Central nervous system stimulants. Medical search

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.

Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients.

Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.

An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.

Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.

Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.

A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.

An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.

An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Beverages consumed as stimulants and tonics. They usually contain a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as herbal supplements; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivatives.

A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.

A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.

The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.

A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).

A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)

A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

Educational institutions.

An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.

Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs.

Disorders related to substance abuse.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Housing for groups of patients, children, or others who need or desire emotional or physical support. They are usually established as planned, single housekeeping units in residential dwellings that provide care and supervision for small groups of residents, who, although unrelated, live together as a family.

A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.

Facilities that convert NUCLEAR ENERGY into electrical energy.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

The act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an apparent neuromodulating neuropeptide, has been linked to dopamine systems and dopamine-related psychotic disorders. Because of this association, we determined and compared the effects of psychotomimetic drugs on extrapyramidal and limbic NPY systems. We observed that phencyclidine, methamphetamine (METH), (+)methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cocaine, but not (-)MDMA, similarly reduced the striatal content of NPY-like immunoreactivity from 54% (phencyclidine) to 74% [(+) MDMA] of control. The effects of METH on NPY levels in the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra were characterized in greater detail. We observed that METH decreased NPY levels in specific regions of the nucleus accumbens and the caudate, but had no effect on NPY in the globus pallidus or the substantia nigra. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 blocked these effects of METH, suggesting that NPY levels throughout the nucleus accumbens and the caudate are regulated through D1 pathways. The D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride did not appear to alter the METH effect, but this was difficult to determine because eticlopride decreased NPY levels by itself. A single dose of METH was sufficient to lower NPY levels, in some, but not all, regions examined. The effects on NPY levels after multiple METH administrations were substantially greater and persisted up to 48 h after treatment; this suggests that synthesis of this neuropeptide may be suppressed even after the drug is gone. These findings suggest that NPY systems may contribute to the D1 receptor-mediated effects of the psychostimulants. (+info)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Sydnocarb (3-(beta-phenylisopropyl)-N-phenylcarbamoylsydnonimine) is a psychostimulant in clinical practice in Russia as a primary and adjunct therapy for a host of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression. It has been described as a stimulant with an addiction liability and toxicity less than that of amphetamines. The present study undertook to evaluate the psychomotor stimulant effects of sydnocarb in comparison to those of methamphetamine. Sydnocarb increased locomotor activity of mice with reduced potency (approximately 10-fold) and efficacy compared with methamphetamine. Sydnocarb blocked the locomotor depressant effects of haloperidol at doses that were inactive when given alone. The locomotor stimulant effects of both methamphetamine and sydnocarb were dose-dependently blocked by the dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists SCH 39166 and spiperone, respectively; blockade generally occurred at doses of the antagonists that did not depress locomotor activity when given alone. In mice trained to discriminate methamphetamine from saline, sydnocarb fully substituted for methamphetamine with a 9-fold lower potency. When substituted for methamphetamine under self-administration experiments in rats, 10-fold higher concentrations of sydnocarb maintained responding by its i.v. presentation. Sydnocarb engendered stereotypy in high doses with approximately a 2-fold lower potency than methamphetamine. However, sydnocarb was much less efficacious than methamphetamine in inducing stereotyped behavior. Both sydnocarb and methamphetamine increased dialysate levels of dopamine in mouse striatum; however, the potency and efficacy of sydnocarb was less than methamphetamine. The convulsive effects of cocaine were significantly enhanced by the coadministration of nontoxic doses of methamphetamine but not of sydnocarb. Taken together, the present findings indicate that sydnocarb has psychomotor stimulant effects that are shared by methamphetamine while demonstrating a reduced behavioral toxicity. (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission. (+info)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

We investigated how the effects of chronic immobilization stress in rats are modified by Ca2+ channel blockade preceding restraint sessions. The application of nifedipine (5 mg/kg) shortly before each of seven daily 2 h restraint sessions prevented the development of sensitized response to amphetamine as well as the stress-induced elevation of the densities of L-type Ca2+ channel in the hippocampus and significantly reduced the elevation of the densities of [3H]nitrendipine binding sites in the cortex and D1 dopamine receptors in the limbic forebrain. Neither stress, nor nifedipine affected the density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors and D1 receptors in the cerebral cortex nor D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum. A single restraint session caused an elevation of blood corticosterone level that remained unaffected by nifedipine pretreatment, but the reduction of this response during the eighth session was significantly less expressed in nifedipine-treated rats. We conclude that L-type calcium channel blockade prevents development of several stress-induced adaptive responses. (+info)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

The significance of altered Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways on contractile abnormalities of myocytes isolated from rat hearts 3 wk after myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated by varying extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o, 0.6-5.0 mM) and pacing frequency (0.1-5.0 Hz). Myocytes isolated from 3-wk MI hearts were significantly longer than those from sham-treated (Sham) hearts (125 +/- 1 vs. 114 +/- 1 micrometer, P < 0.0001). At high [Ca2+]o and low pacing frequency, conditions that preferentially favored Ca2+ influx over efflux, Sham myocytes shortened to a greater extent than 3-wk MI myocytes. Conversely, under conditions that favored Ca2+ efflux (low [Ca2+]o and high pacing frequency), MI myocytes shortened more than Sham myocytes. At intermediate [Ca2+]o and pacing frequencies, differences in steady-state contraction amplitudes between Sham and MI myocytes were no longer significant. Collectively, the interpretation of these data was that Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways were subnormal in MI myocytes and that they contributed to abnormal cellular contractile behavior. Because Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity, but not whole cell Ca2+ current, was depressed in 3-wk MI rat myocytes, our results on steady-state contraction are consistent with, but not proof of, the hypothesis that depressed Na+/Ca2+ exchange accounted for abnormal contractility in MI myocytes. The effects of depressed Na+/Ca2+ exchange on MI myocyte mechanical activity were further evaluated in relaxation from caffeine-induced contractures. Because Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum was inhibited by caffeine and with the assumption that intracellular Na+ and membrane potential were similar between Sham and MI myocytes, myocyte relaxation from caffeine-induced contracture can be taken as an estimate of Ca2+ extrusion by Na+/Ca2+ exchange. In MI myocytes, in which Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity was depressed, the half time of relaxation (1.54 +/- 0.14 s) was significantly (P < 0.02) prolonged compared with that measured in Sham myocytes (1.10 +/- 0.10 s). (+info)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

One of the primary cardiovascular adjustments to hyperthermia is a sympathetically mediated increase in vascular resistance in the viscera. Nonneural factors such as a change in vascular tone or reactivity may also contribute to this response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether vascular smooth muscle tone is altered during heating to physiologically relevant temperatures >37 degrees C. Gradually increasing bath temperature from 37 degrees C (normothermia) to 43 degrees C (severe hyperthermia) produced graded contractions in vascular ring segments from rat mesenteric arteries and thoracic aortae. In untreated rings these contractions were relatively small, whereas hyperthermia elicited near-maximal increases in tension when rings were constricted with phenylephrine or KCl before heating. In phenylephrine-treated mesenteric arterial rings, the contractile responses to heating were markedly attenuated by the Ca2+ channel antagonists nifedipine and diltiazem. Diltiazem also blocked the contractile responses to heating in thoracic aortic rings. These results demonstrate that hyperthermia has a limited effect on tension generation in rat vascular smooth muscle in the absence of vascular tone. However, in the presence of agonist-induced tone, tension generation during heating is markedly enhanced and dependent on extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, these data suggest that local regulation of vascular tone can contribute to the hemodynamic adjustments to hyperthermia. (+info)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

To choose a sensitive protocol to discriminate populations exposed and not exposed to inducers, five urinary metabolite ratios (MRs) [MR1 (17X + 17U)/137X, MR2 (5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil [AFMU] + 1X + 1U)/17U, MR3 (17X/137X), MR4 (AFMU + 1X + 1U + 17X + 17U)/137X, and MR5 (AFMU + 1X + 1U)/17X] were calculated in 4-5 h and 0-24 h urine samples after caffeine intake. One hundred twenty-five healthy volunteers (59 nonsmokers and 66 smokers) were included in the study. All ratios showed a log-normal distribution. MR2 in the two time intervals was the only ratio nondependent on the urine flow. Differences between nonsmokers and smokers could be detected with all ratios at 4-5 h. However, only MR2 and, to a lesser extent, MR5 allowed the discrimination of higher cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity in smokers in the 0-24 h sample. Although smokers had increased urinary mutagenicity in relation to nonsmokers, a significant association between MRs and urine mutagenicity was observed only with MR2 in the 4-5 h interval; this ratio/time schedule being that of higher association with tobacco consumption. The most flow-dependent ratios, MR1, MR3, and MR4, were closely correlated with each other at the two intervals. The flow dependency profile of each ratio may explain their different power to indicate both tobacco exposure and tobacco-derived mutagenicity. In conclusion, MR2 in the period of 4-5 h after caffeine intake seems preferable, especially at high urine flow rates. (+info)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

In the present study, we investigated the effects of selective activation or inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) adenylate cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA) on long-term sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA or peripheral amphetamine (AMPH). Selective inhibition of AC by SQ 22,536 (9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine; 100 nmol/side bilateral into VTA) had no effect on acute basal locomotion but attenuated the locomotor stimulation induced by acute i.p. AMPH (1.5 mg/kg). Coinjection of SQ 22,536 (100 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH (15 nmol/side) but had no detectable effect on the sensitization induced by repeated i. p. AMPH. Persistent activation of AC by intra-VTA cholera toxin (500 ng/side) modestly increased acute locomotion and induced a robust sensitization to i.p. AMPH challenge 10 days after the last of three repeated VTA microinjections. Selective inhibition of PKA by Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS; 25 nmol/side) had no effect on acute basal or AMPH-stimulated locomotion. Coinjection of Rp-cAMPS (25 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH but had no effect on sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. Intra-VTA microinjection of the selective PKA activator Sp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Sp-cAMPS; 25-100 nmol/side) dose-dependently stimulated acute locomotion and exerted synergistic effects on locomotor activity when coinfused into the VTA with AMPH but had no detectable effect on acute i.p. AMPH-induced locomotion. Repeated intra-VTA Sp-cAMPS did not induce sensitization to AMPH challenge but potentiated the sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. These results suggest that VTA cAMP signal transduction is necessary for the induction of persistent sensitization to intra-VTA amphetamine and that peripheral and intra-VTA AMPH may not induce behavioral sensitization by identical mechanisms. (+info)

Central nervous system stimulant Tighten blood vessels. Increases alertness and improves brain fog. Methylphenidate (Ritalin, ... He was recently diagnosed with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome -- a problem with the autonomic nervous system. The ... this is classified as central hyperadrenergic POTS.[20][44] The high norepinephrine levels contribute to symptoms of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome?fbclid=IwAR2m8ZJtGrPxMde9Kcig0hirlDDwZlopEkcXtoRcEKOdsmSvNO64truK5qc

LEMONT B. KIER, LAURETTA E. FOX, D. DHAWAN & I. W. WATERS (1962). "A New Class of Central Nervous System Stimulants". Nature. ... group can be found as a substructure in the stimulant drugs feprosidnine and mesocarb. Sydnone was first prepared in 1935 by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydnone

... is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a pyrazine derivative. Lednicer D, Mitscher LA (1980-05-13). The Organic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampyzine

Cocaine, caffeine, and cathinone are stimulants of the central nervous system. Mescaline and many indole alkaloids (such as ... Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans ... Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), ... thus playing a central role in the spread of this pest ant species around the world. Medical use of alkaloid-containing plants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid

Central nervous system stimulants such as substituted amphetamines increase heart rate. Central nervous system depressants or ... Caffeine and nicotine are both stimulants of the nervous system and of the cardiac centres causing an increased heart rate. ... beginning with the central nervous system. A study shows that bottlenose dolphins can learn - apparently via instrumental ... It is also influenced by central factors through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Nervous influence over the heart rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate

... is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. How it works in ADHD is unclear. It is the more active ... The symptoms of a moderate acute overdose on methylphenidate primarily arise from central nervous system overstimulation; these ... The symptoms of a moderate acute overdose on methylphenidate primarily arise from central nervous system overstimulation; these ... in the brain's reward system. At therapeutic doses, ADHD stimulants do not sufficiently activate the reward system, or the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate

An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous system stimulant. The term analeptic typically refers to respiratory analeptics ... "Central nervous system stimulants: basic pharmacology and relevance to anaesthesia and critical care". Anaesthesia & Intensive ... Analeptics are central nervous system stimulants that include a wide variety of medications used to treat depression, attention ... This begins the process of relaying the signal to the central nervous system. Doxapram blocks leak potassium channels in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analeptic

A potent central nervous system stimulant, in the 1940s and 50s methamphetamine was used by Axis and Allied troops in World War ... Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, ... Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (also known in the ... Stimulants: "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use

Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. These drugs primarily help ... Stimulants that are banned include amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, ... stimulants, diuretics, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_WADA

... paraxanthine is a psychoactive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It possesses a potency roughly equal to that of caffeine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxanthine

However, due to its antagonist effect on GABA receptors, it has been used as a central nervous system stimulant. It was also ... Picrotoxin acts as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is extremely toxic to fish and humans, as well as ... It mainly impacts the central nervous system, causing seizures and respiratory paralysis in high enough doses. Picrotoxin is an ... In this synthesis, eight asymmetric centers were stereoselectively prepared on a cis-fused hydrindane ring system using several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrotoxin

Central nervous system stimulant. US Patent 2892753, 1957 Hardy RA, Howell CF, Quinones NQ. Method of producing central nervous ... Aminorex itself is a stimulant drug with a 5-phenyl-2-amino-oxazoline structure. It was developed in the 1960s as an anorectic ... Neurochemical effects of an acute treatment with 4-methylaminorex: a new stimulant of abuse. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 May 3;180(1 ... and derivatives of this type appeared to be effective stimulants with comparatively low toxicity. Pemoline was sold for around ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aminorex_analogues

... (trademarked as Megimide) is a central nervous system stimulant. The drug was first made in 1911. It has been used in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemegride

These medications include central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, modafinil, amphetamine, and ... The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, ... the reticular activating system, and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. In narcoleptic individuals, these systems are all ... The system which regulates sleep, arousal, and transitions between these states in humans is composed of three interconnected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcolepsy

Classes of drugs frequently used recreationally include: Stimulants, which activate the central nervous system. These are used ... Hypnotics, which depress the central nervous system. Opioid analgesics, which also depress the central nervous system. These ... Exposure to a psychoactive substance can cause changes in the structure and functioning of neurons, as the nervous system tries ... A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance that changes nervous system function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug

These trees contain many alkaloids including phyllochrysine (a central nervous system stimulant) and securinine. Oral ... The bark is used as a purgative in West Africa and anthelmintic in Central Africa. The Fula people use the bark for toothache, ... in the Central African Republic a decoction is used for post-partum pains, and in the Republic of the Congo for stomach and ... while in Ubangi a decoction of roots and leafy twigs is also used for blennorrhoea A wash of the decoction is a stimulant in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritaria_discoidea

The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness is done through central nervous system stimulants. Methylphenidate and ... It is of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected ... Ishizuka T, Murakami M, Yamatodani A (January 2008). "Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not ... CNS stimulants tend to be less effective for idiopathic hypersomnia than they are for narcolepsy and may be less well tolerated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia

January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they dopamine and ... Central nervous system effects like overstimulation, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, tremor, dizziness and headache; there ... It works as an appetite suppressant likely as a result of being a CNS stimulant. Chemically, phentermine is a substituted ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 13 April 2019. "METERMINE (Phentermine)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentermine

... is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)". This means that the risk of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmaline

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ... A common adulterant is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other ... often in combination with similar but less potent stimulants, such as phenylpropanolamine. Nonprescription stimulants were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines

... is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is the world's most widely consumed ... Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that reduces fatigue and drowsiness. At normal doses, caffeine has variable ... Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central nervous system over-stimulation known as caffeine intoxication, a clinically ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine

It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class. Adderall is generally well tolerated and effective ... leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions ... in central nervous system". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 83: 439-449. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002. PMID 27424325. ... Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall

January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release ... CNS stimulants. *Amphetamine (Mixed amphetamine salts, Levoamphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Lisdexamfetamine). *Methamphetamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from 15 minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's ... The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter ... Additionally, stimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and even caffeine cause dehydration and dry mouth. Since saliva is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Amphetamines manipulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous ... The most common abused stimulant by athletes is amphetamine. Amphetamines are the largest group of stimulants. Amphetamine was ... Usage of stimulants, such as amphetamine, can lead to death. In 1960, Danish cyclist Kurt Enemar Jensen died from amphetamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_banned_substances

"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... Meeusen R, Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF (1 January 2006). "Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and ... Rothman RB, Blough BE, Baumann MH (January 2007). "Dual dopamine/serotonin releasers as potential medications for stimulant and ... Roelands B, Meeusen R (March 2010). "Alterations in central fatigue by pharmacological manipulations of neurotransmitters in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent

"Herbal stimulant khat to be banned". BBC News. 3 July 2013.. *^ "BBC News - Khat: What impact will UK herb stimulant ban have?" ... As with all illegal drugs, operating a motor vehicle with detectable levels of Khat or its metabolites in one's system can also ... In Uganda it is grown in Central region, kasenge Nakawuka road, nkugulutale, kisozi, Nsaggu and some parts of Western region of ... In mice, cathinone produces the same types of nervous pacing or repetitive scratching behaviours associated with amphetamines.[ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khat

Central nervous system. *Intracerebral. *Intrathecal. *Epidural. Circulatory, musculoskeletal. *Intravenous. *Intracardiac. * ... Ginseng, popular tea in China and Korea, commonly used as a stimulant and as a caffeine substitute.[16][unreliable medical ... Kratom, dried leaves of the Kratom tree, drank for its medicinal and stimulant effects.[20][21] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisane

... of pre-synaptic α2 receptors facilitates the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system ... "Yohimbine pharmacokinetics and interaction with the sympathetic nervous system in normal volunteers". European Journal of ... Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) is a tree that grows in western and central Africa;[25] yohimbine was named as originally ... Rao MR, Palada MC, Becker BN (2013). "Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems". In Nain PK, Rao MR, Buck LE (eds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine

Diseases of the nervous system VII H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa ... F15) use of other stimulants, including caffeine Stimulant psychosis (F16) use of hallucinogens Posthallucinogen perception ... It is actually the official mental health system for the US as well, but even many professionals do not realize this due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_F

This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... Central. Stimulants. *4-Methylamphetamine‡. *Amfecloral. *Amfepentorex. *Amfepramone. *Aminorex‡. *Amphetamine. *Amphetaminil. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clortermine

In the central nervous system (CNS), the major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety disorders appear to be norepinephrine, ... stimulants (such as caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.[54] While many often report self- ... Peripherally, the autonomic nervous system, especially the sympathetic nervous system, mediates many of the symptoms. Increased ... stimulating the HPA Axis and sympathetic nervous system) and hippocampus (which is implicated in emotional memory along with ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety

... located mainly in the central nervous system, and the CB2 receptor (Ki = 24 nM[20]), mainly expressed in cells of the immune ... has been approved by the FDA as an appetite stimulant for people with AIDS and an antiemetic for people receiving chemotherapy ... For a review of the mechanisms behind endocannabinoid synaptic transmission, see Endocannabinoid system. ... and THC as probably effective in treating central pain and painful spasms.[53] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC

... or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, ... MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath ... A toxicology report later found that no "bath salts" were present in his system. On May 5, 2011, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam ... High doses have been observed to cause intense, prolonged panic attacks in stimulant-intolerant users, and there are anecdotal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

For the central nervous systemEdit. Drugs affecting the central nervous system include: Psychedelics, hypnotics, anaesthetics, ... Psychotropics can either be sedative or stimulant; sedatives aim at damping down the extremes of behavior. Stimulants aim at ... An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system). ... An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system). ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

5-HT3 receptor antagonists block serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. As such, they ... system (C). *cardiac therapy/antianginals *Cardiac glycosides. *Antiarrhythmics. *Cardiac stimulants. *Antihypertensives. * ... H1 receptors in central areas include area postrema and vomiting center in the vestibular nucleus. Also, many of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

Due to blockade of D2 receptors in the central nervous system, D2 receptor antagonists like metoclopramide can also produce a ... and animal studies suggest that this is the reason for the low central nervous system penetration of domperidone.[66] ... a location in the nervous system that mediates nausea) at the floor of the fourth ventricle (a location near the brain). It ... Possible central toxicity in infants[edit]. In Britain a legal case involved the death of two children of a mother whose three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

... including central nervous system stimulants (e.g., amphetamine), hallucinogens (e.g., 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), ... and trace amine which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. ... in central nervous system". Biomed. Pharmacother. 83: 439-449. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002. PMID 27424325.. ... a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system.[12] It is biosynthesized from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

Unstable nervous system' 'ebastabiilne närvisüsteem' Martinez-Badía&Jose Martinez-Raga, 2015 1899 Thomas Smith Clouston 'Simple ... "Why didn't you mention that virtually all of the ADHD subjects were on stimulant therapy-the likely cause of their brain ... licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2005 ... The nervous child' 'närviline laps' Martinez-Badía&Jose ... LISAplus) (The Inﬂuences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood study ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutaja:Mariina/Lapseea_aktiivsus-_ja_tähelepanuhäire

"Civilian PTSD Symptoms and Risk for Involvement in the Criminal Justice System". Journal of the Academy of Psychiatry and the ... The BLA activates the central nucleus (CeA) of the amygdala, which elaborates the fear response, (including behavioral response ... The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 176 (8): 498-502. doi:10.1097/00005053-198808000-00008. PMID 3404142.. ... The maintenance of fear has been shown to include the HPA axis, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic systems, and the connections ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder

... moderate alcohol consumption are mediated by reductions in glutamatergic activity by adenosine in the central nervous system.[2 ... Stimulants. *SID *Stimulant psychosis. *amphetamine: SUD *Amphetamine dependence. Volatile. solvent. *SID *Sudden sniffing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep

January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they dopamine and ... Central nervous system effects like overstimulation, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, tremor, dizziness and headache; there ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 13 April 2019.. *^ a b c d e f g h "METERMINE (Phentermine)" (PDF). ... It works as an appetite suppressant likely as a result of being a CNS stimulant.[3] Chemically, phentermine is a substituted ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentermine

... drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which ... Stimulants such as methylphenidate, caffeine, ephedrine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine work against heavy ... When used appropriately, opioids and other central analgesics are safe and effective; however, risks such as addiction and the ... "The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

... is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.[1] The symptoms ... Illustration of Parkinson's disease by William Richard Gowers, first published in A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System ( ... Charcot, Jean-Martin; Sigerson, George (1879). Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system (Second ed.). Philadelphia: Henry ... Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), oily skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

Abuse of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants is common. Addiction to some CNS stimulants can quickly lead to medical, ... Notable stimulants[edit]. Amphetamine[edit]. Main article: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) ... Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, ... "Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (Suppl 1): i16-i20. doi:10.1136/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

"Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor involvement in central nervous system disorders". Neuron. 82 (2): 279-293. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... Compared to dopaminergic stimulants like methamphetamine, the NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine can produce a wider range of ... In the early 1980s, NMDA receptors were shown to be involved in several central synaptic pathways.[19][20] Receptor subunit ... that usually occurs due to cross-reactivity of antibodies produced by the immune system against ectopic brain tissues, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

... the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal gland. The specific mechanism involved is increased release of the "stress ... Drugs: In particular, alcohol, nasal decongestants with adrenergic effects, NSAIDs, MAOIs, adrenoceptor stimulants, and ... such as central obesity, lipodystrophy, moon face, sweating, hirsutism and anxiety.[34] ... by pain-induced sympathetic nervous system stimulation; in the early postanesthesia period, e.g. by pain-induced sympathetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

If the cancer has central nervous system involvement, or with meningeal disease, intrathecal chemotherapy may be administered.[ ... Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM (2000). "Temozolomide, a novel alkylating agent with activity in the central nervous system, may ... Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 2008 Mar;13(1):27-46. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00156.x. PMID 18346229. ... Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some cases motor nerves and the autonomic nervous system are affected.[99] CIPN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

... s can be absorbed from the nose via an inhaler and produce systemic effects, mainly central nervous system ... Most decongestants, however, are not pronounced stimulants, due to lack of response from the other adrenoreceptors. Besides ... For their nasal delivery system, see inhaler.. A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is ... Pseudoephedrine acts indirectly on the adrenergic receptor system, whereas phenylephrine and oxymetazoline are direct agonists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant

Template:Peripheral nervous system navs(edit talk links history). *Template:Protein classification navs(edit talk links history ... "https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Central_nervous_system_navs&oldid=724046" ಇಂದ ಪಡೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ... Template:Digestive system navs(edit talk links history). *Template:DNA and protein biosynthesis navs(edit talk links history)- ... Template:Reproductive medicine navs(edit talk links history) ({{Female reproductive system navs}}, R) ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Central_nervous_system_navs

Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk, as well as harm his or her nervous and immune systems ... Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is a stimulant, and harmala alkaloids.[2] Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used ... In the United States, it is grown in northern middle Tennessee, central Kentucky, and Virginia. Fire-cured tobacco grown in ... The addictive alkaloid nicotine is a stimulant, and popularly known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. Nicotine ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco

... resulting in simultaneous enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system (vagal) tone and withdrawal of sympathetic nervous ... Medications which may be effective include: CNS stimulants[15] fludrocortisone, midodrine, SSRIs[16] such as paroxetine or ... Central agents. *Mechanical device. *Discontinuation of medications known to lower blood pressure may be helpful, but stopping ... The autonomic nervous system's physiological state (see below) leading to loss of consciousness may persist for several minutes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasovagal_response

The main speculation is that since caffeine affects many parts of the central nervous system, this would imply that there is ... Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug. It can have both positive ... Caffeine's effects in memory were also investigated in the auditory system. The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test is a memory test ... require the examination of multiple activation pathways in order to determine caffeine's specific effect on the nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_caffeine_on_memory

The adrenaline rush that produces the involuntary nervous system response probably has peripheral and central nervous system ... It appears that paruresis involves a tightening of the sphincter or bladder neck due to a sympathetic nervous system response. ... At least six state prison systems-Florida,[20] Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New York[21] and Tennessee[22]-have modified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruresis

Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the central nervous system to signal the body to breathe during sleep. Treatments ... Sleep deprivation can sometimes be self-imposed due to a lack of desire to sleep or the habitual use of stimulant drugs. Sleep ... See also: Glymphatic system. On growth[edit]. A 1999 study[29] found that sleep deprivation resulted in reduced cortisol ... The United States Justice Department released four memos in August 2002 describing interrogation techniques used by the Central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation

As a result, the arousal of the cortical and limbic systems in the central nervous system is reduced.[3] ... Diazepam is used as a short-term sedative and anxiolytic for cats and dogs,[123] sometimes used as an appetite stimulant.[123][ ... The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants.[22] ... Concomitant use of other central nervous system depressants increases this risk. The smallest possible effective dose should be ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium

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Central Nervous System Stimulants. 1/2014. Aggregated n-of-1 trials of central nervous system stimulants versus placebo for ... Central nervous system stimulants for secondary attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder after paediatric traumatic brain ...

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Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration and dosage[MAJR] - Search Results - PubMed ... Non-medical prescription stimulant use to improve academic performance among Australian university students: prevalence and ... Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration and dosage[MAJR]. Test search terms Would you like email updates of new ...

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Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Suppliers, Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Manufacturers, ... and Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Exporters provided by ChemNet ... Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Catalog with China Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Products ... Home > Products , Pharmaceuticals and Biochemicals , Central nervous system depressants and stimulants Central nervous system ...

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The effect of central nervous system depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs on injury severity in patients admitted for ... The effect of central nervous system depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs on injury severity in patients admitted for ... Pooled data analyses in previous studies that grouped substances with opposite effects on the central nervous system (CNS) may ... For example, drugs with different effects, including opposite effects, on the central nervous system (CNS) are usually pooled ...

https://scielosp.org/article/gs/2019.v33n1/4-9/en/

Although this was a small study, these findings provide preliminary evidence of an adverse effect of CNS stimulant medications ... of this study indicate that there is a significant association between development of RS and therapy with CNS stimulants used ... Objective: To investigate whether central nervous system (CNS) stimulants used for the treatment of attention deficit ... Association between treatment with central nervous system stimulants and Raynauds syndrome in children: a retrospective case- ...

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Pemoline belongs to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. It is used to treat attention ...

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Central nervous system stimulants. If you take these drugs with amantadine, you may experience increased nervousness, ... irritability, insomnia, seizures, or irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Examples of central nervous system stimulants ... and central nervous system failure.. For people with heart disease: People with a history of congestive heart failure or ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/amantadine-oral-capsule

Clinical Pearl is a Continuous professional development platform with a precise and concise point of care clinical knowledge search engine and 360-degree learning cycle management platform for all healthcare professionals and organizations ...

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Central Nervous System Stimulants. Grant support. *K24 MH104449/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ... AOP was significantly earlier in those exposed to stimulants (20.5 vs. 24.6 years stimulants vs. no stimulants, p , 0.001). ... the association between stimulant exposure and earlier AOP remained significant. There was a significant gender × stimulant ... yet prescription stimulants may interact adversely with the physiology of these disorders. Specifically, exposure to stimulants ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522870

Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. ... Central Nervous System Stimulants. LinkOut - more resources. Full Text Sources. *Elsevier Science ... Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant ... comorbid oppositional defiant disorder and stimulant medication) rather than ADHD; (2) parasomnias were similar in clinical and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10517062?dopt=Abstract

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

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... is a central nervous system stimulant, which affects chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and ... Adverse Side Effects of Using Central Nervous System Stimulants. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant, ...

https://mediv.dp.ua/adverse-side-effects-of-using-central-nervous-system-stimulants.html

Central Nervous System Stimulants. Antipsychotic Agents. Tranquilizing Agents. Central Nervous System Depressants. ... Subject doing well on stimulants.. *Subjects showing lack of response or minimal response to stimulants due to non-compliance ... Those children will be maintained on their current class of stimulant for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, all children ... Group 1, those who had been treated for 4 weeks with maximal doses of a stimulant, or Group 3, those who developed moderate to ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00279409

Central Nervous System Stimulants. Physiological Effects of Drugs. To Top. *For Patients and Families ... Days of Stimulant Use [ Time Frame: 6 months ]. Number of days of use of stimulant drugs within 30-day blocks across a 6-month ... Stimulant Abuser Groups to Engage in 12-Step (STAGE-12). The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility ... without STAGE-12 among stimulant abusers. The primary objective is to evaluate reduction in percent of days of stimulant use as ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00573183

Nervous System Diseases. Signs and Symptoms. Chemically-Induced Disorders. Central Nervous System Stimulants. Lisdexamfetamine ... Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Dopamine Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ... Safety, Tolerability and Abuse Liability Study of Intravenous NRP104 in Adults With Stimulant Abuse Histories. The safety and ... There is a need for a non-scheduled stimulant medication that can provide symptom control for children with ADHD as the ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00247572?term=DEXTROAMPHETAMINE+AND+AMPHETAMINE&

Central Nervous System Stimulants. Cardiotonic Agents. Sympathomimetics. Autonomic Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. ... Effects of Stimulant Dependence on Human Striatal Dopamine System - 15. The recruitment status of this study is unknown. The ... WIN or FDOPA-PET is the more sensitive index of stimulant-dependency-induced changes. ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000350

The highly addictive central nervous system stimulant, cocaine, is derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant. Cocoa leaves ...

http://www.substanceabuseusa.org/addictions/cocaine.html

Most people think that prescription drugs are harmless because you get a prescription from a doctor to purchase it. If you believe this to be true, you really ...

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Central Nervous System Stimulant (CNSS) Withdrawal Symptoms. Law Enforcement Approach to Substance Use Disorders - 2020 ... Stimulant withdrawal symptoms may not be life-threatening, but extreme moods and behavioral agitation can occur. The period ... that withdrawal lasts is based on the amount and frequency and type of stimulant that you abuse. ...

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The Nervous System The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and bodily ... Central Nervous System Stimulant: Ritalin Essay. 1549 Words , 7 Pages. Ritalin is a brand name for methylphenidate. Ritalin is ... Central Nervous System. 4549 Words , 19 Pages. Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous ... The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The ...

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Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of brain and the spinal ... Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. 1037 Words , 4 Pages * Central Nervous System Stimulant: Ritalin Essay. 1549 Words , 7 ... the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Let s take a look at the central nervous system. Central Nervous ... The Human Central Nervous System. 706 Words , 3 Pages Introduction: The central nervous system (CNS) is the system within the ...

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Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant used to help improve the ability to concentrate, study, and think critically.It ... Description Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant used to help improve the ability to concentrate, study, and think ... Ephedrine HCL is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant which is known to provide energy boosting effects and enhance focus ... Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant.. ... the activity of the brain or the central nervous system (CNS). ...

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Statistics include a comparison of all drugs within the drug class of Central Nervous System Stimulant. ... Central Nervous System Stimulant drug class usage statistics for the United States (2008 - 2018). ... Central Nervous System Stimulant Established Pharmacologic Class (EPC) Comparison, United States, 2018. ClinCalc.com » Pharmacy ... ClinCalc DrugStats » Central Nervous System Stimulant. Total Prescriptions in (2018). Drug Name. Total Prescriptions (2018). ...

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Central nervous system stimulants‎ (20 C, 41 F). 2. *. ► 2-Aminoindane‎ (5 F) ... Multimédia na categoria "Stimulants". Esta categoria contém os seguintes 80 ficheiros (de um total de 80). ... Obtida de "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Stimulants&oldid=309075960" ...

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... central nervous system disorders - Answer: Well I now know why we had yellow fever vaccine when we were on ... ... Has anyone been prescribed central nervous system stimulants for depression?. Posted 22 Feb 2013 • 3 answers ... Central Nervous System.... Central Nervous System Disorders - can yellow fever effect the central nervous system?. Asked. 10 ... central, fever, central nervous system disorders, nervous, disorder. Details:. my friend and neighbor was in the navy and ...

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... influence of central nervous system stimulants during the data collection. Significant differences in stimulant use were ... The use of central nervous system stimulants (CNSS) has seen an increase among young students; exponentially heightening the ... The pursuit of pleasure was the main reason for the use of central nervous system stimulants, followed by the need to stay ... The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of the central nervous system stimulants use among students attending the ...

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McNemar's test showed a significant association between the presence of RS and past or current use of ADHD stimulants (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) (chi(2) = 5.00, P = 0.01). (nih.gov)
Adderall is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that consists of a combination of two stimulants: amphetamine and dextroamphetamine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dextroamphetamine is the only stimulant medication that the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved for treating ADHD in preschool-aged children between 3 and 5 years old. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine , methylphenidate , and amphetamine . (wikipedia.org)
[5] Neurocognitive enhancing effects of stimulants, specifically modafinil , amphetamine and methylphenidate have been documented in healthy adolescents, and is a commonly cited reason among illicit drug users for use, particularly among college students in the context of studying. (wikipedia.org)
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant, which affects chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control. (dp.ua)
There is conflicting evidence on whether treatment with stimulant therapy with medications such as methylphenidate or dexamphetamine will improve the attention and behavior of children with this condition. (biomedcentral.com)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that permanent loss of skin color may occur with use of the Daytrana patch (methylphenidate transdermal system) for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (fda.gov)
The Daytrana patch (methylphenidate transdermal system) is a prescription patch used to treat ADHD. (fda.gov)
Permanent loss of skin color may occur with use of the Daytrana patch (methylphenidate transdermal system) for ADHD. (fda.gov)

The presence of alcohol, stimulant drugs (cocaine, amphetamines and methamphetamines), depressant drugs (benzodiazepines, opiates, methadone and barbiturates) and hallucinogenic drugs (THC and PCP) was analyzed in 1187 patients between 16 and 70 years old admitted to a trauma hospital between November 2012 and June 2015. (scielosp.org)
The extracted or synthesized DMAA is a powerful central nervous system stimulant quite similar to ephedrine and amphetamines in some of the pharmacological activities. (biologicnr.com)
Amphetamines are stimulants of the central nervous system . (medicalnewstoday.com)

Common drug classes used to treat ADHD are central nervous system stimulants ( Adderall , Ritalin ), central alpha agonists ( Intuniv , Kapvay ), and NRIs ( Strattera ). (goodrx.com)
Both Adderall and Ritalin are central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. (healthline.com)

Home » Products » Pharmaceuticals and Biochemicals » Central nervous system depressants and stimulants In total 717054 number ofProductsinfo ，Released today. (danperinovic.com)

The aim was to analyze the effect of stimulant, hallucinogenic and depressant drugs other than alcohol on injury severity in trauma patients. (scielosp.org)
Drugs other than alcohol were found in 371 patients (31.3%): 32 (2.7%) stimulants, 186 (15.3%) depressants, 78 (6.6%) hallucinogenics and 75 (5.6%) polydrug use. (scielosp.org)
After controlling for gender, IQ, educational attainment, lifetime history of a cannabis use disorder or other drugs of abuse, and family history of a first-degree relative with psychosis, the association between stimulant exposure and earlier AOP remained significant. (nih.gov)
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers ) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, [1] drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or illicitly ) as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. (wikipedia.org)
[7] Most drugs classified as stimulants are sympathomimetics, that is they stimulate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
[24] Drugs used to treat obesity are called anorectics and generally include drugs that follow the general definition of a stimulant, but other drugs such as CB1 receptor antagonists exist in this class too. (wikipedia.org)
The other purpose is to learn if NRP104, when injected into a vein, produces a high and any other effects like amphetamine and other stimulant drugs that are abused. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Healthy people, between the ages of 18 and 55 with histories of substance abuse that include stimulant drugs, may join. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Cocaine and the Nervous System All drugs have a negative effect on the nervous system, but few can match the dramatic impact of cocaine. (bartleby.com)
Cocaine is one of the most potent, addictive, and unpredictable recreational drugs, and thus can cause the most profound and irreversible damage to the nervous system. (bartleby.com)
Note that many stimulants are considered Schedule 2 drugs and have prescribing restrictions. (goodrx.com)
Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine), a long-acting stimulant medication used in adults with ADHD, is one of the most commonly prescribed brand-name drugs. (goodrx.com)
a release system contained in each of the at least two reservoirs, wherein the release system comprises one or more drugs for release. (google.co.uk)
2 . The device of claim 1 , where the release system provides continuous release of the one or more drugs from the at least two reservoirs. (google.co.uk)
The effect of central nervous system depressant, stimulant and to analyze the effect of stimulant, hallucinogenic and depressant drugs other. (centrebadalona.com)
Some stimulant drugs also increase the level of glutamate, a neurotransmitter associated with behavioral control and inhibition. (goodtherapy.org)
While it may seem odd to prescribe a stimulant drug to someone with hyperactivity, these drugs actually increase a person's ability to control their urges and behaviors. (goodtherapy.org)
Stimulant drugs are also prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy . (goodtherapy.org)
CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in initial stimulant use and progression to dependence require further investigation, including contextual, cultural, or perceptual factors related specifically to the choice of drugs by females. (duke.edu)
Drugs can be classified based on the effects they have on the central nervous system. (edu.au)
These drugs belong to a group of drugs that mimic the natural substances that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). (edu.au)
There are some prescription drugs that are also stimulants. (soberforever.net)
Drugs in this class are used in management of central nervous system disorders such as PARKINSON DISEASE. (nih.gov)
A sydnone imine in which the keto group of sydnone (=O) has been replaced with an imino (=NH) group can be found as a substructure in the stimulant drugs feprosidnine and mesocarb. (wikipedia.org)

Although this was a small study, these findings provide preliminary evidence of an adverse effect of CNS stimulant medications in patients seen in rheumatology practice. (nih.gov)
These psychotropic medications stimulate the central nervous system (CNS) by boosting the release of certain chemicals in the brain. (goodtherapy.org)
in some people with ADHD, it's thought to combat common symptoms like distractibility and inattention in the same way that stimulant medications do. (additudemag.com)
Our final annotated set consisted of 16,443 tweets mentioning at least 20 abuse-prone medications including opioids, benzodiazepines, atypical antipsychotics, central nervous system stimulants, and gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs. (jmir.org)
Common side effects reported with the Daytrana patch and other stimulant medications include increased blood pressure and heart rate, nausea, decreased appetite and weight, aggressive behavior, anger, and irritability. (fda.gov)
Lisdexamfetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. (medlineplus.gov)
Doctors often prescribe stimulant medications to people with ADHD. (healthline.com)
According to a review of studies spanning 40 years, stimulant medications are effective in treating 70 to 80 percent of children and adults with ADHD. (healthline.com)

To investigate whether central nervous system (CNS) stimulants used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with the development of Raynaud's syndrome (RS). (nih.gov)
The results of this study indicate that there is a significant association between development of RS and therapy with CNS stimulants used for the treatment of ADHD. (nih.gov)
A childhood history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in psychotic disorders, yet prescription stimulants may interact adversely with the physiology of these disorders. (nih.gov)
Most participants were prescribed stimulants during childhood or adolescence for a diagnosis of ADHD. (nih.gov)
To determine the relationship of sleep problems to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), diagnostic subtype, comorbid disorders, and the effects of stimulant treatment. (nih.gov)
The results suggest that the relationship between sleep problems and ADHD is complex and depends on the type of sleep problem assessed as well as confounding factors such as comorbid clinical disorders and treatment with stimulant medication. (nih.gov)
Stimulants in therapeutic doses, such as those given to patients with ADHD , increases ability to focus, vigor, sociability, libido and may elevate mood. (wikipedia.org)
[11] A review of a year long period of prescription stimulant use in those with ADHD found that cardiovascular side effects were limited to transient increases in blood pressure only. (wikipedia.org)
[12] Initiation of stimulant treatment in those with ADHD in early childhood appears to carry benefits into adulthood with regard to social and cognitive functioning, and appears to be relatively safe. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this pilot is to initiate a program of research into the development of effective medication techniques to treat those children with ADHD who are referred because they are 'partial' or 'non-responders' to standard stimulant treatment. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This treatment arm (also called the 'combination arm') consists of parent training plus continued treatment on a stimulant (that is tolerated but has not yet decreased ADHD symptoms enough to meet our criterion of response), plus augmentation with aripiprazole. (clinicaltrials.gov)
There is a need for a non-scheduled stimulant medication that can provide symptom control for children with ADHD as the conventional stimulant products do. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Vyvanse -a stimulant typically taken to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-is really expensive. (goodrx.com)
Central nervous system stimulants are used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and aid in weight loss by increasing certain activity in the brain to speed up mental and physical processes. (goodrx.com)
In both children and adults, ADHD is the most common reason for a stimulant prescription. (goodtherapy.org)
A 1975 study , on the other hand, found that caffeine was significantly less effective than stimulant medication in treating ADHD in children. (additudemag.com)
This study employs an innovative methodological approach on the effectiveness of CNS stimulants for secondary ADHD from a brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)

While this home grown supplement results in more elevated amounts of alertness and more prominent capacity to focus, it is a stimulant and not a nootropic. (trackmystack.com)
Foods and drinks (and other substances) that stimulate the consumer to enhanced mental alertness, increased or prolonged physical activity, uninhibited conviviality, or fierce fighting are called "stimulants. (encyclopedia.com)
The central nervous system stimulation can result in alertness, increased physical performance, and acceleration of psychic processes, fatigue reduction, and decreased appetite. (bvsalud.org)
Most stimulants have an effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness. (goodtherapy.org)
Stimulants help the person maintain alertness throughout the day. (goodtherapy.org)

function of the Autonomic Nervous System Introduction: The organs of our body are controlled by many systems in order to function correctly and efficiently in order to survive within the environment we live in. (bartleby.com)
All of the systems in our body are regulated by a part of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). (bartleby.com)
Caffeine works by stimulating the autonomic nervous system - responsible for regulating heart rate and other involuntary bodily functions like digestion. (additudemag.com)

Central nervous system stimulants for secondary attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder after paediatric traumatic brain injury: a rationale and protocol for single patient (n-of-1) multiple cross-over trials. (curehunter.com)
Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. (nih.gov)
is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. (medimarkinfo.co.in)

Caffeine is the ideal example: this invigorating substance gives you enhanced cognitive performance by stimulating the activity of the brain or the central nervous system (CNS). (trackmystack.com)
Caffeine is among the commonest of stimulants worldwide. (encyclopedia.com)
Phsycho- and physio-logical effects last anywhere from 2 - 5 hours after administration depending on dose, body weight, hydration level, meal size and composition in and around drug administration, and consumption of caffeinated foods or beverages 0r administration of adjunctive stimulants (caffeine, ephedrine) or liver p450 enzyme inhibition (grapefruit etc). (biologicnr.com)
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, and is the most commonly used drug in the world, with as many as 90 percent of adults using caffeine every day. (additudemag.com)
Coffee, tea, and soda - the most common caffeine delivery systems - vary in price , from $.08 to more than $5 per 16-ounce serving. (additudemag.com)
People taking Adderall should remember that stimulants are also addictive, which is another reason to limit extra caffeine intake from coffee . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Caffeine is a different kind of CNS stimulant to Adderall. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Adding the stimulant effect of caffeine in coffee to an Adderall dose may magnify the drug's adverse side effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Caffeine can inhibit dipyridamole -induced vasodilation.Abrupt withdrawal of caffeine can ↑ lithium levels.Additive stimulatory effects with CNS stimulants .Caffeine can ↑ theophylline levels.May ↑ heart rate and BP when used with bitter orange.May ↑ stimulatory effects when taken with ephedra and green tea. (thefreedictionary.com)
Caffeine in green tea stimulates the CNS and cardiovascular system through adenosine receptor blockade and phosphodiesterase inhibition. (thefreedictionary.com)

We therefore hypothesized that individuals with psychotic disorders previously exposed to prescription stimulants will have an earlier onset of psychosis. (nih.gov)
Age of onset of psychosis (AOP) was compared in individuals with and without prior exposure to prescription stimulants while controlling for potential confounding factors. (nih.gov)
In conclusion, individuals with psychotic disorders exposed to prescription stimulants had an earlier onset of psychosis, and this relationship did not appear to be mediated by IQ or cannabis. (nih.gov)
A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of prescription stimulants found no association in children, but found a correlation between prescription stimulant use and ischemic heart attacks. (wikipedia.org)
Abuse of prescription stimulants (not following physician instruction) or of illicit stimulants carries many negative health risks. (wikipedia.org)

Eugeroics are used in management of sleep disorders characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, such as narcolepsy, and include stimulants such as modafinil. (wikipedia.org)

Most previous studies of preschool psychotropic use have been demographically limited, focusing on Medicaid samples, region-specific managed-care health maintenance organization (HMO) populations, or privately insured children, 3 , 4 , 12 , 13 whereas others have concentrated on a single medication class (eg, stimulants 14 , 15 or atypical antipyschotics 16 ). (aappublications.org)

Get the facts about hallucinogens, stimulants and narcotics. (soberforever.net)
Statistics show that there has been an increase in drug use, especially among hallucinogens, stimulants and narcotics in recent years. (soberforever.net)

There was a significant gender × stimulant interaction with a greater reduction in AOP for females, whereas the smaller effect of stimulant use on AOP in males did not reach statistical significance. (nih.gov)

Efficacy of central nervous system stimulant treatment for cocaine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. (centrebadalona.com)
Multiple multinomial logistic regression identified factors related to stimulant dependence and dependence problems. (duke.edu)
RESULTS: Among all past year stimulant users, 19% met criteria for stimulant dependence in the past year, and an additional 16% reported having one to two dependence problems. (duke.edu)
Adjusting for demographics and drug use characteristics, female stimulant users were an estimated 2.6 times more likely than male users to develop dependence. (duke.edu)
Not only did the Western region of the United States have more recent stimulant users than other regions, its users also were more likely to meet criteria for dependence or experience dependence problems. (duke.edu)
Stimulant users who had increased odds of progressing into dependence were characterized by an early onset of stimulant use, coexisting multiple illicit drug use, and an onset of daily cigarette smoking between the ages of 13 and 17 years. (duke.edu)

CNS depressants slow down the processes of the central nervous Mixing CNS depressants, opioids, and alcohol increases their effect. (centrebadalona.com)

Specifically, exposure to stimulants leads to long-term increases in dopamine release. (nih.gov)
Like most CNS stimulants, Adderall increases the amount of the chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)

To go a little further, Ephedrine is not used by athletes to stimulate the central nervous system, increase self-confidence, reduce fatigue. (amphet.online)

A psychoactive substance can act upon the central nervous system in different ways: as either a depressant or a stimulant. (bvsalud.org)

Group 1, those who had been treated for 4 weeks with maximal doses of a stimulant, or Group 3, those who developed moderate to severe drug-related side effects, will be switched to the other class of stimulant for a two week trial, unless they have been tried on both classes. (clinicaltrials.gov)
within a 200 million population of drug users worldwide, 35 million uses amphetamine stimulants (ETA). (bvsalud.org)
The original trademark expired but the drug survives today and seems to have become quite popular amongst athletes in the last four years as a stimulant and has made an impact in the category of bodybuilding and power-performance nutrition. (biologicnr.com)
Methods and transdermal drug delivery systems for using the compositions are also provided. (google.com)
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the release system comprises drug molecules in a matrix formed of a degradable material. (google.co.uk)
5 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the drug is homogeneously distributed within the release system. (google.co.uk)
The first is the effect of the chemical properties of the drug on the central nervous system. (centrebadalona.com)
Stimulants are a type of drug that alters activity within the central and peripheral nervous systems. (goodtherapy.org)
Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system. (ebi.ac.uk)
Ativan is a member of a benzodiazepine drug class that functions in the brain and central nervous system to enhance the calming effects. (goodreads.com)
RESULTS: The majority of patients were poly-drug users and 80% had used both opiates and stimulants the last 30 days prior to treatment admission. (bireme.br)

Stimulants have been used in medicine for many conditions including obesity , sleep disorders , mood disorders , impulse control disorders , asthma , nasal congestion and as anesthetics . (wikipedia.org)
Central Nervous System Disorders - can yellow fever effect the central nervous system? (drugs.com)
Central Nervous System Disorders - When I use the patch to stop smoking, I have a great deal of? (drugs.com)
Central Nervous System Disorders - Any members out there with Spina Bifida or family members? (drugs.com)
Changes in opiate and stimulant use through 10 years: The role of contextual factors, mental health disorders and psychosocial factors in a prospective SUD treatment cohort study. (bireme.br)
AIM: To examine temporal changes in opiate and stimulant use among patients in substance abuse treatment over a ten-year observation period and to explore the role of contextual factors, mental health disorders and psychosocial factors on these changes. (bireme.br)

It also excludes substances such as cannabis and opium (both occasionally taken as foods) that depress mental and physical activity: these are sedatives, not stimulants. (encyclopedia.com)
Mar 6, Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives , tranquilizers, and hypnotics. (centrebadalona.com)
4. Sedatives, hypnotics ("downers") depressants, suppress or decrease the activity of the central nervous system. (edu.au)

Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. (google.es)
They are addictive and may affect the cardiovascular system. (edu.au)

Ephedrine Hydrochloride (Hcl) is a central nervous system stimulant used to treat breathing problems (as a bronchodilator), nasal congestion (as a decongestant), low blood pressure problems (orthostatic hypotension), or myasthenia gravis. (amphet.online)
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are sympathomimetic alkaloids, which have a direct stimulatory effect on the vegetative nervous system and the central nervous system. (amphet.online)
Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant used to help improve the ability to concentrate, study, and think critically.It also leads to increased arousal and fast-paced beta brain waves and provides individuals with increases in both physical and mental energy. (trackmystack.com)
Ephedrine HCL is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant which is known to provide energy boosting effects and enhance focus and concentration. (trackmystack.com)
By improving the function of your digestive system, Ephedrine can be utilized to burn unwanted fat while avoiding damage to muscular tissues. (trackmystack.com)
Rather than optimizing cognitive functions, Ephedrine functions on enhancing the autonomic activity of the central nervous system. (trackmystack.com)

The period that withdrawal lasts is based on the amount and frequency and type of stimulant that you abuse. (dirigosafety.com)
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Central Nervous System Depressants. (centrebadalona.com)
As Case gradually weakens he continues to abuse stimulants to help with the loss of energy. (ipl.org)
Abuse and Addiction to Central Nervous System Stimulants. (indigo.ca)

Pooled data analyses in previous studies that grouped substances with opposite effects on the central nervous system (CNS) may have masked the influence of substances on injury severity. (scielosp.org)

Nervous System and Diseases Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. (bartleby.com)

Prescription stimulant use is associated with earlier onset of psychosis. (nih.gov)
In a sample of 205 patients recruited from an inpatient psychiatric unit, 40% (n = 82) reported use of stimulants prior to the onset of psychosis. (nih.gov)
In some cases psychiatric phenomenon may emerge such as stimulant psychosis , paranoia , and suicidal ideation . (wikipedia.org)

Many, but not all, stimulants have ergogenic effects. (wikipedia.org)
Assessment of the effects of stimulants is relevant given the large population currently taking stimulants. (wikipedia.org)
[10] A review over a four-year period found that there were few negative effects of stimulant treatment, but stressed the need for longer term studies. (wikipedia.org)
Group 2, those treated with a suboptimal dose of stimulant and showing partial or no response, and Group 3, those who developed side effects that limited continued treatment with optimal doses of a stimulant. (clinicaltrials.gov)
I just read more then I ever wanted to know about yellow fever and I can't find anything that it directly effects the neurological system. (drugs.com)
The stimulant effects of these foods were discovered empirically, as were their associated side-effects and dangers. (encyclopedia.com)
People taking stimulants should monitor their health for potential side effects. (goodtherapy.org)
When the effects of stimulant use start to subside, the individual is left feeling drained and sick. (soberforever.net)

11-16 Early diagnosis has also been shown to improve family functioning and reduce associated service system demands in the short-term, with potential impact across the lifespan when linked to appropriate and effective intervention. (ahrq.gov)

This protocol is to evaluate the degree to which a combined group and individual 12-Step facilitative (TSF) intervention, Stimulant Abuser Groups to Engage in 12 -Step (STAGE-12), improves substance -related outcomes compared to treatment as usual (TAU) without STAGE-12 among stimulant abusers. (clinicaltrials.gov)

The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). (bartleby.com)

The violent and aggressive behavior associated with acute stimulant toxicity may partially be driven by paranoia. (wikipedia.org)
However, given the complexity of the mechanisms that underlie these potentially fatal outcomes of acute stimulant toxicity, it is impossible to determine what dose may be lethal. (wikipedia.org)

However, in higher doses stimulants may actually decrease the ability to focus, a principle of the Yerkes-Dodson Law . (wikipedia.org)
In higher doses stimulants may also produce euphoria, vigor, and decrease need for sleep. (wikipedia.org)
Group 2, those treated with suboptimal doses, will have the dosage increased to the maximum recommended stimulant dose. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Cocaine is a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant. (substanceabuseusa.org)
The highly addictive central nervous system stimulant, cocaine, is derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant. (substanceabuseusa.org)

Pemoline belongs to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. (pharmacycode.com)

Los análisis incluidos en estudios previos, que agrupan sustancias con efectos opuestos sobre el sistema nervioso central (SNC), pueden haber enmascarado la influencia de estas sobre la gravedad. (scielosp.org)

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are two vital neurotransmitters that stimulates autonomic nerve activity in the CNS or central nervous system. (trackmystack.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms3

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities1

Information Science3

Health Care8

Publication Characteristics1

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System Diseases

Trauma Centers

Accidents, Traffic

Injury Severity Score

Hallucinogens

Wounds and Injuries

Central Nervous System Depressants

Benzodiazepines

Amantadine

Rimantadine

Influenza A virus

Influenza, Human

Parkinson Disease

Antiparkinson Agents

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Caffeine

Encyclopedias as Topic

Energy Drinks

Wakefulness

Cacao

Sleep Deprivation

Psychotropic Drugs

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

Methylphenidate

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Amphetamine

Schools

Propylamines

Alcoholics Anonymous

Self-Help Groups

Substance-Related Disorders

Treatment Outcome

Group Homes

Alcoholism

Pregnanediol

Amphetamine-Related Disorders

Corpus Striatum

Cocaine-Related Disorders

Nuclear Power Plants

Dopamine

Food Contamination, Radioactive

Cocaine

Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

Plant Leaves

Essays

Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Writing

History, 20th Century

Effects of stimulants of abuse on extrapyramidal and limbic neuropeptide Y systems. (1/2306)

Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine. (2/2306)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (3/2306)

The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/2306)

Effects of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis on contraction in postinfarction myocytes. (5/2306)

Modulation of temperature-induced tone by vasoconstrictor agents. (6/2306)

Five caffeine metabolite ratios to measure tobacco-induced CYP1A2 activity and their relationships with urinary mutagenicity and urine flow. (7/2306)

Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (8/2306)

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Cocaine is a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant.

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