Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the EDIBLE GRAINS used in millet cereals and in feed for birds and livestock (ANIMAL FEED). It contains diosgenin (SAPONINS).
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.
A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. Members contain jatrophone and other diterpenes.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES.
A non-taxonomic term for unicellular microscopic algae which are found in both freshwater and marine environments. Some authors consider DIATOMS; CYANOBACTERIA; HAPTOPHYTA; and DINOFLAGELLATES as part of microalgae, even though they are not algae.
An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.
A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the family Thermoanaerobacteriaceae. Cultures consist of rods interspersed with coccoid cells.
Materials or phenomena which can provide energy directly or via conversion.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.
Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.
Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as BIOREACTORS.
A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.
A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
Dextrins are a group of partially degraded and digestible starches, formed through the hydrolysis of starch by heat, acids, or enzymes, consisting of shorter chain polymers of D-glucose units linked mainly by α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds.
Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE.
A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.
Electric power supply devices which convert biological energy, such as chemical energy of metabolism or mechanical energy of periodic movements, into electrical energy.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE.
Debris resulting from a process that is of no further use to the system producing it. The concept includes materials discharged from or stored in a system in inert form as a by-product of vital activities. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981)
Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in XYLANS.
An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Xylose is a monosaccharide, a type of sugar, that is commonly found in woody plants and fruits, and it is used in medical testing to assess the absorptive capacity of the small intestine.
A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.
Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, and related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Peroxidases are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water, while oxidizing various organic and inorganic compounds, playing crucial roles in diverse biological processes including stress response, immune defense, and biosynthetic reactions.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Glycoside Hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, resulting in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and oligosaccharides into simpler sugars.
A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycopsidaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES, isolated from the stomach of rabbits and some other animals.
A cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents.
Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling chemical compound, primarily used as a preservative in medical laboratories and fungicide, which is also produced naturally in the human body and released during decomposition.

Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.

Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panicum" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of plants, including many types of grasses, commonly known as panicgrass or switchgrass. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.

If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.

Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for "Jatropha." Jatropha is a genus of plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Some species of Jatropha are used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world, but there is no widely accepted or established medical definition for the term.

In a broader sense, if you're referring to a medical aspect related to Jatropha plants, it might be about the pharmacological properties, toxicity, or potential uses of certain species in traditional medicine. For instance, Jatropha curcas, one of the most commonly known species, has been used in traditional medicine for treating various conditions such as wounds, diarrhea, and skin diseases. However, it also contains toxic compounds that can cause adverse effects if not properly prepared or administered.

If you're looking for specific pharmacological or medicinal information about Jatropha, I would recommend consulting scientific literature or medical resources related to the particular species and its traditional or modern uses.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Cellulases are a group of enzymes that break down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls. These enzymes are produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. They play an important role in the natural decomposition process and have various industrial applications, such as in the production of biofuels, paper, and textiles.

Cellulases work by hydrolyzing the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between the glucose molecules that make up cellulose, breaking it down into simpler sugars like glucose. This process is known as saccharification. The specific type of cellulase enzyme determines where on the cellulose molecule it will cleave the bond.

There are three main types of cellulases: endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and beta-glucosidases. Endoglucanases randomly attack internal bonds in the amorphous regions of cellulose, creating new chain ends for exoglucanases to act on. Exoglucanases (also known as cellobiohydrolases) cleave cellobiose units from the ends of the cellulose chains, releasing cellobiose or glucose. Beta-glucosidases convert cellobiose into two molecules of glucose, which can then be further metabolized by the organism.

In summary, cellulases are a group of enzymes that break down cellulose into simpler sugars through hydrolysis. They have various industrial applications and play an essential role in natural decomposition processes.

Microalgae are microscopic, simple, thalloid, often unicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. They can be found in freshwater and marine environments, and they are capable of photosynthesis, which allows them to convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Microalgae are a diverse group of organisms that include various taxonomic groups such as cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids. They have important ecological roles in the global carbon cycle, oxygen production, and nutrient recycling.

In addition to their ecological significance, microalgae have gained attention for their potential applications in various industries, including food and feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biofuels, and environmental bioremediation. Some species of microalgae contain high levels of valuable compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, pigments, and bioactive molecules that have potential health benefits for humans and animals.

Cellulase is a type of enzyme that breaks down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulases are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, and are used in various industrial applications such as biofuel production, food processing, and textile manufacturing. In the human body, there are no known physiological roles for cellulases, as humans do not produce these enzymes and cannot digest cellulose.

Cellobiose is a disaccharide made up of two molecules of glucose joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. It is formed when cellulose or beta-glucans are hydrolyzed, and it can be further broken down into its component glucose molecules by the action of the enzyme beta-glucosidase. Cellobiose has a sweet taste, but it is not as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). It is used in some industrial processes and may have potential applications in the food industry.

"Thermoanaerobacter" is a genus of bacteria that are thermophilic (grow optimally at higher temperatures), anaerobic (do not require oxygen for growth), and straight or slightly curved rods in shape. They are capable of fermenting various sugars, organic acids, and alcohols to produce energy, with the formation of end products such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. These bacteria can be found in environments like hot springs, compost piles, and oil wells. It's important to note that individual species within this genus may have additional specific characteristics or requirements for growth.

"Energy-generating resources" is a broad term that refers to various methods and technologies used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. While there isn't a specific medical definition for this term, it is often discussed in the context of public health and environmental medicine due to its impact on air quality, climate change, and human health. Here are some examples of energy-generating resources:

1. Fossil fuels: These include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are non-renewable resources. They are burned to produce heat, which is then converted into electricity. The combustion process releases greenhouse gases and pollutants, contributing to climate change and air pollution-related health issues.
2. Nuclear power: This energy source involves the fission of atomic nuclei to generate heat, which is used to produce steam and drive turbines for electricity generation. While nuclear power itself does not emit greenhouse gases, it poses potential risks associated with radioactive waste disposal, accidents, and proliferation.
3. Renewable resources: These are sustainable energy sources that can be replenished naturally over time. Examples include solar power (photovoltaic or concentrated), wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These resources have lower environmental impacts and contribute less to air pollution and climate change compared to fossil fuels.
4. Hydrogen fuel cells: These devices convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. They are clean energy sources, as the only byproducts are water and heat. However, the production of hydrogen can have environmental impacts depending on the method used (e.g., steam methane reforming vs. electrolysis powered by renewable energy).
5. Energy storage systems: While not a primary source of energy generation, energy storage technologies like batteries and capacitors play an essential role in optimizing the use of energy-generating resources. They can store excess energy produced during periods of low demand or high resource availability (e.g., solar power during the day) and release it during peak demand or resource scarcity, improving overall system efficiency and reducing the need for backup generation from fossil fuels.

In summary, "energy-generating resources" refer to various methods used to convert different forms of energy into electricity or other useful forms. The environmental and health impacts of these resources vary significantly, with renewable sources generally having lower impacts compared to fossil fuel-based options.

"Saccharum" is not a medical term, but a genus name in botany. It refers to the sugarcane plant (*Saccharum officinarum*), which is a tall perennial grass native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The sap of this plant contains high amounts of sucrose and has been used as a sweetener for thousands of years.

In a medical context, "saccharum" might be encountered in the form of sugar-based ingredients, such as dextrose (glucose) or sucrose, which are derived from sugarcane or other sugar-rich plants. These substances can be used in various medical applications, including intravenous fluids and nutritional supplements.

The principle of "Conservation of Energy Resources" is not a medical term or concept, but rather it is a fundamental principle in the field of physics and environmental science. It refers to the need to manage and use energy resources in a sustainable way, by avoiding waste and finding ways to reuse or recycle them. This principle has important implications for public health, as the depletion of non-renewable energy sources and the negative impacts of energy production on the environment can have significant effects on human health. For example, air pollution from fossil fuel combustion can contribute to respiratory diseases and other health problems, while climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions can exacerbate a range of health risks. Therefore, conserving energy resources is an important aspect of promoting public health and preventing disease.

Metabolic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that involves the modification and manipulation of metabolic pathways in organisms to enhance their production of specific metabolites or to alter their flow of energy and carbon. This field combines principles from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and chemical engineering to design and construct novel metabolic pathways or modify existing ones with the goal of optimizing the production of valuable compounds or improving the properties of organisms for various applications.

Examples of metabolic engineering include the modification of microorganisms to produce biofuels, pharmaceuticals, or industrial chemicals; the enhancement of crop yields and nutritional value in agriculture; and the development of novel bioremediation strategies for environmental pollution control. The ultimate goal of metabolic engineering is to create organisms that can efficiently and sustainably produce valuable products while minimizing waste and reducing the impact on the environment.

'Clostridium thermocellum' is a type of anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that is known for its ability to produce cellulases and break down cellulose. It is thermophilic, meaning it grows optimally at higher temperatures, typically between 55-70°C. This organism is of interest in the field of bioenergy because of its potential to convert plant biomass into useful products such as biofuels. However, it's important to note that this bacterium can also produce harmful metabolic byproducts and can be potentially pathogenic to humans.

1-Butanol, also known as n-butanol or butyl alcohol, is a primary alcohol with a chemical formula of C4H9OH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of other chemicals. 1-Butanol has a wide range of applications including use as a paint thinner, in the production of rubber, and as a fuel additive. It is also found naturally in some foods and beverages.

In medical terms, 1-butanol may be used as an ingredient in topical medications or as a solvent for various pharmaceutical preparations. However, it is not typically used as a therapeutic agent on its own. Exposure to high levels of 1-butanol can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure may lead to more serious health effects.

Biotechnology is defined in the medical field as a branch of technology that utilizes biological processes, organisms, or systems to create products that are technologically useful. This can include various methods and techniques such as genetic engineering, cell culture, fermentation, and others. The goal of biotechnology is to harness the power of biology to produce drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests, biofuels, and other industrial products, as well as to advance our understanding of living systems for medical and scientific research.

The use of biotechnology has led to significant advances in medicine, including the development of new treatments for genetic diseases, improved methods for diagnosing illnesses, and the creation of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. However, it also raises ethical and societal concerns related to issues such as genetic modification of organisms, cloning, and biosecurity.

Dextrins are a group of carbohydrates that are produced by the hydrolysis of starches. They are made up of shorter chains of glucose molecules than the original starch, and their molecular weight and physical properties can vary depending on the degree of hydrolysis. Dextrins are often used in food products as thickeners, stabilizers, and texturizers, and they also have applications in industry as adhesives and binders. In a medical context, dextrins may be used as a source of calories for patients who have difficulty digesting other types of carbohydrates.

Cellulosomes are large, complex enzymatic structures produced by certain anaerobic bacteria that allow them to break down and consume cellulose, a major component of plant biomass. These structures are composed of multiple enzymes that work together in a coordinated manner to degrade cellulose into simpler sugars, which the bacteria can then use as a source of energy and carbon.

The individual enzymes in a cellulosome are non-covalently associated with a central scaffoldin protein, forming a multi-enzyme complex. The scaffoldin protein contains cohesin modules that bind to dockerin modules on the enzyme subunits, creating a highly organized and stable structure.

Cellulosomes have been identified in several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genera Clostridium and Ruminococcus. They are thought to play a key role in the global carbon cycle by breaking down plant material and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in soil, decaying wood, and other organic matter. While there are many different species of Trichoderma, some of them have been studied for their potential use in various medical and industrial applications. For example, certain Trichoderma species have been shown to have antimicrobial properties and can be used to control plant diseases. Other species are being investigated for their ability to produce enzymes and other compounds that may have industrial or medicinal uses.

However, it's important to note that not all Trichoderma species are beneficial, and some of them can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often involve multiple organ systems and may require aggressive antifungal therapy.

In summary, Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that can have both beneficial and harmful effects on human health, depending on the specific species involved and the context in which they are encountered.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.

Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a scientific process where the DNA or genetic material of an organism is manipulated to bring about a change in its characteristics. This is typically done by inserting specific genes into the organism's genome using various molecular biology techniques. These new genes may come from the same species (cisgenesis) or a different species (transgenesis). The goal is to produce a desired trait, such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, or increased productivity. It's widely used in research, medicine, and agriculture. However, it's important to note that the use of genetically engineered organisms can raise ethical, environmental, and health concerns.

Agricultural crops refer to plants that are grown and harvested for the purpose of human or animal consumption, fiber production, or other uses such as biofuels. These crops can include grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes, among others. They are typically cultivated using various farming practices, including traditional row cropping, companion planting, permaculture, and organic farming methods. The choice of crop and farming method depends on factors such as the local climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Proper management of agricultural crops is essential for ensuring food security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and protecting the environment.

Metabolic networks and pathways refer to the complex interconnected series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes and are responsible for the conversion of nutrients into energy, as well as the synthesis and breakdown of various molecules required for cellular function.

A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different enzyme. These pathways are often interconnected, forming a larger network of interactions known as a metabolic network.

Metabolic networks can be represented as complex diagrams or models, which show the relationships between different pathways and the flow of matter and energy through the system. These networks can help researchers to understand how cells regulate their metabolism in response to changes in their environment, and how disruptions to these networks can lead to disease.

Some common examples of metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the pentose phosphate pathway. Each of these pathways plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and providing energy for cellular functions.

Bioelectric energy sources refer to the electrical energy generated through biological processes within living organisms. This energy is produced by the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, typically through the use of cell membranes and ions. A common example of a bioelectric energy source is the action potential generated by nerve cells, or neurons, in order to communicate signals throughout the body. Another example is the electrical energy generated by cardiac muscle cells during each heartbeat. These endogenous electrical signals can be harnessed and used for various medical and therapeutic purposes, such as in the use of pacemakers and cochlear implants. Additionally, there is ongoing research into developing bioelectric devices that can interface with living tissues to monitor or manipulate biological processes, such as tissue regeneration and cancer treatment.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Xylans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a hemicellulose, that are found in the cell walls of many plants. They are made up of a backbone of beta-1,4-linked xylose sugar molecules and can be substituted with various side groups such as arabinose, glucuronic acid, and acetyl groups. Xylans are indigestible by humans, but they can be broken down by certain microorganisms in the gut through a process called fermentation, which can produce short-chain fatty acids that have beneficial effects on health.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls, into simpler sugars. Specifically, this enzyme breaks down cellulose by cleaving the 1,4-beta-glycosidic bonds between the cellobiose units that make up the cellulose polymer, releasing individual cellobiose molecules (disaccharides consisting of two glucose molecules). This enzyme is also known as cellobiohydrolase or beta-1,4-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase. It plays a crucial role in the natural breakdown of plant material and is widely used in various industrial applications, such as biofuel production and pulp and paper manufacturing.

Waste products, in the context of physiology and medicine, refer to substances that are produced as a result of various metabolic processes within the body's cells but have no further use for the body's normal functioning. These waste materials must be eliminated from the body to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxic accumulation.

Common examples of waste products include:

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2): A byproduct of cellular respiration, which is exhaled through the lungs.
2. Urea: formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids and proteins, then excreted by the kidneys in urine.
3. Creatinine: a waste product generated from muscle metabolism, eliminated through the kidneys in urine.
4. Water (H2O): A byproduct of various metabolic reactions, excreted as urine or sweat, and lost through respiration and evaporation.
5. Bilirubin: a waste product formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells, eliminated through the bile and feces.
6. Lactic acid: produced during anaerobic metabolism, especially with intense exercise or hypoxia; it can be converted back to pyruvate for energy production or removed by the liver and excreted in urine.
7. Hippuric acid: formed from the conjugation of glycine and benzoic acid, primarily eliminated through urine.
8. Indican: a waste product resulting from the metabolism of tryptophan, excreted in urine after being converted to indigo by intestinal bacteria.
9. Estrogens and androgens: hormonal waste products produced by the gonads and adrenal glands, metabolized and eliminated through urine and feces.

Maintaining the efficient elimination of these waste products is essential for overall health and well-being. Failure to do so can result in various medical conditions, such as kidney or liver failure, that can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor and is used as a solvent and preservative in cosmetics, medications, and other products. Benzyl alcohol can also be found as a natural component of some essential oils, fruits, and teas.

Benzyl alcohol is not typically considered a "drug" or a medication, but it may have various pharmacological effects when used in certain medical contexts. For example, it has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as a preservative in injectable medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It can also be used as a local anesthetic or analgesic in some topical creams and ointments.

It's important to note that benzyl alcohol can be harmful or fatal to infants and young children, especially when it is used in high concentrations or when it is introduced into the body through intravenous (IV) routes. Therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations and only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases are a type of enzyme that catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans, which are complex polysaccharides made up of beta-1,4-linked xylose residues. Xylan is a major hemicellulose component found in the cell walls of plants, and endo-1,4-beta Xylanases play an important role in the breakdown and digestion of plant material by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and animals. These enzymes are widely used in industrial applications, such as biofuel production, food processing, and pulp and paper manufacturing, to break down xylans and improve the efficiency of various processes.

Beta-glucosidase is an enzyme that breaks down certain types of complex sugars, specifically those that contain a beta-glycosidic bond. This enzyme is found in various organisms, including humans, and plays a role in the digestion of some carbohydrates, such as cellulose and other plant-based materials.

In the human body, beta-glucosidase is produced by the lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles found within cells that help break down and recycle various biological molecules. Beta-glucosidase is involved in the breakdown of glycolipids and gangliosides, which are complex lipids that contain sugar molecules.

Deficiencies in beta-glucosidase activity can lead to certain genetic disorders, such as Gaucher disease, in which there is an accumulation of glucocerebrosidase, a type of glycolipid, within the lysosomes. This can result in various symptoms, including enlargement of the liver and spleen, anemia, and bone pain.

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

Xylose is a type of sugar that is commonly found in plants and wood. In the context of medical definitions, xylose is often used in tests to assess the function of the small intestine. The most common test is called the "xylose absorption test," which measures the ability of the small intestine to absorb this sugar.

In this test, a patient is given a small amount of xylose to drink, and then several blood and/or urine samples are collected over the next few hours. The amount of xylose that appears in these samples is measured and used to determine how well the small intestine is absorbing nutrients.

Abnormal results on a xylose absorption test can indicate various gastrointestinal disorders, such as malabsorption syndromes, celiac disease, or bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.

Oxidized cellulose is a type of modified cellulose that has undergone oxidation, resulting in the introduction of functional groups such as carboxylic acid or aldehyde groups along the cellulose chain. This process can alter the physical and chemical properties of cellulose, making it more soluble in water and capable of forming gels or films.

Oxidized cellulose is used in a variety of applications, including as a wound dressing material, where it can help to promote healing by providing a moist environment that supports tissue regeneration. It can also be used as a thickening or stabilizing agent in food and cosmetic products, or as a component in the manufacture of specialized papers and textiles.

Radioactive waste is defined in the medical context as any material that contains radioactive nuclides in sufficient concentrations or for such durations that it is considered a threat to human health and the environment. It includes materials ranging from used hospital supplies, equipment, and substances contaminated with radionuclides, to liquids and gases released during the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.

Radioactive waste can be classified into two main categories:

1. Exempt waste: Waste that does not require long-term management as a radioactive waste due to its low activity and short half-life.
2. Radioactive waste: Waste that requires long-term management as a radioactive waste due to its higher activity or longer half-life, which can pose a threat to human health and the environment for many years.

Radioactive waste management is a critical aspect of nuclear medicine and radiation safety, with regulations in place to ensure proper handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of such materials.

Artificial membranes are synthetic or man-made materials that possess properties similar to natural biological membranes, such as selective permeability and barrier functions. These membranes can be designed to control the movement of molecules, ions, or cells across them, making them useful in various medical and biotechnological applications.

Examples of artificial membranes include:

1. Dialysis membranes: Used in hemodialysis for patients with renal failure, these semi-permeable membranes filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood while retaining essential proteins and cells.
2. Hemofiltration membranes: Utilized in extracorporeal circuits to remove larger molecules, such as cytokines or inflammatory mediators, from the blood during critical illnesses or sepsis.
3. Drug delivery systems: Artificial membranes can be used to encapsulate drugs, allowing for controlled release and targeted drug delivery in specific tissues or cells.
4. Tissue engineering: Synthetic membranes serve as scaffolds for cell growth and tissue regeneration, guiding the formation of new functional tissues.
5. Biosensors: Artificial membranes can be integrated into biosensing devices to selectively detect and quantify biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, in diagnostic applications.
6. Microfluidics: Artificial membranes are used in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications, enabling the manipulation and analysis of small volumes of fluids for various medical and biological purposes.

Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.

The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.

Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.

Peroxidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various substrates using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the electron acceptor. These enzymes contain a heme prosthetic group, which plays a crucial role in their catalytic activity. Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They play important roles in various biological processes, including defense against oxidative stress, lignin degradation, and host-pathogen interactions. Some common examples of peroxidases include glutathione peroxidase, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage, and horseradish peroxidase, which is often used in laboratory research.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Glycoside hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds found in various substrates such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins. These enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars by cleaving the glycosidic linkages that connect monosaccharide units.

Glycoside hydrolases are classified based on their mechanism of action and the type of glycosidic bond they hydrolyze. The classification system is maintained by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Each enzyme in this class is assigned a unique Enzyme Commission (EC) number, which reflects its specificity towards the substrate and the type of reaction it catalyzes.

These enzymes have various applications in different industries, including food processing, biofuel production, pulp and paper manufacturing, and biomedical research. In medicine, glycoside hydrolases are used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions, such as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, a rare inherited disorder affecting the structure of glycoproteins.

Laccase is an enzyme (specifically, a type of oxidoreductase) that is widely distributed in plants, fungi, and bacteria. It catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic compounds, including polyphenols, methoxy-substituted phenols, aromatic amines, and some inorganic ions, while reducing molecular oxygen to water. This enzyme plays a crucial role in lignin degradation, as well as in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and in the synthesis of various pigments and polymers. The medical relevance of laccase is linked to its potential applications in bioremediation, biofuel production, and biotechnology.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

"Saccharomycopsis" is a genus of fungi in the family Saccharomycopsidaceae. These are typically aerobic, non-pathogenic yeasts that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, fruits, and insects. They have the ability to ferment sugars and produce alcohol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts. Some species of Saccharomycopsis are used in industrial applications, including the production of fermented foods and beverages, while others are studied for their potential use in biotechnology and biofuel production. It's worth noting that Saccharomycopsis species are not typically associated with human diseases or infections.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a type of cellulose derivative that is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields as an excipient or a drug delivery agent. It is a white, odorless powder with good water solubility and forms a clear, viscous solution.

Chemically, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is produced by reacting cellulose, which is derived from plant sources such as wood or cotton, with sodium hydroxide and chloroacetic acid. This reaction introduces carboxymethyl groups (-CH2COO-) to the cellulose molecule, making it more soluble in water and providing negative charges that can interact with positively charged ions or drugs.

In medical applications, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is used as a thickening agent, binder, disintegrant, and suspending agent in various pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, liquids, and semisolids. It can also be used as a lubricant in the manufacture of tablets and capsules to facilitate their ejection from molds or dies.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium has been shown to have good biocompatibility and low toxicity, making it a safe and effective excipient for use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. However, like any other excipient, it should be used with caution and in appropriate amounts to avoid any adverse effects or interactions with the active ingredients of the drug product.

Formaldehyde is not a medication or a term commonly used in human medicine. It is a chemical compound with the formula CH2O, which is commonly used in industry for various purposes such as a preservative, disinfectant, and embalming agent. Formaldehyde is also found naturally in the environment and is produced in small amounts by certain animals, plants, and humans.

Exposure to formaldehyde can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and prolonged exposure has been linked to cancer, particularly nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia. Therefore, it is important to limit exposure to this chemical and use appropriate protective equipment when handling it.

"Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics". ... Cosolvents also play an important role in the production of biofuels from assorted biomass. For example, in efforts to convert ... In another example, a tetrahydrofuran-water mixture was found to be incredibly effective in extracting lignin from biomass to ... biofuels, and sorbents. In some cases, the utilization of cosolvents also allows for satisfaction of a broad goal in the field ...
Johnson E (18 Feb 2016). "Integrated enzyme production lowers the cost of cellulosic ethanol". Biofuels, Bioproducts and ... As a result, an effective pretreatment is needed to liberate the cellulose from the lignin seal and its crystalline structure ... Commercial production of cellulosic ethanol, which unlike corn and sugarcane would not compete with food production, would be ... DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan Commercializing Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic ethanol output could "explode" Poet ...
... hemicellulose sugars and lignin. In early 2013 GranBio, a Brazilian pioneer in biofuels and biochemicals, completed the ... announced the start-up of cellulosic sugar production using their patented AVAP® technology at their demonstration plant in ... Biofuels Digest's 2014 5-Minute Guide : Biofuels Digest". Biofuels Digest (in Afrikaans). 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2021-05-06. ... Cellulosic sugars are used as renewable resources for biochemical and biofuels industries and can be used to produce ...
It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of biofuels. It is composed of two kinds of ... Being rich in aromatics, lignin is hydrophobic and relatively rigid. Lignin confers structural integrity to plants. Lignin is ... Carroll, Andrew; Somerville, Chris (June 2009). "Cellulosic Biofuels". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 60 (1): 165-182. doi: ... A particular problem is that hemicellulose is covalently linked to lignin, usually through ferulic acid component of the lignin ...
... is an ethanol fuel (more precisely cellulosic ethanol) made from trees. The biofuel is a contender in the race to ... Menetrez, MY (2010). "The Potential Environmental Impact of Waste from Cellulosic Ethanol Production". Journal of the Air & ... Rather, the cellulose in wood must be separated from the encapsulating hemicellulose and lignin. There are three types of ... Also, compared to corn ethanol, cellulosic biofuel does not require the same quantity of fertilizers, pesticides, energy, or ...
DuPont opened a facility in Nevada, Iowa, that was expected to generate 30 million gallons annually of cellulosic biofuel ... But if the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol advances enough technologically, biomass ethanol production would use the ... Humus, alternatively known as digestate, is a value-added lignin- and nutrient-rich soil amendment similar to peat moss or ... who converted the plant from ethanol production to renewable natural gas production for eventual use as compressed natural gas ...
Cellulosic biofuels are renewable fuels derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin. This includes cellulosic biomass ... Renewable Diesel Tax credit Credit for Production of Cellulosic Biofuel Special Depreciation Allowance for Cellulosic Biofuel ... section 942 Instructs the Secretary to establish an incentive program for the production of cellulosic biofuels. This section ... advanced biofuels, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic ethanol-each with its own volume requirement. (3) Biofuels qualifying ...
"Iogen's advanced cellulosic biofuel technology reaches critical production milestone" (PDF) (Press release). Iogen Corporation ... The combustion of lignin provides enough energy to power most of the cellulosic ethanol process. The liquid portion, which ... Iogen's cellulosic biofuels technology converts a wide variety of cellulosic feedstocks into ethanol and other biofuels. The ... 2009 - Iogen becomes the first cellulosic biofuel producer to sell its advanced biofuel at a retail service station. 2006 - ...
DSM has an enzyme cocktail for the production of cellulosic ethanol. This cocktail contains thermostable cellulases that ... The plant also produces 13,100 t of lignin pellets and 11,250 t of C5-molasses. In their initial pilot plant they were using ... EU in strategic biofuel partnerships - Inbicon as partner. (Accessed March 31, 2013) Larsen, Jan. Non-sterile fermentation of ... Inbicon has approved three companies' enzymes for their patented cellulosic ethanol production method: Novozymes, Genencor and ...
It is now being considered for use in several bioenergy conversion processes, including cellulosic ethanol production, biogas, ... In Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks. D. Pimental. (Ed.) Springer Science, Berlin, ... During the bioconversion process, the lignin fraction of switchgrass can be burned to provide sufficient steam and electricity ... Most bioenergy conversion processes for switchgrass, including those for cellulosic ethanol and pellet fuel production, can ...
... worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7% ... Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ... Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by ... This new biomass can be used for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for ...
In 2010 worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels ... Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol ... Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by ... But all first generation biofuels ultimately compete with food production for land, water, and other resources. Greater efforts ...
Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel ... "Revealing pyrolysis chemistry for biofuels production: Conversion of cellulose to furans and small oxygenates". Energy Environ ... Energy crops: The major combustible component of non-food energy crops is cellulose, with lignin second. Non-food energy crops ... Production of rayon ("artificial silk") from cellulose began in the 1890s and cellophane was invented in 1912. Hermann ...
Increased biofuel production draws on issues relating to changes in land use, impacts on ecosystem (soil and water resources), ... Two leading non-food crops for the production of cellulosic bioethanol are switchgrass and giant miscanthus. There has been a ... "Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins". ... From 2008 to 2013, there has been a 109% increase in global biofuel production and this is expected to increase an additional ...
An overview of biomass feedstocks for biofuel production", Biomass to Biofuel Supply Chain Design and Planning Under ... The by-product of this process is lignin. Lignin can be burned as a carbon neutral fuel to produce heat and power for the ... Renewable energy portal Algae fuel Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Food vs fuel IEA Bioenergy Jatropha Renewable Fuel ... The concern is that if these food crops are used for biofuel production that food prices could rise and shortages might be ...
... from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources. Lord Ron Oxburgh suggests that responsible production of biofuels ... would be an ideal source of material for biofuels and many other products. Composed of lignin and monomer sugars such as ... A 2007 UN report on biofuel also raises issues regarding food security and biofuel production. Jean Ziegler, then UN Special ... However, above a few percent, there would be direct competition between first generation biofuel production and food production ...
The more popular methods for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol use enzymes that must be isolated first to be added ... If then, the undigested residue (mostly lignin) is used to produce hydrogen by gasification, it is ensured that more energy ... Further chemical refining of the dewatered fermentation broth may then take place depending on the final chemical or biofuel ... making this front step in the process more economical than in more popular methods for the production of cellulosic ethanol. ...
The refinery went online and it was full production by 2014. It was operated by Abengoa Bioenergy Biomass of Kansas, a company ... Abengoa Bioenergy also has a joint venture biofuel plant with Ebro Puleva. The feedstock comprises woody and non-woody ... Pre-treatment consists of contacting the cellulosic biomass feedstock with an acidic liquid medium to form an acid-impregnated ... Steam treatment dissociates cellulose from hemicellulose and lignin for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugars. ...
Enzymes that cleave lignin have occasionally been called cellulases, but this old usage is deprecated; they are lignin- ... Jasani H, Umretiya N, Dharajiya D, Kapuria M, Shah S, Patel J (June 2016). "Isolation, optimization and production of cellulase ... Cellulase is used in the fermentation of biomass into biofuels, although this process is relatively experimental at present. ... due to synergism because of the close proximity between the enzyme and the cellulosic substrate. CBM are involved in binding of ...
... levoglucosenone and cleaner lignin from waste biorefinery hydrolysis lignin by selective conversion of residual saccharides". ... Levoglucosenone can be derived from biomass or from other cellulosic materials including domestic/commercial waste paper. The ... Levoglucosenone is a promising bio-renewable platform for the production of commodity chemicals, being especially interesting ... this liquid hydrocarbon is of interest as a biofuel and biofeedstock. The compound was first identified in 1970 as a product of ...
This releases lignin structures within the biomass, where the sugar and acid are separated. The sugar goes into a yeast- ... BlueFire Renewables (previously BlueFire Ethanol) is a biofuel company that produces a cellulose-to-ethanol solution using wood ... In 2009, Bluefire announced a teaming agreement with Solazyme, a renewable oil production company and leading algal synthetic ... per year cellulosic ethanol plant in Fulton, MS. In 2008, the company unveiled plans to create a network of ethanol refineries ...
One of the main advantages that allows GVL to be a practical biofuel is that it is relatively inexpensive to produce. Using a ... It is readily obtained from cellulosic biomass and is a potential fuel and green solvent. GVL behaves as a prodrug to γ- ... Since the use of precious metal catalysts is not required, this also decreases the total price of fuel production. Apart from ... including lignins. The saccharide products can be recovered from the lactone into water solution by antisolvent addition of ...
US 10906856, Luterbacher, Jeremy Scott & Shuai, Li, "Production of monomers from lignin during depolymerisation of ... The delignification selectively fractionates lignocellulose components into cellulosic fibre, hemicellulose and lignin. Part of ... Recently, due to the popularity of second generation biofuels, the organosolv process has been considered in the context of ... Due to the hydrophobic nature of organosolv lignin, flotation of organosolv lignin is effective without the use of the ...
... the production of palm oil has detrimental effects on the environment and is not considered to be a sustainable biofuel. The ... It is necessary to consider this mode of attack as a white rot involving lignin biodegradation, for integrated control. The ... cellulosic ethanol, biogas, biohydrogen and bioplastic. Thus, by using both the biomass from the plantation as well as the ... "Biofuels and palm oil - why palm oil cannot fuel the biofuels industry" (PDF).[permanent dead link] Danielsen, Finn; Beukema, H ...
In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation. Some renewable resources, ... ISBN 978-0-444-53448-4. "Peak Soil: Why cellulosic ethanol, biofuels are unsustainable and a threat to America". Retrieved 2013 ... Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch ... Assessing biofuels: towards sustainable production and use of resources, International Resource Panel, United Nations ...
Bioenergy Production: Residues can be processed to produce biofuels like biogas, bioethanol, and bio-oil. This contributes to ... It is made from wood pulp that has been treated with chemicals to remove the lignin. Lignin is the natural adhesive that holds ... "Spruce bark as an industrial source of condensed tannins and non-cellulosic sugars". Industrial Crops and Products. 52: 158-168 ... Demirbas, Ayhan (August 2008). "Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections". Energy ...
... its commercial production postponed till 2010, mainly due to the high production energy consumption and high production cost. ... In addition, impurities at the surface of nanocellulose such as glucosidic and lignin fragments need to be removed before ... "Engineering Algae to Make the 'Wonder Material' Nanocellulose for Biofuels and More". newswise.com. "Nanocellulose - NaNo ... Kalashnikova, Irina; Bizot, Herve; Bertoncini, Patricia; Cathala, Bernard; Capron, Isabelle (2013). "Cellulosic nanorods of ...
... lignin has been investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production and can become a crucial plant extract in the development of ... "Cellulosic ethanol: what to do with the lignin", Biomass, retrieved 2016-08-10. Abengoa (2016-04-21), The importance of lignin ... T 222 om-02 - Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp" (PDF). Harkin, John M. (November 1966). "Lignin production and detection ... "Lignin and its Properties: Glossary of Lignin Nomenclature". Dialogue/Newsletters Volume 9, Number 1. Lignin Institute. July ...
Around the time of World War I, production from biofuels slowed as petroleum production increased and its uses were identified ... Xylophagous anaerobes (lignin consumers) or high temperature pretreatment, such as pyrolysis, can be used to break lignin down ... "A sustainable pathway of cellulosic ethanol production integrating anaerobic digestion with biorefining". Biotechnology and ... Biofuels, Environmental engineering, Hydrogen production, Mechanical biological treatment, Power station technology, Sewerage, ...
"Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics". ... Cosolvents also play an important role in the production of biofuels from assorted biomass. For example, in efforts to convert ... In another example, a tetrahydrofuran-water mixture was found to be incredibly effective in extracting lignin from biomass to ... biofuels, and sorbents. In some cases, the utilization of cosolvents also allows for satisfaction of a broad goal in the field ...
Cellulosic biofuels: The invention would be beneficial to companies focusing on novel lignocellulosic biofuel production ... Biomaterials: The resultant lignin fraction has potential to be used for the production of various biomaterials. ... The method also provides the option to simultaneously extract biologically inhibitory cell-wall extracts such as lignin, lignin ... lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) ester linkages, and non-specific enzymes binding to cell wall components (like lignin) are ...
Scientists predict that within a decade the current method of bio-fuel production is likely to be replaced with advanced bio- ... Cellulosic biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, with smaller amounts of proteins, lipids (fats, waxes ... As first generation bio-fuels like ethanol and bio-diesel is facing severe challenges, mostly in terms of production costs, ... These advanced bio-fuels first need to be fermented (like beer or wine) using a microorganism to produce the crude bio-fuel ...
... a development that could lower production costs for advanced biofuels.. Their method uses liquid salts to extract lignin - the ... leaving a sugar-rich material that is used in the production of cellulosic biofuel. ... The lignin is valuable to biofuel producers as a co-product that can be burned for power. ... "Finding inexpensive ways to remove lignin is one of the largest barriers to producing cost-effective biofuels," said Ezinne ...
... and carbon dioxide and biofuels. The capacity of biogas based power has been growing rapidly for the past decade with global ... Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT ... This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production ... Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process. ...
The biofuels or ethanol mandate in 2007 resulted in a large increase in distillers grains production. After the distillation ... I doubt this mandate will be reached because its difficult to break the lignin plant bond. Furthermore, cellulosic ethanol ... A portion of the biofuels mandate of 2007 was a large increase in the cellulosic ethanol mandate of 13 billion gals. to be ... Drylot cow-calf production. I had decided to switch our cattle business from predominately a yearling grazing program to a cow- ...
Cellulosic Biofuels Production Methods. Cellulosic biofuels are derived from lignocellulosic biomass, which contains cellulose ... hemicellulose, and lignin. The production process typically involves:. Pretreatment: Biomass undergoes physical, chemical, or ... Definition for Cellulosic Biofuels. Cellulosic biofuels are a type of renewable biofuel derived from the cellulose content of ... Benefits of Cellulosic Biofuels. Utilization of non-food biomass: Cellulosic biofuels enable the use of abundant non-food ...
Lignin, a major component of plant cell walls, aggregates to form clumps, which cause problems during the production of ... cellulosic ethanol. The exact shape and structure of the aggregates, however, have remained largely unknown. Researchers have ... revealed the surface structure of lignin aggregates down to 1 angstrom -- the equivalent of a 10 billionth of a meter or ... Energys Oak Ridge National Laboratory is providing a close-up look at the molecule that complicates next-generation biofuels. ...
Saccharomyces isolates and uncovered a wide range of capabilities for traits relevant to cellulosic biofuel production. Notably ... To investigate the efficacy of this approach for traits relevant to lignocellulosic biofuel production, we generated synthetic ... or ethanol production. Despite these efforts, improved strains with new properties are needed. In other industrial processes, ... cerevisiae may offer advantageous genes and traits of interest to the lignocellulosic biofuel industry. ...
Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics. ... Biofuels 2015, 8 (1), 1-16.. *Johnson, Q.; Lindsay, R.; Petridis, L.; Shen, T., Investigation of Carbohydrate Recognition via ... Vural, D.; Smith, J. C.; Petridis, L., Dynamics of the lignin glass transition. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20 (31), 20504- ... Sangha, A. K.; Petridis, L.; Smith, J. C.; Ziebell, A.; Parks, J. M., Molecular simulation as a tool for studying lignin. ...
Cellulosic biofuel production in July, before the EPAs rule change, was just 4,156 gallons for a seven-month total of 62,187 ... The statutory definition of cellulosic biofuel includes "renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin ... EPA is essentially inflating cellulosic fuel production so the numbers are more in line with its prediction of high cellulosic ... inflating cellulosic fuel production so the numbers are more in line with their prediction of high cellulosic production. In ...
BPs assessment is that biofuels could account for between 11 and 19% of the transport fuel market by 2030. The company also ... on accelerating a breeding program for perennial grasses that can be used as feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol ... when you say you we are going to burn the lignin to power the cellusic process then EROI doesnt matter, I dont agree since ... of biofuels by 2030 would require progress particularly in the area of cellulosic biofuels, Ellerbusch said in a talk at Platts ...
Hemicellulosic and cellulosic hydrolysates revealed moderate ethanol production by S. shehatae and S. cerevisiae under batch ... and lignin components of bagasse. The detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate was fermented by Scheffersomyces shehatae (syn. ... Cellulosic ethanol production technologies are emerging and require continued technological advancements. One of the most ... Candida shehatae UFMG HM 52.2) and resulted in 9.11 g/l ethanol production (yield 0.38 g/g) after 48 hours of fermentation. ...
... technology can convert a range of ligno-cellulosic materials into ethanol and other fuels and chemicals. Click to enlarge. ... Mitsubishi Corporation; Applied Intellectual Capital (AIC); and RedOx Biofuels, a fully-owned subsidiary of AIC, have signed a ... the AIC proprietary metal mediated redox technology for use in the production of biofuels from a variety of ligno-cellulosic ... hemicellulose and lignin components of ligno-cellulosic feed stocks. In turn, this should allow RedOx to achieve better yields ...
The second generation biofuel technology for the production of ethanol is cellulosic ethanol technology. Cellulose plants are ... The cementing materials (lignin and hemicelluloses) give stiffness by staying in between the gaps of the cellulosic filaments. ... Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Ionic Liquids *Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities for. Converting U. S. and ... the main source for the production of cel - lulosic biofuels. They have categorized it as "energy crops" rather than the crops ...
Engineering biofuel crops that can grow on land that is unsuitable for food production and require less energy and pesticides/ ... In order to access the sugars to make biofuel, the fibrous lignin must be broken apart. ... Swaminathans lab aims to improve cellulosic bioenergy crops like the perennial grasses Miscanthus and switchgrass. By ... What is biofuel used for? The use of biofuels has grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy ...
had previously delivered samples of its trademarked HP-LTM lignin for evaluation and product trials. ... U.S. fuel ethanol production was down 1 percent the week ending Nov. 24, according to data released by the U.S. Energy ... Deploying effective carbon capture and storage at biofuels plants will cement ethanol and biodiesel as the lowest carbon liquid ... Lignol makes progress in cellulosic ethanol, lignin development. .css-7jxktu{position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px; ...
... has led to development of various platform chemicals and fossil fuel refinery is one of the mainstreams for their production. ... Switchgrass as an energy crop for biofuel production: A review of its ligno-cellulosic chemical properties. Energy & ... Valorization of rice straw for ethanol production and lignin recovery using combined acid-alkali pre-treatment. BioEnergy ... 5-HMF is utilized for the production of value-added fuels and chemicals (biofuel, solvents, polymers, adhesives, plastic, ...
Food crops and ligno-cellulosic plant biomass have been widely studied as an alternative feedstock for biofuels production. ... Marine algae have several advantages over the traditional energy crops including absence of lignin, higher growth rates and no ... Marine macroalgae have come forward as another potential feedstock for biofuels production. ... Biofuels are considered as promising alternative liquid fuels in recent global energy scenario. ...
... liquid fuels synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass - offer a clean, green and renewable alternative to gasoline, ... "Were then able to separate the pretreatment solution into two phases, a sugar-rich water phase for recovery and a lignin-rich ... Advanced biofuels - liquid fuels synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass - offer a clean, green and renewable ... Advanced biofuels, produced from the microbial fermentation of sugars in lignocellulosic biomass, could displace gasoline, ...
He said lignin from biomass is currently used for electricity and steam production, but through a process of depolymerization ... NABCE included two tracks, with one focused entirely on cellulosic ethanol, and the second on biodiesel and other advanced ... An in-depth review of the National Advanced Biofuels Conference. For the first time ever, the National Advanced Biofuels ... WSU faculty member presents at National Advance Biofuels Conference and Expo. WSU faculty member presents at National Advance ...
Sticklen M B. Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production:towards affordable cellulosic ethanol[J].Nature Reviews Genetics ... Impacts on lignin structure and implications for the biosynthesis of G and S lignin[J]. Plant Cell, 2001, 13: 73-88. ... Sticklen M B. Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production:towards affordable cellulosic ethanol[J].Nature Reviews Genetics ... Impacts on lignin structure and implications for the biosynthesis of G and S lignin[J]. Plant Cell, 2001, 13: 73-88. ...
Benefits of higher paper volumes and pulp prices compared to fourth quarter offset by higher production costs (All financial ... Conversion of $26 million ($18 million after tax) of alternative fuel tax credits into cellulosic biofuel producer income tax ... Benefits of higher paper volumes and pulp prices compared to fourth quarter offset by higher production costs. (All financial ... Inaugurated a commercial-scale lignin removal plant at the Plymouth, NC mill ...
One other form is cellulosic ethanol, a new, second generation of liquid biofuel. Rather than competing with food supply (often ... Vanilla ice cream and carbon fibre from lignin. Lignin is what gives trees their tough, woody quality, and after cellulose is ... Be it in a coal, nuclear or biomass power plant, heating water into highly pressurised steam is at the core of production. ... Lignin is generally a waste product from the paper pulping process and is often burnt as fuel. However, it can also serve as a ...
The group handles Biodiesel, Ethanol, Biomass, Cellulosic Ethanol, Biochar, Bio-Coal, Anaerobic Digestion, Lignin, Biogas, ... "He has designed proprietary technologies for production and characterization, has served as the director of biochar research ... Jet Biofuels, Pyrolysis, Catalysis and Torrefaction. They offer a wide range of services worldwide, from initial planning and ...
... focus on cellulosic biofuel, the kind made from the stems of woody plants like trees and residues from grasses. ... It only took one to reduce the lignin and increase the cellulose. They found it took three different genes working in concert ... Some of those genetically modified plants grew faster, and their sugar production tripled, Joshi reports, making the stems much ... Thats because they are made of complex molecular chains of sugars-sugars that must be released to brew biofuel from woody ...
... transesterification and lignin valorization by depolymerization are aptly suited for biorefinery processing, and were discussed ... Mabee, W. E. (n.d.). Policy Options to Support Biofuel Production. In Biofuels (Part of the Advances in Biochemical Engineering ... Ye, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, J. and Chang, J. (2012). Selective production of 4-ethylphenolics from lignin via mild hydrogenolysis. ... Rubin, E. M. (2008). Genomics of cellulosic biofuels. Nature, 454, 841-845. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07190 ...
Crop-Based Biofuel Production under Acreage Constraints and Uncertainty. Here are some excerpts of comments by Tom Philpott at ... In brief, the cellulose content of biomass is accompanied by a lot of lignin, inorganics, etc. that wont get converted in a ... We calculate the subsidies required to stimulate biofuel production to the levels required by the EISA RFS. We find that ... Cellulosic ethanol, and by that I mean cellulosic ethanol in the traditional mold of what Iogen has been working on for years ...
... by day and we seem to realize how important it is to shift from fossil fuels to renewable ones like second generation biofuels. ... Ligno-cellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock,with about an annual worldwide production of 10-50 billion dry ... espcially from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks sourced from crop. The purpose is to convert the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin ... The estimated costs of ligno-cellulosic biofuel are wide ranging, partly depending on the feedstock chosen for the assesment. ...
  • Cellulosic ethanol can be produced from a wide variety of cellulosic biomass feedstocks including agricultural plant wastes (corn stover, cereal straws, sugarcane bagasse), plant wastes from industrial processes (sawdust, paper pulp) and energy crops grown specifically for fuel production, such as switchgrass. (copperwiki.org)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • They utilize non-food biomass feedstocks, reducing the potential conflict between food and fuel production. (exaputra.com)
  • Ensuring a consistent supply of cellulosic biomass feedstocks at an affordable cost remains a challenge. (exaputra.com)
  • Lignin clumps can inhibit the conversion of biofuel feedstocks -- for example, switchgrass -- into ethanol, a renewable substitute for gasoline. (sciencedaily.com)
  • and RedOx Biofuels , a fully-owned subsidiary of AIC, have signed a memorandum of understanding to work together to commercialize a process developed by AIC and RedOx Biofuels to convert non-food feedstocks into ethanol. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The RedOx process, Metal Mediated Redox (MMR), is a proprietary electrochemical synthesis process that combines a metal species with a proprietary electrolyte that reacts with ligno-cellulosic feedstocks. (greencarcongress.com)
  • AIC formed RedOX Biofuels in November 2007 to commercialize the AIC proprietary metal mediated redox technology for use in the production of biofuels from a variety of ligno-cellulosic feedstocks. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The MMR technology sequentially processes the separate components of ligno-cellulosic materials, using fully recycled reagents that create little or no secondary waste (unlike acid hydrolysis), and require no chemical pretreatment of feedstocks. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Second geneation biofuels can be broadly grouped into those produced either biochemically or thermo-chemically, either using non-food crops, espcially from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks sourced from crop. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • To be acceptable, biofuel feedstocks must be sustainably produced in terms of agricultural practices, responsible and efficient use of water and free of exploitattion of landowners. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • The process of producing cellulosic ethanol involves breaking down the feedstocks into their component sugars, which are then fermented and distilled into ethanol. (optimation.us)
  • Overall, among other renewable biofuels, cellulosic ethanol is sustainable with its use of non-food feedstocks and its low carbon footprint. (optimation.us)
  • Lastly, many feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production are found in rural areas, which means that cellulosic ethanol production can create jobs and economic opportunities in these areas. (optimation.us)
  • In the production of biofuels, feedstocks represent a significant expense with costs incurred for planting, harvesting and transporting the trees. (ornl.gov)
  • A federal Energy Bill passed in December 2007 requires ethanol production to increase to 36 billion gallons a year by 2022, and of that, 21 million must come from cellulosic feedstocks such as grasses and wood materials. (altenerg.com)
  • Furthermore, by-products of biofuel production and increased production titers) and reconstruction of the first generation is based on microbial fermentation of edible feedstocks, rich in starch and sucrose, such where to buy finasteride in harrisburg online as crop-based biodiesel, corn and sugar beet-based bioethanol, and, more recently, corn-based biogas products. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • Biobutanol production on lignocellulose biomass and other waste streams represent more complex feedstocks than sugarcane or palm oil, potentially containing compounds able to use renewable electricity and carbon offsets should also include GHG emissions that take the levels of CO2. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The company also thinks there is a possibility, if the industry can address some of the land, feedstock and technology issues that exist today, for up to 30% biofuels penetration into transportation by 2030, according to Susan Ellerbusch, VP Global Biofuels for BP. (greencarcongress.com)
  • BP is also collaborating with Mendel Biotechnology, a functional genomics company, on accelerating a breeding program for perennial grasses that can be used as feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The products developed in biorefinery are usually called bioproducts because it is based on the sustainable manufacture of products from biomass, this encompasses all processes, from feedstock production and supply to processing stages and end product manufacturing, as well as research, development, and commercialization procedures. (intechopen.com)
  • Food crops and ligno-cellulosic plant biomass have been widely studied as an alternative feedstock for biofuels production. (asianjab.com)
  • Marine macroalgae have come forward as another potential feedstock for biofuels production. (asianjab.com)
  • He said lignin from biomass is currently used for electricity and steam production, but through a process of depolymerization and defragmentation followed by catalytic upgrading, the material is suited for jet fuel feedstock. (wsu.edu)
  • Ligno-cellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock,with about an annual worldwide production of 10-50 billion dry tonnes. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • In the biochemical conversion process that relates to the concept of bio-refineries, lignin represents a potential valuable source of chemical feedstock. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • The estimated costs of ligno-cellulosic biofuel are wide ranging, partly depending on the feedstock chosen for the assesment. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Policies designed to reward environmental performance and sustainability of biofuels, as well as to encourage provision of a more abundant and geograpchically extensive feedstock supply, could see second generation products begin to eclipse first generation alternatives in the medium to longer-term. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Lignocellulosic biomass-a category that includes plant matter such as corn stover and switchgrass-serves as the feedstock to create biofuels, as well as bioproducts currently made from petrochemicals. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • The process normally used to deconstruct biomass, called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, works like this: The feedstock is pretreated with heat and chemicals to separate and remove lignin and/or hemicellulose components. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • Typically, traditional ethanol yields around 2.5 gallons of ethanol per bushel of corn, while cellulosic ethanol production can yield up to 4 times as much ethanol per ton of feedstock. (optimation.us)
  • On top of that, the feedstock of any waste from co-products or even dedicated crops for cellulosic ethanol does not require a high amount of water and fertilizer compared to corn when it is dedicated to traditional ethanol production. (optimation.us)
  • In the kraft process, the world's leading pulping technology, the lignocellulosic feedstock is treated in alkaline media containing hydroxide, sulfide, and bisulfide ions ("white liquor"), causing the dissolution of lignin and part of the hemicelluloses. (ncsu.edu)
  • The other important issue is the chemical composition of biomass as a feedstock for industry or energy production ( [10] ). (sisef.org)
  • The first cellulosic ethanol plant in the United States to use wood waste as its feedstock has started production in Wyoming, giving KL Process Design Group a head start in this fast growing-and evolving-sector of the biofuels industry. (altenerg.com)
  • In parallel with the biorefinery research Ola has ongoing research related to membrane filtration of kraft black liquor with the aim of producing a lignin fraction suitable as a feedstock for oil refineries for the production of a green gasoline. (lu.se)
  • Cellulosic biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, with smaller amounts of proteins, lipids (fats, waxes and oils) and ash. (copperwiki.org)
  • Multi-scale structural studies of SB after sequential acid-base pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis showed marked changes in hemicellulose and lignin removal at molecular level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AIC believes that it is unique in using electrochemical synthesis in biofuel production and that its approach provides for more optimal processing of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components of ligno-cellulosic feed stocks. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The walls of plant cells are made up of three molecules: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • The purpose is to convert the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin polymers into ethanol, synthetic diesel ot other liquid fuels including for aviation and marine purposes. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Plants are protected by a complex cell wall and, inside that, polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin-each of which poses its own challenges that must be overcome for the biomass to be "deconstructed. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • Cellulosic biofuels are a type of renewable biofuel derived from the cellulose content of non-food biomass materials, such as agricultural residues, dedicated energy crops, and forestry residues. (exaputra.com)
  • Unlike traditional biofuels, which are primarily produced from food crops like corn or sugarcane, cellulosic biofuels are made from the structural components of plant matter, such as stems, leaves, and other non-edible plant parts. (exaputra.com)
  • Unlike traditional biofuels derived from food crops, cellulosic biofuels are made from agricultural residues, dedicated energy crops, and forest biomass, offering numerous environmental and economic advantages. (exaputra.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels enable the use of abundant non-food biomass sources, such as agricultural residues (e.g., corn stover, wheat straw), dedicated energy crops (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus), and forest biomass, minimizing the competition with food production. (exaputra.com)
  • Common crop plants that are used as biomass include sugar crops like sugarcane, starch crops like corn and sorghum, oilseed crops like soybean and canola, and cellulosic plants like corn stalks, grasses, and waste wood chips. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Today, most biofuels are produced from agricultural crops and are called conventional, or first-generation, biofuels. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • New technologies and processes that produce fuels from waste, inedible crops or forestry products are being developed and these fuels are known as advanced, or second-generation biofuels. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Because advanced biofuels use waste products, leftover plant scraps and non-food crops, they do not take crops and land away from the food supply industry. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Marine algae have several advantages over the traditional energy crops including absence of lignin, higher growth rates and no competition with human food. (asianjab.com)
  • The identification of these genes in Brachypodium will serve as a handle for gene discovery in important biofuel crops, such as switchgrass. (energy.gov)
  • It is mainly composed of cellulose and lignin, found in agricultural crops and trees, wood & wood waste/residues, including aquatic plants, grasses/fibers. (optimation.us)
  • Woody energy crops, for instance, are grown solely for the production of renewable energy ( [1] ). (sisef.org)
  • Jacobus Ana P, Gross J, Evans John H, Ceccato-Antonini Sandra R, Gombert Andreas K. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the bio-based economy from biomass: the case for food crops with first-generation biofuels, biomass used in fermentation where to buy finasteride in harrisburg online to produce ethanol. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • To that point, a combination of synthetic and biofuels in Europe: An Emerging Sector of the microalgal cells combined with the ever-growing demand for crops (e. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • The Environmental Protection Agency recently expanded the definition of what constitutes as cellulosic biofuel, which many believe is a political move that unlawfully tries to revise a statutory definition for cellulosic biofuels to artificially boost production numbers of a generally non-existent fuel and help fuel producers meet the overly ambitious 2014 targets. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • Saccharomyces ( S. ) cerevisiae is the workhorse of the incipient lignocellulosic biofuel industry [ 5 ] due to its robustness, stress-tolerance compared to bacteria and other fermenting microbes [ 6 ], and the established infrastructure for production by the sugarcane and starch ethanol industries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using that land for sugarcane production could yield an additional 40 billion gallons of biofuel-about 10% of gasoline demand today. (greencarcongress.com)
  • We hypothesized that consecutive dilute sulfuric acid-dilute sodium hydroxide pretreatment would overcome the native recalcitrance of sugarcane bagasse (SB) by enhancing cellulase accessibility of the embedded cellulosic microfibrils. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Next question: how are we going to turn to biofuels without depleting vital food resources like corn and sugarcane? (mtu.edu)
  • Bioethanol can also be produced from corn and sugarcane (first-generation biofuels), however, there are ethical concerns due to competition between growing food for consumption and growing food for fuel, thus raising the fuel vs food debate. (rte.ie)
  • Enzymes that he and his colleagues identified and engineered have the potential to simplify the production of biofuels and other bioproducts. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • In fact, the concept of producing cellulosic biofuel, bioproducts, and chemicals from lignocellulose has been around for over a century (Zhu 2011). (ncsu.edu)
  • Populus trichocarpa ," were published in the journal Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining . (ornl.gov)
  • Provides an introduction to the science and technology of Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Renewable Energy. (washington.edu)
  • The method also provides the option to simultaneously extract biologically inhibitory cell-wall extracts such as lignin, lignin decomposition products, xylo-oligosaccharides, and amides using essentially anhydrous liquid ammonia pretreatment (ALAP). (glbrc.org)
  • Achinivu said that the technique could be easily scaled up and is "likely to be both more energy-efficient and less expensive than existing biomass pretreatment techniques for removing lignin. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • An improved understanding of the lignin aggregates will aid scientists in efforts to design a more effective pretreatment process, which in turn could lower the cost of biofuels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pretreatment of lignocellulose is an inevitable process for the commercial deployment of cellulosic biofuels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apart from acid-base pretreatments, several pretreatment methods have been studied in the past which selectively remove either hemicellulose or lignin from the SB matrix. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We're then able to separate the pretreatment solution into two phases, a sugar-rich water phase for recovery and a lignin-rich ionic liquid phase for recycling. (designworldonline.com)
  • Complete separation of the pretreatment solution into sugar-rich water and lignin-rich ionic liquid phases was attained with the addition to the solution of sodium hydroxide. (designworldonline.com)
  • The conversion methods for producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass resources like distillers' waste grain include a pretreatment procedure, such as drying, size reduction, and removal of lignin and other unwanted components such as protein, water and fibre. (rte.ie)
  • Seven PCT applications published relating to pretreatment of biomass for second generation biofuels. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • The majority of the applications are directed to organic solvent pretreatment processes in which lignin is extracted and enzymatic saccharification is enhanced. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • WO2010079830 relates to a biomass pretreatment process involving a sulfite cooking step, which converts lignin in an insoluble form to a water-soluble form. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • The specification also speculates that the sulfite pretreatment alters the lignin in a way that reduces or removes the inhibitory effect of lignin and makes high hydrolysis yield at low enzyme consumption possible. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • Delivering that aggressive quantity of more than 600 billion liters (158.5 billion gallons US) of biofuels by 2030 would require progress particularly in the area of cellulosic biofuels, Ellerbusch said in a talk at Platts 3rd Annual Cellulosic Ethanol and Biofuels conference in Chicago (9-10 October). (greencarcongress.com)
  • A leader in the area of cellulosic ethanol production, KL Process Design Group believes that wood waste conversion technology as a whole has now advanced to the point where it is possible to ramp up full-scale commercial production of cellulosic ethanol both domestically and globally. (altenerg.com)
  • Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. (hindawi.com)
  • While cellulosic biofuels hold great promise for sustainable energy production, their commercial-scale production has faced technological and economic challenges. (exaputra.com)
  • However, ongoing research and development efforts are aimed at improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of production processes, making cellulosic biofuels a potentially important part of the transition to a more sustainable and low-carbon energy future. (exaputra.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy production by utilizing non-food biomass sources. (exaputra.com)
  • When you talk about can it be 11, can it be 19, can it be 30 percent, a lot of it is going to depend on how we actually create sustainable biofuels. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Our growing fuel needs compounded with the risks and limitations of fossil fuels have led to a renewable energy movement aimed at reducing the production and use of fossil fuels in favor of cleaner, more sustainable fuel sources. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • The Biodiesel Summit: Sustainable Aviation Fuel & Renewable Diesel is a forum designed for biodiesel and renewable diesel producers to learn about cutting-edge process technologies, new techniques and equipment to optimize existing production, and efficiencies to save money while increasing throughput and fuel quality. (ethanolproducer.com)
  • Along with other plants, trees produce 180 billion tons of cellulose a year, potentially making woody biomass a plentiful, sustainable, non-food source of biofuels. (mtu.edu)
  • In this blog, we will explore why cellulosic ethanol is the future of sustainable fuel production and its potential to transform the energy industry. (optimation.us)
  • What is cellulosic ethanol and what makes it sustainable? (optimation.us)
  • Ultimately, cellulosic ethanol production requires less land and resources to produce the same amount of ethanol, making it a more sustainable option. (optimation.us)
  • However, as we move towards a more sustainable future, it's important to explore alternatives such as cellulosic ethanol. (optimation.us)
  • According to the International Energy Agency, biorefineries are intended to achieve sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power, and/or heat). (ncsu.edu)
  • Sustainable biofuels from first to fourth generation) and mixtures (e. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels: The invention would be beneficial to companies focusing on novel lignocellulosic biofuel production processes. (glbrc.org)
  • Continued research and development efforts are needed to improve conversion efficiencies, reduce costs, and optimize production processes. (exaputra.com)
  • In other industrial processes, such as wine and beer fermentation, interspecies hybrids have combined important traits from multiple species, suggesting that interspecies hybridization may also offer potential for biofuel research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Long story short, cellulosic ethanol processes convert cellulose in a wet process. (rrapier.com)
  • Some of the most recent advances in enzymatic glycosylation processes focused on the production of important bioactive compounds have been analyzed. (preprints.org)
  • According to the specifications of each of the above applications, the disclosed processes surprisingly result in significantly improved lignin fragmentation and extraction and high carbohydrate retention. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • In contrast to second-generation biofuels, the third-generation processes completely decouple biofuel production do not require arable land or fresh water for cultivation. (everestgroupusa.com)
  • He started his research in the field of membrane processes when attempting to fractionate kraft black liquor and concentrate the lignin fraction. (lu.se)
  • Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), a bioenergy research center led by Berkeley Lab, have taken another step towards meeting this challenge with the development of a new technique for pre-treating cellulosic biomass with ionic liquids - salts that are liquids rather than crystals at room temperature. (designworldonline.com)
  • Such coupling reactions, which occur predominantly in grasses, significantly decrease cell wall degradability and thus work as a barrier against efficient utilization of cell walls as a source of biomass for bioenergy production. (energy.gov)
  • The trouble with the approach in 2007, which is still a problem today, is that a technology to produce cellulosic biofuel economically does not exist to the extent that the legislation requires. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • The use of wood fiber to produce cellulosic ethanol is much less politically volatile at present than the rough ride that's being experienced by corn-based ethanol producers due to the impact that the use of corn is perceived to be having on food prices. (altenerg.com)
  • Advanced biofuels, produced from the microbial fermentation of sugars in lignocellulosic biomass, could displace gasoline, diesel and jet fuel on a gallon-for-gallon basis and be directly dropped into today's engines and infrastructures without impacting performance. (designworldonline.com)
  • Cellulose-based ethanol or cellulosic ethanol is produced from lignocellulosic biomass. (optimation.us)
  • Novel processing strategies for hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass in a single reactor offer large potential cost savings for production of biocommodities and biofuels. (researchgate.net)
  • Much of the groups research is directed towards improving the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. (lu.se)
  • Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. (hindawi.com)
  • Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process. (hindawi.com)
  • These sugars are then fermented into biofuels, such as ethanol or other advanced biofuels, that can be used as alternatives to gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel. (exaputra.com)
  • In 2012, a federal court ruled that the EPA could not require refiners to blend non-commercially available biofuels into gasoline. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • Heavy usage of gasoline, burgeoning fuel prices, and environmental issues have paved the way for the exploration of cellulosic ethanol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Advanced biofuels - liquid fuels synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass - offer a clean, green and renewable alternative to gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. (designworldonline.com)
  • In fact, studies suggest that cellulosic ethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 86% compared to gasoline. (optimation.us)
  • By contrast, there is enough plant biomass for cellulosic ethanol production in the United States to displace 40 percent of the country's current gasoline consumption. (grist.org)
  • Tax subsidies to the oil industry distort the true cost of gasoline, but when those distortions are removed, cellulosic ethanol is one of the lowest-cost ways to reduce gasoline usage and is cost-competitive with regular ethanol. (grist.org)
  • In order to access the sugars to make biofuel, the fibrous lignin must be broken apart. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • It deconstructs biomass and then feeds on the resulting sugars to make advanced biofuels such as isobutanol or n-butanol. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • The EPA has expanded the definition , called a pathway, of cellulosic and advanced biofuels to include liquefied and compressed natural gas produced from biogas and landfills. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • How EPA intends to ensure that the qualified biofuels producing electricity are powering electric vehicles, and not the coal, natural gas, or nuclear energy that are also generating electricity, is clearly a question in determining what qualifies under this new pathway. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • Although there are a variety of conversion pathways under investigation, BP is focusing on biochemical fermentation as its cellulosic biofuel pathway of choice. (greencarcongress.com)
  • To augment ethanol production by the ET strain, an alternative ethanol production pathway comprised of pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhB) from Zymomonas mobilis (Fig. 4A) was transferred into C. phytofermentans on the replicating pQexpE plasmid (Fig. 4B). (researchgate.net)
  • The investment costs of a new second generation biofuel plant, at least in the early stage of developement for a medium scale plant producing around 50-150 Ml/Year is in the range of about 125-250 million USA dollars. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Bioethanol from plant sources (also known as second-generation biofuel) is a renewable fuel that can be produced from a variety of cellulosic and industrial food waste, such as distillers' spent grain. (rte.ie)
  • Cellulose percentage as well as crystallinity also increases due to removal of huge amount of lignin and impurities. (banksolar.ru)
  • In addition to the sugar content, the researchers also analyzed the amount of lignin, which forms rigid cell walls and bark and is difficult to break down. (ornl.gov)
  • The major constituents of date palm biomass are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. (bioenergyconsult.com)
  • The main achievement was the development of operating procedures for ultrafiltration of kraft black liquor at temperatures above the normal boiling point and in achieving fractionation between hemicelluloses and lignin in the liquor. (lu.se)
  • The conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into biofuels allows for better energy efficiency compared to traditional biofuels, as a larger proportion of the biomass is utilized. (exaputra.com)
  • Cellulose and hemicellulose are the only fractions required for bioethanol production. (rte.ie)
  • And by 2020 production from new sources -- even garbage that contains carbon -- is mandated to overtake output of corn ethanol. (copperwiki.org)
  • Though cellulosic ethanol is chemically identical to ethanol from other sources, such as corn or sugar, , it differs in that it requires an extra processing step called cellulolysis -- breaking cellulose down into sugars. (copperwiki.org)
  • Corn consumption for fuel ethanol production in September was down slightly when compared to the previous month, but up significantly when compared to the same month of 2022, according data released by the USDA in November. (ethanolproducer.com)
  • We find that subsidy levels are needed in the range of $0.22 to $0.78 per gallon for corn ethanol, $1.97 to $2.90 per gallon for biodiesel, and $1.55 to $2.11 for cellulosic ethanol . (rrapier.com)
  • Unlike traditional corn ethanol, cellulosic ethanol doesn't compete with food production and has a much lower carbon footprint. (optimation.us)
  • In the United States, it's corn (food crop), due to its abundant corn production. (optimation.us)
  • According to the Environmental and Energy Study Institute, a single cellulosic ethanol production plant can reduce emissions by up to 210,000 tons of CO2/per year with the usage of agricultural waste (corn stalks, husks, cobs) that would normally be left on the field to decompose. (optimation.us)
  • Regular ethanol is made from whole grains like corn or wheat, and this is where cellulosic ethanol has the advantage. (grist.org)
  • KL Process Design Group does not own any corn-based ethanol production plants. (altenerg.com)
  • KL Process Design Group believes that much of the current negativity related to corn-based ethanol production is media-driven, considering that the ethanol production industry was well established before the current debate erupted over food prices. (altenerg.com)
  • The paper is titled "Production and extraction of sugars from switchgrass hydrolyzed in ionic liquids. (designworldonline.com)
  • Their method uses liquid salts to extract lignin - the tough parts of a plant that protect cell walls - from farm residues and grasses. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • WO2010080464 discloses pretreating biomass in the presence of an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of ammonia and optionally an additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin without loss of hemicellulose. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • WO2010080462 discloses pretreating biomass in the presence of organic solvent under alkaline conditions in the presence of elemental sulfur and optionally one or more alkylamine and/or one or more additional nucleophiles to fragment and extract lignin. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • WO2010080461 discloses pretreating biomass using an organic solvent under alkaline conditions in the presence of one or more sulfide (hydrosulfide) salt and optionally one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • Mechanical methods give natural bamboo fibers and involve flax production whereas chemical methods are of two types namely Bamboo Viscose Rayon method and Bamboo Lyocell method. (banksolar.ru)
  • The company's plant in Wyoming is also the first wood waste ethanol plant that does not use acids or have a full dependency on specialized enzymes to release cellulosic sugars from lignin fibers as part of the ethanol manufacturing process. (altenerg.com)
  • Finding inexpensive ways to remove lignin is one of the largest barriers to producing cost-effective biofuels," said Ezinne Achinivu, a chemical and biomolecular engineering researcher at North Carolina State. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • After 2020 or thereabouts, second generation biofuels could become a much more significant player in global biofuels market characterised by a balance between first and second generation technologies. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Candida shehatae UFMG HM 52.2) and resulted in 9.11 g/l ethanol production (yield 0.38 g/g) after 48 hours of fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hemicellulosic and cellulosic hydrolysates revealed moderate ethanol production by S. shehatae and S. cerevisiae under batch fermentation conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In brief, the cellulose content of biomass is accompanied by a lot of lignin, inorganics, etc. that won't get converted in a standard fermentation process. (rrapier.com)
  • The cellulosic content in date palm wastes can be transformed into biofuel ( bioethanol ) by making use of the fermentation process. (bioenergyconsult.com)
  • Ethanol production is essentially a fermentation and distillation process. (altenerg.com)
  • Answer: focus on cellulosic biofuel, the kind made from the stems of woody plants like trees and residues from grasses. (mtu.edu)
  • The focus of this proposal is to identify and characterize new genes controlling feruloylation in grasses, as well as new genes that are responsible for the assembly of lignin into the cell wall and for biomass conversion. (energy.gov)
  • This biofuel is made from non-food plant materials like grasses, wood chips, and agricultural waste. (optimation.us)
  • The emergence of the first commercial bioethanol production plants utilising ligno-cellulosic raw materials has begun. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Despite the court's ruling, for 2014, EPA is requiring refiners to blend 17 million gallons of cellulosic biofuel into the fuel supply, considerably higher than last year's requirement of 810,000 gallons. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • Cellulosic biofuel production in July, before the EPA's rule change, was just 4,156 gallons for a seven-month total of 62,187 or just 0.4 percent of the proposed 2014 requirement. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • After the EPA announced its rule change, production in August totaled 3,492,106 gallons, with all of that production coming from newly qualified natural gas biofuels . (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • [v] Thus, due to the definition change, for the first 8 months of 2014, refiners have blended 3,554,293 "cellulosic" gallons into the fuel supply- about 21 percent of EPA's proposed requirement for 2014. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • They reckon that the mandate can inspire "rational" farmers and investors to churn out 4.5 billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol by 2022 - but there's a catch. (rrapier.com)
  • High speed fuel from the forest: KL Process Design Group's Wyoming plant produces about 1.5 million gallons of ethanol per year from wood waste, and presently all production is focused on racing fuel. (altenerg.com)
  • Ethanol production is now reaching seven billion gallons. (altenerg.com)
  • Researchers at North Carolina State University say they've discovered a new way to break down plant materials, a development that could lower production costs for advanced biofuels. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • The lignin in the plant materials dissolved into the liquid salt solution, leaving a sugar-rich material that is used in the production of cellulosic biofuel. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • Lignin, a major component of plant cell walls, aggregates to form clumps, which cause problems during the production of cellulosic ethanol. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When enzymes are used to release plant sugars necessary for ethanol production, the lignin aggregates bind to the enzymes and reduce the efficiency of the conversion. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Biofuels are promising substitutes for fossil fuels that are produced from renewable, organic (carbon-containing) materials like plant matter and animal waste. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • However, the lignin is a fibrous molecule that binds all of the molecules together in a compact structure, giving the plant the structural support needed to survive. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Be it in a coal, nuclear or biomass power plant, heating water into highly pressurised steam is at the core of production. (drax.com)
  • Turning off some of these genes produced trees with cell walls that contain less lignin and hemicellulose-a carbohydrate in cell walls that provides support but also flexibility for plant stems-and more cellulose. (mtu.edu)
  • Characterization of non-edible oil from waste plant materials for biodiesel production. (ejosdr.com)
  • That's certainly the case in producing cellulosic biofuels, which, at least for now, requires a two-step process to free the sugars trapped in plant matter and convert them into something else. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • Lignin, which acts like a glue that holds plant material together, poses a big problem. (canadianbiomassmagazine.ca)
  • Our plant supplants your plant: a real-life cellulosic ethanol refinery. (grist.org)
  • The great white hope in today's biofuels world is cellulosic ethanol , and the one pre-commercial demonstration plant currently producing it lies in the great white north. (grist.org)
  • Iogen uses the lignin in a combined heat and power plant that generates the energy needed to run the demonstration facility. (grist.org)
  • We've built the first operating cellulosic plant in the United States to operate on softwoods, and that truly will give us a long-term advantage from those that have their process in the lab or who are at the demonstration scale. (altenerg.com)
  • Scientists predict that within a decade the current method of bio-fuel production is likely to be replaced with advanced bio-fuels . (copperwiki.org)
  • As first generation bio-fuels like ethanol and bio-diesel is facing severe challenges, mostly in terms of production costs, efficiency, transport and distribution, and costly vehicle modification. (copperwiki.org)
  • This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, cellulosic biofuels can provide economic benefits by creating new markets for agricultural and forestry residues, stimulating rural development, and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. (exaputra.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels offer significant greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to fossil fuels. (exaputra.com)
  • RedOx's proprietary Metal Mediated Redox (MMR) technology can convert a range of ligno-cellulosic materials into ethanol and other fuels and chemicals. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The MMR process is capable of performing three key steps required for fuel synthesis-hydrolysis, oxidation/reduction, and catalysis-and converts ligno-cellulosic materials into ethanol and other high-performance, high-value fuels and chemicals, including hydrogen. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The use of biofuels has grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy policies in several countries, including the United States, that call for more renewable, lower-carbon fuels for transport. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Since biofuels emit less carbon dioxide than conventional fuels they can be blended with existing fuels as an effective way of reducing carbon dioxide emissions in transportation. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Although interest in biofuels is growing, they only represent around three percent of road transport fuels in use around the world today. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • Deploying effective carbon capture and storage at biofuels plants will cement ethanol and biodiesel as the lowest carbon liquid fuels commercially available in the marketplace. (ethanolproducer.com)
  • Biofuels are considered as promising alternative liquid fuels in recent global energy scenario. (asianjab.com)
  • Of equal economic importance, according to scientists from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is the amount of sugars contained within the cellulosic biomass that can be converted into fuels. (ornl.gov)
  • Willow biomass can be therefore used for the production of primary fuels (in form of chips, briquettes and pellets) and in some cases for secondary fuels (bioethanol or wood gas). (sisef.org)
  • This has been further compounded by depletion of fossil reserves, growing organic waste production, and global warming threats have combined to increase interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas fuel resources [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, the high volatile solids content in date palm biomass indicates its potential towards biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants, possibly by codigestion with sewage sludge, animal wastes and/and food wastes . (bioenergyconsult.com)
  • One example of biomass utilization is the production of biogas , a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. (bioenergyconsult.com)
  • He has designed proprietary technologies for production and characterization, has served as the director of biochar research for several emerging pyrolysis ventures, and has a long history in consulting on activated carbon projects. (prlog.org)
  • Some selected chemical process like the slow-fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, transesterification and lignin valorization by depolymerization are aptly suited for biorefinery processing, and were discussed in this review. (ejosdr.com)
  • These characteristics favor willow biomass for combustion, pyrolysis and gasification instead of biological conversion to biofuels. (sisef.org)
  • Further breakthroughs in the biochemical or thermo-chemical routes will significantly lower the production costs and accelerate investment and deployment. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • From RTÉ Radio 1's Drivetime, could biofuels help cut our carbon footprint? (rte.ie)
  • The two most common types of biofuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel. (hudsonalpha.org)
  • They start by calculating that without the latest round of goodies - i.e., the fat "Renewable Fuel Standard" of the 2007 Energy Act - cellulosic ethanol (and biodiesel, too) would have withered away. (rrapier.com)
  • This is important because cellulose crystallinity, lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) ester linkages, and non-specific enzymes binding to cell wall components (like lignin) are the major rate-limiting steps to efficient cell wall deconstruction. (glbrc.org)
  • By eliminating the need for enzymes and decreasing the water consumption requirements of more traditional ionic liquid pretreatments we should be able to reduce the costs of sugar production from lignocellulose. (designworldonline.com)
  • So Joshi, interim chair of the Department of Biological Sciences at Michigan Tech and a professor in the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, set out to produce trees that would yield to the enzymes that transform biomass into biofuel. (mtu.edu)
  • The method involves incubating cellulosic material with an enzyme composition comprising a cellobiose dehydrogenase and one or more cellulolytic enzymes in the presence and absence of a polypeptide and measuring the release of sugar from the cellulosic material in the presence and absence of the polypeptide. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels offer several advantages over traditional biofuels. (exaputra.com)
  • This process is more complex than traditional ethanol production, but it has several advantages. (optimation.us)
  • Cellulosic ethanol production technologies are emerging and require continued technological advancements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Capturing and storing carbon dioxide in underground wells has the potential to become the most consequential technological deployment in the history of the broader biofuels industry. (ethanolproducer.com)
  • However, recent technological advancements have presented an opportunity to convert food waste into renewable biofuels, such as bioethanol which can be used in automobiles and aircraft engines. (rte.ie)
  • Microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast, convert the fermentable sugars into biofuels, such as ethanol or other advanced biofuels. (exaputra.com)
  • Biorefineries are facilities that convert renewable biomass into biofuels, chemicals, and materials such as plastics and polymers [ 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Based on announced targets and pending regulations, BP's assessment is that biofuels could account for between 11 and 19% of the transport fuel market by 2030. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Liquid transportation biofuels will be an important component of this new bioeconomy, and cellulosic bioethanol provides an attractive renewable energy source that is nearly CO 2 -neutral and compatible with much of the current distribution infrastructure [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite these drawbacks, traditional ethanol production has played an important role in reducing dependence on foreign oil and promoting renewable energy. (optimation.us)
  • Although the renewable fuel standard enacted in 2007 has so far been used to boost the ethanol and advanced biofuels sectors, because the standard applies broadly to biomass-derived transportation fuel, EPA has determined that renewable electricity made out of biogas from landfills, municipal wastewater treatment and solid waste digesters, and agricultural digesters meets the 60 percent greenhouse gas reduction threshold needed to qualify as a cellulosic biofuel. (instituteforenergyresearch.org)
  • Cellulosic ethanol has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, provide a more reliable and cost-effective fuel supply, and support the growth of rural economies, all the while reducing dependence on foreign oil. (optimation.us)
  • Additionally, traditional ethanol production requires a significant amount of energy and resources that indirectly still contribute to a higher measure of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental problems. (optimation.us)
  • In the thermo-chemical route, all polymers, including lignin, are converted to synthesis gas. (arundobioenergy.com)
  • Cellulosic biofuels provide a valuable opportunity to utilize agricultural residues and other biomass waste streams, reducing the need for disposal and potential environmental impacts. (exaputra.com)
  • In May, RedOx Biofuels announced a collaborative scientific research agreement with Dr. Kevin O'Connor from University College Dublin's (UCD) School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, to investigate methods of converting post-consumer waste into bio-degradable plastics. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The highly organic nature of date palm waste makes it highly suitable for compost production which can be used to replace chemical fertilizers in date palm plantations. (bioenergyconsult.com)
  • Cosolvents find applications also in environmental chemistry and are known as effective countermeasures against pollutant non-aqueous phase liquids, as well as in the production of functional energy materials and synthesis of biodiesel. (wikipedia.org)
  • In August, BP made a $90 million investment in Verenium and formed a strategic partnership to accelerate the development and commercialization of cellulosic ethanol. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The production process for cellulosic biofuels typically involves breaking down the cellulose in the biomass into simple sugars through various methods, such as enzymatic hydrolysis or thermochemical conversion. (exaputra.com)
  • This article explores the potential of cellulosic biofuels, their production methods, benefits, and challenges. (exaputra.com)
  • Smith's project is the first to combine the two methods in biofuel research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • WO2010080408 relates to methods for increasing hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by hydrolyzing cellulosic material with an enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having peroxidase activity. (lawofrenewableenergy.com)
  • Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) could be an alternative to standard analytical methods supporting the research and development of biomass production technologies. (sisef.org)
  • The researchers were able to separate the liquid salt-lignin mixture into its components, leaving the protic ionic liquids available for future use. (governorsbiofuelscoalition.org)
  • Researchers have revealed the surface structure of lignin aggregates down to 1 angstrom -- the equivalent of a 10 billionth of a meter or smaller than the width of a carbon atom. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers have designed a fuel production system that uses water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and sunlight to produce aviation fuel. (techxplore.com)
  • The biofuel mixture is purified to remove impurities and obtain high-purity biofuels suitable for various applications. (exaputra.com)