Central nervous system depressants. Medical search

A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A low molecular weight peptide of about 800-1000 having a negative inotropic effect. It is released into the circulation during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis, severe ischemia, and postoligemic shock.

Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)

A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).

A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)

Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Tuberculosis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (TUBERCULOSIS, MENINGEAL), most often caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and rarely by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The infection may be limited to the nervous system or coexist in other organs (e.g., TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY). The organism tends to seed the meninges causing a diffuse meningitis and leads to the formation of TUBERCULOMA, which may occur within the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal spaces. Tuberculous involvement of the vertebral column (TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL) may result in nerve root or spinal cord compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-20)

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.

A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. (1/1532)

BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic ethanol metabolism is postulated to take place via microbial oxidation in the colon, mediated by aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. AIMS: To evaluate the role of microbial ethanol oxidation in the total elimination rate of ethanol in humans by reducing gut flora with ciprofloxacin. METHODS: Ethanol was administered intravenously at the beginning and end of a one week period to eight male volunteers. Between ethanol doses volunteers received 750 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily. RESULTS: A highly significant (p=0.001) reduction in the ethanol elimination rate (EER) was detected after ciprofloxacin medication. Mean (SEM) EER was 107.0 (5.3) and 96.9 (4.8) mg/kg/h before and after ciprofloxacin, respectively. Faecal Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus sp. were totally absent after medication, and faecal acetaldehyde production capacity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased from 0.91 (0.15) to 0.39 (0.08) nmol/min/mg protein. Mean faecal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly (p<0. 05) decreased after medication, but ciprofloxacin did not inhibit human hepatic ADH activity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin treatment decreased the ethanol elimination rate by 9.4%, with a concomitant decrease in intestinal aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, faecal ADH activity, and acetaldehyde production. As ciprofloxacin has no effect on liver blood flow, hepatic ADH activity, or cytochrome CYP2E1 activity, these effects are probably caused by the reduction in intestinal flora. (+info)

Acute effects of ethanol on kainate receptors with different subunit compositions. (2/1532)

Previous studies showed that recombinant homomeric GluR6 receptors are acutely inhibited by ethanol. This study examined the acute actions of ethanol on recombinant homomeric and heteromeric kainate (KA) receptors with different subunit configurations. Application of 25 to 100 mM ethanol produced inhibition of a similar magnitude of both GluR5-Q and GluR6-R KA receptor-dependent currents in Xenopus oocytes. Ethanol decreased the KA Emax without affecting the EC50 and its effect was independent of the membrane holding potential for both of these receptors subtypes. Ethanol also inhibited homomeric and heteromeric receptors transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. In these cells, the expression of heteromeric GluR6-R subunit-containing receptors was confirmed by testing their sensitivity to 1 mM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. Ethanol inhibited to a similar extent KA-gated currents mediated by receptors composed of either GluR6 or GluR6 + KA1 subunits, and to a slightly lesser extent receptors composed of GluR6 + KA2 subunits. Acute ethanol's effects were tested on GluR5 KA receptors that are expressed as homomers (GluR5-Q) or heteromers (GluR5-R + KA1 and GluR5-R + KA2). Homomeric and heteromeric GluR5 KA receptors were all inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol; however, there was slightly more inhibition of GluR5-R + KA2 receptors. Thus, recombinant KA receptors with different subunit compositions are all acutely inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol. In light of recent reports that KA receptors regulate neurotransmitter release and mediate synaptic currents, we postulate that these receptors may play a role in acute ethanol intoxication. (+info)

NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (3/1532)

1. NMDA-induced changes in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined in individual cultured rat mesencephalic neurones by the fura-2 method. mRNA expression encoding NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A-D) was examined by RT-PCR. 2. NMDA (1-100 microM, plus 10 microM glycine) induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (EC50 = 5.7 microM). The effect of NMDA was virtually insensitive to tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) and nitrendipine (1 microM), but dependent on extracellular Ca2+. 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (10 microM), a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, abolished the NMDA response. 3. Memantine, an open-channel blocker, and ifenprodil, a preferential non-competitive NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist diminished the NMDA effect with an IC50 value of 0.17 and 1 microM, respectively. Ethanol at 50 and 100 mM caused about 25 and 45%-inhibition, respectively. 4. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products followed by ethidium bromide fluorescence or CSPD chemiluminescence detection revealed an almost exclusive expression of the NR1 splice variants lacking exon (E) 5 and E22. The 3' splice form without both E21 and E22 exceeded that containing E21 by approximately 4 fold. The relative amounts of NR2A, NR2B, NR2C corresponded to approximately 1:2:1. NR2D mRNA was also detectable. 5. In conclusion, mesencephalic neurones bear ethanol-sensitive NMDA receptors which might be involved in the development of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. The high affinity of NMDA to this receptor, its sensitivity to ifenprodil and memantine may suggest that the mesencephalic NMDA receptor comprises the NR1 splice variant lacking E5, NR2B, and NR2C, respectively. (+info)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (4/1532)

Alcohol fed to rabbits in a liquid formula at 30% of calories increased plasma cholesterol by 36% in the absence of dietary cholesterol and by 40% in the presence of a 0.5% cholesterol diet. The increase was caused almost entirely by VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Cholesterol feeding decreased the fractional catabolic rate for VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 80% and 57%, respectively, and increased the production rate of VLDL and LDL apoprotein by 75% and 15%, respectively. Alcohol feeding had no effect on VLDL apoprotein production but increased LDL production rate by 55%. The efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption was increased by alcohol. In the presence of dietary cholesterol, percent cholesterol absorption rose from 34.4+/-2.6% to 44.9+/-2.5% and in the absence of dietary cholesterol, from 84.3+/-1.4% to 88.9+/-1.0%. Increased cholesterol absorption and increased LDL production rate may be important mechanisms for exacerbation by alcohol of hypercholesterolemia in the cholesterol-fed rabbit model. (+info)

Mode of action of ICS 205,930, a novel type of potentiator of responses to glycine in rat spinal neurones. (5/1532)

The effect of a novel potentiator of glycine responses, ICS 205,930, was studied by whole-cell recordings from spinal neurones, and compared with that of other known potentiators, in an attempt to differentiate their sites of action. The ability of ICS 205,930 (0.2 microM) to potentiate glycine responses persisted in the presence of concentrations of Zn2+ (5-10 microM) that were saturating for the potentiating effect of this ion. Preincubation with 10 microM Zn2+ before application of glycine plus Zn2+ had an inhibitory effect, which did not result from Zn2+ entry into the neurone, since it persisted with either 10 mM internal EGTA or 10 microM internal Zn2+. To test whether the potentiating effects of ICS 205,930 and Zn2+ interact, both compounds were applied without preincubation. The potentiating effect of ICS 205,930 was similar for responses to glycine and for responses to glycine plus Zn2+, provided the concentrations of agonist were adjusted so as to induce control responses of identical amplitudes. ICS 205,930 remained able to potentiate glycine responses in the presence of ethanol (200 mM). ICS 205,930 also retained its potentiating effect in the presence of the anaesthetic propofol (30 90 microM), which strongly potentiated glycine responses but, in contrast with ICS 205,930, also markedly increased the resting conductance. The anticonvulsant chlormethiazole (50-100 microM) neither potentiated glycine responses nor prevented the effect of ICS 205,930, even though it increased the resting conductance and potentiated GABA(A) responses. The mechanism of action of ICS 205,930 appears to be different from those by which Zn2+, propofol or ethanol potentiate glycine responses. (+info)

Sweat ethanol concentrations are highly correlated with co-existing blood values in humans. (6/1532)

This study compared the concentration of ethanol, both absolute and relative to water content, in sweat and blood. Ten male volunteers consumed approximately 13 mmol (kg body weight)-1 of ethanol. Blood and sweat samples were collected approximately 1, 2 and 3 h following ingestion. Sweat was collected following pilocarpine iontophoresis using an anaerobic technique that prevented ethanol evaporation. In addition, the water content of sweat and blood samples was determined. The correlation between sweat and blood ethanol, expressed in mmol l-1, was r = 0.98. The slope of the relationship was 0.81. When corrected for the water content in each sample, and expressed as mmoles per litre of water, the correlation remained very high (r = 0.97) while the slope increased to 1.01. These results suggest that rapid and complete equilibrium of ethanol occurs across the sweat gland epithelium. (+info)

Diffusion of dialkylnitrosamines into the rat esophagus as a factor in esophageal carcinogenesis. (7/1532)

To indicate how readily nitrosamines (NAms) diffuse into the esophagus, we measured diffusion rate (flux) through rat esophagus of dialkyl-NAms using side-by-side diffusion apparatuses. Mucosal and serosal flux at 37 degrees C of two NAms, each at 50 microM, was followed for 90 min by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis of NAms in the receiver chamber. Mucosal flux of one or two NAms at a time gave identical results. Mucosal flux was highest for the strong esophageal carcinogens methyl-n-amyl-NAm (MNAN) and methylbenzyl-NAm. Mucosal esophageal flux of 11 NAms was 18-280 times faster and flux of two NAms through skin was 13-28 times faster than that predicted for skin from the molecular weights and octanol:water partition coefficients, which were also measured. Mucosal: serosal flux ratio was correlated (P < 0.05) with esophageal carcinogenicity and molecular weight. For seven NAms tested for carcinogenicity by Druckrey et al. [(1967) Z. Krebsforsch., 69, 103-201], mucosal flux was correlated with esophageal carcinogenicity with borderline significance (P = 0.07). The MNAN:dipropyl-NAm ratio for mucosal esophageal flux was unaffected when rats were treated with phenethylisothiocyanate and was similar to that for forestomach, indicating no involvement by cytochromes P450. Mucosal esophageal flux of MNAN and dimethyl-NAm was reduced by >90% on enzymic removal of the stratum corneum, was unaffected by 0.1 mM verapamil and was inhibited 67-94% by 1.0 mM KCN and 82-93% by 0.23% ethanol. NAm flux through rat skin and jejunum was 5-17% of that through esophagus. Flux through skin increased 5-13 times after enzymic or mechanical removal of the epidermis; the histology probably explained this difference from esophagus. Hence, NAms could be quite rapidly absorbed by human esophagus when NAm-containing foods or beverages are swallowed, the esophageal carcinogenicity of NAms may be partly determined by their esophageal flux and NAm flux probably occurs by passive diffusion. (+info)

Dental anesthetic management of a patient with ventricular arrhythmias. (8/1532)

During routine deep sedation for endodontic therapy, a dentist-anesthesiologist observed premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) on a 62-yr-old woman's electrocardiogram (EKG) tracing. The dentist was able to complete the root canal procedure under intravenous (i.v.) sedation without any problems. The dentist-anesthesiologist referred the patient for medical evaluation. She was found to be free from ischemic cardiac disease with normal ventricular function. The patient was cleared to continue her dental treatment with deep sedation. She subsequently continued to undergo dental treatment with deep intravenous sedation without incident, although her EKG exhibited frequent PVCs, up to 20 per minute, including couplets and episodes of trigeminy. This article will review indications for medical intervention, antiarrhythmic medications, and anesthetic interventions for perioperative PVCs. (+info)

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are diseases that cause progressive loss of brain cells, leading to cognitive decline and motor dysfunction. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Stroke: A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury: This type of injury occurs when the brain is subjected to a sudden and forceful impact, such as in a car accident or fall.
4. Infections: Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can all cause CNS diseases, such as meningitis and encephalitis.
5. Autoimmune disorders: These are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the brain, leading to inflammation and damage. Examples include multiple sclerosis and lupus.
6. Brain tumors: Tumors can occur in any part of the brain and can be benign or malignant.
7. Cerebrovascular diseases: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
8. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

CNS diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life, and some can be fatal. Treatment options vary depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the disease. Some CNS diseases can be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.

Benign CNS neoplasms include:

1. Meningiomas: These are the most common type of benign CNS tumor, arising from the meninges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).
2. Acoustic neuromas: These tumors arise from the nerve cells that connect the inner ear to the brain.
3. Pineal gland tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the remnants of the embryonic pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms including headaches, vision loss, and hormonal imbalances.

Malignant CNS neoplasms include:

1. Gliomas: These are the most common type of malignant CNS tumor and arise from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and medulloblastomas.
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can occur in the CNS.
3. Melanomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the skin and can spread to other parts of the body, including the CNS.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the CNS from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors, with five-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Lymphomas and melanomas have better prognoses, with five-year survival rates of up to 80%. Metastatic tumors have a more guarded prognosis, with five-year survival rates depending on the primary site of the cancer.

In summary, central nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths of tissue in the brain and spinal cord that can cause a variety of symptoms and can be benign or malignant. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment, but in general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors.

The most common types of CNS infections include:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue itself, usually caused by a virus.
3. Abscesses: Pockets of pus that form in the brain or spinal cord, typically caused by bacterial infections.
4. Cryptococcal infections: Caused by a fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, often affecting people with weakened immune systems.
5. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can affect the CNS in people with compromised immune systems.

Symptoms of CNS infections can vary depending on the specific type and severity of the infection, but may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, weakness, and stiff neck. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment of CNS infections depends on the underlying cause, but may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and respiratory support may be necessary.

Prevention of CNS infections includes good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and getting vaccinated against certain viruses that can cause CNS infections. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical to preventing long-term complications of CNS infections and improving outcomes for patients.

Some common examples of CNSVD include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can cause fever, headache, confusion, and seizures.
2. West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by the West Nile virus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
3. Japanese encephalitis (JE): This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, seizures, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
4. Rabies: This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, usually a dog, bat, or raccoon. Symptoms can include fever, headache, agitation, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
5. Enteroviral encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by enteroviruses, which are common viruses that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.

The diagnosis of CNSVD typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests or lumbar puncture), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation.

Prevention of CNSVD includes avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other vectors that can transmit disease, maintaining good hygiene practices (such as washing hands frequently), and getting vaccinated against diseases such as rabies and measles. In addition, taking steps to prevent head trauma and using protective equipment when engaging in activities that involve risk of head injury can help reduce the risk of CNSVD.

Overall, while central nervous system viral diseases can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The exact cause of CNS vasculitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in the CNS. The condition can occur at any age, but it most commonly affects adults between the ages of 40 and 60.

Symptoms of CNS vasculitis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include:

* Headaches
* Confusion
* Memory loss
* Seizures
* Weakness or numbness in the limbs
* Vision problems
* Speech difficulties

Diagnosis of CNS vasculitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as MRI or CT scans, lumbar puncture, and blood tests. Treatment options for CNS vasculitis vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and plasmapheresis. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.

Overall, CNS vasculitis is a serious condition that can have significant neurological consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are critical to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

The most common types of CNS fungal infections include:

1. Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, caused by fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, or Cryptococcus.
2. Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain tissue itself, caused by fungi such as Histoplasma or Coccidioides.
3. Abscesses: Pocket of pus that form in the brain or spinal cord, caused by bacteria or fungi.
4. Opportunistic infections: Infections that occur in people with compromised immune systems, such as HIV/AIDS patients or those taking immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant.

CNS fungal infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, including headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment of CNS fungal infections usually involves the use of antifungal medications, which can be administered intravenously or orally. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and location of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health status. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain abscesses or relieve pressure on the brain.

Prevention of CNS fungal infections is important for individuals at risk, such as those with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions. This includes taking antifungal medications prophylactically, avoiding exposure to fungal spores, and practicing good hygiene.

Overall, CNS fungal infections are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate management, many patients can recover fully, but delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to poor outcomes.

Examples of Nervous System Diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance and coordination.
3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the protective covering of nerve fibers.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death.
5. Brain tumors: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
6. Neuropathy: Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause pain, numbness and weakness in hands and feet.
7. Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
8. Motor neuron disease: Diseases that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
9. Chronic pain syndrome: Persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Conditions such as autism, ADHD and learning disabilities that affect the development of the brain and nervous system.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, toxins and ageing. Treatment options for Nervous System Diseases range from medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy to lifestyle changes.

CNS bacterial infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, these infections can lead to meningitis, encephalitis, or abscesses in the brain or spinal cord.

The diagnosis of CNS bacterial infections is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to identify the causative bacteria. Imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used to visualize the extent of the infection.

Treatment of CNS bacterial infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and prevent further complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.

Preventive measures for CNS bacterial infections include vaccination against certain types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, good hygiene practices, and appropriate use of antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing long-term neurological damage or death.

In conclusion, CNS bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections is essential for effective management and optimal outcomes for patients affected by them.

The symptoms of TB CNS can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Headache
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg
* Confusion, seizures, or coma
* Vision loss or double vision
* Hearing loss or ringing in the ears
* Meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

TB CNS can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often non-specific and can resemble other conditions, such as a stroke or a brain tumor. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as lumbar puncture and culture).

TB CNS is treated with antibiotics, usually for a period of at least 6-12 months. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove abscesses or repair damaged tissue. Treatment outcomes are generally good if the diagnosis is made early and the infection is contained within the central nervous system. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications, such as permanent neurological damage or death.

Prevention of TB CNS involves identifying and treating cases of active TB infection, as well as taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease. This includes screening for TB in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems or living in areas with a high prevalence of TB. Vaccination against TB is also recommended in some cases.

In summary, TB CNS is a rare and potentially life-threatening form of tuberculosis that can cause severe neurological symptoms and complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious outcomes and ensuring effective management of the disease.

Some common types of nervous system neoplasms include:

1. Brain tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the brain, including gliomas (such as glioblastoma), meningiomas, and acoustic neuromas.
2. Spinal cord tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the spinal cord, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and metastatic tumors.
3. Nerve sheath tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the covering of nerves, such as neurofibromas and schwannomas.
4. Pineal gland tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain.

Symptoms of nervous system neoplasms can vary depending on their location and size, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, speech, or balance. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

In summary, nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and can have a significant impact on the body. Diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive approach, involving a team of medical professionals with expertise in neurology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and other related specialties.

The most common demyelinating diseases include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disease that affects the CNS, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS causes inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, leading to a range of symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and cognitive difficulties.
2. Acute demyelination: A sudden, severe loss of myelin that can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other factors. This condition can result in temporary or permanent nerve damage.
3. Chronic inflammatory demyelination (CIDP): A rare autoimmune disorder that causes progressive damage to the myelin sheath over time. CIDP can affect the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4. Moore's disease: A rare genetic disorder that results in progressive demyelination of the CNS, leading to a range of neurological symptoms including muscle weakness, seizures, and cognitive difficulties.
5. Leukodystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that affect the development or function of myelin-producing cells in the CNS. These conditions can cause progressive loss of myelin and result in a range of neurological symptoms.

Demyelinating diseases can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions and the disease progression can be unpredictable. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its severity, and may include medications to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, as well as rehabilitation therapies to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

The disease is typically induced in laboratory animals such as mice or rats by immunizing them with myelin proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein (PLP), emulsified in adjuvants. The resulting immune response leads to the production of autoantibodies and activated T cells that cross the blood-brain barrier and attack the CNS.

EAE is used as a model for MS because it shares many similarities with the human disease, including:

1. Demyelination: EAE induces demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS, which is also a hallmark of MS.
2. Autoimmune response: The immune response in EAE is triggered by autoantigens, similar to MS.
3. Chronic course: EAE is a chronic disease with recurrent relapses, similar to MS.
4. Lesion distribution: EAE lesions are distributed throughout the CNS, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, which is also true for MS.

EAE has been used extensively in the study of MS to investigate the immunopathogenesis of the disease, to develop new diagnostic markers and treatments, and to test the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of MS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the damage to the CNS. Common symptoms include:

* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the limbs
* Fatigue
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, or loss of vision
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Tremors or spasticity
* Memory and concentration problems
* Mood changes, such as depression or mood swings
* Bladder and bowel problems

There is no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include:

* Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) - These medications are designed to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and they can also slow the progression of disability. Examples of DMTs include interferons, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and alemtuzumab.
* Steroids - Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation during relapses, but they are not a long-term solution.
* Pain management medications - Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help manage pain caused by MS.
* Muscle relaxants - These medications can help reduce spasticity and tremors.
* Physical therapy - Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance, and strength.
* Occupational therapy - Occupational therapy can help with daily activities and assistive devices.
* Speech therapy - Speech therapy can help improve communication and swallowing difficulties.
* Psychological counseling - Counseling can help manage the emotional and psychological aspects of MS.

It's important to note that each person with MS is unique, and the best treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific symptoms, needs, and preferences. It's essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, confusion, seizures, and loss of sensation or paralysis in parts of the body. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to life-threatening complications such as brain damage, stroke, and respiratory failure.

The diagnosis of encephalomyelitis is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of inflammatory markers or antibodies against specific infectious agents. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans can help to identify inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.

Treatment of encephalomyelitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to treat infections such as herpes simplex or West Nile virus. In other cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and physical therapy may also be necessary to manage symptoms and promote recovery.

In conclusion, encephalomyelitis is a serious condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Encephalitis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens specific to the causative agent, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to look for inflammatory markers and/or bacteria or viruses in the CSF. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to visualize the brain and identify any areas of damage or inflammation.

Treatment of encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. Antiviral or antibacterial drugs may be used to target the specific causative agent, if identified. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be necessary to monitor and manage the patient's condition.

Prevention of encephalitis includes vaccination against certain viruses that can cause the condition, such as herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Additionally, avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other insects that can transmit viruses or bacteria that cause encephalitis, as well as practicing good hygiene and sanitation, can help reduce the risk of infection.

Overall, encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate care, many patients with encephalitis can recover fully or partially, but some may experience long-term neurological complications or disability.

A type of encephalitis caused by a virus that inflames the brain and spinal cord, leading to fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Viral encephalitis is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick, but can also be spread through contact with infected blood or organs. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and seizures, as well as antiviral medications in severe cases.

Synonyms: viral encephalitis

Antonyms: bacterial encephalitis

Similar term: meningitis

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. The disease can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis for meningoencephalitis depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who receive prompt medical attention and have a mild form of the disease. However, the disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

There are many different types of seizures, each with its own unique set of symptoms. Some common types of seizures include:

1. Generalized seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
2. Focal seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and can cause more specific symptoms, such as weakness or numbness in a limb, or changes in sensation or vision.
3. Tonic-clonic seizures: These seizures are also known as grand mal seizures and can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
4. Absence seizures: These seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and can cause a brief loss of consciousness or staring spell.
5. Myoclonic seizures: These seizures can cause sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches.
6. Atonic seizures: These seizures can cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, which can lead to falls or drops.
7. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.

Seizures can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment for seizures usually involves anticonvulsant medications, but in some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

Overall, seizures are a complex and multifaceted symptom that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing seizures, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Trauma to the nervous system can have a profound impact on an individual's quality of life, and can lead to a range of symptoms including:

* Headaches
* Dizziness and vertigo
* Memory loss and difficulty concentrating
* Mood changes such as anxiety, depression, or irritability
* Sleep disturbances
* Changes in sensation, such as numbness or tingling
* Weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups

Trauma to the nervous system can also have long-lasting effects, and may lead to chronic conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic pain, and fibromyalgia.

Treatment for trauma to the nervous system will depend on the specific nature of the injury and the severity of the symptoms. Some common treatments include:

* Medication to manage symptoms such as pain, anxiety, or depression
* Physical therapy to help regain strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and improve function
* Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address any emotional or psychological issues
* Alternative therapies such as acupuncture, massage, or meditation to help manage symptoms and promote relaxation.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of trauma to the nervous system, as prompt treatment can help reduce the risk of long-term complications and improve outcomes.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Sterling Drug Inc., US 3082209 (1958). Surrey, A. R.; Webb, W. G.; Gesler, R. M. (1958). "Central Nervous System Depressants. ... Seeling A, Oelschläger H, Rothley D (2000). "Important pharmaceutical-chemical characteristics of the central muscle relaxant ... Cleavage and biotransformation of the central muscle relaxant chlormezanone]". Pharmazie. 53 (9): 620-4. PMID 9770210. Gautier ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormezanone

They do produce central nervous system depression, however, they also excite certain areas of the central nervous system. To ... the exact opposite of what central nervous system depressants do. Carbamates are a class of depressants or "tranquilizers" that ... It has sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant properties. It was highly abused, and had high ... Central nervous system depression Inhalant "Depressant - Definition". Princeton WordNet. Retrieved 28 December 2013. "Minimum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant

Phenobarbital is a central nervous system depressant.[medical citation needed] According to the Farmak product label of ... Symptoms of overdose include central nervous system depression, confusion, dizziness, ataxia, and somnolence. In serious cases ... Corvalol may increase CNS depressant effect of other sedatives and hypnotics.[medical citation needed] Corvalol valerianate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvalol

New class of potent central nervous system depressants". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (1): 1-6. doi:10.1021/jm00295a001. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenperone

2004). "Central Nervous System Depressant". Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamic_acid

These types of blisters have been associated with the overdose of central nervous system (CNS) depressants especially ... "Coma Blisters after an Overdose of Central Nervous System Depressants". Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas. 108 (1): 81-83. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_blister

... is a central nervous system depressant. It can have effects similar to ethanol when ingested or drunk by living beings ... Brief, repeated overexposure with the skin can result in depression of the central nervous system, as with other short-chain ... In extreme cases this includes suppression of the central nervous system and even death. Under most circumstances, butanol is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanol

The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants. During the course ... Concomitant use of other central nervous system depressants increases this risk. The smallest possible effective dose should be ... As a result, the arousal of the cortical and limbic systems in the central nervous system is reduced. The GABAA receptor is a ... Diazepam binding in mammalian central nervous system: a pharmacological characterization". The Journal of Neuroscience. 1 (2): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

It possesses anticholinergic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects. Its antiemetic and antivertigo ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 22 March 2019. "Meclizine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved ... effects are not fully understood, but its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine

At higher concentrations, THF is also a central nervous system depressant. In rats, the inhalation LC(50) (Lethal Concentration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_treatment_of_PTFE

Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum ... Benzodiazepines act as a central nervous system depressant. The relative strength of each of these properties in any given ... Next to the voltage-gated sodium channels and components of the GABA system, their targets include GABAA receptors, the GAT-1 ... and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant

... and the respiratory system of humans and other animals; it is also a central nervous system depressant. In industry, it is used ... Department of Agriculture quarantine system) OSHA considers a time-weighted average of 100 parts per million (300 milligrams ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_formate

... has the potential to interact with other central nervous system depressants. Alcohol should be avoided, particularly ... The CNS-depressant effects of tizanidine and alcohol are additive. Caution with the following interactions: antibiotics such as ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019. "Tizanidine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine

... and risks from concomitant use with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants. Unlike other opioids for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliceridine

... s are a group of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants. Barbiturates are effective as anxiolytics, ... Barbiturates in overdose with other CNS (central nervous system) depressants (e.g. alcohol, opiates, benzodiazepines) are even ... Barbituric acid itself does not have any direct effect on the central nervous system and chemists have derived over 2,500 ... GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Barbiturates bind to the GABAA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate

It has an adverse effect profile similar to other central nervous system depressants. Even though Pregabalin is a depressant ... and central neuropathic pain. A minority obtain substantial benefit, and a larger number obtain moderate benefit. It is given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin

Central nervous system depressants include drug categories such as sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. A 2021 meta- ... The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a "central ... There is a bidirectional interplay between the gut and the nervous system. Therefore, the gut can affect the nervous system, ... but the nervous system can also affect the gut. Neurological effects mediated via the autonomic nervous system as well as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia

Combined with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as alcohol and opioids, the potential for toxicity and fatal ... Taking benzodiazepines with alcohol, opioids and other central nervous system depressants potentiates their action. This often ... and to a lesser extent the central nervous system. These peripheral receptors are not structurally related or coupled to GABAA ... Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are present in peripheral nervous system tissues, glial cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine

There are seven categories of classifications a DRE is looking for, including; central nervous system depressants, CNS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Recognition_Expert

Both isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Poisoning can occur from ... Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol

"Central nervous system depressant activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea stans roots". Journal of Ethnopharmacology ... 483 The species is native to Mexico where it is widely used to treat seizures and nervous disorders. "Ipomoea stans Cav. , ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_stans

GHB is a central nervous system depressant used as an intoxicant. It has many street names. Its effects have been described as ... GHB has at least two distinct binding sites in the central nervous system. GHB acts as an agonist at the inhibitory GHB ... "Transcript: FDA Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting". FDA. 6 June 2001. Archived from the ... As the serotonergic system may be involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and anxiety, the stimulation of this system by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid

The potential harm is increased when central nervous system depressants and antidepressants are also used; deliberate overdose ... These substances may interact with cyclobenzaprine: Central nervous system depressants (e.g. alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines ... Cyclobenzaprine is a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist; it relieves muscle spasm through action on the central nervous system at the ... rather than targeting the peripheral nervous system or muscles themselves. Cyclobenzaprine has an oral bioavailability of about ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine

Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant, but it also affects some specific areas of the brain to a greater ... It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid that acts as a central nervous system depressant. Ethanol can impair different ... Since alcohol affects the central nervous system, it hinders semantic storage functioning by restricting the consolidation of ... it has an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission in the central nervous system. GABAA receptor subtypes vary in their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory

... containing diphenhydramine can interact with alcohol as both are central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Side ... Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Studies propose that ... "Benadryl - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved November 2, 2020. "Johnson & Johnson Acquisition of Pfizer ... Benadryl may interact with other medications such as anti-depressants, sleeping pills, muscle relaxants and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benadryl

Sleep apnea - Sleep apnea may be worsened by lorazepam's central nervous system depressant effects. It may further reduce the ... may depress central nervous system respiratory drive and are contraindicated in severe respiratory failure. An example would be ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016 ... Lorazepam's anticonvulsant and CNS depressant properties are useful for the treatment and prevention of alcohol withdrawal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam

Razibul (2012). "Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn Fruits for Central Nervous System Depressant ... Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear provinces of north-central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidesma_ghaesembilla

... benzodiazepines which have central nervous system depressant activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (11): 1078-81. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazolam

... can act as central nervous system depressants. This study is still under investigation as tests have not yet passed in-vivo ... that consumed Telescopium telescopium tissue demonstrated the symptoms associated with central nervous system depressants. ... Telescopium telescopium respiratory system works in the same way to other semi-tidal gastropods in that it gets oxygen from ... Telescopium telescopium digestive system starts at its proboscis. It uses this to collect nutrient rich organic matter where it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopium_telescopium

... benzodiazepines which have central nervous system depressant activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (11): 1078-81. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubromazolam

Barbiturates act as nonselective depressants of the central nervous system (CNS), capable of producing all levels of CNS mood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbutal

Central nervous system: fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, confusion, nightmares, agitation, increased anxiety, ... Cotreatment with CNS depressants such as the benzodiazepines can cause additive CNS depression. Co-treatment with thyroid ... Increased concentrations of doxepin may increase the risk for side effects, including anticholinergic and nervous system ... It is the only TCA with a dibenzoxepin ring system to have been marketed. Doxepin is a tertiary amine TCA, with its side chain- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

Neurosteroids are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) from cholesterol and ... S(-) form of barbiturate have shown more depressant activity while the R(+) isomers have an excitatory effect. According to ... Baulieu EE (1997). "Neurosteroids: of the nervous system, by the nervous system, for the nervous system". Recent Progress in ... GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon binding, it triggers the GABAA receptor to open ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

... include the administration of hydroxyzine alongside depressants and other compounds which affect the central nervous system; if ... Central nervous system effects such as hallucinations or confusion have been observed in rare cases, attributed mostly to ... Hydroxyzine crosses the blood-brain barrier easily and exerts effects in the central nervous system. A positron emission ... The hallucinogenic or hypnotic properties have been described as being an additional effect from overall central nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine

Central nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or ... Depressants (barbiturates): amobarbital butalbital cyclobarbital pentobarbital Depressants (benzodiazepines): flunitrazepam ... Alcohol can cause dependence and central nervous depression resulting in disturbances of thinking and behavior, furthermore ... depressant z-drug) zopiclone (depressant z-drug) and its stereoisomer eszopiclone There are also many designer drugs not used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances

As with other opioid analgesics, central nervous system effects (such as sedation, confusion, and dizziness) are considerations ... Caution should be used if butorphanol is administered in addition to other narcotics, sedatives, depressants, or antihistamines ... Stimulation of these receptors on central nervous system neurons causes an intracellular inhibition of adenylate cyclase, ... Within the INN, USAN, BAN, and AAN naming systems this drug is known as butorphanol, while within JAN it is named torbugesic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butorphanol

The most common symptoms of overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, impaired balance, ataxia, and slurred ... In most cases of fatal overdose it is likely that lack of opioid tolerance combined with the depressant effects of ... Patients initially present with mild to moderate impairment of central nervous system function. Initial signs and symptoms ... and central nervous system depression". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 23 (4): 371-4. doi:10.1002/cpt1978234371. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose

... produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common ... Many dissociatives have general depressant effects and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia, and ... Some, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing euphoria. ... 5-Trimethoxyphenibut 4-Fluorophenibut Benzylbutylbarbiturate Pagoclone Phenibut Tolibut W-18 Agonists of the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designer_drugs

Cooke SF, Bliss TV (Jul 2006). "Plasticity in the human central nervous system". Brain. 129 (Pt 7): 1659-1673. doi:10.1093/ ... A recent study has also revealed atrophy as a result of depression, but this can be stopped with anti-depressants even if they ... Disorders, Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System (2011). Overview of the Glutamatergic System. ... It is well established that lesions of the medial septum - the central node of the theta system - cause severe disruptions of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

In healthy humans, 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam may cause respiratory depression, which is postulated to be a central nervous system ... Potential drug interactions involving at least one CNS depressant were observed for 84% of midazolam users who were ... "Midazolam Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. ... nor is it clear what quantities of vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride were released to his system before the execution ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam

These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are located in the central nervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal ... However, according to the Imperial College London, "Nicotine seems to provide both a stimulant and a depressant effect, and it ... Tobacco excise tax systems are quite complex in several countries, where different tax rates are applied based on prices, ... These complex systems are difficult to administer, create opportunities for tax avoidance, and are less effective from a public ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking

The inhaling of some solvents can cause hearing loss, limb spasms, and damage to the central nervous system and brain. Serious ... Some solvents act as depressants, causing users to feel relaxed or drowsy while others act as stimulants. All commonly abused ... Filley CM, Halliday W, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (January 2004). "The effects of toluene on the central nervous system". J. ... Drugs acting on the nervous system, Drugs acting on the respiratory system, Euphoriants, Household chemicals, Sedatives, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

While in Savannah, Hubbard began working on a "book of psychology" about "the cause and cure of nervous tension"; the next year ... an anti-depressant to which Shields attributes her recovery from postpartum depression after the birth of her first daughter in ... Central of GA Hosp, Savannah, Ga" per Biographical Directory of Fellows & Members of the American Psychiatric Association, 1950 ... An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Hubbard cited the relationship between Korzybski and White ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry

... is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for ... This receptor is considered an attractive drug target, particularly with regards to potential analgesics and anti-depressants. ... The NK1 receptor can be found in both the central and peripheral nervous system. It is present in neurons, brainstem, vascular ... Munoz M, Covenas R, Esteban F, Redondo M (June 2015). "The substance P/NK-1 receptor system: NK-1 receptor antagonists as anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1

... -like immunoreactivity exists within the central and peripheral nervous systems, where endomorphin-1 appears to be ... While activation of opiate receptors initiates a diverse array of responses, opiates typically serve as depressants, and are ... and monkey nervous systems. Both endomorphin tetrapeptides can be found in certain areas of the brain. In the midbrain, ... Opioid systems influence the physiological processes of pain, reward, and stress. They also play roles in immune responses and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomorphin

... especially sedative drugs that operate by depressing the central nervous system generally; respiratory depressants include ... and infancy stages but a decrease in risk is found with aging and maturity of the central nervous system. Underlying ... Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these ... Central sleep apnea (CSA) or central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) is a sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

It is a central nervous system depressant and was soon found to be an effective anticonvulsant, hypnotic and sedative. It was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraldehyde

... , sold under the brand name Halcion among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant tranquilizer of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolam

As a central nervous system depressant, ethanol is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs. Despite alcohol's ... "The Role of CYP2E1 in Alcohol Metabolism and Sensitivity in the Central Nervous System". Sub-cellular Biochemistry. 67: 235-237 ... auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level ... "Solar-to-Fuel System Recycles CO2 for Ethanol and Ethylene". News Center. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

... it is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Chronic high dosage use may result in ... It was used in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s as an anti-depressant (under the name Эфедрон-ephedrone). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methcathinone

Cyril Wecht conducted a review of the reports and concluded that a combination of central nervous system depressants had ... Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal. Parker, who intended to make ... As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre ... With its racially mixed origins-repeatedly affirmed by Presley-rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley

1-trichloroethane does act as a central nervous system depressant and can cause effects similar to those of ethanol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane

However, due to its antagonist effect on GABA receptors, it has been used as a central nervous system stimulant. It was also ... previously used as an antidote for poisoning by CNS depressants, especially barbiturates. Although not commonly used, ... Picrotoxin acts as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is extremely toxic to fish and humans, as well as ... It mainly impacts the central nervous system, causing seizures and respiratory paralysis in high enough doses. Picrotoxin is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrotoxin

... depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II; or (iii) with ... depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II. (B) The ... depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that is substantially similar to or greater than the ... or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that is substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Analogue_Act

5 central nervous system depressants, in addition to several other compounds with miscellaneous effects". In September 2018, a ... "Acute effects of dokha smoking on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems among UAE male university students". Asian Pacific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokha

5-HT4 is involved in the regulation of kinase activity in the central nervous system, phosphorylating target proteins, and ... When mice that showed depressive symptoms were administered anti-depressant drugs, their levels of p11 were found to increase ... Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), is a neurotransmitter found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is ... Serotonin affects diverse systems including the cardiovascular, renal, immune, and gastrointestinal systems. Current research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100A10

CNS depressants, and conditional QTc interval-prolonging medications were associated with a higher risk of mortality ... Study objective: To evaluate the association between use of methadone, other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and QTc ... Association between Use of Methadone, Other Central Nervous System Depressants, and QTc Interval-Prolonging Medications and ... Keywords: HIV infections; arrhythmias cardiac; benzodiazepines; central nervous system depressants; methadone; mortality. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31332819/

Use Caution When Prescribing Concurrent Opioid Medications and Other Central Nervous System Depressants. ... Use Caution When Prescribing Concurrent Opioid Medications and Other Central Nervous System Depressants ... 50 MME/day or are taking other central nervous system depressants with opioids ... pharmacists as part of the management team when opioids are co-prescribed with other central nervous system depressants. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/healthcare-professionals/prescribing/continuing-opioids.html

Nervous System Diseases. Mental Disorders. Zopiclone. Hypnotics and Sedatives. Central Nervous System Depressants. ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00295386?order=2

Concomitant use of central nervous system (CNS) depressants or drugs associated with EPS may increase this effect (e.g., ... Central Nervous System Disorders *Tardive dyskinesia, acute dystonic reactions, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, and other ... and primary central nervous system pathology.In the diagnostic evaluation, consider the presence of other serious medical ... Adverse reactions, especially those involving the nervous system, occurred after stopping metoclopramide including dizziness, ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=447dbb34-7903-4e6a-be31-48a0b0e0d2f5&type=display

Central nervous system depressants. *Cimetidine. *Lidocaine It is important to treat any disorders that can cause confusion. ... Examination of the brain and nervous system (neurological exam). *Examination of the fluid around the central nervous system ( ... There are variations of FTD seen with other nervous system problems such as:. *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS/Lou Gehrig ... FTD commonly causes death within 8 to 10 years, usually from infection, or sometimes because body systems fail. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000744.htm

Alcohol is a sedative and a depressant that affects the central nervous system. Drinking can help you relax, but it can also ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/alcohol-and-depression?utm_source=ReadNext

Other central nervous system depressants can also cause sexual dysfunction. Chronic amphetamine abuse can also result in ... Substance Abuse and the Female Reproductive System. *An increased risk of infection: Drug and alcohol abuse can lead to ... Substance Abuse and the Male Reproductive System. *Reproductive issues: A variety of drugs and alcohol can cause fertility ... Other infectious illnesses can affect the reproductive system due to hazardous behaviors or a lack of personal cleanliness or ...

https://passagesmalibu.com/articles/what-to-know-about-infertility-and-drug-addiction/

Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants: concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants ... Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants: Due to additive pharmacologic effects, the concomitant use ... Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants: Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use ... The risk is increased with concurrent use of OXYCONTIN with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Taking cut, ...

https://www.purduepharma.com/patients-caregivers/medicines-from-purdue/

Categories: Central Nervous System Depressants Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Central+Nervous+System+Depressants&parentid=5717&catid=5719

The central nervous system depressant effects of opiate agonists may be additive with those of alcohol. Severe respiratory ... "Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients." Ann Neurol 13 (1983): 180-5 ... Opiate agonists may produce significant central nervous system and respiratory depression of varying duration, particularly ... Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ. * Hagen N, Thirlwell MP, Dhaliwal HS, Babul N ...

https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/morphine,morphine-sulfate-er.html

It is a central nervous system depressant.... More. Amphetamines. Amphetamines are powerful stimulants. They improve the ... Xanax is a benzodiazepine the central nervous system.It is generally prescribed to indivi... More ...

https://drugnet.net/us/vermont/

Opioids are central nervous system depressants. There are street (non-prescribed) opioids, such as heroin and opium, however ... They have stimulant effects on brain functions (central nervous system) and their use is associated with a wide range of ... Overdose and death if used with alcohol, opioids or other depressant drugs ... usually due to cocaines effect on the cardiovascular system. ...

http://www.emro.who.int/mhps/substance_use.html

Dangerous Drug Interactions with Central Nervous System Depressants. *Higher health Risks in Elderly, Cachectic and Debilitated ... This need stands due to an actual physiological response which has occurred at the nervous system level. Although people who ... "This place gave me my life back!! Methadone takes over 30 days to get out of your system and they got it out in one day!! The ...

https://www.opiates.com/Oxycontin

Central nervous system depressants such as diazepam or lorazepam. *Sedatives. *The patient may need to be put into a sedated ... Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes. ...

https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Delirium_tremens_

Moffett R.B. (1968) Central nervous system depressants. VIII. Pyrroles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 11, 1251-1252.. Moore M. ... Diseases of the Nervous System 26, 562-568.. OReilly, P.O., M. Ernest en G. Hughes (1965) The incidence of Malvaria. Brit. J. ... The hypocholesterolemic effect of nicotinic acid its relationship to the autonomic nervous system. J. Ment. Science 103, 810- ... Bonnet, P.L., C.C. Pfeiffer et B.J. Aston (1980) Copper, the ABO blood system and the schizophrenias. Brain Bio Center, 1980.. ...

https://www.keac.nl/bibliografie/

Like other chlorinated hydrocarbons, it is a central nervous system depressant, albeit a less potent one than many similar ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chloroethane

The newer "non-drowsy" antihistamines are considered safer, but they may have a depressant effect on the central nervous system ...

https://www.caa.ca/driving-safely/senior-drivers/medications-driving/

Cannabis is not a central nervous system depressant which is largely why cannabis cant kill you. ...

https://www.drugtruth.net/node/4243

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that is absorbed into the blood stream and transmitted to all parts of the body ... Alcohol, the shortened term for ethyl alcohol, is a depressant that slows the activity of the central nervous system and the ... They increase the risk of lung cancer, destroy liver cells, initiate severe weight loss and may weaken the immune system. Users ... depressants (barbiturates, tranquilizers, hypnotics); hallucinogens (LSD, PCP); opiates or narcotics (heroin, morphine, opium, ...

https://www.ursinus.edu/offices/prevention-and-advocacy/drug-free-college-community/

Barbiturates are depressant drugs that can produce a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) depression, from mild ... 4 Misusing any central nervous system depressant, including barbiturates, can lead to physiological dependence and addiction.5 ... As CNS depressants, barbiturates affect the brain by increasing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical ... Taking barbiturates in combination with opioids or other CNS depressants-including benzodiazepines, and alcohol-can pose a high ...

https://rehabs.com/drugs/barbiturate/

It is a central nervous system depressant, meaning that it slows down brain activity. Ambien is available in both immediate and ...

https://drugabuse.com/online/alcohol-recovery-without-12-steps/

Acrylonitrile is a central nervous system depressant and a respiratory irritant. Within the body it is converted to cyanide and ... USEPA Integrated risk Information System (accessed, May 1999). *Safe Work Australia, Workplace exposure standards for airborne ... Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, feelings of apprehension and nervous irritability, muscle weakness, cyanosis, and ...

https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/acrylonitrile-2-propenenitrile

When benzodiazepines are consumed with alcohol, overdose can result from the impact of two central nervous system depressants." ... When benzodiazepines are consumed with alcohol, overdose can result from the impact of two central nervous system depressants." ... Alcohol is a depressant. Benzodiazepines are a depressant. The layperson might not realize it, but consuming two depressant ...

https://www.narconon.org/blog/alcohol-and-prescription-drugs-dont-mix.html

Learn more about concurrent use of buprenorphine and methadone with central nervous system depressants ... SynCardia Systems TAH-t Companion 2 Driver System (C2) and Freedom Driver System. The FDA issued an update to the October 2016 ... central nervous system and vaginal bleeding (hemorrhage). Learn more about Mvasi Pentax ED34-i10T Duodenoscope. The FDA cleared ... methadone should not be withheld from patients taking benzodiazepines or other drugs that depress the central nervous system. ...

https://www.pdr.net/edrugfdadetail.aspx?year=2017&month=October

Benzodiazepines like Xanax are central nervous system depressants that slow down brain activity by increasing gamma- ... Sometimes you might not even know why you feel nervous in the first place - in these cases, write everything youre feeling ... may increase the concentration of alprazolam in your system. Taking Xanax and alcohol together can cause excessive drowsiness, ...

https://mountainside.com/blog/drug-addiction/xanax-how-it-affects-your-mind-and-body?amp=

These depressants act on the central nervous system and give people the feelings of being calm. People take Where can I buy ... Methamphetamine в This drug is the main depressant in the world where can I buy Amphetamine is a high frequency stimulant with ... of the herbalists who sell Amphetamine will arrange for medical testing or treatment The two most commonly used depressants are ...

http://www.bigkahunaadventures.com/slideshow/main/amphetamine.php

GHB is a central nervous system depressant often used as a date rape drug due to its ability to disinhibit and incapacitate ... Popularly known as crystal meth, Methamphetamine is a powerful and addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system ... Over time, regular use can lead to the collapse of the respiratory system and death. ... Potent Pain Relief Medicine: How Long Does Oxycodone Stay in Your System? ...

https://www.lahacienda.com/blog/lists-of-drugs-and-their-street-names

In this cohort of HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-uninfected women, use of benzodiazepines, CNS depressants, and conditional QTc interval-prolonging medications were associated with a higher risk of mortality independent of methadone and other well-recognized mortality risk factors. (nih.gov)
When benzodiazepines are consumed with alcohol, overdose can result from the impact of two central nervous system depressants. (narconon.org)
Benzodiazepines are a depressant. (narconon.org)
Benzodiazepines like Xanax are central nervous system depressants that slow down brain activity by increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (mountainside.com)

What are prescription CNS depressants? (nih.gov)
How do people use and misuse prescription CNS depressants? (nih.gov)
Most prescription CNS depressants come in pill, capsule, or liquid form, which a person takes by mouth. (nih.gov)
Yes, use or misuse of prescription CNS depressants can lead to problem use, known as a substance use disorder (SUD) , which takes the form of addiction in severe cases. (nih.gov)
Long-term use of prescription CNS depressants, even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause some people to develop a tolerance, which means that they need higher and/or more frequent doses of the drug to get the desired effects. (nih.gov)

Cancer risk: Drug and alcohol use increases the chance of developing various cancers that can damage sexual function and the reproductive system. (passagesmalibu.com)
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that changes the way you think and act. (nih.gov)
Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes. (wikidoc.org)
Karbinal ER may interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), alcohol, hypnotics, sedatives, tranquilizers or other substances that suppress the central nervous system . (rxlist.com)
Alcohol is a depressant. (narconon.org)
Although this interaction is still being examined, one study reveals that ethanol, the main ingredient in alcohol, may increase the concentration of alprazolam in your system. (mountainside.com)
Many of the herbalists who sell Amphetamine will arrange for medical testing or treatment The two most commonly used depressants are alcohol and tobacco. (bigkahunaadventures.com)
Alcohol, the shortened term for ethyl alcohol, is a depressant that slows the activity of the central nervous system and the brain. (ursinus.edu)

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. (nih.gov)

When people overdose on a CNS depressant, their breathing often slows or stops. (nih.gov)

Can a person overdose on CNS depressants? (nih.gov)
How can a CNS depressant overdose be treated? (nih.gov)

A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
The layperson might not realize it, but consuming two depressant drugs at once can have severe, even lethal consequences. (narconon.org)

and severe or fatal pulmonary, gastrointestinal, central nervous system and vaginal bleeding (hemorrhage). (pdr.net)

Can prescription CNS depressant use lead to addiction and substance use disorder? (nih.gov)

Most CNS depressants act on the brain by increasing activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical that inhibits brain activity. (nih.gov)

To evaluate the association between use of methadone, other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and QTc interval-prolonging medications and risk of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and at-risk HIV-uninfected women. (nih.gov)

Other infectious illnesses can affect the reproductive system due to hazardous behaviors or a lack of personal cleanliness or personal care due to a substance use issue. (passagesmalibu.com)

The FDA cleared the first seven tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device, more than doubling the static magnetic field strength available for use in the U.S. The Magnetom Terra is the first 7T MRI system cleared for clinical use in the U.S. The Magnetom Terra is for patients who weigh more than 66 pounds and is limited to examinations of the head, arms and legs (extremities). (pdr.net)

People who start taking CNS depressants usually feel sleepy and uncoordinated for the first few days until the body adjusts to these side effects. (nih.gov)
If a person takes CNS depressants long term, he or she might need larger doses to achieve therapeutic effects. (nih.gov)
Hypoxia can have short- and long-term mental effects and effects on the nervous system, including coma and permanent brain damage. (nih.gov)
Enhanced CNS depressant effects. (medscape.com)
For the purposes of this PA, psychoactive natural products are defined as fungus- or plant-derived products that are taken primarily for their effects on the central nervous system (e.g., stimulant, depressant, and/or hallucinogenic effects), rather than for treatment, medicinal or therapeutic effects. (nih.gov)

How do CNS depressants affect the brain? (nih.gov)
Many of the characteristics of pain have been associated with specific brain systems, although much remains to be learned. (nih.gov)
Additionally, researchers have found that many of the brain systems involved with the experience of pain overlap with the experience of basic emotions. (nih.gov)
Consequently, when people experience undesirable emotions (e.g., fear, anxiety, anger), the same brain systems responsible for these emotions also amplify the experience of pain. (nih.gov)
Fortunately, there also are systems in the brain that help to dampen or decrease pain. (nih.gov)

The system is intended to be used in conjunction with outpatient therapy and in addition to a contingency management system, a widely-used program for treating SUDs that uses a series of incentives to reward patients for adherence to their treatment program. (pdr.net)

The results show that the extract has depressant effect, supporting the claimed ethnomedical usage in controlling seizure. (who.int)
The newer "non-drowsy" antihistamines are considered safer, but they may have a depressant effect on the central nervous system. (caa.ca)

The Reset device is a mobile medical application system containing a patient application and clinician dashboard. (pdr.net)

An eye disease that results in a loss of central, "straight-ahead" vision. (nih.gov)

Those who have become addicted to a prescription CNS depressant and stop using the drug abruptly may experience a withdrawal. (nih.gov)

Xanax is a benzodiazepine the central nervous system.It is generally prescribed to indivi. (drugnet.net)

You may submit questions through the Webinar system at any time during the presentation by selecting the Q and A tab at the top of the Webinar screen and typing in your question. (cdc.gov)

Can prescription CNS depressant use lead to addiction and substance use disorder? (nih.gov)
Yes, use or misuse of prescription CNS depressants can lead to problem use, known as a substance use disorder (SUD) , which takes the form of addiction in severe cases. (nih.gov)

If a person takes CNS depressants long term, he or she might need larger doses to achieve therapeutic effects. (nih.gov)
Long-term use of prescription CNS depressants, even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause some people to develop a tolerance, which means that they need higher and/or more frequent doses of the drug to get the desired effects. (nih.gov)

Most CNS depressants act on the brain by increasing activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a chemical that inhibits brain activity. (nih.gov)
During normal awake respiration, the obstructive tendency of the negative inspiratory pressure within the upper airway is balanced by the outward force of pharyngeal dilator muscle activity under central nervous system (CNS) control. (medscape.com)

Gabapentin has been effective in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions and in some other groups. (medscape.com)

Ketamine acts on the cortex and limbic system, decreasing muscle spasms. (medscape.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms6

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes12

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Information Science2

Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. (1/1532)

Acute effects of ethanol on kainate receptors with different subunit compositions. (2/1532)

NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (3/1532)

Effects of alcohol and cholesterol feeding on lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol absorption in rabbits. (4/1532)

Mode of action of ICS 205,930, a novel type of potentiator of responses to glycine in rat spinal neurones. (5/1532)

Sweat ethanol concentrations are highly correlated with co-existing blood values in humans. (6/1532)

Diffusion of dialkylnitrosamines into the rat esophagus as a factor in esophageal carcinogenesis. (7/1532)

Dental anesthetic management of a patient with ventricular arrhythmias. (8/1532)

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Central Nervous System Depressants

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