Periodontium
Periodontal Ligament
Dental Cementum
Cementogenesis
Periodontal Diseases
Alveolar Process
Periodontitis
Epithelial Attachment
Alveolar Bone Loss
Root Resorption
Tooth Root
Furcation Defects
Dental Sac
Molar
Tooth Cervix
Tooth Mobility
Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Aggressive Periodontitis
Periodontal Attachment Loss
Periodontal Pocket
Odontoblasts
Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein
Bone Regeneration
Tooth Calcification
Chronic Periodontitis
Tooth Apex
Incisor
Mandible
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Dental Enamel
Maxilla
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Age Determination by Teeth
Phosphate Transport Proteins
Tooth Resorption
Tooth Migration
Cementoma
Odontogenesis
Decalcification, Pathologic
Tooth Eruption
Osteopontin
Microspectrophotometry
Hardness
The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.
Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.
The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.
The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.
Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."
Cementogenesis is the biological process of cementum formation, which is a hard connective tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. Cementum helps to attach the periodontal ligaments, providing stability and support to the teeth within the jawbone. This process involves the differentiation and activity of cementoblasts, which are the cells responsible for producing and mineralizing the cementum matrix.
The medical definition of 'cementogenesis' is:
1. The formation and development of cementum on the roots of teeth.
2. The biological process in which cementoblasts secrete and mineralize the extracellular matrix, leading to the growth and maturation of cementum.
3. A critical component of tooth development and maintenance, ensuring proper attachment and function of the teeth within the oral cavity.
According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.
There are two major stages of periodontal disease:
1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.
Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.
The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.
The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.
Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.
The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.
Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.
Epithelial attachment is a general term that refers to the point where epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, adhere or attach to an underlying structure. In the context of the mouth and teeth, epithelial attachment is often used to describe the connection between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth surface.
In a healthy mouth, the gingival tissue fits tightly around each tooth, forming a protective seal that helps prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering the spaces between the teeth and gums. This tight seal is maintained by specialized epithelial cells called junctional epithelial cells, which form a barrier between the oral environment and the underlying connective tissue.
When the gingival tissue becomes inflamed due to factors such as poor oral hygiene or certain medical conditions, the epithelial attachment can become compromised, leading to a condition known as gingivitis. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontal disease, which is characterized by the destruction of the tissues that support the teeth, including the bone and connective tissue.
In summary, epithelial attachment refers to the point where epithelial cells adhere to an underlying structure, and in the context of oral health, it describes the connection between the gum tissue and the tooth surface.
Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.
In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.
Root resorption is a process that occurs when the body's own cells, called odontoclasts, break down and destroy the hard tissue of the tooth root. This can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, infection, or orthodontic treatment. In some cases, it may be a normal part of the tooth development and eruption process in children. However, excessive or pathological root resorption can lead to weakening and loss of the tooth. It is often asymptomatic and discovered during routine dental x-rays.
Tooth movement, in a dental and orthodontic context, refers to the physical change in position or alignment of one or more teeth within the jaw bone as a result of controlled forces applied through various orthodontic appliances such as braces, aligners, or other orthodontic devices. The purposeful manipulation of these forces encourages the periodontal ligament (the tissue that connects the tooth to the bone) to remodel, allowing the tooth to move gradually over time into the desired position. This process is crucial in achieving proper bite alignment, correcting malocclusions, and enhancing overall oral function and aesthetics.
Dental enamel is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth that protects the dentin and pulp inside. It is primarily made up of minerals, mainly hydroxyapatite, and contains very little organic material. However, during the formation of dental enamel, proteins are synthesized and secreted by ameloblast cells, which help in the development and mineralization of the enamel. These proteins play a crucial role in the proper formation and structure of the enamel.
Some of the main dental enamel proteins include:
1. Amelogenin: This is the most abundant protein found in developing enamel, accounting for about 90% of the organic matrix. Amelogenin helps regulate the growth and organization of hydroxyapatite crystals during mineralization. It also plays a role in determining the final hardness and structure of the enamel.
2. Enamelin: This protein is the second most abundant protein in developing enamel, accounting for about 5-10% of the organic matrix. Enamelin is involved in the elongation and thickening of hydroxyapatite crystals during mineralization. It also helps maintain the stability of the enamel structure.
3. Ameloblastin: This protein is produced by ameloblast cells and is essential for proper enamel formation. Ameloblastin plays a role in regulating crystal growth, promoting adhesion between crystals, and maintaining the structural integrity of the enamel.
4. Tuftelin: This protein is found in both dentin and enamel but is more abundant in enamel. Tuftelin is involved in the initiation of mineralization and helps regulate crystal growth during this process.
5. Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP): Although primarily associated with dentin formation, DSPP is also found in developing enamel. It plays a role in regulating crystal growth and promoting adhesion between crystals during mineralization.
After the formation of dental enamel is complete, these proteins are largely degraded and removed, leaving behind the highly mineralized and hard tissue that characterizes mature enamel. However, traces of these proteins may still be present in the enamel and could potentially play a role in its structure and properties.
A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.
The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.
A furcation defect in dental terminology refers to the loss or destruction of supporting bone in the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth, such as a molar, diverge or branch out. This condition is typically caused by periodontal disease, which results in inflammation and infection of the gums and surrounding tissues.
Furcation defects are classified into three categories based on their severity:
1. Class I: The furcation involvement is limited to the function groove, and the bone loss does not extend beyond this area. Treatment usually involves thorough cleaning and root planing of the affected area.
2. Class II: The bone loss extends halfway or more beneath the furcation, but not reaching the bottom of the furcation. This type of defect may require surgical treatment to promote bone regeneration.
3. Class III: The bone loss is so extensive that it reaches the bottom of the furcation and possibly beyond. In such cases, tooth extraction may be necessary if the tooth cannot be saved through regenerative procedures or other treatments.
It's important to note that early detection and treatment of periodontal disease can help prevent furcation defects from developing or worsening. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing periodontal issues.
The dental sac, also known as the dental follicle, is a soft tissue structure that surrounds the developing tooth crown during odontogenesis, which is the process of tooth development. It is derived from the ectoderm and mesenchyme of the embryonic oral cavity. The dental sac gives rise to several important structures associated with the tooth, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone that surrounds and supports the tooth in the jaw.
The dental sac plays a critical role in tooth development by regulating the mineralization of the tooth crown and providing a protective environment for the developing tooth. It also contains cells called odontoblasts, which are responsible for producing dentin, one of the hard tissues that make up the tooth. Abnormalities in the development or growth of the dental sac can lead to various dental anomalies, such as impacted teeth, dilacerated roots, and other developmental disorders.
In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.
In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.
Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.
The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.
Tooth mobility, also known as loose teeth, refers to the degree of movement or displacement of a tooth in its socket when lateral forces are applied. It is often described in terms of grades:
* Grade 1: Tooth can be moved slightly (up to 1 mm) with finger pressure.
* Grade 2: Tooth can be moved up to 2 mm with finger pressure.
* Grade 3: Tooth can be moved more than 2 mm or can be removed from its socket with manual pressure.
Increased tooth mobility can be a sign of periodontal disease, trauma, or other dental conditions and should be evaluated by a dentist. Treatment may include deep cleaning, splinting, or surgery to restore stability to the affected teeth.
A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.
Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) in periodontics is a surgical procedure that aims to regenerate lost periodontal tissues, including the alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, which have been destroyed due to periodontal disease. The goal of GTR is to restore the architectural relationship between these supporting structures and the tooth, thereby improving its prognosis and function.
The procedure involves placing a barrier membrane between the tooth root and the surrounding soft tissues, creating a protected space that allows for the selective growth of periodontal cells. The membrane acts as a physical barrier to prevent the ingrowth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the oral mucosa, which can interfere with the regeneration process.
The membrane can be either resorbable or non-resorbable, depending on the clinical situation and surgeon's preference. Resorbable membranes are made of materials that degrade over time, while non-resorbable membranes require a second surgical procedure for removal. The choice of membrane material and configuration depends on various factors such as the size and location of the defect, patient's medical history, and surgeon's experience.
GTR has been shown to be effective in treating intrabony defects, furcation involvements, and class II function defects, among others. However, its success depends on various factors such as patient selection, surgical technique, membrane type and placement, and postoperative care.
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.
Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.
Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.
The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.
In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.
Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.
Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.
Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.
Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.
A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.
In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.
Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.
Odontoblasts are defined as columnar-shaped cells that are located in the pulp tissue of teeth, specifically within the predentin region. They are responsible for the formation of dentin, one of the main components of a tooth, by synthesizing and depositing collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, as well as the mineral hydroxyapatite.
Odontoblasts have a single process that extends into the dentinal tubules, which are microscopic channels within the dentin matrix. These cells play a crucial role in sensing external stimuli, such as heat, cold, or pressure, and transmitting signals to the nerves located in the pulp tissue, thereby contributing to the tooth's sensitivity.
In summary, odontoblasts are specialized dental cells that produce dentin, provide structural support for teeth, and contribute to their sensory functions.
Integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP) is a non-collagenous protein found in bones and teeth. It is also known as bone sialoprotein II or acidic glycoprotein 34. IBSP plays a role in the regulation of biomineralization, which is the process by which minerals are deposited in biological tissues.
IBSP contains several functional domains that allow it to interact with other proteins and molecules. One such domain is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which can bind to integrin receptors on the surface of cells. This interaction helps regulate the attachment and behavior of cells in bone tissue.
IBSP also contains a large number of sialic acid residues, which give it its name and contribute to its negative charge. These residues may play a role in protecting the protein from degradation and helping it interact with other molecules in the extracellular matrix.
Overall, IBSP is an important component of bone tissue and plays a key role in regulating the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth.
Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.
The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.
Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.
Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.
Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.
Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:
* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)
Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.
The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.
An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.
Regeneration in a medical context refers to the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that replaces damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, or even whole limbs in some organisms. This complex biological process involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which work together to restore the structural and functional integrity of the affected area.
In human medicine, regeneration has attracted significant interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in treating various conditions, including degenerative diseases, trauma, and congenital disorders. Researchers are actively studying the underlying mechanisms of regeneration in various model organisms to develop novel strategies for promoting tissue repair and regeneration in humans.
Examples of regeneration in human medicine include liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, where the remaining liver lobes can grow back to their original size within weeks, and skin wound healing, where keratinocytes migrate and proliferate to close the wound and restore the epidermal layer. However, the regenerative capacity of humans is limited compared to some other organisms, such as planarians and axolotls, which can regenerate entire body parts or even their central nervous system.
The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.
The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.
In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.
"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.
Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.
Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.
The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.
The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).
Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:
1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.
'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.
"Age determination by teeth" is a method used in forensic dentistry to estimate the age of an individual based on the development and wear of their teeth. This process involves examining various features such as tooth eruption, crown and root formation, and dental attrition or wear.
The developmental stages of teeth can provide a rough estimate of age during childhood and adolescence, while dental wear patterns can offer insights into an individual's age during adulthood. However, it is important to note that there can be significant variation in tooth development and wear between individuals, making this method somewhat imprecise.
In addition to forensic applications, age determination by teeth can also be useful in archaeology and anthropology for studying past populations and their lifestyles.
Phosphate transport proteins are membrane-bound proteins responsible for the active transport of phosphate ions across cell membranes. They play a crucial role in maintaining appropriate phosphate concentrations within cells and between intracellular compartments, which is essential for various biological processes such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, and bone formation.
These proteins utilize the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis or other sources to move phosphate ions against their concentration gradient, thereby facilitating cellular uptake of phosphate even when extracellular concentrations are low. Phosphate transport proteins can be classified based on their structure, function, and localization into different types, including sodium-dependent and sodium-independent transporters, secondary active transporters, and channels.
Dysregulation of phosphate transport proteins has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as renal Fanconi syndrome, tumoral calcinosis, and hypophosphatemic rickets. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying phosphate transport protein function is essential for developing targeted therapies to treat these disorders.
Tooth resorption is a process in which there is an abnormal loss or breakdown of tooth structure, either internally (internal resorption) or externally (external resorption), due to the action of specialized cells called odontoclasts. This can lead to weakening and destruction of the tooth, potentially causing sensitivity, pain, or even tooth loss if left untreated. The causes of tooth resorption can vary, including trauma, orthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, and certain systemic conditions. It is important to diagnose and treat tooth resorption early to prevent further damage and preserve the tooth structure.
Tooth migration, in a dental or medical context, refers to the movement or shifting of teeth from their normal position within the dental arch. This phenomenon can occur due to various reasons such as:
1. Loss of adjacent teeth: When a tooth is lost, the surrounding teeth may drift or tilt into the empty space, causing other teeth to migrate out of their original positions.
2. Periodontal disease: Advanced periodontitis (severe gum disease) can lead to bone loss and ligament damage around the teeth, allowing them to move and potentially migrate.
3. Orthodontic treatment: Although controlled tooth movement is the goal of orthodontics, improper or unfinished treatment may result in undesirable tooth migration.
4. Aging: As people age, the supportive structures around teeth (bone and ligaments) can weaken, leading to tooth mobility and potential migration.
5. Tooth wear: Excessive tooth wear due to bruxism (grinding) or abrasion may alter the vertical dimension of the mouth, causing tooth migration over time.
It is essential to address tooth migration promptly to prevent further complications such as difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, which could lead to additional dental issues like decay and periodontal disease. Dental professionals may recommend various treatments, including orthodontic therapy, dental restorations, or even implants, depending on the cause and severity of tooth migration.
Cementoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that primarily affects the jaw bones, particularly the lower jaw (mandible). It is characterized by the growth of abnormal cementum-like tissue within the bone. Cementum is a hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth and helps anchor them to the jawbone.
There are different types of cementomas, including:
1. Periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD): This type of cementoma usually affects the anterior region of the lower jaw and is often associated with non-vital teeth. It typically presents as a small, radiopaque (dark) area on an X-ray.
2. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD): FCOD is a more widespread form of cementoma that affects multiple areas of the jawbones. It primarily affects middle-aged women and can cause significant bone remodeling, leading to radiopaque lesions on X-rays.
3. Gigantiform cementoma: This rare, aggressive type of cementoma typically affects children and adolescents. It can cause rapid bone growth and expansion, resulting in facial deformities and functional impairments.
4. Ossifying fibroma: Although not strictly a cementoma, ossifying fibroma shares some similarities with these tumors. It is characterized by the formation of both bone and cementum-like tissue within the lesion.
Treatment for cementomas depends on their size, location, and growth rate. Small, asymptomatic lesions may not require treatment, while larger or symptomatic ones might need surgical removal to prevent complications such as tooth displacement, infection, or pathological fractures. Regular follow-ups with dental X-rays are essential to monitor the progression of these lesions.
Odontogenesis is the process of tooth development that involves the formation and calcification of teeth. It is a complex process that requires the interaction of several types of cells, including epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and odontoblasts. The process begins during embryonic development with the formation of dental lamina, which gives rise to the tooth bud. As the tooth bud grows and differentiates, it forms the various structures of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Odontogenesis is completed when the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. Abnormalities in odontogenesis can result in developmental dental anomalies such as tooth agenesis, microdontia, or odontomas.
Pathologic decalcification is a process that occurs when there is a loss of calcium salts from the bones or teeth. This can lead to weakening and structural damage in the affected area. It is often seen in conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and tumors that involve bone. In dental contexts, decalcification can also refer to the loss of minerals from tooth enamel, which can lead to cavities and tooth decay. This is often caused by poor oral hygiene and a diet high in sugars.
Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth emerges from the gums and becomes visible in the oral cavity. It is a normal part of dental development that occurs in a predictable sequence and timeframe. Primary or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months of age and continue to emerge until approximately 2-3 years of age. Permanent or adult teeth start to erupt around 6 years of age and can continue to emerge until the early twenties.
The process of tooth eruption involves several stages, including the formation of the tooth within the jawbone, the movement of the tooth through the bone and surrounding tissues, and the final emergence of the tooth into the mouth. Proper tooth eruption is essential for normal oral function, including chewing, speaking, and smiling. Any abnormalities in the tooth eruption process, such as delayed or premature eruption, can indicate underlying dental or medical conditions that require further evaluation and treatment.
A gold colloid is not a medical term per se, but it is often used in the context of medical applications. It refers to a suspension of sub-nanometer to nanometer-sized gold particles in a fluid, usually water. These particles are small enough to remain suspended and not settle at the bottom due to Brownian motion. Gold colloids have been used in various medical applications, such as diagnostic tests, drug delivery systems, and photothermal therapies, due to their unique optical properties and biocompatibility.
Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that is widely distributed in many tissues, including bone, teeth, and mineralized tissues. It plays important roles in various biological processes such as bone remodeling, immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair. In the skeletal system, osteopontin is involved in the regulation of bone formation and resorption by modulating the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. It also plays a role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer metastasis to bones. Osteopontin is considered a potential biomarker for various disease states, including bone turnover, cardiovascular disease, and cancer progression.
Microspectrophotometry (MSP) is a microanalytical technique that combines microspectroscopy and photometry to measure the absorption, reflection, or fluorescence spectra of extremely small samples, typically in the range of micrometers to sub-micrometers. This technique is often used in biomedical research and clinical settings for the analysis of cellular and subcellular structures, such as organelles, inclusion bodies, and single molecules.
MSP can provide detailed information about the chemical composition, molecular structure, and spatial distribution of biological samples, making it a valuable tool for studying various physiological and pathological processes, including gene expression, protein function, and cell-cell interactions. Additionally, MSP has been used in diagnostic applications to identify abnormalities in tissues and cells, such as cancerous or precancerous lesions, and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
The technique involves using a microscope equipped with a high-resolution objective lens and a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from a sample at different wavelengths. The resulting spectra can be used to identify specific chemical components or molecular structures based on their characteristic absorption, reflection, or fluorescence patterns.
MSP is a powerful tool for studying biological systems at the microscopic level and has contributed significantly to our understanding of cellular and molecular biology. However, it requires specialized equipment and expertise to perform and interpret the data, making it a relatively complex and sophisticated technique.
In the context of medical terminology, "hardness" is not a term that has a specific or standardized definition. It may be used in various ways to describe the firmness or consistency of a tissue, such as the hardness of an artery or tumor, but it does not have a single authoritative medical definition.
In some cases, healthcare professionals may use subjective terms like "hard," "firm," or "soft" to describe their tactile perception during a physical examination. For example, they might describe the hardness of an enlarged liver or spleen by comparing it to the feel of their knuckles when gently pressed against the abdomen.
However, in other contexts, healthcare professionals may use more objective measures of tissue stiffness or elasticity, such as palpation durometry or shear wave elastography, which provide quantitative assessments of tissue hardness. These techniques can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the mechanical properties of tissues, such as liver fibrosis or cancer.
Therefore, while "hardness" may be a term used in medical contexts to describe certain physical characteristics of tissues, it does not have a single, universally accepted definition.
X-ray microtomography, often referred to as micro-CT, is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize and analyze the internal structure of objects with high spatial resolution. It is based on the principles of computed tomography (CT), where multiple X-ray images are acquired at different angles and then reconstructed into cross-sectional slices using specialized software. These slices can be further processed to create 3D visualizations, allowing researchers and clinicians to examine the internal structure and composition of samples in great detail. Micro-CT is widely used in materials science, biology, medicine, and engineering for various applications such as material characterization, bone analysis, and defect inspection.
Cementum
List of periodontal diseases
Head and neck anatomy
Dental follicle
Periodontology
Dinosaur tooth
Periodontal fiber
Human tooth
Dental anatomy
Cementogenesis
Tooth resorption
Periodontal disease
Scaling and root planing
List of MeSH codes (A14)
Stereosternum
Enamel matrix derivative
Geriatric dentistry
Root fracture
Periodontium
Human tooth development
Occlusion (dentistry)
Hard tissue
Tooth enamel
Tooth ankylosis
Calculus (dental)
Host modulatory therapy
Alveolar process
Dental papilla
Index of oral health and dental articles
Gingival sulcus
Cementum - Wikipedia
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Alveolar19
- The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament. (wikipedia.org)
- Sharpey fibers are part of the principal collagenous fibers of the periodontal ligament embedded in the cementum and alveolar bone to attach the tooth to the alveolus. (wikipedia.org)
- The extrinsic fibres within acellular extrinsic fibre cementum, travel perpendicular to the surface of the root and allow the tooth to attach to the alveolar bone by the periodontal ligament (PDL), continuous with the cementodentinal junction (CDJ). (wikipedia.org)
- Cellular cementum contains cells and is the medium of attachment of collagen fibres to the alveolar bone. (wikipedia.org)
- The periodontium or the commonly known as the tooth supporting tissues consists of the gums, alveolar or jaw bone, the periodontal ligament and the cementum of tooth. (intelligentdental.com)
- It is compromised of the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. (theedgesearch.com)
- It is composed largely of the gingivae, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. (stomatoloska-ordinacija-kovacevic.com)
- Calculus has a double effect on periodontal disease development: it prevents saliva cleansing, so that plaque bacteria can destroy periodontium (a tissue that binds the tooth and the alveolar bone). (stomatoloska-ordinacija-kovacevic.com)
- Periodontist is a dentist who is specialized treating diseases including supporting and investing structures of the teeth including alveolar bone, cementum, gums and periodontium. (scitechnol.com)
- Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum ( GINGIVA ), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. (lookformedical.com)
- Tooth-supporting periodontium forms a complex with multiple tissues, including cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone. (desktopmetal.com)
- Polycarprolactione-hydroxylapatite (90:10 wt%) scaffolds were fabricated using three-dimensional printing seamlessly in three phases: 100-μm microchannels in Phase A designed for cementum/dentin interface, 600-μm microchannels in Phase B designed for the PDL, and 300-μm microchannels in Phase C designed for alveolar bone. (desktopmetal.com)
- Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease that affects periodontium and gradually destroys the tooth-supporting alveolar bone. (wjpr.net)
- It consists of different tissues including the gingiva, the cementum, the periodontal ligament and the alveolar supporting bone. (wjpr.net)
- The periodontium is the supporting structure of the teeth and includes the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. (customdentistrynews.com)
- the former includes the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue and gingival tissue, and the latter includes alveolar bone and cementum covering the tooth root. (elsevierpure.com)
- The periodontium is a structure that holds and supports teeth and is formed by four components: the cementum, gingiva, periodontal ligaments, and the alveolar bone. (opendentistryjournal.com)
- Periodontium is a complex and highly specialized pressure sensing system consisting of four components such as cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, junctional and sulcular epithelia supporting the teeth. (bvsalud.org)
- The periodontium consists of the tissues that support the teeth-the gingiva, epithelial attachment, connective tissue attachment, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. (msdmanuals.com)
Gingiva1
- The root of the tooth is held in place by the peridodontium, which is composed of the periodontal ligament, cementum and gingiva (gum). (kenhub.com)
Teeth9
- If cementum can be observed on teeth, it can imply that the roots are exposed, showing that the clinical crown (the exposed part of the tooth) is bigger than the anatomical crown (the surface of the tooth covered by enamel). (wikipedia.org)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the cementum surface of 9 teeth extracted due to severe chronic generalized periodontitis and 3 teeth with a clinically healthy periodontium extracted for orthodontic reasons. (parodont.ru)
- The cementum of periodontally healthy teeth appeared homogeneous and regular,was covered in periodontal fibers and had a pebble-like or dome-shaped surface. (parodont.ru)
- Periodontium forms the supporting structures of teeth. (theedgesearch.com)
- The periodontium the group of structures that directly surround, support and protect the teeth. (stomatoloska-ordinacija-kovacevic.com)
- Periodontium is the term used to describe structures that surround and support the teeth. (parkcitydds.com)
- 1] The periodontium is a supporting structure that surrounds and supports the teeth. (wjpr.net)
- Your gums and the underlying jawbone are important components of your periodontium that anchor your teeth. (asiaent-life.com)
- Periodontium is the name given to the complex system of hard and soft structures that support your teeth in your jaw. (freshdentalcare.co.uk)
Tooth12
- Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. (wikipedia.org)
- These cementoblasts can form subsequent layers of cementum if the tooth is injured. (wikipedia.org)
- The dentinocemental junction (DCJ) is a relatively smooth area in the permanent tooth, and attachment of cementum to the dentin is firm but not understood completely. (wikipedia.org)
- The first cementum to be formed during tooth development is acellular extrinsic fibre cementum. (wikipedia.org)
- Learn about the function of each element which makes up the tooth and periodontium. (kenhub.com)
- B, root of the tooth, covered by cementum . (wikidoc.org)
- This system is made up of the tooth socket, the gums, root cementum and the periodontal ligament. (freshdentalcare.co.uk)
- On the other hand, the root fractures involve a combination of damage to the periodontal ligament, cementum, dentin, and pulp which are results from frontal impacts that force the tooth crown to the palatal region and the apical root portion labially. (bvsalud.org)
- Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which leads to progressive destruction of the periodontium and tooth loss [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- A great number of patients around the world experience tooth loss that is attributed to irretrievable damage of the periodontium caused by deep caries, severe periodontal diseases or irreversible trauma. (elsevierpure.com)
- PDL tissue is central in the periodontium to retain the tooth in the bone socket, and is currently recognized to include somatic mesenchymal stem cells that could reconstruct the periodontium. (elsevierpure.com)
- A tooth is composed of a crown (ie, the portion exposed to the oral cavity) and 1 or more roots (ie, the portion enveloped in bone and the periodontium). (medscape.com)
Dentin5
- The dentinocemental junction (DCJ) is formed because of the apposition of cementum over the dentin. (wikipedia.org)
- This interface is not as defined, either clinically or histologically, as that of the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), given that cementum and dentin are of common embryological background, unlike that of enamel and dentin. (wikipedia.org)
- Cementum is slightly softer than dentin and consists of about 45% to 50% inorganic material (hydroxylapatite) by weight and 50% to 55% organic matter and water by weight. (wikipedia.org)
- The cementum is light yellow and slightly lighter in color than dentin. (wikipedia.org)
- Dentin is covered by the enamel in the crown and the cementum in the roots. (kenhub.com)
Periodontitis5
- Investigation of the root cementum ultrastructure in chronic generalized periodontitis is still relevant as changes in structure and composition of root cementum play a significant role in successful periodontal regeneration. (parodont.ru)
- Am is to study changes in the root cementum ultrastructure in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis. (parodont.ru)
- In chronic periodontitis patients, the cementum surface was mostly irregular with multiple defects of various depth, areas of completely destroyed cementum, exposed dentinal tubules and a complete absence of periodontal fibers. (parodont.ru)
- 4. Amro S.O., Othman H., Zahrani M., Elias W. Microanalysis of Root Cementum in Patients with Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis. (parodont.ru)
- Significant hematological differences in EC, HGB, MCV and MCH between healthy periodontium and chronic periodontitis subjects were seen indicating mild anemia. (bvsalud.org)
Chronic2
- Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. (lookformedical.com)
- When a chronic lesion persists, bone tissue and ligaments of the periodontium are involved, and changes to the periodontal structure begin [ 4 ]. (opendentistryjournal.com)
Regeneration3
- Loss of periodontal attachment and root cementum exposure to microbial biofilm may result in irreversible structural changes of the surface which may affect the regeneration of clinical attachment. (parodont.ru)
- 2. Arzate H., Zeichner-David M., Mercado-Celis G. Cementum proteins: role in cementogenesis, biomineralization, periodontium formation and regeneration. (parodont.ru)
- In this study, we developed multiphase region-specific microscaffolds with spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium regeneration. (desktopmetal.com)
Tissue2
- 1. Bosshardt D.D., Selvig K.A. Dental cementum: the dynamic tissue covering of the root. (parodont.ru)
- Gingivitis is caused by plaque, which results in soft tissue inflammation, with no attachment loss and firm periodontium [ 7 ]. (opendentistryjournal.com)
Enamel1
- The cementum joins the enamel to form the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is referred to as the cervical line. (wikipedia.org)
Root2
- Cementum on the root ends surrounds the apical foramen and may extend slightly onto the inner wall of the pulp canal. (wikipedia.org)
- Scaling and root planing (SRP) is the mechanical removal of plaque, calculus and diseased cementum. (biomedcentral.com)
Bone1
- Unlike those in bone, however, these canals in cementum do not contain nerves, nor do they radiate outward. (wikipedia.org)
Attachment1
- It is formed continuously throughout life because a new layer of cementum is deposited to keep the attachment intact as the superficial layer of cementum ages. (wikipedia.org)
Dental1
- A periodontist is a dental professional specializing in treating conditions and diseases of the periodontium. (northtexasperioimplants.com)
Diseases1
- A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the periodontium. (dentalkc.com)
Inflammation1
- Periodontal disease explained Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, refers to infection and inflammation affecting the periodontium. (asiaent-life.com)
Occurs1
- cellular cementum occurs more frequently on the apical half. (wikipedia.org)
Stem1
- However, successful treatment using these stem cells to regenerate the periodontium efficiently has not yet been developed. (elsevierpure.com)
Involve1
- This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM . (lookformedical.com)
Absence1
- The different categories of cementum are based on the presence or absence of cementocytes, as well as whether the collagen fibres are extrinsic or intrinsic. (wikipedia.org)
Formation1
- While NPP1 is a key factor for cementum formation, NPP2 and NPP3 may be involved in regulation of PDL homeostasis. (umich.edu)
Surface1
- After the apposition of cementum in layers, the cementoblasts that do not become entrapped in cementum line up along the cemental surface along the length of the outer covering of the periodontal ligament. (wikipedia.org)
Function1
- Acellular cementum does not contain cells and has a main purpose of adaptive function. (wikipedia.org)
Levels1
- Objectives: The developing periodontium is sensitive to local levels of phosphate (P i ) and pyrophosphate (PP i ). (umich.edu)
Materials1
- Cementum also is permeable to a variety of materials. (wikipedia.org)