hemlock has a single tap root. Another reliable method to ... Cicuta douglasii is found in the northwest corner of North America, while Cicuta virosa is found in central and northern Europe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicuta

Taken in small quantities, it is an aphrodisiac and stimulant of the (central) nervous system; warriors and hunters make ... The plant even though was discovered and used long before in central Africa as a cultural plant. The genus name Tabernanthe is ... In lower doses, iboga has a stimulant effect and is used to maintain alertness while hunting. Anecdotal reports of self-treated ... March 2000). "State of Knowledge Study on Tabernanthe Iboga Baillon: A Report For The Central African Regional Program For The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga

... is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)". This means that the risk of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmaline

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ... A common adulterant is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other ... often in combination with similar but less potent stimulants, such as phenylpropanolamine. Nonprescription stimulants were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines

... is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is used as a cognitive enhancer, ... Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that may reduce fatigue and drowsiness. At normal doses, caffeine has variable ... Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central nervous system overstimulation known as caffeine intoxication, a clinically ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine

... has no significant stimulant effect on the human central nervous system. It is a bronchodilator and causes ... ISBN 978-0-415-92746-8. "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. Craig WJ, Nguyen TT (1984). "Caffeine and theobromine levels in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine

It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class. Adderall is generally well tolerated and effective ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ... in central nervous system". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 83: 439-449. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002. PMID 27424325. ... Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system, Drugs acting on the nervous system, Ergogenic aids, Euphoriants, Excitatory amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine

January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release ... Corp SA, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL (September 2014). "A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating ... Psychopharmacologists have also tried adding a stimulant, in particular, d-amphetamine. However, the use of stimulants in cases ... Malhi GS, Byrow Y, Bassett D, Boyce P, Hopwood M, Lyndon W, Mulder R, Porter R, Singh A, Murray G (March 2016). "Stimulants for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Amphetamines manipulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous ... The most common abused stimulant by athletes is amphetamine. Amphetamines are the largest group of stimulants. Amphetamine was ... Usage of stimulants, such as amphetamine, can lead to death. In 1960, Danish cyclist Kurt Enemar Jensen died from amphetamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_banned_substances

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Meeusen R, Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF (1 January 2006). "Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and ... Rothman RB, Blough BE, Baumann MH (January 2007). "Dual dopamine/serotonin releasers as potential medications for stimulant and ... Roelands B, Meeusen R (March 2010). "Alterations in central fatigue by pharmacological manipulations of neurotransmitters in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent

... entral nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or ... Neutral group: This was a diverse group including most of the African countries, Central America, sub-Andean South America, ... pentazocine Synthetic open chain opioids having also stimulant effects: lefetamine Some opioids currently or formerly used in ... The International Narcotics Board states: The fact that the system generally works well is mainly due to the estimates system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs

"Understanding Central Nervous System Effects of Deliriant Hallucinogenic Drugs through Experimental Animal Models". ACS ... Stimulants and cocaine-related alkaloids: Cocaine, from coca plant (Erythroxylum coca) Ecgonine, a precursor and metabolite of ... Particular tropane alkaloids such as these have pharmacological properties and can act as anticholinergics or stimulants. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid

No trigger for the build-up of alpha-synuclein deposits in the central nervous system has been conclusively identified. ... To improve daytime alertness, there is mixed evidence for the use of stimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine; ... Several areas of the nervous system (such as the autonomic nervous system and numerous regions of the brain) can be affected by ... a group of diseases involving progressive neurodegeneration of the central nervous system. It is one of the two Lewy body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

... spines without disorganization of cortical cell layers in mice lacking NRG1/ErbB signaling in the central nervous system". Proc ... In addition, amphetamines can cause a stimulant psychosis in otherwise healthy individuals; stimulant psychosis superficially ... Lee JA, Lupski JR (2006). "Genomic rearrangements and gene copy-number alterations as a cause of nervous system disorders". ... Social support systems are very important for those with schizophrenia and the people with whom they have relationships. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

Central nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or ... The amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), a legal class of stimulants - not all of which are substituted amphetamines - were ... Alcohol can cause dependence and central nervous depression resulting in disturbances of thinking and behavior, furthermore ... Control of stimulants has become a major challenge for the UN. In 1997, the World Drug Report warned: Since the mid-1980s the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances

Nervous system disorders (neurasthenia, neurovegetative dystonia, secondary asthenic conditions, physical and intellectual ... Subalpine tonic-stimulant bioclimate; Stănescu Spring: output of 405 L / h, T 7 °C, pH 6.2; naturally carbonated, with ... Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 10 June 2021. "Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Băile_Tușnad

... including central nervous system stimulants (e.g., amphetamine), hallucinogens (e.g., 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), ... which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission ... To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is ... Berry, MD (July 2004). "Mammalian central nervous system trace amines. Pharmacologic amphetamines, physiologic neuromodulators ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

... of pre-synaptic α2 receptors facilitates the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system ... Stimulants, Sympathomimetics, Vasoconstrictors, Vasodilators). ... and interaction with the sympathetic nervous system in normal ... It is found in large areas of central South America, particularly the Gran Chaco, where it is often the dominant species in the ... Rao MR, Palada MC, Becker BN (2013). "Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems". In Nain PK, Rao MR, Buck LE (eds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine

... produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common ... Amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature a phenethylamine ... Some, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing euphoria. Many ... and/or stimulants, as well as entheogens. 5-Methoxymethylone, βk-MMDMA, "2-A1MP" 5-Methylethylone, 5-Me-βk-MDEA, 5-ME 5-Methyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designer_drugs

Tuke claims, that intoxication leads to the exhaustion of the nervous system and inhibits it to function properly. This ... Another immensely critical factors lies in the enormous use of stimulants, especially alcohol, which is a daily practice in ... which is defined as the point at which a perception occupies the central focus of conscious awareness. To conduct all the ... of cheerfulness and to decrease the importance of luxury goods and reputation to ensure the health of the nervous system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_in_Ancient_and_Modern_Life

The agonist buspirone hydrochloride, which decreases serotonin's function in the central nervous system, has been viewed as an ... and stimulants have been known to cause intention tremor. Some ordinary activities including ingesting too much caffeine, ... the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. This causes a reduction in cerebellar ataxias. Another ... Nervous and musculoskeletal systems, Neurological disorders, Extrapyramidal and movement disorders). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_tremor

These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are located in the central nervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal ... However, according to the Imperial College London, "Nicotine seems to provide both a stimulant and a depressant effect, and it ... Tobacco excise tax systems are quite complex in several countries, where different tax rates are applied based on prices, ... These complex systems are difficult to administer, create opportunities for tax avoidance, and are less effective from a public ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking

Chronic use of certain substances leads to a change in the central nervous system known as a 'tolerance' to the medicine such ... Stimulants like cocaine increase alertness and cause feelings of euphoria, and can therefore make the performer feel as though ... For instance, GHB, a naturally occurring substance in the central nervous system is considered a drug, and is illegal in many ... Given that our the central nervous system is an intricately balanced, complex network of billions of neurons and supporting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse

DHEA easily crosses the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system. DHEA is transformed into DHEA-S by sulfation at ... stimulant type of medications) normalizes DHEA levels. DHEA is an uncompetitive inhibitor of G6PDH (Ki = 17 μM; IC50 = 18.7 μM ... As a neurosteroid and neurotrophin, DHEA has important effects in the central nervous system. Although it functions as an ... ligands of the neurotrophin receptors from early on in the evolution of the nervous system. The findings that DHEA binds to and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone

... this being based on the central nervous system and involving physical forces such as electricity and magnetism. However, the ... excitants or stimulants) on us, and of the living principle as a receptive potentiality ('excitability', or the capacity to be ... "every living system lives in that which it procreates…that the system of nature remains and maintains an eternal vigour"). When ... "Dynamic System of Thought." As a result, the analytical approach favored by the French, schooled in the Cartesian system of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_medicine

The inhaling of some solvents can cause hearing loss, limb spasms, and damage to the central nervous system and brain. Serious ... Some solvents act as depressants, causing users to feel relaxed or drowsy while others act as stimulants. All commonly abused ... Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (January 2004). "The effects of toluene on the central nervous system". J. ... Drugs acting on the nervous system, Drugs acting on the respiratory system, Euphoriants, Household chemicals, Sedatives, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

A class of compounds with a novel profile of central nervous system activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (9): 1003-11 ... Development of tametraline was soon stopped because of undesired stimulant effects observed in animals. A few years later, in ... Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197-204. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354. Sprouse J ... it inhibits neuronal reuptake of serotonin and potentiates serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. Over time, this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline

... or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, ... A toxicology report later found no "bath salts" in his system. On May 5, 2011, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed a law ... MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. In the USA, products ... Goodnough A, Zezima K (July 16, 2011). "An Alarming New Stimulant, Legal in Many States". New York Times. Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

Otherwise, there is evidence for the use of modafinil as a central nervous system stimulant, although a Cochrane review has ... Again, there are central nuclei and nuclear clumps. The diagnosis of DM1 and DM2 can be difficult due to the large number of ... Central sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea may cause excessive daytime sleepiness, and these individuals should undergo a ... In DM1, there can be increased central nuclei, angular fibers, fiber atrophy, and pyknotic clumps. There can be selective ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy

... central nervous system, and renal failure. There have been reports of a strong compulsion to re-dose, withdrawal symptoms, and ... Synthetic THC (marinol, dronabinol) has been used as an antiemetic since 1985, and an appetite stimulant since 1991, although ... and central nervous system depression. Researchers have pointed out a few ways that synthetic cannabinoids differ from ... reported problems in the central nervous system (e.g., agitation, coma, toxic psychosis), 17% reported cardiovascular problems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids

As a result, the arousal of the cortical and limbic systems in the central nervous system is reduced. The GABAA receptor is a ... Sometimes, it is used by stimulant users to "come down" and sleep and to help control the urge to binge. These users often ... The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants. During the course ... Concomitant use of other central nervous system depressants increases this risk. The smallest possible effective dose should be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

... and animal studies suggest that this is the reason for the low central nervous system penetration of domperidone. Small amounts ... Motility stimulants, Peripherally selective drugs, Piperidines, Potassium channel blockers, Prolactin releasers, Ureas). ... Due to blockade of D2 receptors in the central nervous system, D2 receptor antagonists like metoclopramide and antipsychotics ... those of other dopamine receptor antagonists like metoclopramide and it produces little in the way of central nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

... a commonplace central nervous system stimulant drug which occurs in nature in coffee, tea, yerba mate, cocoa, and other plants ... Continued exposure to caffeine leads the body to create more adenosine-receptors in the central nervous system, which makes it ... Long lasting problems on children's nervous system and cardiovascular system are currently unknown and studies are still being ... Fisone, G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A (2004): Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: Mechanism of Action. Cellular and Molecular Life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine_dependence

Invertebrate nervous system). ... A locust brain dissection to expose the central brain and carry ... When dopamine, an aversive olfactory stimulant, is applied it activates PKA specifically in the vertical mushroom body lobes. ... a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or peduncle. Most of our current knowledge of ... "Estimating Information Processing in a Memory System: The Utility of Meta-analytic Methods for Genetics". PLOS Genet. 11 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_bodies

... producing central nervous system oxygen toxicity, called narcosis. Other symptoms can include dizziness, nausea, blindness, ... Stimulant drugs that release and/or prevent the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, in particular amphetamines. Extreme ... Tunnel vision is the loss of peripheral vision with retention of central vision, resulting in a constricted circular tunnel- ... "The Influence of Stimulants, Sedatives, and Fatigue on Tunnel Vision: Risk Factors for Driving and Piloting". Human Factors: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_vision

In the entire history of the country up until that point, the legal system had only seen 55 minimum sentences in total. A major ... Low taxation in Central American countries has been credited with weakening the region's response in dealing with drug ... At the same time, a 2007 study found that up to 35% of college undergraduates used stimulants not prescribed to them. A 2013 ... Doctors also prescribed heroin for irritable babies, bronchitis, insomnia, "nervous conditions", hysteria, menstrual cramps, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs

It is a widely explored treatment option for many central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, ... NMDA receptor stimulants can lead to glutamate and calcium excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Some other stimulants, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection

... it is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Chronic high dosage use may result in ... It is used as a recreational drug due to its potent stimulant and euphoric effects and is considered to be addictive, with both ... Substituted cathinone Calkins RF, Aktan GB, Hussain KL (1995). "Methcathinone: the next illicit stimulant epidemic?". Journal ... Cathinone & Methcathinone from Erowid International Drug Scheduling; Convention on Psychotropic Substances; Certain Stimulant/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methcathinone

3. β-cis-2-(4'-Chlorobenzhydryl)-3-quinuclidinol, a New Central Nervous System Stimulant. Importance of the Benzhydryl ... 3. β-cis-2-(4'-Chlorobenzhydryl)-3-quinuclidinol, a New Central Nervous System Stimulant. Importance of the Benzhydryl ... Stimulants, 2-Benzylpiperidines, Quinuclidines, Chloroarenes, Secondary alcohols, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs) ... AL-1095, is a centrally acting stimulant drug with comparable effects to amphetamine, developed by Bristol in the 1970s. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-1095

... particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system) or abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system. ... High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals; lack of exercise, central obesity can play a role in ... and stimulants such as coffee, cocaine and methamphetamine. Arsenic exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate ... Esler M, Lambert E, Schlaich M (December 2010). "Point: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the dominant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

Partilla JS Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine ... "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... the reinforcing effects of central nervous system stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. The role DA plays in mediating ...

https://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=900&S=Rothman_RB&SField=Author

Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Suppliers, Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Manufacturers, ... and Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Exporters provided by ChemNet ... Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Catalog with China Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Products ... Home > Products , Pharmaceuticals and Biochemicals , Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Central nervous system ...

http://www.chemnet.com/Global/Products/Pharmaceuticals-and-Biochemicals/Central-nervous-system-depressants-and-stimulants/Directory-1.html

Crystal meth is not a sexual stimulant. Its a central-nervous-system stimulant. It was developed by a Japanese scientist in ... Broadway High School was once located where Seattle Central Community College is now, a three-minute walk from Club Z. ... who told me that a search for Yoshinobu Hasegawa in a central database of interned Japanese Americans maintained by the ...

https://www.thestranger.com/features/2006/04/06/31580/bleak-house

GLORIA-GARCES, Carmen y VEDANA, Kelly Graziani Giacchero. Consumption of Central Nervous System Stimulants among Medical and ... Palabras clave : Central Nervous System Stimulants; Students, Medical; Students, Nursing. · resumen en Español , Portugués · ... The students were young, and 35% of them had previously consumed psycho stimulants. The main motivator was the pursuit of ...

http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1806-69762013000200003&lng=es&nrm=is&tlng=en

Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders Temperatura di fusione 238 oC Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders H2O ... Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders LogP -0.07 Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders Forme di dosaggio Capsula; ... Maximum_Strength_Snapback_Stimulant_Powders MSDS Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders Sintesi di riferimento US Pat. ... Maximum_Strength_Snapback_Stimulant_Powders FDA Maximum Strength Snapback Stimulant Powders DMS (foglio di materiale di ...

https://pharmacycode.com/it/Maximum_Strength_Snapback_Stimulant_Powders.html

Anwar N, Ahmad K. Effects of tranquillising, antidepressant and central nervous system stimulant drugs on the gamma- ... Effects of tranquillising, antidepressant and central nervous system stimulant drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/410

Central nervous stimulants are drugs that boost alertness, attention, energy, and physical activity by increasing the levels of ... How Do Central Nervous System Stimulants Work?. What does a stimulant do to the central nervous system? Well, a lot, as it ... Is Alcohol a Central Nervous System Stimulant?. No - alcohol is in fact classified as a central nervous system depressant. ... apnea apnea treatment barbiturates Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Stimulants CNS Daytime Sleepiness depressants ...

http://metroparentrelief.com/central-nervous-system-stimulants-everything-you-need-to-know/

Lisdexamfetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. It works by changing the amounts of ... tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to lisdexamfetamine; other stimulant medications such as amphetamine (in ... Copyright, The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland. All Rights ...

https://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=83ee77b6-5d7c-451c-b269-7f0bab6eb1f5&chunkiid=673620

Central Nervous System Stimulants / administration & dosage * Central Nervous System Stimulants / pharmacology* * Coffee* ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315048/

Nervous System Diseases. Mental Disorders. Mazindol. Central Nervous System Stimulants. Physiological Effects of Drugs. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04923594

Lisdexamfetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. It works by changing the amounts of ... tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to lisdexamfetamine; other stimulant medications such as amphetamine (in ... The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists®, 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland. All Rights Reserved ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. Disclaimer. AHFS® Patient Medication Information™. © Copyright, 2023. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607047.html

A study of central nervous system stimulants J. Pharmacol. Exper..... 1958. Brunaud M, Siou G. Action de substances ... Comparison of central actions of cocaine and LSD. Fed. Proc.. 1957. Chen G, Bohner B. ... MDMA produces stimulant-like conditioned locomotor activity Psychopharmacology (.... 1989. Leikin JB, Krantz AJ, Zel.... ... Misrepresentation of stimulant street drugs: a decade of experience in... J Toxicol Clin Toxic.... 1986. ...

https://www.erowid.org/references/refs.php?S=cocaine

... and pharmaceutical central nervous system stimulants. ... Data Systems (131) *National Health Care Surveys (3) *NHANES ( ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/2018/08/20/4274/

1) Exhausted Adrenal Glands: Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. It causes the adrenal glands secrete adrenaline, ... When you overuse stimulants, the adrenals become exhausted. If your caffeine sensitivity has diminished or youre one of those ... Although caffeine is a metabolic stimulant, the ultimate effect is to increase your appetite and contribute to weight gain and ...

https://www.drkaslow.com/coffee-caffeine

Methamphetamine addiction: Methamphetamine (MA) is a central nervous system stimulant drug that is similar in structure to ... Any system failure, accident or security breach that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material ... We are working with Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Center at Carolinas HealthCare System Neurosciences Institute, which is ... To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug under European Union regulatory systems, we or our strategic alliance ...

https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/action/getedgarwindow?accesscode=156459017001547

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. It relaxes muscle contractions in blood vessels to improve blood flow. ...

https://www.drugs.com/excedrin.html

Methamphetamine, also called meth, is an addictive synthetic stimulant that can affect your central nervous system. The other ... If youre worried about how long meth stays in your system, you should know how to get the drug out of your system. One way to ... You should be aware of how long does meth stay in your system since it can lead to the risk of overdose. Drug abuse can lead to ... How long does meth stay in your system and how long it can be detected in hair, blood, urine, and other tests can depend on ...

https://www.netcoalition.com/how-long-does-methamphetamine-stay-in-your-system/

It belongs to the methylxanthine class of stimulants that act on the central nervous system. These stimulants:. *speed up ... Caffeine is a stimulant that can cause people to feel anxious. Learn more. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326950?utm_source=ReadNext

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Concomitant use of MAOIs and central nervous system stimulants such as lisdexamfetamine can cause ... a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.[11][15] Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached ... Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) ... endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine in the central nervous system.[53][54 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

... a central nervous system stimulant, and head-twitching in response to the administration of mescaline. Furthermore, lithium has ... Inositol - The Nervous Systems Pony Express. At long last! Between Blogger going kaput for a couple of days and the usual ... In addition, lithium is thought to modulate the system of second messengers in the brain, meaning they enhance certain ...

http://evolutionarypsychiatry.blogspot.com/2011/02/lithium-and-longevity.html

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT ABUSE*Sedative-Hypnotic/Antianxiety Abuse. *Alcohol Abuse. *CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS ...

https://www.marketresearch.com/Kalorama-Information-v767/Drugs-Abuse-Testing-Lab-Based-8284197/

Cocaine is both a central nervous system stimulant and an anesthetic. It is found in the leaves of the coca plant. The ... I will tell mainly how it affects the body and nervous system. I also have included where Cocaine comes from to help understand ... The water system contains a higher concentration of this drug than in any other part of the continent, and bank notes are no ... It was claimed to be a brain tunic, and a cure for nervous affliction and in the 19th century was available over the counter ...

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Cocaine-PK4SQTAJP6A5

Methylphenidate HCl is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. The mode of therapeutic action in Attention Deficit ... Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a central nervous system stimulant prescription medicine. It is used ... Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. Methylphenidate ... Nervous System Disorders: Convulsion, Grand mal convulsion, Dyskinesia, Serotonin syndrome in combination with serotonergic ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a7f8225b-ad17-43b2-abc4-e0d340a22562

Xywav is a central nervous system depressant and Provigil is a stimulant. ... Xywav may interact with divalproex sodium, alcohol, sedative hypnotics, and other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. ... Xywav (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) is a central nervous system depressant indicated for the treatment ... Provigil (modafinil) is a stimulant prescribed to increase wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness related to ...

https://www.rxlist.com/xywav_vs_provigil/drugs-condition.htm

The most commonly abused classes of prescription drugs are opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and stimulants. ... STIMULANTS. Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as elevate blood pressure, heart rate, and ... Caffeine is a stimulant that is found naturally in many plants, although synthetic caffeine can be found in some medications ... Because of the stimulant effects of cocaine, users drink more than they are accustomed to without feeling the depressant ...

https://studentlife.tamu.edu/hp/topics/drugs/

Caffeine is a stimulant that stimulates the central nervous system. It is found in coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate. ...

https://southendpress.org/does-vanilla-bean-frappuccino-have-caffeine/

An amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that increases certain types of brain activity. This results in a feeling ...

https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/addiction-treatment-recovery/prescription/signs-of-amphetamine-addiction

Central Nervous System Stimulants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder UNIT VIII: DRUG ABUSE 30. Drug Abuse I: Basic ... UNIT V: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS 16. Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology 17. Drugs for Parkinsons Disease ... PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS 10. Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology 11. Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System 12. ... Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 37. Calcium Channel Blockers 38. Vasodilators 39. Drugs for ...

https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9780323447775?role=student

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. (drkaslow.com)
Although caffeine is a metabolic stimulant, the ultimate effect is to increase your appetite and contribute to weight gain and thus caffeine should be avoided by anyone working to reduce body fat. (drkaslow.com)
Caffeine is a stimulant that is found naturally in many plants, although synthetic caffeine can be found in some medications and energy drinks. (tamu.edu)
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that can temporarily alleviate sleepiness and boost concentration. (chosun.com)
[2] Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant and is the only psychoactive drug that isn't stringently regulated. (listverse.com)
Like caffeine, cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant and a cash crop in Latin America. (listverse.com)
1 In humans, caffeine is a psychoactive substance and a central nervous system stimulant. (westonaprice.org)
Caffeine usually reaches peak level in the blood within one hour of injestion, remaining in the system for a total of 4-6 hours. (addictionblog.org)
These results favorably show that the effects of the legal stimulant caffeine are likely better than that of the banned substance pseudoephedrine", the researchers conclude. (ironmagazine.com)
Both caffeine (CAF) and pseudoephedrine (PSE) are proposed to be central nervous system stimulants. (ironmagazine.com)
Caffeine is among the world's most commonly used stimulants, and works by promoting the central nervous system. (eatketo.org)
But caffeine does so much more than just keeping you awake.It's a central nervous system stimulant that affects your body in numerous ways. (jennikatjawellness.com)
300mg of Natural Caffeine-Green Coffee Beans (SUSTAINABLE ENERGY) Potent central nervous system stimulant, increases the release of adrenaline and extends the life of cyclic AMP. (patriotsupplements.com)
Rauwolscine, which acts as a stimulant similar to caffeine but without its side effects or addictive properties. (buyyohimbine.com)
Back then, most people thought that caffeine was simply a stimulant, or that it enhanced fat-burning to give muscles more energy. (outsideonline.com)
Caffeine works synergistically with stress hormones to increase alertness and focus, triggering an even greater response from our sympathetic nervous system. (lygercoffee.com)
Caffeine is a stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors in the brain, putting you in wakefulness or alertness. (lygercoffee.com)
it makes things worse because caffeine is out of your system. (lygercoffee.com)
For example, caffeine increases dopamine levels in the brain because it binds with and activates receptors in the central nervous system that trigger reward activity in response to certain stimuli and substances (like food). (lygercoffee.com)

A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediates, in animal models, the reinforcing effects of central nervous system stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. (erowid.org)
The role DA plays in mediating amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans remains to be established. (erowid.org)
If increases in NE mediate amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans, then one would predict that stimulant medications that produce amphetamine-type subjective effects in humans should share the ability to increase NE. (erowid.org)
Importantly, the oral dose of these stimulants, which produce amphetamine-type subjective effects in humans, correlated with the their potency in releasing NE, not DA, and did not decrease plasma prolactin, an effect mediated by DA release. (erowid.org)
These results suggest that NE may contribute to the amphetamine-type subjective effects of stimulants in humans. (erowid.org)
Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD. (wikipedia.org)
An amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that increases certain types of brain activity. (webmd.com)
It contains dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, two central nervous system stimulants. (buildyourmemory.com)
Cocaine is the leading stimulant associated with overdose and death, surpassing more notorious uppers like amphetamine and crystal meth. (listverse.com)
Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant, closely related to amphetamine. (rehabs.com)
Amphetamine, a type of synthetic stimulant, has been around for well over 100 years. (detoxtorehab.com)
Phentermine is a stimulant that is similar to an amphetamine. (ssristories.org)

Amphetamines have been shown to be effective stimulants in the treatment of conditions such as ADHD and narcolepsy in clinical trials. (metroparentrelief.com)
Central nervous system stimulants include amphetamines, methylphenidate, and dextroamphetamine. (therecoveryvillage.com)
Like other stimulants, Adderall contains amphetamines and dextroamphetamines. (buildyourmemory.com)
Amphetamines are non-catecholamine salts which performs the basic functions of stimulating the Central Nervous System. (affordable-drugs-rx.com)
All amphetamines are stimulants that affect the central nervous system . (detoxtorehab.com)

Comparison of central actions of cocaine and LSD. (erowid.org)
The water system contains a higher concentration of this drug than in any other part of the continent, and bank notes are no longer tested for traces of cocaine. (bartleby.com)
Popular stimulants include cocaine, methamphetamine and Adderall. (drugnet.net)
Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant, the most powerful found in nature. (acde.org)
Cocaine in all its forms stimulates the central nervous system. (acde.org)
Crack cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that can be smoked or snorted. (rehabcenter.net)
This intense craving, coupled with the stimulant properties of crack cocaine, can cause a person to exhibit paranoia and violent behavior. (rehabcenter.net)
They are strong stimulants that have similar effects to cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA and/or LSD. (contextbusiness.com)

Because Adderall is such an addictive stimulant, it is important to avoid abusing it, as it can lead to addiction and abuse. (buildyourmemory.com)
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, it is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. (cbsnews.com)
He was arrested for being under the influence of methamphetamine - a very addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. (pasadenastarnews.com)
Methamphetamine, or "meth," is a strong, extremely addictive stimulant that considerably impacts the consumer's central nervous system. (wesconsortium.com)

Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate are CNS stimulants that can help stimulate increased brain activity. (metroparentrelief.com)
Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine , a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant . (wikipedia.org)
A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. (nih.gov)

And eventually, they discovered that individuals who had died from meth use typically had opioids current of their system on the time of dying, suggesting that opioids are being blended into the meth provide, typically with out addicts being conscious of it. (wesconsortium.com)
CONCLUSIONS: Used in combination, opioids and stimulants may mask typical clinical presentations of one another, misattributing incorrect drugs to overdose in both clinical treatment and public health surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Drugs of abuse on the short list include opioid pain relievers, depressants, and stimulants. (therecoveryvillage.com)
Some commonly abused classes of prescription drugs include opoids, central nervous system depressants and stimulants. (thestatetimes.com)

How Long Does Methamphetamine Stay In Your System? (netcoalition.com)
Methamphetamine, also called meth, is an addictive synthetic stimulant that can affect your central nervous system. (netcoalition.com)
Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug that can lead to serious health issues. (netcoalition.com)
Whether it's injected, snorted, or smoked, methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug that affects the brain and central nervous system. (verywellmind.com)
Continued methamphetamine use may cause modifications within the mind's dopamine system, critically within the areas related to coordination, verbal studying, emotion, and reminiscence. (wesconsortium.com)

Xywav is a central nervous system depressant and Provigil is a stimulant. (rxlist.com)
Xywav (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) is a central nervous system depressant indicated for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. (rxlist.com)
It is a central nervous system depressant. (drugnet.net)
Yohimbe also acts as a stimulant (it increases alertness), antidepressant (it improves mood), anti-anxiety medication, and anti-depressant while simultaneously boosting testosterone levels in men. (buyyohimbine.com)
I think in Many illegal drugs have depressant, stimulant, depressant and hallucinogenic properties. (arcanecollective.com)
Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that is widely consumed worldwide. (bvsalud.org)

Lisdexamfetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. (epnet.com)
These are dangerous practices that can (and do) have lethal results - just ask the more than 30,000 Americans who are rushed to the ER each year due to stimulant medications. (rehabs.com)
Central nervous system stimulant medications were provided, prescribed, or continued at about 80% of ADHD visits among children aged 4-17 years. (cdc.gov)
How frequently were central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medications provided, prescribed, or continued at ADHD visits, and did this vary by age? (cdc.gov)
CNS stimulant medications were mentioned (i.e., provided, prescribed, or continued) at 80% of ADHD visits by children aged 4-12 years and 81% of ADHD visits by children aged 13-17 years ( Figure 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Non-Stimulant medications such medications he reinstated their healing core problems. (rkconcepts.com)

CNS stimulants work by preventing norepinephrine and dopamine from being reabsorbed into the brain. (metroparentrelief.com)
CNS stimulants can raise norepinephrine levels, resulting in higher blood pressure, a faster heart rate, and narrowed blood vessels. (metroparentrelief.com)
Stimulants increase the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. (discoverynj.org)

Provigil (modafinil) is a stimulant prescribed to increase wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness related to narcolepsy, shiftwork sleep disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea /hypopnea syndrome. (rxlist.com)
Narcolepsy is a rare, chronic central nervous system (CNS) hypersomnia. (medscape.com)

Isopelletierine, stimulates the central nervous system and dilates blood vessels in the penis to improve erections. (buyyohimbine.com)

Adderall is a powerful stimulant with an addictive potential. (buildyourmemory.com)
As a powerful stimulant, Ritalin can easily overexert your systems. (rehabs.com)

Stimulants are psychoactive substances which stimulate the central nervous system. (drugnet.net)

Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets USP is a CNS stimulant indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children 6 years of age and older, adolescents, and adults up to the age of 65. (nih.gov)

Many coffee drinkers celebrate the "alertness, elevated mood, wakefulness, increased speech and motor activity and decrease[d] appetite" that are the temporary hallmarks of their beverage of choice (and indeed, of all stimulants, whether natural or synthetic). (westonaprice.org)
Synthetic stimulants, that are chemicals, which are manufactured derivatives of cathinone. (contextbusiness.com)
United States DEA recently exercised its emergency scheduling authority to control the 3 synthetic stimulants that are in bath salts or designer cathinones (synthetic stimulants). (contextbusiness.com)

Meth is a stimulant drug that increases activity in the central nervous system. (verywellmind.com)
Ethanol metabolism increases the production of oxidant molecules and its consumption may cause changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems that maintain cellular homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)

Some CNS stimulants also cause euphoria or boost self-confidence for a short period of time. (metroparentrelief.com)

Central nervous stimulants are drugs that boost alertness, attention, energy, and physical activity by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain. (metroparentrelief.com)

These slow down the central nervous system and may be used to treat anxiety, panic and pain. (drugnet.net)
Other effects of meth use on the central nervous system can produce symptoms like irritability, confusion, anxiety, paranoia, and aggressiveness. (verywellmind.com)

CNS stimulants have a slew of negative side effects, and their misuse has resulted in deaths. (metroparentrelief.com)
Misuse of CNS stimulants can result in severe paranoia and psychosis, as well as severe depression and suicidal ideation. (metroparentrelief.com)
Misuse of prescription stimulants can lead to substance use disorder (SUD). (discoverynj.org)

Seizures: Stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold. (nih.gov)

The last time you have used a small doses of Dali There is no way to detect the drugs in Ativan since Ativan does not have psychoactive properties and therefore does not affect the central nervous system. (arcanecollective.com)

Interestingly, the results demonstrated that the most potent effect of these stimulants is to release NE. (erowid.org)
Cyclazodone is a potent stimulant with cognitive-enhancing and fatigue-reducing effects. (wholisticresearch.com)
Used since the 19th century, Hawthorne is one of the most popular herbals prescribed in Europe today with its series of potent antioxidants and bioflavonoids that benefit the entire cardiovascular system. (semenax.com)

The drug is a powerful, highly addictive central nervous system stimulant. (illinois.edu)

Phentermine is an appetite suppressant that affects the central nervous system. (ssristories.org)
4. Cite examples of how the endocrine system affects mood and emotion. (mypapersupport.com)

Behavioral therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management (motivational incentives), can be effective in helping people with prescription stimulant addiction. (discoverynj.org)
Despite the risks, professional gaming players are openly sharing their addiction to the stimulant. (buildyourmemory.com)

Lisdexamfetamine , sold under the brand name Vyvanse among others , is a stimulant medication that is mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people over the age of five as well as moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults. (wikipedia.org)

CNS stimulants may be beneficial in the treatment of certain conditions characterized by symptoms such as excessive sleepiness , inability to concentrate, or prolonged fatigue. (metroparentrelief.com)

Skald Oxydynamic Fat Scorcher must never ever be taken five or 6 hours prior to you go to bed, as the combination of stimulants can cause insomnia. (eatketo.org)

This central nervous system stimulant may also cause a person's body to shake or twitch with tic-like movements. (rehabcenter.net)

Stimulants can also reduce your appetite, increase agitation, and induce sleepiness. (ardurecoverycenter.com)

stimulants improve wakefulness, and antidepressants reduce the frequency of cataplectic episodes. (medscape.com)

The sympathetic nervous system activates the adrenal glands. (lygercoffee.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Effects of tranquillising, antidepressant and central nervous system stimulant drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level of rat brain. (who.int)

Sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking stimulant drugs at usual doses for ADHD. (nih.gov)
Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud's Phenomenon: Stimulants used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. (nih.gov)
However, if you want to treat ADHD , several non-stimulant drugs can help you with the disorder. (getyourpharmacy.com)
Despite being such an en-vogue disorder, though, ADHD remains one of the most misunderstood and stigmatized brain conditions of recent history. (mashable.com)

As the drug leaves the system it can cause feelings of depression, violent mood swings and the sweats. (cbsnews.com)

Clinical evaluation for Bipolar Disorder is recommended prior to stimulant use. (nih.gov)
An example of a classic disorder of the pyramidal system is a stroke, resulting in paralysis of an extremity. (medscape.com)

Some of the stimulant drugs have had major side effects among the children and the teenagers leading them to major heart diseases or congenital heart defects even death. (affordable-drugs-rx.com)
A CNS stimulant mention is documentation in a patient's medical record of a CNS stimulant provided, prescribed, or continued at a visit (information for up to 10 drugs collected per visit). (cdc.gov)
When people abuse these drugs, they're pumping their bodies with substances they don't need, which throws off chemical balances in the brain and body's different nervous systems. (ardurecoverycenter.com)
Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that alter appetite (E.H. Ellinwood, T.H. Lee). (who.int)
13. Drugs affecting autonomic functions or the extrapyramidal system (J.F. Martí Massó). (who.int)
37. Drugs acting on the immune system (T. Vial). (who.int)
These drugs do not provide immediate results like stimulants, but they are equally effective and less risky in the long run. (getyourpharmacy.com)

Pediatrics Central , peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/109431/1/green_tea. (unboundmedicine.com)
Crack impacts and changes the brain's reward system, and snorting this drug can lead a person to think and behave in unpredictable ways. (rehabcenter.net)
All these factors must be considered at least once if you buy a prescribed dosage of the drug so that you can know about the half-life of the drug or how long it will remain in your system. (rxdaycare.com)
A number of studies have investigated the relationship between the time course of central nervous system dopamine and serotonin receptor blockade and plasma drug concentrations after the discontinuation of QTP treatment, and shown that the disappearance of QTP from plasma is much more rapid than the decrease in serotonin receptor occupancy [136,143, 145] . (researchgate.net)
The long-term side effects of oxymorphone can include developing a dependence on the drug, meaning your system will require more of it to receive the same benefits. (addictionhelp.com)

Plus, the central ingredient, patented Arthred®, was proved effective in promoting healthy joints through $10 million in worldwide clinical trials. (wealththrunutrition.com)

The ability of CNS stimulants to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters varies, which determines their effect and side effects in the body. (metroparentrelief.com)
CNS stimulants can have a variety of negative side effects. (metroparentrelief.com)
The popular stimulant has both positive and negative effects. (businessinsider.com)
The stimulant hypoxanthine , not any special properties of its protein, vitamins, or minerals is responsible for the satisfying and stimulating effects of meat. (nutrientrich.com)

Cathinone, a central nervous system stimulant, is an active chemical found naturally in the khat plant. (contextbusiness.com)
In small quantities, depressants help people achieve levels of relaxation they may struggle to obtain naturally by slowing the central nervous system's functions. (ardurecoverycenter.com)

Some noticeable signs of stimulant use include abnormal cheerfulness or talkativeness, frequent urination, sleeping difficulty, and loss of appetite. (discoverynj.org)

These chemical changes can damage the body's systems and lead to an overdose. (ardurecoverycenter.com)
The body's natural system for taking in the cannabinoids found in cannabis, such as CBD or THC, is called the endocannabinoid system. (shopnaturallife.com)

It will also include proposed revisions to the DRG system on which the public may comment. (cdc.gov)
1] The systems primarily involved include the central nervous system (CNS), the cardiovascular system, and the renal system. (medscape.com)

Abatacept modifies the immune system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were not benefited from other treatments. (medindia.net)
Fortify your immune system with fiber and cell-protecting antioxidants. (wealththrunutrition.com)

Lara honos-webb joins russell jm, behlke i diabetic peripheral nervous system controls. (rkconcepts.com)
It is due to an imbalance between the effect of peripheral and central chemoreceptors on ventilatory drive. (mhmedical.com)

For most of the past century, movement disorders (ie, abnormal adventitious movements) have been categorized as EPSs caused by lesions of the extrapyramidal system of the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)

We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Database of SRs, and Epistemonikos for primary studies of pregnant women with primary headache and existing SRs of harms in pregnant women regardless of indication. (medscape.com)

its important to note that, Ephedrine Hydrochloride (Hcl) is a central nervous system stimulant used to treat breathing problems (as a bronchodilator). (healthmedicsonline.com)

This opioid analgesic blocks pain messages in the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to the brain's opioid receptors. (addictionhelp.com)

There is also strong evidence that glutamine acts as an immuno-stimulant, which reduces the incidence of infection during training and racing. (firstendurance.ca)

It belongs to the methylxanthine class of stimulants that act on the central nervous system . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cyclazodone, also known as N-Cyclopropylpemoline , is a stimulant that belongs to the 4-oxazolidinone class. (wholisticresearch.com)

As a result, this study aimed to compare the effect of CAF versus PSE use on cycling time trial (TT) performance to explore whether the legal stimulant was any less ergogenic than the banned substance. (ironmagazine.com)

Serious Cardiovascular Events: Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. (nih.gov)

Anatomy1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs1

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System Diseases

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

Pediatrics Central | central nervous system stimulants

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