NFAT5

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Citrullination

Mammalian eye

CA-125

Spalax

ANKRD24

Thymus

Immune system

Lactoferrin

Autoimmune retinopathy

Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W

Gene therapy of the human retina

Accelerating dark adaptation in humans

Prostaglandin EP4 receptor

Herpes simplex

Immune privilege

Lysozyme

Kitten

Cytoneme

Histamine

Vectors in gene therapy

Innate immune system

Sjögren syndrome

Food allergy

Human body

Retinal pigment epithelium

Rift Valley fever

Zinc

Researchers31

• In order to understand what goes wrong in cell receptor signaling-and how to fix it-researchers must understand how receptors are established and controlled, for example, during brain development or an immune response. (salk.edu)
• Researchers at Johns Hopkins are now in the early stages of figuring out how the composition of the gut changes in different diseases, how the body's immune system interacts with these tiny hitchhikers and particularly how that relationship may function in disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• In a new study, University of Pennsylvania researchers show that bacteria responsible for many cases of periodontitis cause this imbalance, known as dysbiosis, with a sophisticated, two-prong manipulation of the human immune system. (nutritionreview.org)
• Further experiments in mice and in cultured human neutrophils helped the researchers identify additional elements of how P. gingivalis operates to subvert the immune system. (nutritionreview.org)
• Researchers may be interested in using Bioinformatics databases such as those available at The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI ) website for more information about accession numbers and the proteins they represent. (mybiosource.com)
• This enables researchers to select the option that may be best for their model system, to screen more than antibody to determine which one may be best for their model system, as well as to use more than one antibody to follow up on and validate their results. (mybiosource.com)
• The researchers have also demonstrated that therapeutic targeting of these proteins is necessary for drugs to effectively treat this deadly form of cancer. (thaindian.com)
• While comparing proteins within normal moles and human melanoma cells, the Penn State researchers noticed that the two proteins were communicating with one another only among melanoma cells but not among normal cells. (thaindian.com)
• While it is still unclear what brings the B-Raf and Akt3 proteins together, the Penn State researchers say they now have a better understanding of how these two proteins interact to cause melanoma. (thaindian.com)
• In earlier studies, Borrás and her research group had shown that a greater outflow of fluid occurred when researchers artificially increased the pressure in human donor eyes. (innovations-report.com)
• A team of researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has developed a new technique for mapping cells. (eurekalert.org)
• To visualize a tissue sample, researchers first add small synthetic DNA tags, which latch on to molecules of genetic material inside cells. (eurekalert.org)
• The interactions between these DNA tags enable researchers to calculate the locations of the different molecules -- somewhat analogous to cell- phone towers triangulating the locations of different cell phones in their vicinity. (eurekalert.org)
• When the researchers examined cells from patients with A20 mutations, they saw more active NF-κB, compared to cells from healthy controls. (nih.gov)
• The researchers experimented on breast cancer cells in the lab that had high level of Id-1, and treated them with cannabidiol. (lifehack.org)
• BBSRC-funded researchers at University College London say they have gleaned a key insight into the molecular beginnings of age-related macular degeneration, the number one cause of vision loss in the elderly, by determining how two key proteins interact to naturally prevent the onset of the condition. (scitech-news.com)
• The researchers studied two proteins involved in drusen formation - blood protein Factor H and a second blood protein known as C-reactive protein - and showed that Factor H binds to C-reactive protein when C-reactive protein is present in large amounts, as in the case of infection, to reduce the potentially damaging effects of an overactive immune system. (scitech-news.com)
• Researchers from Pennsylvania State University have finally helped identify and support previous evidence which demonstrated how foods suppresses tumour development during immune surveillance, the immune system 's process of patrolling the body for cancer cells. (blogspot.com)
• The tumblers of life continue to click as Cornell University researchers have fabricated a set of "nano-keys" on the molecular scale to interact with receptors on cell membranes and trigger larger-scale responses within cells -- such as the release of histamines in an allergic response. (bio-medicine.org)
• However, nanotechnology now gives researchers new tools to understand the role of cell membranes in activating responses within cells. (bio-medicine.org)
• Being able to visualise the shape of proteins helps researchers to study how they interact with the body. (abc.net.au)
• This allows the researchers to turn on the circuits at the right time by using "small molecule" drugs that interact with RNA-binding proteins. (mit.edu)
• In a previous study, the researchers also showed that they could build cell-specificity into their circuits, so that the RNA only becomes active in the target cells. (mit.edu)
• In the 1990s, researchers working at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, performed cloning experiments in collaboration with PPL Therapeutics in Roslin, Scotland, on human coagulation factor IX, a protein. (asu.edu)
• Forbes v. Napolitano (2000) was a US court case that established that Arizona researchers could use fetal tissues from induced abortions for basic scientific research, for instance, as a source of stem cells. (asu.edu)
• One team of Mayo Clinic researchers recently developed a biodegradable gel as a substrate to grow stem cells in a flat sheet. (mayo.edu)
• Researchers at Karolinska Institutet and the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden have now studied in detail how pneumococci interact with the part of the immune system called the "complement system", which includes C3b. (technologynetworks.com)
• Researchers have identified a genomic variant strongly associated with sensitivity to the sun, brown hair, blue eyes - and freckles. (scienceblog.com)
• The study by an international team including researchers from the National Institutes of Health was reported in the Nov. 21, 2013, online edition of the journal Cell. (scienceblog.com)
• The researchers noted from genomic databases that the IRF4 gene is expressed at high levels only in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell important in the immune system, and in melanocytes, specialized skin cells that make the pigment melanin. (scienceblog.com)
• These methods allow researchers to perform tests on relevant cells in a culture system, before even performing any animal testing. (bprc.nl)

Cellular19

• Such virus-derived vectors administered to humans elicit immune responses against the viral capsid protein and immune responses, especially cellular, mounted against the protein expressed from the administered gene have been linked to attenuated transgene expression and loss of efficacy. (frontiersin.org)
• Therefore, a potential concern about the use of AAV-based vectors for gene therapy is that they may induce humoral and cellular immune responses in the recipient that may impact on efficacy and safety. (frontiersin.org)
• However, a potential concern about the use of such virus-derived vectors is the potential to induce humoral and cellular immune responses in the recipient that may impact on efficacy and safety. (frontiersin.org)
• Despite intensive studies since the 1990s, the physiological role of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) remains elusive. (frontiersin.org)
• The cellular prion protein (PrP C ) is known for its crucial involvement, via its scrapie isoform PrP Sc , in the development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in man and scrapie in sheep and goats. (frontiersin.org)
• Recall that they start off by forcing the expression of a long polypeptide that (with the help of hijacked cellular proteins) starts cleaving itself into many of these necessary viral pieces, an alarmingly compact and efficient "autoloader" mechanism. (sciencemag.org)
• Her research, which determines a person's immunity to hundreds of proteins simultaneously, has been published in the journal Molecular and Cellular Proteomics this month. (healthcanal.com)
• Signal transduction- the interaction of ligand and receptor proteins initiates this process, which converts the information in the signal into a cellular response. (majortests.com)
• Longevity research has discovered that aging is accelerated by declining cellular energy production, free radical damage, the 'browning' of proteins by glucose (glycation), and impaired immune defenses. (lifeextension.com)
• Mitochondria are tiny structures within the cells that convert nutrients into energy through the process of cellular respiration. (lifeextension.com)
• Cellular energy production itself produces free radicals that can damage cell structures, including the mitochondria, and ultimately lead to various diseases if the body's natural antioxidant capacity is inadequate. (lifeextension.com)
• Being on the outside of our cells, glycans are the first point of contact for most cellular interactions and thus influence how our cells communicate with one another. (cnbc.com)
• TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1 - 4). (rndsystems.com)
• Our data thus identify LruA as a surface-exposed leptospiral virulence factor that contributes to leptospiral pathogenesis, possibly by modulating cellular interactions with serum protein ApoA-I. (asm.org)
• Proteins whose cellular or extracellular roles have a strong structural component are composed primarily of primary and second structure, with little folding of the chains. (libretexts.org)
• How cell membranes control cellular function has long been studied but. (bio-medicine.org)
• How cell membranes control cellular function has long been studied but with ambiguous results. (bio-medicine.org)
• At present, very little is known about the structural changes caused by receptor clustering that allow cells to sense their outer environment and start cellular processes within the cell. (bio-medicine.org)
• The intracellular niche protects the bacteria from cellular and humoral components of the mammalian immune system, and at the same time, allows the bacteria to gain access to otherwise restricted nutrient sources. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Pathways3

• Their findings, reported in the journal Cell Host & Microbe , lay out the mechanism, revealing that the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis acts on two molecular pathways to simultaneously block immune cells' killing ability while preserving the cells' ability to cause inflammation. (nutritionreview.org)
• Caspase-dependent apoptosis as well as a number of alternative cell death mechanisms account for immune cell PCD induced by cell-intrinsic as well as extrinsic pathways. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Bioinformatics analyses revealed that pathways associated with the immune system, metabolism, programmed cell death, vesicle‑mediated transport, neuronal system and extracellular matrix organization may fulfill significant roles in orbital decompression in patients with inactive TAO. (spandidos-publications.com)

Bacteria21

• These cells recognize and attack foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, to prevent infection and illness. (medlineplus.gov)
• But, in fact, there is a lot of interaction between the body's immune system and bacteria in the gut. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• The immune system is inside your body, and the bacteria are outside your body. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• The selective strategy protects "bystander" gum bacteria from immune system clearance, promoting dysbiosis and leading to the bone loss and inflammation that characterizes periodontitis. (nutritionreview.org)
• Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to a preceived danger and misidentifies something like cat dander as a harmful bacteria. (nydailynews.com)
• As HSPs are among the most highly conserved proteins from bacteria to mice to humans (up to 60% identity) 10 , a possibility is that the anti-HSP immune responses are induced originally by bacterial HSPs, and are reactivated by host HSPs during glaucoma. (nature.com)
• and (4) HSP-specific CD4 + T-cell responses and glaucomatous neurodegeneration are both abolished in mice raised in the absence of commensal microbial flora (germ-free (GF) mice), supporting a mechanism of bacteria sensitized T-cell responses underlying the pathogenesis of glaucoma. (nature.com)
• This is because bacteria have sugars on their surfaces that are never seen on human cells - the pathogen's sugars are sensed by the immune system and that identifies the bacteria as 'foreign. (cnbc.com)
• The bacteria cannot germinate in normal tissues and will only attack the oxygen-starved or hypoxic cells in the tumor and spare healthy tissue around the cancer. (nutritionreview.org)
• When put in the eye, Chloromycetin works by helping kill the bacteria (germs) and allow the body to overcome the infection. (courtfield.tk)
• Usually, the body's immune system fights foreign substances, like viruses and bacteria. (versanthealth.com)
• There is evidence that this inflammation is caused by a misfire of the immune system, which attacks the body itself instead of attacking foreign invaders, such as viruses or bacteria. (encyclopedia.com)
• Septins have previously been found to be involved in the interaction of the cell with bacteria in the cytosol. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
• Our observation that they also organize a reaction to bacteria living in vacuoles suggests that they have a function in the recognition of foreign compartments by a parasitized human cell. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
• Certain pathogenic bacteria adopt an intracellular lifestyle and proliferate in eukaryotic host cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
• Yet, intracellular protection and access to nutrients comes with a price, i.e., the bacteria need to overcome cell-autonomous defense mechanisms, such as the bactericidal endocytic pathway. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
• The bacteria can interact with and consume these lipid droplets. (medicalxpress.com)
• Successful pathogenic strains of pneumococci have two proteins that, owing to their location on the surface of the bacteria, enhance their survival and ability to cause disease, a study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden published in Nature Communications, reports. (technologynetworks.com)
• This capsule prevents the important immune component C3b from attaching to and attacking the bacteria. (technologynetworks.com)
• This separate location on the surface of the bacteria affects the two surface proteins' functions. (technologynetworks.com)
• IRF4 makes a protein that spurs production of interferons, proteins that fight off viruses or harmful bacteria. (scienceblog.com)

Triggered by the body's immune system1

• A food allergy is an abnormal response to some food that is triggered by the body's immune system. (targetwoman.com)

Diseases15

• According to research conducted at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the body's immune system reacts in 2 ways - production of an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) and a type of cell called mast cell. (targetwoman.com)
• The exhibition features images and movies taken by scientists at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute as part of their work researching how diseases such as cancer affect the cells in our body. (abc.net.au)
• One of the most common eye diseases is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (healthwellfoundation.org)
• The immune system can attack citrullinated proteins, leading to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
• In rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, such as psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, autoantibodies often attack citrullinated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
• Research funded in part by the NIH's National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) has revealed a new role for A20, a protein that regulates a key immune response pathway, in certain early-onset autoinflammatory diseases. (nih.gov)
• Autoinflammatory disorders are a diverse class of diseases caused by abnormal activation of the immune system. (nih.gov)
• In the recent years, it has been of great interest to study the binding mechanism between the innate and adaptive immune responses as interrelated processes for the development of multiple autoimmune diseases. (hindawi.com)
• Glaucoma is a group of diseases in which retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve degeneration lead to blindness. (biomedcentral.com)
• This diverse multitude of tiny, invisible creatures helps us out in all kinds of ways, such as digesting food, making vitamins, protecting us from diseases, sculpting our organs, tuning our immune systems, and even shaping our behavior. (nautil.us)
• Here we will review the major mechanisms of programmed cell death, their disruption in immunological and rheumatological diseases, and prospects for harnessing PCD for therapeutic purposes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Only a few gene therapies have been approved for human use so far, but scientists are working on and testing new gene therapy treatments for diseases such as sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, and congenital eye disease, among many others. (mit.edu)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus, the most common form of the condition, can potentially involve any major organ system of the body, says Neil Kramer, MD, co-medical director at the Institute for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases at Overlook Medical Center in Summit, New Jersey. (livehopelupus.org)
• Mayo will continue to focus on developing cures for diseases with an eye on the "new new. (mayo.edu)
• This system plays a major part in infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejections, all of which are fields in which BPRC conducts a great deal of research. (bprc.nl)

Antibodies7

• For example, certain cells in the lining of the gut spend their lives excreting massive quantities of antibodies into the gut. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• Monoclonal antibodies, the cornerstone of immunotherapy, do not easily penetrate the tightly packed cells of the blood-brain barrier. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• You have the adaptive part, the one that raises specific neutralizing antibodies and targets T cells at an infection. (sciencemag.org)
• Test for presence of anti-citrullinated protein (ACP) antibodies are highly specific (88-96%) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), about as sensitive as rheumatoid factor (70-78%) for diagnosis of RA, and are detectable from even before the onset of clinical disease. (wikipedia.org)
• The immune system normally produces specialized proteins call antibodies. (rarediseases.org)
• Specifically, Baird works with immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which mount membrane proteins on mast cells to form receptor complexes that sense the environment and sensitize the cell to allergens, which are substances that cause an allergic reaction. (bio-medicine.org)
• the second is within the nuclei of the epidermal cells (antinuclear antibodies are present). (livehopelupus.org)

Activates4

• When protein Fel d 1, which is found in cats' dead skin cells, interacts with a common environmental bacterial toxin known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), it activates an immune receptor called TLR 4. (nydailynews.com)
• This complex then activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). (wikipedia.org)
• Cryptogenic antigens release, recognition of pathogenic structure, and metabolic changes generated by both stimuli begin an inflammatory process which in turn activates the immune system amplifying T and B cell responses. (hindawi.com)
• In a study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine , scientists identified a molecule, known as TIC10, which activates a protein that helps fight the disease. (blogspot.com)

Macrophages5

• A group led by Michal Schwartz at the Weizmann Institute detected immune cells called macrophages in the retinas of mice that sustained eye injuries a few days prior. (healthcanal.com)
• This condition triggers the immune system to produce too many activated T-lymphocytes and other immune cells called macrophages (histiocytes). (medlineplus.gov)
• PAD2 has also been shown to interact with vimentin in skeletal muscle and macrophages, causing the filaments to disassemble, suggesting a role in apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
• Kuppfer cells are macrophages fixed in place in the liver. (blogspot.com)
• When a person is infected with Mtb, their immune system tries to clear the pathogen by calling upon specialised immune cells called macrophages that recognise and engulf Mtb. (medicalxpress.com)

Nucleic acids1

• Antimalarial drugs inhibit the synthesis of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins by interacting with nucleic acids. (medscape.com)

Interaction6

• Colon cancer seems to stem from an interaction among the microbiome, the immune system and epithelial cells that line the colon. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• PD-1 inhibitors block the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1, and thus nix cancer cells' ability to turn off the immune system. (newswise.com)
• Washington, May 7 (ANI): Penn State scientists have discovered how a mole develops into melanoma by showing the interaction of two key proteins involved in 60-70 percent of tumors. (thaindian.com)
• It is interesting how the interaction of these two blood proteins protects the eye during crisis," Perkins said. (scitech-news.com)
• When a drug such as doxycycline, which is already FDA-approved, is added to the cells, it can stabilize or destabilize the interaction between RNA and RNA-binding proteins, depending on how the circuit is designed. (mit.edu)
• This interaction determines whether the proteins block RNA gene expression or not. (mit.edu)

Induce6

• It has long been the goal of experimental biology and medicine to induce cells to behave in predictable ways and to alter the behavior of cells in ways that are beneficial to a subject. (google.com)
• Here we show, using mice deficient in T and/or B cells and adoptive cell transfer, that transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is sufficient to induce T-cell infiltration into the retina. (nature.com)
• The immunity tests showed that the DMA-based DNA vaccination could induce effective immune response. (courtfield.tk)
• Here we review approaches that have been taken to induce programmed cell death in the therapy of autoimmune disease and prospects for bringing these experimental strategies into clinical practice. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Therefore, by delivering mRNA encoding a particular gene, scientists can induce production of the desired protein without having to get genetic material into a cell's nucleus or integrate it into the genome. (mit.edu)
• These cells do not normally divide, so once they are lost, the only hope is to somehow induce them to divide or to turn neighboring cells into hair cells. (harvard.edu)

Pathway6

• P. gingivalis uses this connection between C5aR and TLR2 to disarm and dissociate the MyD88 pathway, which normally protects the host from infection, from the proinflammatory and immune-evasive pathway mediated by Mal and PI3K," Hajishengallis said. (nutritionreview.org)
• For example, Schlossmacher reported that levels of a key autophagy marker drop in immune cells containing mutant LRRK2, suggesting this pathway is impaired. (alzforum.org)
• Furthermore, outgrowth by gill motor axons was specifically inhibited when Sema4E-expressing transgenic cells were transplanted to their pathway in nontransgenic host embryos. (jneurosci.org)
• For pathway analyses, the top enrichments were LXR/RXR activation, acute phase response signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling, and coagulation system. (arvojournals.org)
• Key determinant of DSB repair pathway choice, as it commits cells to HR by preventing classical non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). (genecards.org)
• In the immune system, the extrinsic cell death pathway is mediated principally by TNF family cytokines, in particular Fas Ligand and TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Bacterial7

• November 2015-By now, it's a familiar fact: Humans have more bacterial cells-a lot more-than human cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• The human body is comprised of roughly 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells. (nutritionreview.org)
• Moreover, LRRK2 expression in these cells takes off after exposure to bacterial or viral particles, or when the cells are stimulated by the cytokine interferon, which rallies the immune system to fight infection. (alzforum.org)
• Chloromycetin Ointment is used for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis (infection of the eye). (courtfield.tk)
• IMPORTANCE Chlamydia trachomatis is a frequent bacterial pathogen throughout the world, causing mostly eye and genital infections. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
• Some especially successful and pathogenic pneumococcal strains also express a closely related protein, PspC2, which is mainly localised at the bacterial poles. (technologynetworks.com)
• Our study shows that the precise localisation of bacterial surface proteins in relation to the capsule layer affects the role they will have in the disease development," says Birgitta Henriques-Normark, professor at the Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet. (technologynetworks.com)

Amino acids7

• These proteins have a characteristic extracellular sema domain of ∼500 amino acids and are grouped into subclasses based on other structural domains. (jneurosci.org)
• When protein is broken down, it creates amino acids that are essential nutrients for dogs. (petmd.com)
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. (lifeworkpotential.com)
• We categorize protein kinases as either serine-threonine or tyrosine kinases based on the amino acids they modify. (majortests.com)
• The sulfur-based amino acids go into the making of glutathione peroxidase, which reconstiutes Vitamin C as part of the antioxidant system. (treelight.com)
• Kids learn about proteins and amino acids the science biology including how they are made using dna. (informe.com)
• A larger number of these amino acids combined are called a 'polypeptide' or 'protein', and these are chemically active in making a living being. (ds9a.nl)

Physically interacts3

• Additionally, activated Brx also recruits and physically interacts with JIP4, a p38 MAPK-specific scaffold protein. (wikipedia.org)
• Hengartner and colleagues then show that UNC-69 physically interacts w. (bio-medicine.org)
• Hengartner and colleagues then show that UNC-69 physically interacts with another protein expressed in the nervous system, UNC-76. (bio-medicine.org)

Enzymes5

• DAP12 nucleotides have with a heterodimer of enzymes located by monophosphates, proteins and organic regulators gap-filling TREM2, Siglec H and SIRP-beta, respectively up as being KIR, LY49 and the NKG2C cells was by PTEN cells. (evakoch.com)
• Cells can alternatively synthesize enzymes and transporters that increase intracellular concentration of organic osmolytes, which are less toxic than excess ions but which also aid in water retention. (wikipedia.org)
• Enzymes called arginine deiminases (ADIs) catalyze the deimination of free arginine, while protein arginine deiminases or peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) replace the primary ketimine group (=NH) by a ketone group (=O). Arginine is positively charged at a neutral pH, whereas citrulline has no net charge. (wikipedia.org)
• Enzymes are types of proteins that can catalyze reactions inside cells, reactions that produce a number of things, including nutrients that the cell needs. (asu.edu)
• However, those that have been characterized demonstrate that inactive enzymes have an extensive and expanding role in biological processes, including regulation, inhibition and immune modulation. (portlandpress.com)

Mutations7

• These mutations cause a form of the condition designated type 2, which is characterized by unusually light (hypopigmented) skin, silvery-gray hair, and immune system abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
• We already know the RNA sequence of the virus very well, naturally, and that's allowing us both to track mutations and to lay out exactly what proteins it forces a cell to make once it gets ahold of the machinery. (sciencemag.org)
• All the mutations resulted in shortened forms of the protein. (nih.gov)
• People with NEMO mutations usually exhibit immune deficiency and are prone to infections. (nih.gov)
• These findings confirm the importance of A20 in dampening inflammatory responses, and show that failure of other proteins to interact with it can be as damaging as mutations that affect A20 itself. (nih.gov)
• However, these proteins can be rendered ineffective if cells experience uncontrolled growth though damage or mutations to DNA or if toxins through food and chemical pollution override the immune system's natural function. (blogspot.com)
• Autoimmune disease can arise from single-gene mutations affecting PCD, and defective PCD has been observed in some tissues and cells from patients with rheumatic disease. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Gene expression6

• This protein regulates gene expression induced by osmotic stress in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
• This mechanism of endogenous gene expression regulation, present in most eukaryotic cells, has been thoroughly used to study gene function [ 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
• Zinc finger proteins have been found to regulate gene expression by acting as transcription factors (see above). (oregonstate.edu)
• Your DNA contains a set of instructions that determine how much of a particular protein to create, which is called "gene expression. (helix.com)
• That will yield a genetic network of gene expression, messenger RNA and protein production. (harvard.edu)
• Other studies show that in vitro CAPs can modulate corneal and conjunctival cell functions, such as proliferation, migration, gene expression and cytokine secretion. (isciii.es)

Synthesis3

• SiRNAs exert their function in the cytoplasm of the cell, where they assemble with a several proteins to yield the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a multimeric RNA-protein complex that recognizes complementary messenger RNAs (mRNA) and promotes their degradation, thus blocking the synthesis of specific proteins. (intechopen.com)
• It is required in the synthesis of collagen and red blood cells and helps the immune system by maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cells. (wikibooks.org)
• This piece of RNA can then direct the synthesis of proteins via the genetic code. (medicalxpress.com)

Retinal gangl1

• The disease is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons. (nature.com)

Differentially expressed2

• This study aimed to develop a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying acute corneal allograft rejection by identifying differentially expressed tear proteins at defined stages and discovering potentially important proteins involved in the process. (arvojournals.org)
• Bioinformatics analyses were then employed to analyze the functions of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified by LC‑MS/MS. The palpebral fissure height and exophthalmia area were significantly restored after 1 month of orbital decompression such that they approached the normal levels identified in healthy eyeballs. (spandidos-publications.com)

Pigment-producing cells called m2

• Although the Rab27a protein is found in cells and tissues throughout the body, it appears to be most critical in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes and in certain immune system cells. (medlineplus.gov)
• This protein is found in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes, where it helps transport structures called melanosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

Pathogenic3

• Overall, the data suggest that pathogenic LRRK2 variants might increase a person's susceptibility to Parkinson's by weakening the immune system. (alzforum.org)
• Once inside the host, pathogenic strains can evade the innate immune response, multiply, and spread to most internal organs via the bloodstream ( 1 ). (asm.org)
• Utilizing this mechanism to eliminate autoreactive lymphocytes in autoimmune disease is an attractive strategy for immunotherapy because of the potentially long-lasting effects of the physical removal of pathogenic cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Interactions3

• Many of the important interactions between cells in early development occur by means of direct contact between surfaces. (majortests.com)
• These interactions can be used by pathogens to evade the immune response ( 3 ) or adhere to tissues ( 4 ), eventually contributing to pathogenesis. (asm.org)
• By understanding a membrane's role in cell function, she explained that these nano-keys could interfere with responses via the membrane interactions, rather than just targeting proteins to block responses. (bio-medicine.org)

Regulate3

• The thyroid is a gland and is part of the endocrine system, the network of glands that secrete hormones that regulate the chemical processes (metabolism) that influence the body's activities as well as regulating the heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure. (rarediseases.org)
• MIT biological engineers have devised a way to regulate the expression of RNA once it gets into cells, giving them precise control over the dose of protein that a patient receives, as shown in this conceptual image. (mit.edu)
• Through experiments on double mutant combinations, the authors show that the two proteins cooperate to regulate axon development. (bio-medicine.org)

Residues3

• Immunogen: TFDP1 antibody was raised in Mouse using a synthetic peptide (KLH-coupled) corresponding to the residues of TFDP1 protein as the immunogen. (mybiosource.com)
• The largest Rel protein, it consists of nearly 1,500 amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
• is made by linking tropoelastin proteins together through lysine residues to make a durable complex crosslinked by desmosine. (libretexts.org)

Tissues are correlated with this protein1

• Eye tissues are correlated with this protein. (mybiosource.com)

Tissue11

• Likewise, the protein burgeons in other types of inflamed tissue, such as leprosy skin biopsies, lymph nodes, and spleen. (alzforum.org)
• The proteins in this family are expressed in nearly every tissue in the body and are known transcriptional regulators in cytokine and immune cell expression. (wikipedia.org)
• Similarly, if tissue-rejecting cells can be eliminated or their behavior changed, transplantation with tissues foreign to the subject can be successful. (google.com)
• In gene therapy as it is generally termed, specific DNA is introduced into a tissue and organ, where it is produces various proteins that will correct or ameliorate the condition. (google.com)
• Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and is found in all connective tissue in the body. (wikibooks.org)
• The immune portion of mucosal barriers uses specialized immune compounds called secretory IgA (sIgA) , gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and other specialized immune cells to provide an immune defense. (wellnessresources.com)
• In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
• Multicellular organisms use programmed cell death to eliminate excess cells during development and maintain tissue homeostasis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The gut's brain, known as the enteric nervous system, is located in sheaths of tissue lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. (nytimes.com)
• Mesenchyme is a type of animal tissue comprised of loose cells embedded in a mesh of proteins and fluid, called the extracellular matrix. (asu.edu)
• Because the gel can be placed along a surface, such as the back of the eye, stem cells can be used to restore retinal tissue. (mayo.edu)

Mammalian cells1

• The organization of F actin around parasite-containing vacuoles may be a broader response mechanism of mammalian cells to the infection by intracellular, vacuole-dwelling pathogens. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Epithelial cells that line2

• The protein sets off a huge array of actions in the epithelial cells that line the colon. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
• In zebrafish, the epithelial cells that line the pharyngeal arches express Sema4E. (jneurosci.org)

Regulates5

• In the latest study, the research team has found that a second protein produced by Akt3 regulates the activity of the mutated B-Raf, which aids the development of melanoma. (thaindian.com)
• It is found among several proteins that bind directly to retinoblastoma protein, which regulates cell proliferation. (genecards.org)
• Component of the BRCA1-RBBP8 complex that regulates CHEK1 activation and controls cell cycle G2/M checkpoints on DNA damage (PubMed:10764811, PubMed:10910365, PubMed:15485915, PubMed:16581787, PubMed:16818604, PubMed:17965729, PubMed:19202191, PubMed:19759395, PubMed:20064462, PubMed:20829486). (genecards.org)
• The study also shows that a common surface protein on pneumococci called PspC1 is located right at the division site, where it recruits another protein called Factor H, which negatively regulates the complement system by, amongst other mechanisms, inactivating C3b. (technologynetworks.com)
• The data revealed that a variant in a non-coding, enhancer region that regulates the IRF4 gene is associated with the combined trait of sunlight sensitivity, brown hair, blue eyes and freckles. (scienceblog.com)

System's2

• By maintaining the integrity of the skin- humans first line of defense- and quashing free radicals, vitamin C improves the immune system's functioning. (wikibooks.org)
• they help boost the immune system's response against cancer. (unclineberger.org)

Extracellular matrix1

• Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). (rndsystems.com)

Transmembrane2

• Class 4 semaphorins are a large class of transmembrane proteins that contain a sema domain and that are expressed in the CNS, but their in vivo neural function is unknown. (jneurosci.org)
• Transmembrane protein in contact with both cytoplasm and the extracellular environment. (majortests.com)

Processes9

• Transketolase helps manufacture DNA and RNA, needed for many metabolic processes and for the production of new cells. (breakingmuscle.com)
• Also in this case like SO, probably the proteins that are hidden in the tissues would be exposed by factors such as trauma and begin to be recognized by the immune system as foreign, triggering processes for their elimination initially with innate and later with acquired immune mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
• In the eye, during the normal processes of aging, cells will die naturally for all sorts of reasons," Okemefuna said. (scitech-news.com)
• In normal individuals, further damage to the retina by prolonged exposure to high levels of C-reactive protein is prevented by Factor H. C-reactive protein also prevents Factor H from clumping together and initiating the processes that lead to drusen formation," Perkins said. (scitech-news.com)
• The main consequence of the Rho GTPase activation is the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is crucial for many biological processes such as cell division, adhesion, migration, and axon guidance. (jneurosci.org)
• These results establish a role for Rab11 in the post-Golgi transport of rhodopsin and of other proteins to the rhabdomeric membranes of photoreceptors, and in analogous transport processes in other cells. (biologists.org)
• Such processes begin on the nanoscale (a nanometer equals one-billionth of a meter) -- at the molecular level on the cell's surface and lead to a system-wide response. (bio-medicine.org)
• processes such as metamorphosis, neural development and epithelial cell turnover would be disrupted. (creation.com)
• These proteins control the biochemical processes. (bprc.nl)

Bind1

• The team also found that a genetically different form of Factor H does not bind to the C-reactive protein quite as well as the normal one, making people who carry the modified protein more vulnerable to an immune system attack in the eye and, thus, drusen buildup. (scitech-news.com)

Nervous19

• respectively, which indicates that class 4 semaphorins may play a role in nervous system function in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
• 4. Synaptic signaling- In animals, the cells of the nervous system provide rapid communication with distant cells. (majortests.com)
• PAD2 is expressed at a high level in the central nervous system (CNS), including the eye and brain, as well as skeletal muscle and the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
• They also help the nervous system function properly, and are needed for good brain function. (breakingmuscle.com)
• The first is Wernicke's disease, and is often caused by malnutrition due to alcoholism and involves damage to nerves in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (breakingmuscle.com)
• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). (powershow.com)
• The nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body are called the peripheral nervous system. (powershow.com)
• The autonomic nervous system controls our life support systems that we don't consciously control, like breathing, digesting food, blood circulation, etc. (powershow.com)
• PROTECTION The cells of the nervous system are quite fragile and need extensive protection from being crushed, being infected by disease organisms, and other harm. (powershow.com)
• Reticular theory stated that the nervous system was composed of a continuous network of specialized cells without gaps (synapses), and was first proposed by researcher Joseph von Gerlach in Germany in 1871. (asu.edu)
• By studying mutants lacking unc-69 they show that the protein is widely expressed in the C.elegans nervous system and is required for normal axon development. (bio-medicine.org)
• Details of how the enteric nervous system mirrors the central nervous system have been emerging in recent years, said Dr. Gershon, who is considered one of the founders of a new field of medicine called neurogastroenterology. (nytimes.com)
• The first nervous systems were in tubular animals that stuck to rocks and waited for food to pass by, Dr. Wingate said. (nytimes.com)
• As life evolved, animals needed a more complex brain for finding food and sex and so developed a central nervous system. (nytimes.com)
• But the gut's nervous system was too important to put inside the newborn head with long connections going down to the body, Dr. Wingate said. (nytimes.com)
• Therefore, nature seems to have preserved the enteric nervous system as an independent circuit inside higher animals. (nytimes.com)
• It is only loosely connected to the central nervous system and can mostly function alone, without instructions from topside. (nytimes.com)
• In animals, the network that makes and releases hormones, your endocrine system, is one of the two ways, along with the nervous system, that important information is communicated from one part of your body to another. (khanacademy.org)
• They are the foundation of brain and nervous system function. (treelight.com)

Evade3

• Lemke discovered a powerful mechanism by which viruses such as influenza, West Nile and dengue fever evade the body's immune response and infect humans. (salk.edu)
• The malaria parasite has evolved many ways to evade the immune system, Dr Barry said. (healthcanal.com)
• However, cancer cells have found ways to evade detection by the immune system. (medicalxpress.com)

Photoreceptor3

• In humans, the protein melanopsin absorbs blue light and sends signals to photoreceptor cells in our eyes. (smu.edu)
• During photoreceptor terminal differentiation, massive biosynthetic membrane traffic delivers rhodopsin and other phototransduction proteins to an apical plasma membrane subdomain to form photosensory organelles, invertebrate rhabdomeres and vertebrate outer segments. (biologists.org)
• In this study, we characterize the movement of rhodopsin and other rhabdomeric membrane proteins in the developing Drosophila photoreceptor. (biologists.org)

Enzyme4

• This happens because the person lacks a certain enzyme that is essential to digest dairy proteins. (targetwoman.com)
• 1. Protein kinases- enzyme that adds phosphate groups from ATP to proteins. (majortests.com)
• 2. Phosphatases- an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein. (majortests.com)
• TPP interacts with an enzyme called transketolase. (breakingmuscle.com)

Assemble2

• This work gives us a parts list that the hair cell uses to assemble different components, helping us figure out the molecular mechanism of sensing sound," Corey said. (harvard.edu)
• Septins are a group of 13 GTP-binding proteins that assemble into oligomeric complexes and that can form higher-order filaments. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Abnormalities4

• Unlike the other forms of Griscelli syndrome, type 3 does not involve abnormalities of the brain or immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
• Graves' disease is often associated with abnormalities affecting the eyes often referred to as Graves' ophthalmopathy. (rarediseases.org)
• Common eye abnormalities include swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye that may cause the eye to protrude or bulge out of its protective socket (orbit), a condition referred to as proptosis. (rarediseases.org)
• Melanosomal defects along with ocular immune abnormalities play a role in the propagation of pigment dispersion and progression to IOP elevation. (biomedcentral.com)

Heat shock pr1

• Among the most direct evidence, a wide range of serum autoantibodies particularly those against heat shock proteins (HSPs) and retinal deposits of immunoglobulins, were found in glaucoma patients and animal models of glaucoma 5 , 6 . (nature.com)

Group of proteins1

• We here report that a relatively little-characterized group of proteins, septins, is required to organize actin fibers on the inclusion and probably through actin the release of the inclusion. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Fats and proteins2

• A large portion of energy in the diet comes from fats and proteins, followed by carbohydrates. (petmd.com)
• Vitamin B1 forms part of what is known as the B-complex vitamins and, like its partners in the complex, it helps convert carbohydrates into glucose and also metabolize fats and proteins into additional energy sources. (breakingmuscle.com)

Genetic5

• Newswise - One type of immunotherapy removes a genetic blindfold that cancer uses to hide from the immune system. (newswise.com)
• Moreover, gene therapy is considered to have dangerous side effects, such as sustained expression in desired cells or tissues past the desired duration of therapy, or the introduction of genetic modifications in undesired tissues or cells. (google.com)
• DNA microscopy is an entirely new way of visualizing cells that captures both spatial and genetic information simultaneously from a single specimen," says first author Joshua Weinstein, a postdoctoral associate at the Broad Institute. (eurekalert.org)
• Every cell in your body traces back to this single cell, the starting point for your genetic inheritance. (helix.com)
• Com genetic trait multicellular organisms which only genotypically mutant cells exhibit the mutant phenotype. (informe.com)

Different proteins1

• Due to the dynamic nature of replication, the circuits' performance can be tuned to allow different proteins to express at different times, all from the same strand of RNA," Becraft says. (mit.edu)

Membranes4

• Methods and compositions are provided for the persistent modification of cell membranes with exogenous proteins so as to alter the function of the cell to achieve effects similar to those of gene therapy, without the introduction of exogenous DNA. (google.com)
• This invention relates to the persistent modification of cell membranes so as to alter the function of the cells. (google.com)
• Dander gets ferried through the air until it enters the mucous membranes in the eyes and lungs. (versanthealth.com)
• The omega-3's (which are all but missing in refined foods) restore the integrity of cell membranes which, as a result of being compromised, allow allergens, toxins, and even carcinogens into the cells! (treelight.com)

Transcription3

• The product of this gene is a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
• Proteins belonging to this family play a central role in inducible gene transcription during the immune response. (wikipedia.org)
• Know all of the steps of this process, as well as the three functional domains of the hormone receptor are Hormone-binding domain, DNA-binding domain, and Domain that interacts with coactivators to affect level of gene transcription. (majortests.com)

Regulating cytokine1

• Not by regulating cytokine release, as cells with mutant LRRK2 performed as well as wild-type cells in this regard, Schlossmacher said. (alzforum.org)

Variants4

• Dr Barry and colleagues at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research , the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research and the University of California Irvine adapted existing protein microarray technology to allow small samples of human serum (less than one hundredth of a millilitre) to be tested simultaneously against hundreds of variants of PfEMP1 to determine to which variants the person was immune. (healthcanal.com)
• Dr Barry said the testing revealed that in a small region of Papua New Guinea where malaria is endemic, children under the age of two are immune to only a few specific variants of PfEMP1 while older children and adults show immunity to an increasing range of PfEMP1 variants. (healthcanal.com)
• The research team is now undertaking a larger study that will screen more people from other regions of Papua New Guinea, and will screen a wider variety of Plasmodium protein variants. (healthcanal.com)
• The variants for eye color might give us brown or blue eyes. (helix.com)

Infection8

• They found that the TLR2-C5aR crosstalk leads to degradation of the protein MyD88, which normally helps clear infection. (nutritionreview.org)
• And you have the innate immune system , which is the "always on" response that recognizes a number of general signs of infection and is ready to act immediately. (sciencemag.org)
• For viruses, the innate immune system is mostly recognizing weirdo RNA species as a sign of infection - these are things that shouldn't be floating around, and when they show up it sets off the alarm. (sciencemag.org)
• Dr Alyssa Barry from the Infection and Immunity division is using 'protein microarray' technology to screen human blood serum samples for immunity to malaria. (healthcanal.com)
• Dr Alyssa Barry from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute's Infection and Immunity division is using 'protein microarray' technology to screen human blood serum samples for immunity to proteins produced by the malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum parasite. (healthcanal.com)
• An accompanying infection may provide an adjuvant effect, although severe endophthalmitis, which quickly destroys the injured eye and eliminates the source of antigen, may actually lessen chances of developing the disease [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Myeloid cells can produce TRAIL, particularly after stimulation with type I interferons or viral infection 3 . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• As they examine various infection scenarios, they are also discovering how these microbes work in concert with the native microbiome and immune cells. (pnas.org)

Several proteins1

• A finger-like structure, known as a zinc finger motif, stabilizes the structure several proteins. (oregonstate.edu)

Humans3

• Whether these findings can be exploited in new therapies for degenerative eye disorders in humans remains to be explored. (healthcanal.com)
• Using data mining approaches, it has been estimated that over 3,000 proteins in humans have functional zinc-binding sites (5) . (oregonstate.edu)
• Paus's TMS/PET study confirmed that humans also have this connection, by showing that a small TMS pulse in the eye field also activated distant visual areas. (newscientist.com)

Innate immune1

• The innate immune system was markedly activated, with substantial complement deposition in the outer retina after light exposure. (arvojournals.org)

Make proteins2

• Corticosteroids provide anti-inflammatory relief by helping the body make proteins that decrease inflammatory chemical messengers and reduce symptoms like swelling, redness, pain and others. (cvs.com)
• When the steroid-receptor 'group' is activated, it moves inside the cell's nucleus where it is able to control the cell��'s ability to make proteins. (cvs.com)

Receptor proteins1

• And many of your hormones circulate through your whole body, only binding to the cells that have the right receptor proteins that fit them. (khanacademy.org)

Carbohydrates1

• Riboflavin - helps break down the proteins, fats and carbohydrates from food to supply energy to your organs. (livestrong.com)

Retina1

• Rhodopsin has been detected in Rab11-positive post-Golgi vesicles of Xenopus retina cell-free extracts ( Deretic, 1997 ). (biologists.org)

Tear proteins2

• The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2DLC-MS/MS) technique was used to identify tear proteins showing significant alterations in a rat penetrating keratoplasty model at different time points. (arvojournals.org)
• Under physiological conditions, the majority of human tear proteins, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin and soluble immunoglobulin A, come from the lacrimal gland, the tarsal gland, and the paralacrimal gland ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Body's immune response1

• These agents elicit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, cause profound and varied metabolic effects, and modify the body's immune response to diverse stimuli. (medscape.com)

Apoptosis5

• and (2) subsequently contacting the cell surface with a composition comprising a second member of the binding pair selected from the group consisting of avidin or streptavidin linked to a death ligand selected from the group consisting of Fas ligand (FasL), and the extracellular portion of Fas ligand to form a decorated cell surface, wherein the decorated cell surface is capable of inducing apoptosis. (google.com)
• A useful alteration of cell function is the induction of apoptosis. (google.com)
• For example, if undesired cells could be induced to alter their behavior to undergo apoptosis while normal cells retain normal function, subjects with a disease caused by proliferation of undesired cells would obtain relief from the disease. (google.com)
• The protein, called TRAIL (tumour-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) suppresses tumour development it can actually cross the blood-brain barrier, which separates the main circulatory system from the brain. (blogspot.com)
• Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs through a number of different mechanisms, the best understood of which is caspase-dependent apoptosis that can be triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)