Killer Cells, Natural: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated: Cytolytic lymphocytes with the unique capacity of killing natural killer (NK)-resistant fresh tumor cells. They are INTERLEUKIN-2-activated NK cells that have no MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX restriction or need for antigen stimulation. LAK cells are used for ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY in cancer patients.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Receptors, Immunologic: Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Receptors, Natural Killer Cell: Receptors that are specifically found on the surface of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They play an important role in regulating the cellular component of INNATE IMMUNITY.Killer Factors, Yeast: Protein factors released from one species of YEAST that are selectively toxic to another species of yeast.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Receptors, KIR: A family of receptors found on NK CELLS that have specificity for a variety of HLA ANTIGENS. KIR receptors contain up to three different extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains referred to as D0, D1, and D2 and play an important role in blocking NK cell activation against cells expressing the appropriate HLA antigens thus preventing cell lysis. Although they are often referred to as being inhibitory receptors, a subset of KIR receptors may also play an activating role in NK cells.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells: Mononuclear leukocytes that have been expanded in CELL CULTURE and activated with CYTOKINES such as INTERLEUKIN-2 to produce large numbers of highly cytotoxic cells.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Whale, Killer: The species Orcinus orca, in the family Delphinidae, characterized by its black and white coloration, and huge triangular dorsal fin. It is the largest member of the DOLPHINS and derives its name from the fact that it is a fearsome predator.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Receptors, Virus: Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Natural Killer T-Cells: A specialized subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES that exhibit features of INNATE IMMUNITY similar to that of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are reactive to glycolipids presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1D ANTIGEN.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Mice, Inbred C57BLLectins, C-Type: A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.Receptors, IgG: Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that associates with members of NK CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY D to form heterodimeric receptors for HLA-E antigen.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Mice, Inbred BALB CSpleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Antigens, CD44: Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)Receptors, Fc: Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that associates with a variety of members of NK CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY C to form heterodimeric receptors for HLA-E antigen.HLA-C Antigens: Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K: An activating NK cell lectin-like receptor subfamily that regulates immune responses to INFECTION and NEOPLASMS. Members of this subfamily generally occur as homodimers.Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.Receptors, KIR2DL3: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Receptors, KIR3DL1: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-B ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Histocompatibility Antigens Class I: Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic: The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Receptors, KIR2DL4: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-G antigen. It contains D0 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.Interleukin-15: Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Antigens, CD3: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).Granzymes: A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.Perforin: A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.Receptors, Mitogen: Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes, that react with molecules of antilymphocyte sera, lectins, and other agents which induce blast transformation of lymphocytes.Receptors, KIR2DL1: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Receptors, Transferrin: Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte: Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Receptors, Concanavalin A: Glycoprotein moieties on the surfaces of cell membranes that bind concanavalin A selectively; the number and location of the sites depends on the type and condition of the cell.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Cell SeparationCell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.K562 Cells: An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Lectins: Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Receptors, KIR2DL2: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL1 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Antigens, CD56: The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Antigens, CD2: Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.GPI-Linked Proteins: A subclass of lipid-linked proteins that contain a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE which holds them to the CELL MEMBRANE.Jurkat Cells: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Immunologic Capping: An energy dependent process following the crosslinking of B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS by multivalent ligands (bivalent anti-antibodies, LECTINS or ANTIGENS), on the B-cell surface. The crosslinked ligand-antigen receptor complexes collect in patches which flow to and aggregate at one pole of the cell to form a large mass - the cap. The caps may then be endocytosed or shed into the environment.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Biotinylation: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins: Proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. This is in contrast to PORINS and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that function within the synthesizing organism and COMPLEMENT immune proteins. These pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human LYMPHOCYTES.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Hyaluronic Acid: A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like: Structurally-related receptors that are typically found on NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are considered lectin-like proteins in that they share sequence homology with the carbohydrate binding domains of C-TYPE LECTINS. They differ from classical C-type lectins, however, in that they appear to lack CALCIUM-binding domains.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3: A 30 kDa stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that includes both inhibitory and stimulatory members.Receptors, Fibronectin: Specific cell surface receptors which bind to FIBRONECTINS. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These receptors include the traditional fibronectin receptor, also called INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1 and several other integrins.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Lysosomes: A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A: An inhibitory subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that interacts with CLASS I MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS and prevents the activation of NK CELLS.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Receptors, Interleukin-2: Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.Antigens, Differentiation: Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Antigens, CD95: A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Asialoglycoproteins: Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1: A 46-kD stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.Receptors, Drug: Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled: The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.Clone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Interferon Type I: Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA).Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator: An extracellular receptor specific for UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. It is attached to the cell membrane via a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and plays a role in the co-localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with PLASMINOGEN.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Receptors, KIR3DL2: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-A3 ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.Antigens, CD4: 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.Receptors, Interferon: Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells with which interferons react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Interferons exert their pleiotropic effects through two different receptors. alpha- and beta-interferon crossreact with common receptors, while gamma-interferon initiates its biological effects through its own specific receptor system.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Virus Internalization: The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.Antigens, CD57: Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor: Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Cricetulus: A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.Antigens, Ly: A group of lymphocyte surface antigens located on mouse LYMPHOCYTES. Specific Ly antigens are useful markers for distinguishing subpopulations of lymphocytes.Receptors, Laminin: Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of cells that react with or bind to laminin whose function allows the binding of epithelial cells to the basement membrane. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is 67 kD.Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Cortisol"Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity ... Natural killer cells are affected by cortisol.[12] Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total ... Receptor/signaling modulators. Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators. List of ... alpha by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (Th)1 cells, but upregulates IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 by Th2 cells. This ...
... and natural cytotoxicity receptors regulate multiple myeloma cell recognition by natural killer cells". Blood. 105 (1): 251-8. ... 1997). "p46, a Novel Natural Killer Cell-specific Surface Molecule That Mediates Cell Activation". J. Exp. Med. 186 (7): 1129- ... 2005). "Ligands for natural killer cell-activating receptors are expressed upon the maturation of normal myelomonocytic cells ... 1999). "NKp44, A Triggering Receptor Involved in Tumor Cell Lysis by Activated Human Natural Killer Cells, Is a Novel Member of ...
... alcoholic beverage Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a class of receptors on the surface of natural killer cells Kir ...
... such as B cells and natural killer cells, by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. They are called T cells ... Cytotoxic (Killer) CD8 +ve Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells, CTLs, T-killer cells, killer T cells) destroy virus-infected cells and ... Recently, Treg17 cells have been added to this list. Natural killer T cells (NKT cells - not to be confused with natural killer ... A T cell becomes a CD4+ cell by down-regulating expression of its CD8 cell surface receptors. If the cell does not lose its ...
... is also known as Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4 This gene encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer cells ( ... natural killer cell receptor 2B4". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 605554 "CD244 molecule, natural killer cell ... 1999). "2B4, the Natural Killer and T Cell Immunoglobulin Superfamily Surface Protein, Is a Ligand for CD48". J. Exp. Med. 188 ... Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (2000). "Structure of the human natural killer cell receptor 2B4 gene and identification of a novel ...
Tumor cell surveillance[edit]. Natural killer cells often lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors, so are part of innate ... Not to be confused with Natural killer T cell.. Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical ... NK cells possess two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors, including killer-cell ... NK cells do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptors, ...
... red blood cells), megakaryocytes/platelets, mast cells, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, ... Fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1) is a cell surface receptor protein that is commonly used as a marker for ESCs and EPCs. CD34 is ... For stem cells, this usually occurs through several stages, where a cell proliferates giving rise to daughter cells that are ... These parent stem cells, ESCs, give rise to progenitor cells, which are intermediate stem cells that lose potency. Progenitor ...
Because natural killer cells target virally infected host cells and tumor cells, inhibitory KIR receptors are important in ... KIR3DS1 NK cell receptors bind directly to the MHC class I molecules on the surface of target cells. Human killer cell ... Structure and function of natural killer cell surface receptors. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32: 93- ... Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and ...
NK cells possess two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors, including killer-cell ... Natural killer cells often lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors, so are part of innate immunity, i.e. able to react ... NK cells do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptors, ... Natural Body Guards: How Your Killer Cells Get Motivated. Livescience.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-20. Natural Killer Cells at the ...
... peripheral blood mononuclear cell), of which a small percentage are NK cells (Natural Killer cell); less often they are purfied ... which has bound to the surface of a pathogen-infected target cell. The most common Fc receptor on the surface of an NK cell is ... NK cells are involved in killing tumor cells and other cells that may lack MHC I on their surface, indicating a non-self cell. ... Once the Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of IgG, the Natural Killer cell releases cytotoxic factors that cause the death of ...
FcγRIII receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells stimulate the NK cells to release cytotoxic molecules from their ... On NK cellsEdit. The Fc receptor on NK cells recognize IgG that is bound to the surface of a pathogen-infected target cell and ... Trinchieri G, Valiante N (1993). "Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG on natural killer cells". Natural Immunity. 12 (4-5): ... natural killer cells) or adaptive immune system (e.g., B cells).[17][18][19] They allow these cells to bind to antibodies that ...
... is a low affinity Fc receptor. It is a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of natural killer cells, ... These receptors bind to the Fc portion of IgG antibodies which then activates the NK cell for antibody-dependent cell-mediated ... using fluorescent-activated cell sorting or magnetic-activated cell sorting. CD16 has been identified as Fc receptors FcγRIIIa ... and can kill primary leukemic cells, cancer cell lines, and cells infected with hepatitis B virus. A lack of CD16 in a given ...
The CD8 co-receptor is predominantly expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on natural killer ... This affinity keeps the T cell receptor of the cytotoxic T cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen- ... Cytotoxic T cells with CD8 surface protein are called CD8+ T cells. The main recognition site is a flexible loop at the α3 ... In addition to aiding with cytotoxic T cell antigen interactions the CD8 co-receptor also plays a role in T cell signaling. The ...
... of differentiation and a receptor that is involved in cell signaling and is expressed on the surface of natural killer cells in ... on the surface of natural killer cells interacts with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-E on target cells. Natural killer (NK) ... "Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. Evidence that the Kp43 (CD94) molecule functions as receptor for ... Vance RE, Kraft JR, Altman JD, Jensen PE, Raulet DH (Nov 1998). "Mouse CD94/NKG2A is a natural killer cell receptor for the ...
FcγRIII receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells stimulate the NK cells to release cytotoxic molecules from their ... The Fc receptor on NK cells recognize IgG that is bound to the surface of a pathogen-infected target cell and is called CD16 or ... natural killer cells, T and B cells) and the signalling properties of each receptor. All of the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) belong to ... Trinchieri G, Valiante N (1993). "Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG on natural killer cells". Natural Immunity. 12 (4-5): ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... surface molecule homologous to the p58/p50 family of receptors is selectively expressed on a subset of human natural killer ... 2001). "Recognition of HLA-Cw4 but not HLA-Cw6 by the NK cell receptor killer cell Ig-like receptor two-domain short tail ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (2000). "Cobalt-mediated dimerization of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor". J. Biol ...
... is a protein normally expressed near the surface membrane of T cells and natural killer cells. It is part of the T cell ... "Tandem SH2 domains of ZAP-70 bind to T cell antigen receptor zeta and CD3 epsilon from activated Jurkat T cells". The Journal ... dendritic cells and B cells) via the MHC. Upon this activation, the TCR co-receptor CD4 or CD8 binds to the MHC, activating the ... Neumeister EN, Zhu Y, Richard S, Terhorst C, Chan AC, Shaw AS (June 1995). "Binding of ZAP-70 to phosphorylated T-cell receptor ...
These receptors and surface markers confer the capability of acting against cells that do not display the major ... of CIK cells by the National Cancer Institute Natural killer cell Natural killer T cell Lymphokine-activated killer cell ... CIK cells is distinctive from that of natural killer cells or LAK cells because they can lyse cells that NK cells and LAK cells ... Cytokine-induced killer cells or CIK cells are a group of immune effector cells featuring a mixed T- and natural killer (NK) ...
... is a receptor for natural killer cells. There are 7 NKG2 types: A, B, C, D, E, F and H. NKG2D is an activating receptor on the ... NK cell surface. NKG2A dimerizes with CD94 to make an inhibitory receptor (CD94/NKG2). IPH2201 is a monoclonal antibody ...
T cells, and many other cell types in the immune system. The activation of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) Cells, both in ... a C-type lectin receptor evolutionarily related with the gene families of natural killer cell-specific receptors". Eur. J. ... This molecule, which appears to be the earliest inducible cell surface glycoprotein acquired during lymphoid activation, is ... including natural killer (NK) cells, and platelets (Cambiaggi et al., 1992) [supplied by OMIM]. Cluster of differentiation ...
... is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It has also been called T-cell ... surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor. It interacts with other adhesion ... "The OX-44 molecule couples to signaling pathways and is associated with CD2 on rat T lymphocytes and a natural killer cell line ... Seed B, Aruffo A (1987). "Molecular cloning of the CD2 antigen, the T-cell erythrocyte receptor, by a rapid immunoselection ...
Fc receptors are found on many immune system cells, including natural killer cells. When natural killer cells encounter ... the T-cell receptor binding to an antigen-MHC complex and T-cell surface receptor CD28 binding to CD80 or CD86 proteins. CTLA4 ... Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and ... Dendritic cell therapies include the use of antibodies that bind to receptors on the surface of dendritic cells. Antigens can ...
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... "Disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of HLA-G on the cell surface". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (25): 16180-5. doi:10.1073 ... "Structure of the inhibitory receptor for human natural killer cells resembles haematopoietic receptors". Nature. 389 (6646): 96 ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (2000). "A disulfide-linked natural killer cell receptor dimer has higher affinity for HLA-C than ...
... are receptors expressed on the plasmatic membrane of Natural Killer cells (NK cells). KARs work with inhibitory Killer-cell ... Then, Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIRs) examine the surface of the tumor cell in order to determine the levels of MHC class I ... and Killer Inhibition Receptors (KIRs). Both type of receptors act together to activate or not activate the Natural Killer cell ... natural killer cells can discharge their function properly through two types of receptors: Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) ...
... to the effector cell surface receptor, CD16 (FcγRIII)), which in turn kill these tagged cells. Type I hypersensitivity Type III ... These tagged cells are then recognised by natural killer cells (NK) and macrophages (recognised via IgG bound (via the Fc ... These cells are recognized by macrophages or dendritic cells, which act as antigen-presenting cells. This causes a B cell ... Another form of type II hypersensitivity is called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, cells exhibiting ...
Natural killer T cell. NK cells. *Cytokine-induced killer cell. *Lymphokine-activated killer cell ... and presented on its extracellular surface to CD4+ T cells (sometimes called T helper cells). These T cells bind to the MHC II- ... the Interleukin-6 receptor and lack of expression of CD45. In humans, CD27 is a good marker for plasma cells, naive B cells are ... Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete ...
Because natural killer cells target virally infected host cells and tumor cells, inhibitory KIR receptors are important in ... KIR3DS1 NK cell receptors bind directly to the MHC class I molecules on the surface of target cells. Human killer cell ... Structure and function of natural killer cell surface receptors. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32: 93- ... Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune systems response to viral infection and ...
Comprehensive analysis of the percentage of surface receptors and cytotoxic granules positive natural killer cells in patients...Natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction may be responsible for this phenomenon, however, the exact relationship between tumor ... Altered percentage of surface receptors and cytotoxic granules positive NK cells may play a vital role in tumor ... Percentage of the surface receptors NKG2A, KIR3DL1, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, and DNAM-1, as well as the cytotoxic granules ... Percentage of NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, and perforin positive NK cells was significantly down-regulated in patients with PC compared ...
Degranulation of natural killer cells following interaction with HIV-1-infected cells is hindered by downmodulation of NTB-A by...... cell degranulation in response to virus-infected cells is triggered by interactions between invariant NK cell surface receptors ... Although HIV-1 Vpr induces expression of ligands for NK cell activation receptor, NKG2D, on infected cells, this is n … ... cell degranulation in response to virus-infected cells is triggered by interactions between invariant NK cell surface receptors ... Normally, NK cell surface NTB-A binds to NTB-A on CD4+ T cells. However, HIV-1 Vpu downmodulates NTB-A on infected T cells. Vpu ...
The Serum Cytokine Profiles of Lymphoma-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome: A Comparative Analysis of B-Cell and T-Cell/Natural...... natural killer cell (T/NK) and B-cell (B) types,we comparatively analyzed the... ... Soluble interleukin 2 receptors are released from the cell surface of normal murine B lymphocytes stimulated with interleukin 5 ... de Totero D, di Celle PF, Cignetti A, Foa R. The IL-2 receptor complex: expression and function on normal and leukemic B cells. ... A Comparative Analysis of B-Cell and T-Cell/Natural Killer Cell Lymphomas. ...
Chimpanzees Use More Varied Receptors and Ligands Than Humans for Inhibitory Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptor Recognition of the...Evidence that the KIR2DS5 gene codes for a surface receptor triggering natural killer cell function. Eur. J. Immunol. 38: 2284- ... class-I molecules in human natural-killer (NK) cells: anti-P58 antibodies reconstitute lysis of MHC class-I-protected cells in ... The natural killer cell receptor specific for HLA-A allotypes: a novel member of the p58/p70 family of inhibitory receptors ... Natural killer cell receptors in the horse: evidence for the existence of multiple transcribed LY49 genes. Eur. J. Immunol. 34 ...
MHC class I Dk expression in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells confers natural killer cell resistance to murine...Natural killer (NK) cells with diverse cell-surface receptors provide front-line innate immunity against tumors and viral ... which is linked to the natural killer cell gene complex, is mediated by natural killer cells. J Immunol 149:581-589. ... 2007) Natural killer cells promote early CD8 T cell responses against cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 3:e123. ... 2000) Nonstochastic coexpression of activation receptors on murine natural killer cells. J Exp Med 191:1341-1354. ...
A Chimeric Receptor with NKG2D Specificity Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activation and Killing of Tumor Cells | Cancer ResearchNatural killer (NK) cells rely on surface receptors to distinguish healthy cells from cancer cells. We designed a receptor ... A Chimeric Receptor with NKG2D Specificity Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activation and Killing of Tumor Cells. Yu-Hsiang Chang ... A Chimeric Receptor with NKG2D Specificity Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activation and Killing of Tumor Cells ... A Chimeric Receptor with NKG2D Specificity Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activation and Killing of Tumor Cells ...
Scripps Research scientists shed new light on how antibodies... ( By furthering scientists understandi...)Fc receptors are found on the surface of immune cells, such as natural killer cells. The Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of ... protection was dependent upon the ability of antibodies to interact with immune cell Fc receptors. ... We saw that the KA antibody, which could still bind to the Fc receptors on the immune cells but not to the complement cascade, ... Stem cell research- now Nobel Laureates join the debate. 3. Researchers urge caution in using ear tube surgery. 4. Paracetamol ...
Dr Judith CartwrightProfessor of Reproductive Cell Biology Research institute: Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute Tel: 020 8725 ... Oxygen modulates decidual natural killer cell surface receptor expression and interactions with trophoblast. Biology of ... Decidual natural killer cells regulate vessel stability: implications for impaired spiral artery remodelling.J Reprod Immunol. ... Decidual natural killer cell receptor expression is altered in pregnancies with impaired vascular remodelling and a higher risk ...
Natural Killer Cells, Viruses And Cancer... and comprise the third kind of cells other than B and T Lymphocytes. They usually... ... Natural Killer Cells are also defined as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) ... Natural Killer Cell includes two types of surface receptors (activating receptor and inhibitory receptor) to control their ... Importance of Natural killers cells: Natural killer cells are derived from Pluripotent Hematopoietic stem cells and are ...
"Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity ... Natural killer cells are affected by cortisol.[12] Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total ... Receptor/signaling modulators. Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators. List of ... alpha by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (Th)1 cells, but upregulates IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 by Th2 cells. This ...
KEGG PATHWAY: Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity - Homo sapiens (human)Activating receptors bind ligands on the target cell surface and trigger NK cell activation and target cell lysis. However ... such as the antibodies produced by B cells or the T cell receptor expressed by T cells, they are equipped with various ... Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity - Homo sapiens (human) [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML ... Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both ...
Researchers analyze people's initial immune response to dengue feverThe natural killer cells had surface receptors, indicating they can leave the blood and migrate to the infected area of the ... Their blood and skin sample analyses showed that a type of immune cell called natural killer (NK) cells were especially ... Natural Killer Cells, Q Fever, Research, Skin, Vaccine, Virus ... Medical School show that so-called natural killer cells were ... The cells were activated by cytokines, small molecules that spread in the bloodstream and are produced by other cells in the ...
Clinical grade ex vivo expanded human natural killer (NK) cells - EnglishSurface expression of the NK-cell inhibitory receptor CD158b increased in expanded NK cells; compared with fresh NK cells, the ... Expanded Introduction receptors expressed on target cells. They can also mediate Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune ... 3, 341Á355 Clinical-grade ex vivo-expanded human natural killer cells up-regulate activating receptors and death receptor ... NK cells, co-cultured with K562 and renal cell carcinoma tumor Cancer immunotherapy involving natural killer (NK) cell ...
Slamf6 - SLAM family member 6 precursor - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Slamf6 gene & proteinTriggers cytolytic activity only in natural killer cells (NK) expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity ... SLAM receptors triggered by homo- or heterotypic cell-cell interactions are modulating the activation and differentiation of a ... T-cells and NKT cells. Negatively regulates germinal center formation by inhibiting T-cell:B-cell adhesion; the function ... cell lineage (PubMed:18031695). Promotes T cell differentiation into a helper T-cell Th17 phenotype leading to increased IL-17 ...
... are cell surface molecules that mediate interactions between cells and immunoglobulins. Phagocytic cells, such as monocytes/ ... OShea, J. J., Weissman, A. M., Kennedy, I. C., and Ortaldo, J. R., 1991, Engagement of the natural killer cell IgG Fc receptor ... Fc receptors (FcRs) are cell surface molecules that mediate interactions between cells and immunoglobulins. Phagocytic cells, ... Myeloid Cell Human Monocyte Human Neutrophil Toxoplasma Gondii Human Natural Killer Cell These keywords were added by machine ...
Produktübersicht anti-CLEC12B AntikörperCell surface receptor that protects target cells against natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen ... Cell surface receptor that protects target cells against natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Modulates signaling cascades and ...
Clinical Relevance of Natural Killer Cells Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationOther cell surface receptors commonly expressed in NK cells fall within three families. They are, 1) killer immunoglobulin like ... Reconstitution of natural killer cell receptors influences natural killer activity and relapse rate after haploidentical ... Keywords: Natural killer cells, immunological functions, stem cell, post-transplant Introduction. NK cells protect against a ... Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the first cells to recover following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( ...
Susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease | European Respiratory SocietyIL-12 binds to its receptor (IL-12R) on the surface of activated T-cells and natural killer cells. The IL-12/IL-12R complex ... Roesler J, Horwitz ME, Picard C, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for complete IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency: a ... Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are expressed on the surface of macrophages and activated ... This receptor is a heterodimer, with IFN-γR1 and IFN-γR2 chains, and is present on the surface of many inflammatory cells. ...
Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia Page 12Elotuzumab is a monoclonal IgG- κ antibody directed against SLAMF7, a cell surface receptor involved in natural killer cell ... Daratumumab is a monoclonal IgG-κ antibody that binds to CD38, a transmembrane protein found on the surface of myeloma cells ... Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a narrative review. The treatment landscape for ... Long-Term Outcomes of Hairy Cell Leukemia Treated With Purine Analogs: A Comparison With the General Population. Hairy cell ...
Cell Surface Organization of Stress-inducible Proteins ULBP and MICA That Stimulate Human NK Cells and T Cells via NKG2D |...Structure and function of natural killer cell surface receptors. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. ... Structure and function of natural killer cell surface receptors. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. ... Natural killer cell inhibitory receptors block actin cytoskeleton-dependent recruitment of 2B4 (CD244) to lipid rafts. J. Exp. ... Natural killer cell inhibitory receptors block actin cytoskeleton-dependent recruitment of 2B4 (CD244) to lipid rafts. J. Exp. ...
Study delivers insight into possible origins of immunological memoryWhen an infection is detected, a small subset of the most effective killer cells is identified and selectively expanded-as a ... Their role is to detect virus-infected cells and destroy them. ... Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system. ... Graphic shows the distribution of the Ly49H-receptor on the surface of different natural killer cells (NK). Image: ediundsepp/ ... Distinct Surface Expression of Activating Receptor Ly49H Drives Differential Expansion of NK Cell Clones upon Murine ...
![Toth B[au] - PubMed - NCBI](data:image/png;base64,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)
Toth B[au] - PubMed - NCBIIncreased natural killer cell subsets with inhibitory cytokines and inhibitory surface receptors in patients with recurrent ... Single-cell mapping of the thymic stroma identifies IL-25-producing tuft epithelial cells. ... Paired-cell sequencing enables spatial gene expression mapping of liver endothelial cells. ... Decreased NK cell immunity in kidney transplant recipients late post-transplant and increased NK-cell immunity in patients with ...
Frontiers | Human NK Cell Diversity in Viral Infection: Ramifications of Ramification | ImmunologyA spectrum of activating and inhibitory receptors at the NK cell surface leads to an unusual and difficult-to-study mechanism ... as well as a very high capacity for diversity at the single-cell level. Here, we review the evidence for the role of NK cells ... A spectrum of activating and inhibitory receptors at the NK cell surface leads to an unusual and difficult-to-study mechanism ... and contributes to their ability to kill virus-infected cells. Finally, we look to the future, where emerging single-cell ...
... cell immune responses are regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals transmitted by cell surface receptors. ... Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of inhibitory NK receptors recruit tyrosine or lipid ... suggest that NK cells possess a robust and potentially redundant receptor system to ensure their development and function. ... Natural killer cell receptor signaling Curr Opin Immunol. 2003 Jun;15(3):308-14. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00039-6. ...
MoleculesSignaling moleculeLigandProteinsTumor cellsChimericLymphocytesCytokinesLysisMembraneImmunoglobulin-like receptorEffectorImmune cellsRecognitionMacrophagesCytotoxic T celMyeloid CellsNKp46BindsAntibodiesNKG2DInteractionCytolyticAbstractDendriticAntibody-dependent ceImmunitySubsetsAntigensInhibitionAntigen-preseTumorsCD16DifferentiationNKG2ABindLy49CytoplasmicHigh affinityModulateActivating and inhibitory signalsMiceLymphocyteStimulatoryActivateSignalsVitroEndothelialKIRsPathogenGeneHuman NK cellsImmunologyViralHumansLigands on target cellsMaturationActivationExpressionSubsetFunctional
- They regulate the killing function of these cells by interacting with major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules, which are expressed on all nucleated cell types. (wikipedia.org)
- Most KIRs are inhibitory, meaning that their recognition of MHC molecules suppresses the cytotoxic activity of their NK cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Only a limited number of KIRs are activating, meaning that their recognition of MHC molecules activates the cytotoxic activity of their cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Inhibitory receptors recognize self-MHC class I molecules on target self cells, causing the activation of signaling pathways that stop the cytolytic function of NK cells. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the missing-self hypothesis, inhibitory KIR receptors recognize the downregulation of MHC class I molecules in virally-infected or transformed self cells, leading these receptors to stop sending the inhibition signal, which then leads to the lysis of these unhealthy cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Activating receptors recognize ligands that indicate host cell aberration, including induced-self antigens (which are markers of infected self cells and include MICA, MICB, and ULBP, all of which are related to MCH class 1 molecules), altered-self antigens (MHC class I antigens laden with foreign peptide), and/or non-self (pathogen encoded molecules). (wikipedia.org)
- The cytotoxic granules perforin and granzyme B are intracellular molecules present in a number of lymphocytes, including NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Evidence for the diverse and varying selective forces that have acted on NK cells is the variety of their cell surface receptors, in particular the families of inhibitory receptors that recognize polymorphic determinants of MHC class I molecules. (jimmunol.org)
- Because NK cell receptors are licensed by and responsive to MHC class I molecules, D k itself is a candidate gene. (pnas.org)
- We designed a receptor termed NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ that is composed of the NK cell activating molecule NKG2D plus 2 key signaling molecules, DAP10 and CD3ζ, and evaluated its capacity to promote cancer cell killing. (aacrjournals.org)
- Inhibitory signals result from the interaction between NK inhibitory receptors and HLA molecules on potential target cells, whereas engagement of activating receptors by ligands expressed predominantly by virally infected and tumor cells provoke signals that ultimately cause target cell killing ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- When these proteins and Proteases are released close to a cell intended for killing, perforin create pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis. (sooperarticles.com)
- However Inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I molecules (HLA) and inhibit killing by NK cells by overruling the actions of the activating receptors. (genome.jp)
- The cells were activated by cytokines, small molecules that spread in the bloodstream and are produced by other cells in the immune system. (news-medical.net)
- By studying immune cells and soluble molecules directly present in the skin of acutely infected patients we could gain unique insight into the very first steps of the immune response. (news-medical.net)
- Fc receptors (FcRs) are cell surface molecules that mediate interactions between cells and immunoglobulins. (springer.com)
- NKs possess surface molecules that identify CMV-infected cells, such as the receptor Ly49H in mice. (medicalxpress.com)
- However, because the pathogens also contain lipid molecules, they confuse the gatekeeper mechanism of cell membranes, penetrating the cell wall, and essentially hijacking the cell. (townsendletter.com)
- Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. (cosmobio.co.jp)
- The company's proprietary Cell Squeeze platform is based on the discovery that squeezing cells through a constriction temporarily disrupts their membranes and allows the delivery of molecules. (genengnews.com)
- This therapeutic effect was associated with increased proliferation and function of tumor antigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells, inhibition of suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and MDSC, upregulation of effector T-cell signaling molecules, and generation of T memory precursor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- Its expression on the cell surface is regulated by the binding of peptides derived from the signal sequence of some other MHC class I molecules. (nih.gov)
- In addition, due to their property of carrying molecules from their cell of origin to the peripheral circulation, exosomes have been increasingly studied as sources of tumor biomarkers in liquid biopsies. (frontiersin.org)
- While studies have been mainly focusing on the role of polymorphic HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules, less is known about how HIV-1 affects the more conserved, non-classical HLA-I molecules HLA-E, -G, and -F. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in understanding the role of non-classical HLA-I ligands in NK cell-mediated recognition of HIV-1-infected cells. (harvard.edu)
- The signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family of receptors encompasses a number of adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of leukocytes that play critical roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. (prolekare.cz)
- As a consequence, CMV has evolved diverse countermeasures to avoid recognition by T cells, allowing it to interfere with the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) and class II and costimulatory molecules, compromising antigen presentation - . (prolekare.cz)
- The signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family of cell-surface receptors is a distinct structural subgroup of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily differentially expressed on hematopoietic cells and found to play pivotal roles in both innate and adaptive immunity - . (prolekare.cz)
- Anti-NTB-A-PE reacts with signaling lymphocyte activation molecules, which are receptors in lymphocytes and other leukocytes. (acs.org)
- Inhibitory NK cell receptors for MHC class I molecules not only have a critical role in controlling NK cell responses but also confer the functional competence of NK cells in response to activation signals. (els.net)
- Protein scaffolds help connect a hormone, using a hormone receptor like EGFR, to the other molecules within a cell that enact the changes instructed by the hormone (leading to cell growth). (medicalxpress.com)
- Several types of molecules inside cells impact how these cell surface proteins are able to function. (medicalxpress.com)
- Surface molecules involved in the activation and regulation of T or natural killer lymphocytes in humans. (semanticscholar.org)
- The surface molecules that mediate activation of different subsets of T or NK cells have been reviewed. (semanticscholar.org)
- MAbs directed to the CD3 surface molecules mediate a polyclonal T-cell activation, whereas mAbs to 'clonotypic' structures of TCR only trigger cells bearing the corresponding clonotypic determinant (thus mimicking the effect of antigen/MHC). (semanticscholar.org)
- Receptor-mediated T cell absorption of antigen presenting cell-derived molecules. (semanticscholar.org)
- The formation of the repertoire of mouse natural killer (NK) cell receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules was investigated by determining the developmental pattern of Ly49 receptor expression. (rupress.org)
- The results provide a framework for evaluating models of NK cell repertoire formation, and how the repertoire is molded by host class I MHC molecules. (rupress.org)
- NK cell lytic activity is often inhibited by MHC class I molecules expressed by target cells. (rupress.org)
- The capacity of NK cells to attack target cells that lack MHC class I expression, while sparing cells that express self-MHC class I molecules, depends in large part on inhibitory recognition of MHC molecules by Ly49 receptors. (rupress.org)
- An NK cell can express multiple Ly49 receptors, including Ly49 receptors that do not recognize self-MHC class I molecules. (rupress.org)
- The MHC-dependent alterations in the Ly49 repertoire are likely to reflect mechanisms that ensure that NK cells are useful and self-tolerant in the context of the limited set of MHC molecules the host happens to inherit. (rupress.org)
- It boosts production of the PJ34 and other apoptosis causing signaling molecules in cancer cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- 2 NK cells also help regulate your immune system by producing cytokines, signaling molecules that stimulate and regulate other immune system cells. (lewrockwell.com)
- It is, therefore, mandatory to identify TAAs or other cell surface molecules (e.g., natural killer cell-activating receptors) of CSCs in order to assess whether they can represent a new target for the host immune system. (aacrjournals.org)
- MHC molecules signal to the immune system whether a cell is healthy or has been infected through presentation of pathogenic antigens on the cell surface. (coursehero.com)
- MHC I molecules preferentially activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which engage in direct killing of infected cells, while MHC II molecules activate CD4+ helper T cells, which secrete cytokines. (coursehero.com)
- First, positive selection identifies T cells that are capable of binding to MHC molecules. (coursehero.com)
- T cells that are unable to bind to MHC molecules die as a result of not receiving a signal during positive selection. (coursehero.com)
- Once only T cells that can bind to MHC molecules remain, the next step in the life cycle of a T cell is negative selection. (coursehero.com)
- As these are stress-molecules, released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK-cell the presence of viral pathogens. (bionity.com)
- Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis . (bionity.com)
- These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (bionity.com)
- MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. (bionity.com)
- A common evolutionary adaption to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a chronic down-regulation of these MHC I molecules, rendering the cell impervious to T-cell mediated immunity. (wikidoc.org)
- heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)
- NK cells express inhibitory receptors (Ly49 in mice, KIR in human) that recognize class I MHC molecules and function to inhibit the lysis of cells that express class I molecules normally, and allow the destruction of those that do not. (berkeley.edu)
- Each NK cell stably expresses 3-4 of a panel of 10 possible inhibitory receptors, which bind to partially overlapping sets of polymorphic MHC I molecules. (berkeley.edu)
- This property allows FcγRI to bind a sole IgG molecule (or monomer ), but all Fcγ receptors must bind multiple IgG molecules within an immune complex to be activated. (wikipedia.org)
- Molecules currently under study include receptors of the immune system involved in autoimmune disorders (T cell receptors, co-receptors, MHC, cytokines), proteins involved in host-pathogen interactions and molecular mimicry (CMV and Toxoplasma surface antigens), proteins of nervous system (peptide hormone receptors, neural guidance proteins), and membrane proteins (chemokine receptors). (stanford.edu)
- It binds to the leader peptide derived from the polymorphic classical major histocompatibility molecules HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. This peptide binding is highly specific and stabilizes the HLA-E protein, allowing it to migrate to the cell surface. (portlandpress.com)
- Therefore, target cell surface molecules can be found on the surface of NK cells. (plos.org)
- In addition, NK cells release messenger molecules that support the immune defense. (scitechdaily.com)
- The lack of TRAIL made the NK cells "tamer": they had reduced killer function and instead produced more messenger molecules that activate other immune cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- Once the membranes become permeable to circulating molecules, the immune cells commit suicide by bursting, releasing the inflammatory messengers of the immune system (cytokines) and causing inflammation. (eurekalert.org)
- When body cells become stressed-- for example, when they're infected with a virus-- they display molecules on their surface that act as stress signals, alerting the immune system that something is wrong. (futurelearn.com)
- In the lymph nodes, T cells use their receptor to scan the dendritic cells for any pieces of foreign proteins displayed by their MHC molecules. (futurelearn.com)
- 3:28 Skip to 3 minutes and 28 seconds The main job of cytotoxic T cells is to seek out infected cells displaying the same foreign protein on their MHC molecules and to kill them. (futurelearn.com)
- Recently, DAP12 has been identified as an ITAM-bearing signaling molecule that is noncovalently associated with activating isoforms of MHC class I receptors on natural killer cells. (edu.au)
- With the signaling molecule caspase-1, OX40 proteins induce inflammatory cell death inside the liver blood vessel (red dots inside white section in the middle) and cause damage to liver cells. (eurekalert.org)
- When inhibitory KIR receptors bind to a ligand, their ITIMs are tyrosine phosphorylated and protein tyrosine phosphatases, including SHP-1, are recruited. (wikipedia.org)
- Self-ligand receptor of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family. (uniprot.org)
- Thus, the process of education occurs through the ligation of an inhibitory KIR with its respective MHC class I ligand expressed on the bone marrow stromal cells. (jcancer.org)
- Ligand-induced clustering of the Fc mu R also induced activity of src family kinases, Lck, Fyn, Lyn, and Src, as well as their physical interaction with the receptor. (uniprot.org)
- When combined with GVAX or FVAX vaccination (consisting of irradiated ID8 cells expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor or FLT3 ligand) and costimulation by agonistic α-4-1BB or TLR 9 ligand, antibody-mediated blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 triggered rejection of ID8 tumors in 75% of tumor-bearing mice. (aacrjournals.org)
- PD-1 binds two ligands, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 called B7-H1 and B7-DC, respectively ( 8, 9 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Only the HLA alleles that possess a leader peptide capable of upregulating HLA-E surface expression confer resistance to NK-cell-mediated lysis, implying that their action is mediated by HLA-E, the predominant ligand for the NK cell inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A. (nih.gov)
- In addition to cell-cell contact, cells communicate through secreted factors via a highly complex system involving characteristics such as ligand concentration, receptor expression and integration of diverse signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- We have identified a murine CMV gene product (m154) that downregulates CD48, a SLAM family member that functions as a ligand of CD244, a molecule involved in the regulation of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cell functions. (prolekare.cz)
- Therapeutic strategies targeting regulation of NK cell receptor and ligand system have shown great promise for treatment of cancer and viral infectious diseases. (els.net)
- 2011) The human NKG2D ligand ULBP2 can be expressed at the cell surface with or without a GPI anchor and both forms can activate NK cells. (els.net)
- Since PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) may be expressed by different tumors, PD-1/PD-L1 interactions inactivate both T and NK cells. (elsevier.com)
- The ligand-receptor interaction is essential for normal development of lymphatic tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Engagement of a ligand on an unhealthy cell causes the NK cell to kill it and secrete cytokines. (berkeley.edu)
- The PD-1+ NK cells are the most intrinsically active NK cells, but are inhibited if they engage tumors that express the PD-L1 ligand for NKG2D. (berkeley.edu)
- Ligand specificity of some LILR family members has been studied in detail, but new perspective into the immunoregulatory aspects of this receptor family in human myeloid cells has been limited. (springermedizin.de)
- My laboratory studies the structural and functional basis of receptor/ligand interactions in systems which are relevant to human health and disease. (stanford.edu)
- Our investigations are aimed at understanding the molecular recognition properties governing the interactions of receptors with their ligands, and the subsequent molecular events which couple ligand recognition to receptor activation. (stanford.edu)
- Hematopoiesis is a carefully controlled process that is regulated by complex networks of transcription factors that are, in part, controlled by signals resulting from ligand binding to cell-surface receptors. (bloodjournal.org)
- We have previously genetically modified in vitro expanded NK cells to express DAP10 and the chimeric NKG2D receptor containing the CD3ζ signal domain, which altered the balance between the activating and inhibitory signals of NK cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity against NKG2D ligand-bearing tumors . (plos.org)
- The research team conducted a preclinical study to determine how APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) promotes the growth and survival of multiple myeloma cells. (genengnews.com)
- Tormo, J., Natarajan, K., Margulies, D. H. and Mariuzza, R. A., Crystal structure of a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor bound to its MHC class I ligand. (wiley.com)
- Most divergent are lineage III KIR, which in humans include the inhibitory KIR2DL1 and 2DL2/3 specific for HLA-C. Six lineage III chimpanzee KIR were identified as candidate inhibitory MHC-C receptors and studied using cytolytic assays, to assess the capacity of a defined KIR to function with a defined MHC class I allotype, and direct binding assays with KIR-Fc fusion proteins. (jimmunol.org)
- Certain polymorphic human KIR and mouse Ly49 NK receptors recognize MHC class I (MHC-I) or class I-like proteins ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
- These NK cells release proteins called perforins and granzyme, a cytoplasmic granule, which destroys the target cell by apoptosis. (sooperarticles.com)
- Natural Killer Cells are cytotoxic and contain small granules in their cytoplasm, which in turns contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes. (sooperarticles.com)
- cytotoxic granules are released onto the surface of the bound target cell, and the effector proteins they contain penetrate the cell membrane and induce programmed cell death. (genome.jp)
- They are, 1) killer immunoglobulin like receptors (KIR), 2) NKG2A-C that form a heterodimer with CD94, and NKG2D, which is expressed as a homodimer and relies on DAP10 and DAP12 adaptor proteins, and 3) natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) ( Table 1 ). (jcancer.org)
- Cell surface proteins major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chain A (MICA) and UL16-binding proteins (ULBP) 1, 2, and 3 are up-regulated upon infection or tumor transformation and can activate human natural killer (NK) cells. (rupress.org)
- Thus, MICA may have a weaker association with lipid rafts than ULBP3, yet both proteins accumulate at an activating human NK cell immune synapse. (rupress.org)
- NKG2D is a C-type lectin-activating receptor that recognizes cell surface MHC class I-like proteins up-regulated upon cell stress, including viral or bacterial infection and tumor transformation (for review see references 1 , 2 ). (rupress.org)
- Moisan E and Girard D. Cell surface expression of intermediate filament proteins vimentin and lamin B1 in human neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis. (cosmobio.co.jp)
- Exosomes, membrane vesicles of endocytic origin released by all cells (both healthy and diseased), ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, transport all the main biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, DNAs, messenger RNAs and microRNA, and perform intercellular transfer of components, locally and systemically. (frontiersin.org)
- de Andrade LF, Smyth MJ and Martinet L (2014) DNAM‐1 control of natural killer cells functions through nectin and nectin‐like proteins. (els.net)
- Faculty of Science professor Costin Antonescu looks at how cell surface proteins are regulated. (medicalxpress.com)
- A critical component of human cancer is a change in the organization and function of proteins found at the cell surface. (medicalxpress.com)
- The Antonescu research group also studies how other types of proteins at the cell surface are regulated. (medicalxpress.com)
- One such group of proteins, called "integrins", is used by cells to attach to the correct location within specific organs. (medicalxpress.com)
- Antonescu's group is examining how cell stress-such as the stress a cell experiences when it does not have enough fuel (e.g., glucose)-signals to integrin proteins at the cell surface to change how a cell attaches to other cells and tissues. (medicalxpress.com)
- Antonescu's group studies how new properties of these phosphoinositide lipids control the function of proteins at the cell surface. (medicalxpress.com)
- This research may provide additional new methods to treat tumours, since many of the proteins at the cell surface (e.g. (medicalxpress.com)
- 1 MetaCell Elixir -- This elixir activates production of transport proteins that carry oxygen and glucose into cells and inside cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- 1 Carbon Transport Elixir -- This elixir activates production of transport proteins that carry amino acids, proteins and enzymes into cells and inside cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- These proteins transport vitamin D into cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- Perforin, hinting at the functional basis of its name, perforates the cell membrane of the cell targeted for elimination, allowing the proteins and other chemicals to enter, thereby inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) that destroys the virus along with the infected cell. (lewrockwell.com)
- Activation of these cells depends partly on a set of NK cell-surface proteins called activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). (the-scientist.com)
- Using human cell lines, the team showed that major histocompatibility complex proteins-important components of the vertebrate immune system-on virus-infected cells present this sequence to KIR2DS2, which then activates NK cells to inhibit viral replication. (the-scientist.com)
- In fact, practically all the trials of immunotherapy of cancer (by and large of vaccination) conducted during the last 10 years were based on the use of TAAs encompassing normal proteins or peptides, to generate antitumor T cells mostly restricted by class I HLA ( 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Our prediction is that at least some of the CSC antigens will match proteins already known to serve as TAAs and expressed by embryo-fetal tissues (e.g., survivin, telomerase, cancer/testis antigens) reflecting common functions between embryonic stem cells and CSCs, i.e., multipotent differentiation, plasticity, and self-renewal. (aacrjournals.org)
- T cells can recognize their target antigen only if that antigen is bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein, a set of proteins that presents antigens on the surface of cells to support recognition by antigen receptors. (coursehero.com)
- All cells in the body except for red blood cells express MHC proteins on their cell surface. (coursehero.com)
- Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) is a set of proteins found on all nucleated cell types that are derived from intracellular proteins and present antigens on the cell's surface, which are recognized by CD8+ T cells. (coursehero.com)
- This can include antigens derived from a pathogen or self-antigens, antigens derived from normal cell proteins that indicate that a cell is healthy. (coursehero.com)
- Major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) is only found on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, and is used by these cells to present antigens picked up from extracellular sources, such as other dying cells or proteins secreted from other cells, which are recognized by CD4+ T cells. (coursehero.com)
- In each cell, proteins are processed by the proteasome, which breaks a full protein into many peptides, protein strands of up to 20 amino acids in length. (coursehero.com)
- Major histocompatibility complex proteins present antigens to activate T cells. (coursehero.com)
- T cells mediate cell-mediated immunity , an immune reaction that utilizes the ability of T cells to kill other cells without the involvement of antibodies, proteins that can be secreted from or bound to the surface of B cells and recognize antigens. (coursehero.com)
- The cells kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis . (bionity.com)
- It was found that expression of CD69, an early marker of activation, and of CD35, a receptor for complement proteins, and LTC 4 release were modulated by endothelial cells and that treatment of endothelial cells with T-helper cell type 1 and 2 cytokines differently modified their effect on eosinophils. (ersjournals.com)
- Here, we present a high-throughput selection and screening process that identifies designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) optimally suited for receptor-targeted gene delivery using adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors. (uzh.ch)
- In particular, the process includes expression, purification, and biotinylation of the extracellular domains of target receptors as Fc fusion proteins in mammalian cells and the selection of high-affinity binders by ribosome display from DARPin libraries each covering more than 10 variants. (uzh.ch)
- Moreover, biochemical analysis of a panel of DARPins revealed that their functional cell-surface expression as fusion proteins is more relevant for efficient gene delivery by LV particles than functional binding affinity. (uzh.ch)
- NK cells have special proteins on their surface - so-called death ligands - which dock to corresponding receptors on the target cells and thus activate their self-destruction. (scitechdaily.com)
- Outside the liver, OX40 drives cell longevity, preventing emergence of proteins that threaten T-cell survival. (eurekalert.org)
- 1:56 Skip to 1 minute and 56 seconds Dendritic cells are good at recognising and taking up pathogens or foreign proteins. (futurelearn.com)
- These take the foreign proteins to the cell surface and display it to other immune cells. (futurelearn.com)
- Ultimately, B cells that recognise foreign proteins or pathogens, such as bacteria, start making these in a form that can be released from the cell. (futurelearn.com)
- Because natural killer cells target virally infected host cells and tumor cells, inhibitory KIR receptors are important in facilitating self-tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells can recognize tumor cells as targets, a function that suggests possibilities for NK cell therapy of cancer ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- The capacity of NK cells to kill tumor cells depends on the combined effect of suppressive and stimulatory signals delivered through surface receptors. (aacrjournals.org)
- Universal marker and detection tool for human sarcoma circulating tumor cells. (cosmobio.co.jp)
- Epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned circulating tumor cells capture for detecting tumor progression. (cosmobio.co.jp)
- The infused cells detect the chemokines produced by the tumor, exit the capillary bed, and bind tumor cells through several recognition elements. (genengnews.com)
- Once recognition occurs," she explains, "the cells lyse the tumor cells by multiple mechanisms, including direct killing by interferon gamma, granzyme B, and perforin. (genengnews.com)
- Exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) correlated with expression of PD-1 ligands by tumor cells and tumor-derived myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). (aacrjournals.org)
- By acting not only in tumor cells, but also in tumor-associated cells such as fibroblasts, endothelium, leukocytes and progenitor cells, tumor- and non-tumor cells-derived exosomes have emerged as new players in tumor growth and invasion, tumor-associated angiogenesis, tissue inflammation and immunologic remodeling. (frontiersin.org)
- While the former consists of tumor cells and diverse non-transformed cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells, the latter is formed by secreted factors and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). (frontiersin.org)
- Several reasons have been put forward to explain such phenomenon like tumor escape from and alterations of the immune response caused by the presence of growing tumor cells ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Truly tumor-specific TAAs are those expressed only by tumor cells and not by whatsoever normal cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- Such TAAs may derive ( a ) from somatic gene mutations of tumor cells resulting in new TAA epitopes recognized by the host T lymphocytes, like the unique TAAs ( 8 , 9 ), or less frequently, ( b ) from alterations in splicing ( 10 - 12 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- An additional group of TAAs, practically unknown at the moment, includes those that might be expressed by cancer stem cells (CSC), a minor population of tumor cells which, however, shows the features of stemness (see ref. 16 ) and, therefore, may represent the most important target for eradicating tumor lesions even in case of immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- CD44, CD133), in comparison with other tumor cells showing a more disperse concentration of such TAAs ( 17 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Therefore, immune-mediated tumor regression should reflect a qualitative rather than a quantitative targeting aimed at eliminating a specific, minor subpopulation of tumor cells, i.e. (aacrjournals.org)
- Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) co-expressing IL7 and IL15 modified tumor cells as a vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. (bioportfolio.com)
- We observed strong antitumor responses induced by LX/IL(15+7)-modified tumor cells both in prophylaxis and therapeutic models. (bioportfolio.com)
- Activated NK cells lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells and produce IFN-γ upon contact with sensitive target cells. (jimmunol.org)
- CAR-expressing, stem-cell-derived natural killer cells destroy mesothelin-expressing tumor cells from mice, programmed to fluoresce red when they're intact and green when they are killed. (the-scientist.com)
- My NK cells will kill your tumor cells, and vice versa," he says. (the-scientist.com)
- Our results demonstrate that tumor cells activate the cGAS-STING pathway, leading to initiation of potent NK cell responses. (berkeley.edu)
- NKG2D ligands are poorly expressed by normal cells, but are frequently upregulated in tumor cells and in certain infected cells. (berkeley.edu)
- PARIS and MARSEILLE, France, Jan. 10, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Sanofi and Innate Pharma today announced that they have entered into a research collaboration and licensing agreement to apply Innate Pharma's new proprietary technology to the development of innovative bispecific antibody formats engaging natural killer (NK) cells to kill tumor cells through the activating receptor NKp46. (cnbc.com)
- NKp46-bispecific NK cell engagers bind with one arm to an antigen at the surface of tumor cells, and with another arm to the NKp46 receptor on NK cells. (cnbc.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells have the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, making them ideal candidates for tumor immunotherapy , . (plos.org)
- Similarly, T cells captured NKG2D and NKp46 ligands on tumor cells through trogocytosis and promoted NK cell activity . (plos.org)
- Compared to healthy cells, tumor cells are more sensitive to TRAIL stimulation. (scitechdaily.com)
- It is therefore believed that the binding of TRAIL to the TRAIL receptor triggers the death of tumor cells without affecting healthy cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- The results of this work may be important in the fight against cancer, since the discovered signaling pathway regulates the function of NK cells, which in turn are important for the control of tumor cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- There are several new cancer therapies that aim to reactivate the immune system in order to remove tumor cells, including studies aiming at reactivating NK cells in tumor patients. (scitechdaily.com)
- He explained that Aduro is taking the unique approach of focusing on APRIL to specifically targetremnant tumor cells in the bone marrow and break down the [tumor's] protective environment. (genengnews.com)
- Despite these advances, there are continuous needs for new treatment options, especially for patients who fail or cannot tolerate these novel therapies.In 2011, Porter et al reported the first successful use of autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CART) directed against CD19 in 3 refractory CLL patients. (medworm.com)
- Barber A, Rynda A and Sentman CL (2009) Chimeric NKG2D expressing T cells eliminate immunosuppression and activate immunity within the ovarian tumor microenvironment. (els.net)
- Barber A, Meehan KR and Sentman CL (2011) Treatment of multiple myeloma with adoptively transferred chimeric NKG2D receptor‐expressing T cells. (els.net)
- The vector of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is constructed for the engineering of NK cells to target human CD19. (creative-biolabs.com)
- CAR-T cell therapies are built by harvesting a patient's T cells and genetically modifying them to produce so-called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that direct them to destroy cancer cells. (the-scientist.com)
- Viral vectors have been used to genetically modify in vitro expanded NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which confer cytotoxicity against tumors. (plos.org)
- Further, expression of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) containing 41BB and CD3ζ signal domains on NK cells enhanced the activating signals originating from CD19 antigen engagement, leading to cytotoxicity specifically against B-cell leukemia . (plos.org)
- Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) bearing an antigen-binding domain linked in cis to the cytoplasmic domains of CD3ζ and costimulatory receptors have provided a potent method for engineering T-cell cytotoxicity toward B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. (aacrjournals.org)
- We describe an alternative chimeric immunoreceptor design in which we have fused a single-chain variable fragment for antigen recognition to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of KIR2DS2, a stimulatory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR). (aacrjournals.org)
- First-generation" chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) incorporate a cytoplasmic domain containing one or more immunotyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) into a single chimeric receptor that uses a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for antigen recognition ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Both approaches will use chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) to activate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. (mdanderson.org)
- In humans, the progression of certain malignancies is associated with the immune function of certain lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Natural Killer Cells are also defined as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and comprise the third kind of cells other than B and T Lymphocytes. (sooperarticles.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, such as infection with viruses, bacteria, or parasites or malignant transformation. (genome.jp)
- NK cells develop in the bone marrow and constitute about 5-10% of total lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation and secondary lymphoidal organs. (jcancer.org)
- The cell therapy platform at Iovance Biotherapeutics is built around the properties of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immune cells that surround and infiltrate malignant tissues and are critical for immunosurveillance. (genengnews.com)
- Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. (definitions.net)
- A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type. (definitions.net)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to mount a multifaceted antiviral response within hours following infection. (harvard.edu)
- T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. (statemaster.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
- In humans, NK cells are defined as CD56 + CD3 − lymphocytes. (pnas.org)
- Other receptors such as PD-1, primarily expressed by activated T lymphocytes, are important inhibitory checkpoints of immune responses that ensure T-cell tolerance. (elsevier.com)
- The product of the protooncogene Vav1 participates in multiple signaling pathways and is a critical regulator of antigen-receptor signaling in B and T lymphocytes, but its role during in vivo natural killer (NK) cell differentiation is not known. (pasteur.fr)
- CD244 can also be expressed on non-lymphocytes such as eosinophils, mast cells and dendritic cells. (creative-biolabs.com)
- NK cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage … NK cells are also regulatory cells engaged in reciprocal interactions with dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and endothelial cells. (lewrockwell.com)
- The discovery of vitamin D receptors on the surface of immune cells including antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes explains the multiple immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses 2 , 3 . (jrheum.org)
- Hematopoietic stem cells can of course undergo self-renewal, and are multipotent cells that give rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells), megakaryocytes/platelets, mast cells, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monocyte/macrophage, and granulocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (bionity.com)
- A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells , antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- After reaching the IgM+ immature stage in the bone marrow, these immature B cells migrate to the spleen, where they are called transitional B cells, and some of these cells differentiate into mature B lymphocytes. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- This leads to activation and specific tumor-killing by NK cells, an immune cell population representing a significant proportion of all cytotoxic lymphocytes in the body. (cnbc.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of lysing many types of tumor and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. (asm.org)
- Mechanisms that may explain these deficits in cord lymphocytes include a decreased ability to translate IL-2 from mRNA ( 46 ) and reduced levels of expression of the γ chain of the IL-2 receptor on the cell membrane ( 30 , 37 , 43 , 44 , 52 ). (asm.org)
- The smallest type of white blood cells we saw down the microscope are called lymphocytes. (futurelearn.com)
- 3:42 Skip to 3 minutes and 42 seconds The other type of lymphocytes, B cells, also have specialised receptors on their surface, this time called B cell receptors. (futurelearn.com)
- Natural Killers cell's are activated in response interferons or macrophages derived cytokines. (sooperarticles.com)
- Secretion of the above cytokines and NK-cell method for expanding highly cytotoxic clinical-grade NK cells in vitro cytolytic function were IL-2 dose dependent. (slideshare.net)
- Effector functions of NK cells include direct natural cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that indirectly regulate the functions of other immune cells 2 , 3 . (jcancer.org)
- Lipoarabinomannan in the mycobacterial cell wall binds to macrophage Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 6 , inducing production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. (ersjournals.com)
- In addition, CMV alters the function of cytokines and their receptors, and interacts with complement factors. (prolekare.cz)
- NKT cells can have either protective or deleterious effects due to their abilities to produce cytokines that promote either inflammation or immune tolerance. (rndsystems.com)
- IL15 and IL7 are two cytokines essential for T cell development and homeostasis. (bioportfolio.com)
- We now describe a receptor, KIR2DL4, that has the unique property of inducing IFN-γ production, but not cytotoxicity, by resting NK cells in the absence of cytokines. (jimmunol.org)
- Although resting NK cells are clearly activated by certain cytokines and chemokines (including IL-2 and IL-12) to become cytotoxic and to secrete IFN-γ ( 1 ), it is unclear which receptors contribute to activation of resting NK cells upon contact with target cells and whether independent signals can uncouple the induction of cytokine production from a cytotoxic response. (jimmunol.org)
- The cytokines Interferon play a crucial role in NK-cell activation. (bionity.com)
- NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage -derived cytokines. (bionity.com)
- Kaufman was surprised to find that, compared to the mice treated with CAR NKs, the animals that had received the CAR-T cell treatment appeared to be in worse shape: they had damage in organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. (the-scientist.com)
- NK cells don't seem to have the toxicity as the CAR-T cells," he adds, speculating that NK immunotherapies may be safer than CAR-T therapies, which sometimes cause adverse side effects that involve increased levels of cytokines in the blood of patients. (the-scientist.com)
- These data show that in vitro interactions with endothelial cells upregulate eosinophil membrane receptor expression and mediator release and that these effects are differently modulated by T-helper cell type 1 and 2 cytokines. (ersjournals.com)
- Endothelial cells exposed to cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-4 and tumour necrosis factor-α increase their expression of ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 18 , 19 , which serve as ligands for eosinophil integrins. (ersjournals.com)
- Consequently, cytokines may modulate the transendothelial migration of eosinophils and amplify endothelial cell-induced changes in eosinophil functions 19 , 20 . (ersjournals.com)
- FcεRI is also expressed on antigen-presenting cells , and controls the production of important immune mediators called cytokines that promote inflammation . (wikipedia.org)
- Incubation with IL-2 (100 U/ml) or IL-12 (1 ng/ml) for 18 h increased the NK cell activity (using K562 target cells) of both cord blood and adult MNCs, and the combination of IL-2 and IL-12 increased cord blood cytotoxicity threefold, making the cytotoxicity of cord blood cells equivalent to that of adult cells treated with the same cytokines. (asm.org)
- Previous studies have demonstrated that MNCs from newborn infants have a reduced capacity to produce cytokines, particularly interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) ( 1 , 6 , 22 , 27 , 48 ), both of which are important in upregulating the cytotoxicity of NK cells ( 4 , 5 , 45 ). (asm.org)
- Once bound to the Fc receptor of IgG the Natural Killer cell releases cytokines such as IFN-γ, and cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes that enter the target cell and promote cell death by triggering apoptosis . (bionity.com)
- NK cells, which are part of the innate immunity, are able to directly kill tumor and virus-infected cells and are also a source for immune mediating cytokines . (prolekare.cz)
- When the activity of NK cells is balanced towards activation, it leads to enhanced killing, enhanced production of cytokines, or both , . (prolekare.cz)
- 2 A second subset includes the immunoregulatory CD3 neg CD56 bright CD16 neg NK cells able to secrete large quantities of cytokines and chemokines. (bloodjournal.org)
- Thus, Vpu downmodulation of NTB-A protects the infected cell from lysis by NK cells. (nih.gov)
- Activating receptors bind ligands on the target cell surface and trigger NK cell activation and target cell lysis. (genome.jp)
- and administration of therapeutic agents modulating the susceptibility fgjhd, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TNF-a, MIP-1a and MIP-1b compared of tumors to NK-cell lysis has been proposed recently. (slideshare.net)
- Cell surface receptor that protects target cells against natural killer cell-mediated lysis. (antikoerper-online.de)
- Surface expression of HLA-E was enough to protect target cells from lysis by CD94/NKG2A+ NK-cell clones. (nih.gov)
- In vitro stimulation of surface receptors in Vav1-/- NK cells resulted in normal IFN-gamma production but reduced tumor cell lysis. (pasteur.fr)
- Target cell lysis can be induced by Ab-dependent cellular toxicity through CD16 or by activation receptors such as NKp46, 2B4 (CD244), and others. (jimmunol.org)
- It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)
- This interaction inhibits natural killer cell-mediated lysis of a cell displaying HLA-E. If the leader peptide is not present in the endoplasmic reticulum, HLA-E is unstable and is degraded before it reaches the cell surface. (portlandpress.com)
- Under these circumstances, HLA-E does not reach the cell surface and the cell is then vulnerable to lysis by natural killer cells. (portlandpress.com)
- Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the plasma membrane of natural killer (NK) cells and a minority of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
- NKG2D is associated with DNAX-activating protein 10 (DAP10), which promotes and stabilizes its surface membrane expression ( 14-18 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Cortisol counteracts insulin, contributes to hyperglycemia-causing hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose (insulin resistance) by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters (especially GLUT4) to the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxic build-up: Following exposure, the toxin is absorbed through the cell membrane and penetrates the cell. (townsendletter.com)
- This pathway involves numerous genetic strands that all coordinate to remove waste from within the cell, through the cell membrane, to move toxins back into the bloodstream. (townsendletter.com)
- Dengue virus activates membrane TRAIL relocalization and IFN-alpha production by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo," PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , vol. 7, no. 6, article e2257, 2013. (hindawi.com)
- It regulates chemotaxis and transendothielial migration of monocytes, as well as memory T cells and natural killer cells by interacting with their membrane surface receptor CCR2. (biovendor.com)
- Lung lavage eosinophils, obtained after segmental bronchoprovocation, show an increase in membrane receptors, adhesion, survival and generation of superoxide anions, which was not achieved by incubation of blood eosinophils with interleukin (IL)-5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 12 - 14 . (ersjournals.com)
- In the present study, we report the molecular cloning of the myeloid DAP12-associating lectin-1 (MDL-1), a DAP12-associating membrane receptor expressed exclusively in monocytes and macrophages. (edu.au)
- Trogocytosis is a process in which membrane patches are exchanged between target and immune cells - . (plos.org)
- When an NK cell interacts with a target cell, an immune synapse, which is strong enough to allow the transfer of small membrane patches from one cell to its partner cell, is formed , . (plos.org)
- Members of the IgSF family include the human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and the Immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILT). (wikipedia.org)
- The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family comprises a set of paired immunomodulatory receptors expressed among human myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations. (springermedizin.de)
- LILRB receptors and the murine ortholog, paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIRB), have been shown to negatively regulate maturation pathways in myeloid cells including mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, as well as B cells. (springermedizin.de)
- In recent studies, these NK inhibitory receptors were shown to contribute to NK cell self-tolerance and education and, subsequently, mature NK cell effector functions ( 4 ⇓ - 6 ). (pnas.org)
- Additional in vitro experiments revealed that the wild type and KA antibodies, but not the LALA antibody, blocked infection more efficiently in the presence of other effector cells of the immune system. (bio-medicine.org)
- These effector functions are mediated through multiple independent activation receptors expressed on NK cells. (jcancer.org)
- The association of distinct effector functions with unique NK cell subsets is thought to be developmentally regulated 9 , 10 , which refers to the 'education' or 'licensing' of NK cells. (jcancer.org)
- PBMCs or natural killer (NK) cells, express Fc receptors on their cell surface and act as the effector cells. (tebu-bio.com)
- Interaction between the Fc region of the antibody and the Fc receptor induces the effector cell to degranulate, releasing IFN-γ, granzymes, and other cytotoxic compounds that lyse the target cell. (tebu-bio.com)
- The effectiveness of ADCC depends on how well the effector cells are activated after the engagement of FcγRIIIa. (tebu-bio.com)
- This interaction between HLA-I ligands and NK-cell receptor is not only important for recognition of diseased cells but also mediates tuning of NK-cell-effector functions. (harvard.edu)
- Natural killer (NK) cell effector functions are regulated by integrated signals across the array of stimulatory and inhibitory receptors engaged upon interaction with target cell surface ligands. (els.net)
- Treg have a larger TCR diversity than effector T cells, biased towards self-peptides. (statemaster.com)
- Mouse NKp46 triggers NK cell effector function and allows the detection of NK cells in situ . (pnas.org)
- The regulation of these effector responses in resting NK cells is not well understood. (jimmunol.org)
- Current paradigms of adaptive immunity would also predict differentiation of T-helper cell subsets along a distinct effector T-cell lineage, whereas histological analysis of synovial tissue explants might reveal the presence of T cells as components of diffuse inflammatory infiltrates, with a prevalence of CD4 + over CD8 + T cells, in close association with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (biomedcentral.com)
- Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a mechanism of cell-mediated immunity whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell that has been bound by specific antibodies. (bionity.com)
- However, resistance to immunotherapy due to loss of T-cell effector function remains a significant barrier, especially in solid malignancies. (aacrjournals.org)
- We show that this simple, KIR-based CAR (KIR-CAR) triggers robust antigen-specific proliferation and effector function in vitro when introduced into human T cells with DAP12, an immunotyrosine-based activation motifs-containing adaptor. (aacrjournals.org)
- Fc receptors are found on the surface of immune cells, such as natural killer cells. (bio-medicine.org)
- We saw that the KA antibody, which could still bind to the Fc receptors on the immune cells but not to the complement cascade, protected the animals from becoming infected just as the wild type b12 antibody, says Hessell. (bio-medicine.org)
- job two, recruit immune cells to come and kill infected cells. (bio-medicine.org)
- The suppressor cells are not affected by glucosteroid response-modifying factor, so the effective setpoint for the immune cells may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes (reflecting leukocyte redistribution to lymph nodes, bone marrow , and skin ). (wikipedia.org)
- To increase our understanding of the course of the disease and thereby find new treatment options, researchers have studied which immune cells are activated by the infection and how these migrate to the part of the body that has been infected. (news-medical.net)
- SLAM receptors triggered by homo- or heterotypic cell-cell interactions are modulating the activation and differentiation of a wide variety of immune cells and thus are involved in the regulation and interconnection of both innate and adaptive immune response. (uniprot.org)
- In many of the ways in which immune cells are conventionally categorized, NK cells are intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
- Innate immune cells type 3, which express RORγt, regulate expression of IL-17 and IL-22 in T cells. (springer.com)
- The mechanisms are central to how NK cells function, and are likely also important for understanding a variety of developmental decisions in immune cells and other lineages. (berkeley.edu)
- they intervene in the defense against infections and present, at the same time, typical features of the adaptive immune cells, such as expansion and generation of memory cells. (mdpi.com)
- The Company has three clinical-stage programs, including two checkpoint inhibitors in immuno-oncology, a new therapeutic field that is changing cancer treatment by enhancing the capability of the body's own immune cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. (cnbc.com)
- By using subcutaneous chambers inoculated with F. nucleatum we demonstrate that immune cells, including NK cells, rapidly accumulate in the chambers and that this leads to a fast and transient, NCR1-dependant TNF-α secretion. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Previous reports demonstrated that immune cells aggravate the severity of the disease. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Researchers at the Institute of Pathology at the University of Bern have now discovered that the mechanism by which certain immune cells kill their target cells can also be used to control the killer cells themselves. (scitechdaily.com)
- During a virus infection, NK cells also keep the body's own immune cells such as the T cells at bay in order to avoid excessive killing of intact body cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- A Dream Team assembled by Stand Up To Cancer will receive $8 million in funding to research the use of modified immune cells to fight the rare and often deadly T-cell lymphoma , a type of blood cancer. (mdanderson.org)
- Investigators either will use a patient's own T cells - the warriors of the immune system - or a type of immune cells known as natural killer (NK) cells - the first line of defense against cancer cells. (mdanderson.org)
- This recognition allows the modified immune cells to identify and destroy the cancer. (mdanderson.org)
- Also mark cells for attack and destruction by other immune cells. (cancerresearch.org)
- Researchers at Houston Methodist demonstrated that a surface protein called OX40, responsible for keeping one type of immune system cell alive, can trigger the death of liver immune cells, in turn starting a chain reaction of events leading to liver inflammation and disease. (eurekalert.org)
- The liver hosts a large number of immune cells, and this protein receptor helps T-cells proliferate. (eurekalert.org)
- However, Li's team observed in a genetically modified mouse that this same OX40 protein killed immune cells inside the liver in what is called pyroptotic death, or inflammatory cell death. (eurekalert.org)
- Invariant natural killer T-cells, or iNKTs, are immune cells in the liver that express OX40 on their surface," said Li, director of the Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center at Houston Methodist Research Institute . (eurekalert.org)
- Instead of helping these resident immune cells in the liver to survive, OX40 drives a messy inflammatory cell death. (eurekalert.org)
- Second, the OX40-induced death of the resident immune cells (iNKTs) is what likely leads to the serious consequences for liver inflammation, liver cell damage and, in severe cases, cirrhosis. (eurekalert.org)
- The dendritic cells travel to lymph nodes to stimulate immune cells that are able to recognise the invading pathogen. (futurelearn.com)
- 3:19 Skip to 3 minutes and 19 seconds Helper T cells' main role is coordinating immune response, giving instructions to other types of immune cells. (futurelearn.com)
- A greater potential for NK stimulation through KIR3DS1 activation receptor recognition of HLA Bw4 or stronger inhibition via inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 and Bw4 allotypic binding pairs was implicated in delayed AIDS progression. (pnas.org)
- A spectrum of activating and inhibitory receptors at the NK cell surface leads to an unusual and difficult-to-study mechanism of cellular recognition, as well as a very high capacity for diversity at the single-cell level. (frontiersin.org)
- They borrow, share, and combine functional features of other cell types to form their own recognition paradigm. (frontiersin.org)
- Here, we review this recognition paradigm, with a focus on NK responses to viruses, and argue that single-cell diversity enhances their ability to fulfill this "middleman" role. (frontiersin.org)
- licensing, arming, rheostat or cis interaction education model) have been proposed to depict the mechanisms for NK cell recognition and adaption. (els.net)
- Deng L and Mariuzza RA (2006) Structural basis for recognition of MHC and MHC‐like ligands by natural killer cell receptors. (els.net)
- Our laboratory investigates mechanisms of recognition of cancer cells and infected cells by natural killer cells and T cells. (berkeley.edu)
- We have employed our understanding of NK recognition, activation and inhibition to establish therapy combinations that super-activate NK cells, while at the same time preventing desensitization and inhibition of the cells. (berkeley.edu)
- Tumor cell recognition by NK cells. (berkeley.edu)
- Our group has investigated the role of the NKG2D receptor in tumor recognition by NK cells. (berkeley.edu)
- It is composed of two extracellular Ig-like domains, and is a member of both the immunoglobulin superfamily and the multi-chain immune recognition receptor (MIRR) family. (wikipedia.org)
- It is the most specific marker of human NK cells and plays a major role in their tumor cell recognition. (cnbc.com)
- The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells and is dependent on the recognition of antibody-coated infected cells by Fc receptors on the surface of the NK cell. (bionity.com)
- Funding from the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Action Medical Research and local studentship provision has allowed the group to extend previous studies to investigate decidual natural killer cells, macrophages, placental endothelial cells, trophoblast and stromal cells in first trimester pregnancies at increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia. (sgul.ac.uk)
- In this study, we report that murine CMV drastically reduces the expression of several SLAM family receptors at the cell surface of infected macrophages, most likely as part of its immunoevasion mechanisms. (prolekare.cz)
- T cells are generated in the bone marrow, develop their specific receptors in the thymus, and are activated by antigen-presenting cells, such as B cells and macrophages. (coursehero.com)
- NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (bionity.com)
- CD16 is a 50-70-kDa low affinity Fc receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells, neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages. (ptglab.com)
- In addition to natural killer cells, DAP12 is expressed in peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, suggesting association with other receptors present in these cell types. (edu.au)
- The classes of FcR's are also distinguished by the cells that express them (macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, T and B cells) and the signalling properties of each receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- FcαRI is found on the surface of neutrophils , eosinophils, monocytes, some macrophages (including Kupffer cells ), and some dendritic cells . (wikipedia.org)
- When these cells leave the bloodstream and go into our tissues, they become macrophages. (futurelearn.com)
- CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a molecule that is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells. (statemaster.com)
- They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen -specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection. (bionity.com)
- Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. (wikidoc.org)
- Cytotoxic cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, recognize and kill infected and transformed cells. (berkeley.edu)
- We observed that the numbers of lineage-specific genes varies by 2 orders of magnitude, ranging from 5 for cytotoxic T cells to 878 for granulocytes. (bloodjournal.org)
- Using whole-genome expression arrays, we have compared the gene expression profiles of the precursors of erythrocytes and platelets (erythroblasts [EBs], megakaryocytes [MKs]) and of B cells, cytotoxic T cells (Tc), helper T cells (Th), natural killer (NK) cells, granulocytes, and monocytes. (bloodjournal.org)
- This is similar to, but independent of, responses by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). (bionity.com)
- These include B cells and two types of T cells-- cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (futurelearn.com)
- In ovarian tumors, myeloid cells are one of the major determinants of immune suppression. (aacrjournals.org)
- HLA-B*27 may express free heavy chain on the cell surface, which activates innate immune receptors on T, natural killer, and myeloid cells with pro-inflammatory effects. (springer.com)
- These findings suggest that signaling via MDL-1/DAP12 complexes may constitute a significant activation pathway in myeloid cells. (edu.au)
- Based on observations from the literature and our own studies, our laboratory is focusing on how LILRs modulate immune homeostasis of human myeloid cells and how these pathways may be targeted in disease states. (springermedizin.de)
- Percentage of the surface receptors NKG2A, KIR3DL1, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, and DNAM-1, as well as the cytotoxic granules perforin and granzyme B positive NK cells were determined in patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 31), gastric cancer (n = 31), and CRC (n = 32) prior to surgery and healthy controls (n = 31) by multicolor flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
- Conventional human NK cells are identified by the expression of CD56, NKp46 and by the absence of CD3. (jcancer.org)
- Vimentin expressed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes is involved in binding to the NKp46 receptor. (cosmobio.co.jp)
- NKp46/CD335 is an Ig-like superfamily cell surface receptor involved in human NK cell activation. (pnas.org)
- In addition to human, we show here that NKp46 is expressed by NK cells in all mouse strains analyzed, as well as in three common monkey species, prompting a unifying phenotypic definition of NK cells across species based on NKp46 cell surface expression. (pnas.org)
- NKp46 expression parallels cell engagement into NK differentiation programs because it is detected on all NK cells from the immature CD122 + NK1.1 + DX5 − stage and on a minute fraction of NK-like T cells, but not on CD1d-restricted NKT cells. (pnas.org)
- Moreover, human NKp46 promoter drives NK cell selective expression both in vitro and in vivo . (pnas.org)
- Using NKp46 promoter, we generated transgenic mice expressing EGFP and the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in NK cells. (pnas.org)
- This way, DARPins specific for the glutamate receptor subunit GluA4, the endothelial surface marker CD105, and the natural killer cell marker NKp46 were generated. (uzh.ch)
- By building on our knowledge of the activating receptor NKp46, we have generated a technology to specifically induce tumor killing by NK cells. (cnbc.com)
- NKp46 is an activating receptor expressed on all natural killer cells. (cnbc.com)
- Here, we investigate the role played by the NK killer receptor NKp46 (NCR1 in mice), in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- However, whether NK cells in general and NKp46 (a major killer receptor expressed by NK cells) in particular, play a protective or destructive role in this disease is unknown. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Normally, NK cell surface NTB-A binds to NTB-A on CD4+ T cells. (nih.gov)
- The Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of an antibody after an antibody binds to a pathogen, targeting the pathogen for attack by the immune system. (bio-medicine.org)
- In both mutants, the site where the antibody binds to free-floating virus was unaltered, allowing the researchers specifically to investigate the importance of the complement cascade and Fc receptor system for preventing infection. (bio-medicine.org)
- IL-12 binds to its receptor (IL-12R) on the surface of activated T-cells and natural killer cells. (ersjournals.com)
- The FcγRIIIa on the Jurkat cells binds to the IgG on the surface of the target cell. (tebu-bio.com)
- HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C. (nih.gov)
- HLA-E binds preferentially to the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A and activating CD94/NKG2C (which lacks ITIM motif) receptors, selectively expressed on NK cells and a subset of CTL cells, modulating their cell-mediated activity [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Another FcR is expressed on multiple cell types and is similar in structure to MHC class I . This receptor also binds IgG and is involved in preservation of this antibody. (wikipedia.org)
- As well as simply binding to HIV, protection was dependent upon the ability of antibodies to interact with immune cell Fc receptors. (bio-medicine.org)
- Although Fc receptor function was known to be important for the function of antibodies against other diseases, a role in protecting against HIV had never before been demonstrated. (bio-medicine.org)
- Although NK cells do not express classical antigen receptors of the immunoglobulin gene family, such as the antibodies produced by B cells or the T cell receptor expressed by T cells, they are equipped with various receptors whose engagement allows them to discriminate between target and nontarget cells. (genome.jp)
- Antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of the target cell (see Fig 1). (tebu-bio.com)
- ADCC is not only a natural part of the adaptive immune response, but animal experiments have shown that it can also be seen as an important mechanism of action of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (1), including the breast cancer drug trastuzumab, and rituximab, a drug used to treat diseases which show overactive, dysfunctional, or excessive numbers of B cells (e.g. lymphomas). (tebu-bio.com)
- Cell studies Two new flow cytometry reagents, IOTest Anti-NTB-A-PE and IOTest CD226 (DNAM-1)-PE, are monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface receptors for natural killer (NK) cell studies. (acs.org)
- Cancer Immunotherapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies (-mab) to specifically target cells. (statemaster.com)
- In NK1.1 − mouse strains, the identification of NK cells is based on the expression of the integrin subunit CD49b that is recognized by DX5 antibodies ( 12 ), despite its expression on T cell and myeloid subsets ( 13 , 14 ). (pnas.org)
- In vivo NK cell depletion has thus so far relied on anti-asialo-GM1 or anti-NK1.1 depleting antibodies. (pnas.org)
- It is a powerful immune supplement that increases the efficiency of antibodies to better identify cancer cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- Put another way, the NK cells keep viral replication in check while the adaptive arm of your immune system "learns" the properties of the virus and creates antibodies to match. (lewrockwell.com)
- B Cells transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Fc receptors bind to antibodies that are attached to infected cells or invading pathogens . (wikipedia.org)
- Working with Innate Pharma, we seek to create new bispecific antibodies that will focus the immune system to kill cancer cells by engaging natural killer cells. (cnbc.com)
- For example, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the designation of the cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, of which there are now more than 300, 1 allows hematologists to assign detailed phenotypes to malignant blood cells, which form the basis of decisions on therapeutic intervention. (bloodjournal.org)
- The Fc receptors recognize the Fc (crystalline) portion of antibodies such as IgG , which bind to the surface of a pathogen -infected target cell. (bionity.com)
- Following immunization of mice and guinea pigs with INO-4800 we measure antigen-specific T cell responses, functional antibodies which neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 infection and block Spike protein binding to the ACE2 receptor, and biodistribution of SARS-CoV-2 targeting antibodies to the lungs. (bvsalud.org)
- Comparison of the antigenic properties of the obtained polypeptides showed that the titres of antibodies raised in chickens against bacteria- or human-cell-derived recombinant VP3 were high, whereas the antibody level against yeast-derived recombinant VP3 was low. (bvsalud.org)
- B cells are cells that release antibodies to defend against harmful invaders in the body. (cancerresearch.org)
- In preclinical studies, the addition of haNK to a variety of therapeutic antibodies has led to increased tumor cell killing when compared to the antibody alone. (businesswire.com)
- B cells can also make antibodies that can stick to infected cells. (futurelearn.com)
- Although HIV-1 Vpr induces expression of ligands for NK cell activation receptor, NKG2D, on infected cells, this is not sufficient to promote lytic granule release. (nih.gov)
- We show that triggering the NK cell coactivation receptor NK-T- and -B cell antigen (NTB-A) alongside NKG2D promotes NK cell degranulation. (nih.gov)
- Retroviral transduction of NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ markedly increased NKG2D surface expression in NK cells, which became consistently more cytotoxic than mock-transduced cells against leukemia and solid tumor cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
- NKG2D blockade abrogated gains in cytotoxicity to cancer cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells had considerable antitumor activity in a mouse model of osteosarcoma, whereas activated NK cells were ineffective. (aacrjournals.org)
- Thus, the cytotoxic potential of NK cells against a wide spectrum of tumor subtypes could be markedly enhanced by expression of NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ receptors. (aacrjournals.org)
- A key receptor for NK cell activation is NK Group 2 member D (NKG2D), a type II transmembrane-anchored C-type lectin-like protein expressed in all NK cells and in some T-cell subsets ( 2-4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- There is strong evidence in vitro and in animal models for an important role of NKG2D in NK cell-mediated antitumor activity ( 1 , 4 , 6-13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- 2008) Sustained NKG2D engagement induces cross‐tolerance of multiple distinct NK cell activation pathways. (els.net)
- El‐Gazzar A, Groh V and Spies T (2013) Immunobiology and conflicting roles of the human NKG2D lymphocyte receptor and its ligands in cancer. (els.net)
- In humans, major activating receptors involved in target cell killing are the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and NKG2D. (elsevier.com)
- NKG2D recognizes up to 8 different, though related, cell surface ligands called NKG2D ligands. (berkeley.edu)
- these findings suggest a role for NK cell interaction with D k -bearing hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells to shape NK-mediated virus immunity. (pnas.org)
- To gain insight into these responses, we studied the interaction between PD-1 expressed on T cells and its ligands (PD-1:PD-L1, PD-1:PD-L2, and PD-L1:B7.1), expressed on other cells in the tumor microenvironment, using a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer (ID8). (aacrjournals.org)
- NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. (prospecbio.com)
- More understanding of the nature of interaction of NK cell receptors and their ligands as well as the regulation mechanisms should facilitate the development of effective therapy. (els.net)
- The activity of NK cells is regulated by the delicate balance of signals from inhibitory and stimulatory cell surface receptors engaged upon interaction with their ligands. (els.net)
- 2009) A Role forcis interaction between the inhibitory Ly49A receptor and MHC class I for natural killer cell education. (els.net)
- All T cells begin as CD4 - CD8 - TCR - cells at the DN (double-negative) stage, where an individual cell will combine its T cell receptor genes to form a functional molecule which they in turn test against cells in the thymic cortex for a minimal level of interaction with self- MHC . (statemaster.com)
- It seems that at the DP (double-positive) stage they are selected by their interaction with the cells within the thymus begin the transcription of Foxp3 and become Treg cells, although they may not begin to express Foxp3 until the single-positive stage, at which point they are functional Tregs. (statemaster.com)
- The interaction of activated NK cells with target cells can induce cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production, depending on the outcome of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
- s (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Poly(ε-caprolactone) Banded Spherulites and Interaction with MC3T3-E1 Cells. (biomedsearch.com)
- Finally, we show in vitro that the interaction of NK cells with F. nucleatum leads to an NCR1-dependent secretion of TNF-α. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The interaction of the FcєRI receptor with the Fc portion of helminth bound IgE causes the eosinophil to release these granules in a mechanism similar to that of the NK cell during ADCC. (bionity.com)
- These two functions are mainly managed or regulated by numerous activating and inhibitory receptor, including newly discovered receptors that selectively triggers the cytolytic activity in a MHC independent manner. (sooperarticles.com)
- 19648922 ). Triggers cytolytic activity only in natural killer cells (NK) expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity receptors (By similarity). (uniprot.org)
- Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (bionity.com)
- Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (bionity.com)
- NK cell cytolytic function, as measured by the level of killing of K562 cells, is decreased about 50% in newborns compared to that in adults ( 25 ), and neonatal NK cells have a decreased ability to kill cells infected with herpesvirus ( 18 , 21 ). (asm.org)
- The largest subset is comprised of cytolytic CD3 neg CD56 dim CD16 pos NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- abstract = "NK cells play important roles in innate defenses against viruses and in the control of tumor growth and metastasis. (elsevier.com)
- Fortunately, prominent allies-such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells-are being recruited, retrained, and "uparmed" by developers of cell-based antitumor therapeutics. (genengnews.com)
- The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory surface receptor expressed by T cells, B cells, natural killer T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC), but not by resting T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a molecule that is expressed on the surface of T helper cells (as well as regulatory T cells and dendritic cells). (statemaster.com)
- HERV-K-specific T cells generated from autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HERV-K ENV antigens exhibited phenotypes and functions consistent with a cellular immune response including T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and HERV-K-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. (aacrjournals.org)
- 1:38 Skip to 1 minute and 38 seconds Another important type of white blood cell is the dendritic cell. (futurelearn.com)
- The dendritic cell is really important for communication between white blood cells. (futurelearn.com)
- 2:04 Skip to 2 minutes and 4 seconds Inside the dendritic cell, these all digested into small pieces. (futurelearn.com)
- The dendritic cells then activate the T cells and give them information on how to find the pathogens. (futurelearn.com)
- We investigated the ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12 to enhance the cytotoxicity of neonatal (cord blood) and adult mononuclear cells (MNCs) in both natural killer (NK) cell and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. (asm.org)
- Newborn mononuclear cells (MNCs) have decreased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared to the ADCC of MNCs from adults ( 11 , 12 ), and newborns have decreased numbers of NK cells with both CD16 and CD56, a phenotype associated with greater cytotoxicity ( 32 ). (asm.org)
- 4 , 6 - 8 In addition, several reports have demonstrated functional impairment of NK cells, including reduced cc-chemokine production, 9 - 11 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), 12 , 13 and changes in cytokine secretion. (bloodjournal.org)
- Natural killer cells are implicated in several functions: innate immunity to viral infection ( 1 ), recruitment of adaptive immunity ( 2 , 3 ), immune surveillance for cancer ( 4 ), implantation during pregnancy ( 5 , 6 ), and graft-vs-leukemia effects following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( 7 , 8 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells with diverse cell-surface receptors provide front-line innate immunity against tumors and viral pathogens ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
- Simon Grassmann et al, Distinct Surface Expression of Activating Receptor Ly49H Drives Differential Expansion of NK Cell Clones upon Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection, Immunity (2019). (medicalxpress.com)
- The tumor microenvironment mediates induction of the immunosuppressive programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway, and targeted interventions against this pathway can help restore antitumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
- However, over the past years, various HIV-1 evasion strategies have been discovered to target NK-cell-receptor ligands and allow the virus to escape from NK cell-mediated immunity. (harvard.edu)
- Natural killer cells in the innate immunity network of atherosclerosis. (semanticscholar.org)
- Your immune system consists of two different branches - cell-mediated immunity (innate) and humoral immunity (adaptive). (lewrockwell.com)
- As long as your cell-mediated immune system is activated first and the humoral immune system is activated second, you will have long-lasting immunity against that pathogen. (lewrockwell.com)
- On a side note, naturally acquired herd immunity in a population comes into play when a very high percentage of individuals have gone through this sequence of cell-mediated and humoral immune response. (lewrockwell.com)
- NK cells are therefore particularly important for immunity - if they are defective, recurrent infections with several viruses and cancer can develop. (scitechdaily.com)
- Vilches, C. and Parham, P., KIR: diverse, rapidly evolving receptors of innate and adaptive immunity. (wiley.com)
- NantKwest's haNK cell therapy platform, developed to be an allogeneic, off-the-shelf therapy, is focused on optimizing the key role that natural killer cells play in mediating innate immunity, enhancing adaptive immune responses, and, specifically in the case of haNK, improving anti-tumor responses via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (businesswire.com)
- Although other NK-like subsets that share functions with conventional NK cells have been recently described 7 , 8 , for the purpose of this review article, we will focus on conventional NK cells. (jcancer.org)
- First, NK cells share phenotypic properties with various T cell populations such as CD1d-restricted NKT cells, γδ T cells, and discrete subsets of antigen-experienced CD122 + CD8 + T cells ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
- Yet, N-CAM is also expressed by T cell subsets, muscle cells, and neurons, but it is not expressed by murine NK cells ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
- In the rat, NK cells express the activating receptor NKR-P1A, but this molecule is also expressed by T cell subsets ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
- Most of these receptors are not unique to NK cells and can be present in other T cell subsets as well. (bionity.com)
- To this day, various subsets of these endothelial-regenerating cells have been identified according to cellular origin, phenotype, and properties in vivo and in vitro. (ahajournals.org)
- We have taken advantage of recent advances in cell purification, RNA amplification, and microarray technologies that allow the study of gene expression of purified subsets of cells on a genome-wide scale. (bloodjournal.org)
- If the immunobiology of RA plays by the rules governed by traditional paradigms of autoimmunity, then we would predict that RA synovial T cells infiltrating affected synovial joints would express a cell surface phenotype that is compatible with prior antigen experience, is indicative of extensive proliferative activity, is suggestive of clonal expansions of subsets of antigen-specific T cells, is consistent with enhanced migratory competence, and favors survival in situ . (biomedcentral.com)
- Taken together, these studies demonstrate a sequential impairment of NK cell function with persistent viral replication resulting from a progressive deregulation of NK cell subsets with distinct functional properties. (bloodjournal.org)
- 1 Three subsets of NK cells can be defined by their differential expression of CD56 and CD16. (bloodjournal.org)
- Like T cells, NK cells have many qualities characteristic of the adaptive immune system, including the production of "memory" cells that persist following encounter with antigens and the ability to create a secondary recall response. (wikipedia.org)
- Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized population of T cells that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR alpha beta) and surface antigens typically associated with natural killer cells. (rndsystems.com)
- The TCR on NKT cells is unique in that it recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC I-like molecule CD1d. (rndsystems.com)
- Recently, another group of TAAs was described that include antigens overexpressed by neoplastic and fetal cells, and was weakly expressed in a phase-specific way in a few normal cells ( 14 , 15 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- However, because these TAAs are expressed even by the majority of cancer cells of a given tumor, while CSCs encompass a small subpopulation of the tumor mass, CSCc may represent a better target if specifically enriched in cancer/testis, IAP-derived and/or mutated (unique) antigens in parallel with stem cell markers (e.g. (aacrjournals.org)
- Since MHCI and MHCII present different antigens, each activates a different subset of T cells. (coursehero.com)
- This process removes T cells that react too strongly with self-antigens, antigens that are present on normal, healthy cells in the body. (coursehero.com)
- Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of inhibitory NK receptors recruit tyrosine or lipid phosphatases, which modulate the activation signals transmitted by receptors linked to the Syk and ZAP70 tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases. (nih.gov)
- 2005) Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp65 of human cytomegalovirus. (els.net)
- The induction by KIR2DL4 of IFN-γ production by resting NK cells was blocked by an inhibitor of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, in contrast to the IL-2-induced IFN-γ secretion that was sensitive to inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (jimmunol.org)
- Inhibitory receptors have immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails, whereas activating receptors lack the ITIM and pair with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing signaling partner DAP12 via charged amino acids in the transmembrane region ( 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
- This inhibition is crucial to the role played by NK cells. (bionity.com)
- NK cell inhibition by KIR/Ly49 and checkpoint receptors. (berkeley.edu)
- Katz HR (2006) Inhibition of inflammatory responses by leukocyte Ig-like receptors. (springermedizin.de)
- In damaged cells, such as virally infected or tumour cells, down-regulation of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C production or inhibition of TAP prevents stabilization of HLA-E by the leader peptide. (portlandpress.com)
- It inhibits production of interleukin (IL)-12 , interferon (IFN)-gamma , IFN-alpha , and tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-alpha by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (Th)1 cells , but upregulates IL-4 , IL-10 , and IL-13 by Th2 cells. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, they are also introducing modified natural killer cells and antigen-presenting cells. (genengnews.com)
- We use Cell Squeeze ® to engineer antigen-presenting cells, the cells that naturally activate T-cell responses," says Armon Sharei, PhD, CEO and founder of SQZ Biotech. (genengnews.com)
- They are self-activated and play an important role in elimination of tumors and virus-affected cells. (sooperarticles.com)
- Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to a variety of innate immune responses to viruses, tumors and allogeneic cells. (pnas.org)
- Ovarian cancer cells in primary tumors and ascites expressed markers of cancer stem cells and markers of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- This phase I/IIa trial studies the side effects and best dose of a gene-modified T cells and to see how effective it is in treating patients with solid tumors expressing cancer-testis anti. (bioportfolio.com)
- NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses . (bionity.com)
- They noted that the mice treated with the iPSC-derived CAR-NK cells and those treated with CAR-T cells both had shrunken tumors after 21 days compared to control mice, which had received infusions of NK cells without CAR constructs. (the-scientist.com)
- Furthermore we investigate mechanisms by which tumors and infectious agents naturally activate or inhibit productive responses by cytotoxic cells, or desensitize the cells by inducing anergy. (berkeley.edu)
- We are investigating mechanisms by which tumors activate NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors. (berkeley.edu)
- Though activated NK cells potently kill many tumors in vitro, they display relatively little or no activity when isolated from normal naïve animals or patients. (berkeley.edu)
- We have found that a fraction of NK cells within tumors frequently upregulate inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including PD-1, Lag3, and others. (berkeley.edu)
- Hence "checkpoint blockade" is relevant for enhancing NK responses against tumors, just as it induces T cell responses against tumors. (berkeley.edu)
- Natural killer (NK) cells have the capacity to target tumors and are ideal candidates for immunotherapy. (plos.org)
- This novel strategy could be a potential valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of B-cell tumors. (plos.org)
- These results support the exploration of KIR-CARs for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, particularly in immunotherapy-resistant solid tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
- The primary objective of the study is to determine the safety of haNK cell monotherapy administered intravenously once per week in up to 16 patients with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors. (businesswire.com)
- They usually express surface marker CD16, CD56, and CD8 (only 80% of NK cell) in human. (sooperarticles.com)
- In contrast, the NK cell-activation receptors CD16 and 2B4 induced cytotoxicity but not IFN-γ production. (jimmunol.org)
- CD16 has been identified as Fc receptors FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIIb (CD16b), encoded by two nearly identical genes, FCGR3A and the FCGR3B. (ptglab.com)
- 1X10^6 U-937 cells were stained with 0.2ug CD16 antibody (16559-1-AP, red) and control antibody (blue). (ptglab.com)
- Incubation of cord blood cells, but not adult cells, with IL-2 or IL-12 for 1 week increased the percentage of CD16 + /CD56 + cells two- to fivefold and enhanced ADCC activity. (asm.org)
- NK cells also have Fc receptors (CD16) on their surfaces. (asm.org)
- The most common Fc receptor that exists on the surface of NK Cell is called CD16 or FcγRIII. (bionity.com)
- To achieve this objective, haNK cells have been engineered to express IL-2 and the high-affinity variant of the CD16 receptor (V158 FcγRIIIa). (businesswire.com)
- Dr. Soon-Shiong added, "As only about 10% of patients are born with the high affinity CD16 receptor, we believe the potential for haNK cell therapy to improve patient outcomes for the other 90% of the patient population and become part of the standard-of-care for cancer patients is very compelling. (businesswire.com)
- Acute HIV-1 infection was associated with elevated NK cell numbers, with an expansion of CD3 neg CD56 dim CD16 pos NK cells and an early depletion of CD3 neg CD56 bright CD16 neg NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- Ongoing viral replication resulted in a depletion of CD3 neg CD56 dim CD16 pos NK cells with a paralleled increase in functionally anergic CD3 neg CD56 neg CD16 pos NK cells, accompanied by reduced functional activity, as measured by CD107a expression and cytokine secretion. (bloodjournal.org)
- 3 Finally, the last subset consists of the recently described CD3 neg CD56 neg CD16 pos NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- Significant changes have been observed within the NK cell compartment during chronic HIV-1 infection, such as a decline in the proportion of CD3 neg CD56 pos cells as well as an expansion of CD3 neg CD56 neg CD16 pos NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- NK cell subpopulations were defined by the expression of CD3, CD56, and CD16. (bloodjournal.org)
- Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. (prospecbio.com)
- Indeed, the NK cell differentiation process is itself poorly understood. (rupress.org)
- One possibility is that all Ly49 receptors to be expressed by an individual NK cell are initially expressed more or less simultaneously at a specific stage of differentiation. (rupress.org)
- T cells must be able to engage with MHC-expressing cells in the thymus and receive a positive signal that allows their survival through the complete differentiation process. (coursehero.com)
- ESCs have the characteristic properties of a stem cell: self-renewal and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes more specialized. (wikipedia.org)
- The former requires differentiation of endothelial cells from hemangioblasts and then the further organization into a primary capillary network. (wikipedia.org)
- To define endothelial-regenerating cells and their role in differentiation into the mature endothelium, ECs have to be characterized first. (ahajournals.org)
- The differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) into the blood cell lineages, which is depicted as a stepwise process, generates diverse types of cells that perform many different functions. (bloodjournal.org)
- CTLR inhibitory receptors include the CD94/NKG2A and the murine Ly49, which is probably analogous to the human KIR. (wikipedia.org)
- Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 1 (CD94/NKG2A-B), killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 2 (CD94/NKG2C-E) and the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are described as inhibitory receptors, which are important for the education of NK cells and NK-induced cytotoxicity through interacting with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allotype [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- On transfectants, the tetramer bound to the CD94/NKG2A, CD94/NKGK2B and CD94/NKG2C NK cell receptors, but did not bind to the immunoglobulin family of NK cell receptors (KIR). (nih.gov)
- The HLA-class I-specific inhibitory receptors, including KIRs recognizing HLA-class I allotypic determinants and CD94/NKG2A recognizing the class-Ib HLA-E, constitute a fail-safe mechanism to avoid unwanted NK-mediated damage to healthy cells. (elsevier.com)
- Recently, NKG2A was revealed to be an important checkpoint controlling both NK and T-cell activation. (elsevier.com)
- A functioning TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) molecule is required to transport these peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they can interact with HLA-E. HLA-E then migrates to the cell surface, where it interacts with CD94/NKG2A receptors on natural killer cells. (portlandpress.com)
- The FcRs bind the Fc regions of immunoglobulins, thus establishing contact between the cell that carries FcRs on its surface and the antigen bound to the Fab region of the immunoglobulin. (springer.com)
- These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (bionity.com)
- For example, those that bind the most common class of antibody, IgG , are called Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR), those that bind IgA are called Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR) and those that bind IgE are called Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR). (wikipedia.org)
- Another receptor can also bind IgA, although it has higher affinity for another antibody called IgM . (wikipedia.org)
- Two structurally unrelated types of receptor have independently adapted and expanded to fulfill this role: the lectin-like Ly49 receptors and the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). (jimmunol.org)
- Conversely, rodents ( 10 , 11 ) and horses ( 12 ) have diverse Ly49 receptors, but little or no expansion of KIR. (jimmunol.org)
- The proportion of Ly49 + splenic NK cells gradually rises to adult levels during the first 6-8 wk of life. (rupress.org)
- The appearance of appreciable numbers of splenic Ly49 + NK cells coincides with the appearance of NK activity at 3-4 wk. (rupress.org)
- After in vivo transfer, NK cells not expressing specific Ly49 receptors can give rise to NK cells that do, and cells expressing one of these four Ly49 receptors can give rise to cells expressing others. (rupress.org)
- Once initiated, expression of a Ly49 receptor is stable for at least 10 d after in vivo transfer. (rupress.org)
- Hence, initiation of Ly49 receptor expression occurs successively. (rupress.org)
- One possible explanation for these data is that the order of Ly49 receptor expression by NK cells is nonrandom. (rupress.org)
- A central issue in murine NK cell development concerns how Ly49 receptor expression is coupled to NK cell maturation and education processes. (rupress.org)
- KIR receptors are named based on the number of their extracellular Ig-like domains (2D or 3D) and by the length of their cytoplasmic tail (long (L), short (S), or pseudogene (P)). The number following the L, S, or P in the case of a pseudogene, differentiates KIR receptors with the same number of extracellular domains and length of cytoplasmic tail. (wikipedia.org)
- Single substitutions, insertions, or deletions in the genetic material that encodes KIR receptors changes the site of termination for the gene, causing the cytoplasmic tail to be long or short, depending on the site of the stop codon. (wikipedia.org)
- With the exception of KIR2DL4, which has both activating and inhibitory capabilities, KIR receptors with long cytoplasmic tails are inhibitory and those with short tails are activating. (wikipedia.org)
- KIR inhibitory receptors signal through their immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in their cytoplasmic domain. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally, expression of a truncated form of MICA that lacks the putative site for S-acylation and the cytoplasmic tail can be expressed at the cell surface, but is unable to activate NK cells. (rupress.org)
- We recently reported that Fc mu R on NK cells is a signal transducing protein that stimulates a rapid increase in the level of cytoplasmic free calcium upon binding of IgM. (uniprot.org)
- the high-affinity receptor FcεRI is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (it has two Ig-like domains). (wikipedia.org)
- NK cells both modulate the immune system as well as mediate direct killing of malignant or infected cells. (jcancer.org)
- Here we review the current literature on the participation of exosomes in the communication between tumor and tumor-associated cells, highlighting the role of this process in the setup of tumor microenvironments that modulate tumor initiation and metastasis. (frontiersin.org)
- This is a complex process 1 , 14 , 15 and interactions with endothelial cells have been shown to modulate certain eosinophil functions 16 . (ersjournals.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cell immune responses are regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals transmitted by cell surface receptors. (nih.gov)
- NKs oscillate from a quiescent to an activated state through a delicate balance of activating and inhibitory signals transduced via surface receptors. (mdpi.com)
- NK cell activity is regulated by the cumulative effects of multiple activating and inhibitory signals that are transmitted through the receptors on the NK cell surface. (plos.org)
- NK cell-mediated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) resistance ( Cmv r ) is under H-2 k control in MA/My mice, but the underlying gene(s) is unclear. (pnas.org)
- In addition, recent studies of gene-deficient animals, in particular Syk and ZAP70 double-deficient mice, suggest that NK cells possess a robust and potentially redundant receptor system to ensure their development and function. (nih.gov)
- Neonatal thymectomy at three days of age in mice results in autoimmunity, which provided the data which reignited interest in suppressor/regulatory T cells. (statemaster.com)
- DT injection in these mice leads to a complete and selective NK cell ablation. (pnas.org)
- In the mouse, the widely used PK136 antibody reacts with NK1.1, an epitope shared by the activating receptor NKR-P1C in C57BL/6 mice and the inhibitory receptor NKR-P1B in SJL mice ( 11 ). (pnas.org)
- Transgenic mice lacking NK cells but with a normal T/NKT cell compartment have been reported ( 17 ). (pnas.org)
- The cause of NK cell ablation in these mice is unknown, but is linked to the expression of the ubiquitous transcription factor ATF2, raising the possibility of other defects yet to be further investigated ( 18 ). (pnas.org)
- Within this group, distinguishable subpopulations have been identified, including CD4 + CD8 - cells and CD4 - CD8 - cells that are present in mice and humans, and CD4 - CD8 + cells that are found only in humans. (rndsystems.com)
- Here we have studied NK cell development in Vav1-/- mice and found that, in contrast to T and NK-T cells, the absolute numbers of phenotypically mature NK cells were not reduced. (pasteur.fr)
- The presence of a proper bone marrow microenvironment is thought to be necessary for proper NK function, since mice treated with agents that affect the bone marrow, such as 89 Sr (( 13 )) or estradiol (( 14 )), are unable to fully support the maturation of NK cells. (rupress.org)
- BALB/c mice were immunized i.p. five times with 5 × 10 6 NK3.3 cells and boosted once with 50 μg 2DL4-Ig fusion protein. (jimmunol.org)
- Kaufman's team created the mouse models by transplanting human ovarian cancer cells into mice whose immune systems had been suppressed to prevent them from rejecting the human cells. (the-scientist.com)
- The mice that got the CAR-T cells actually wound up getting sick, losing weight, and getting these toxicities, whereas the CAR-NK-cell-treated mice didn't," Kaufman says. (the-scientist.com)
- The serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinases-1-3 (SGK1-3) are downstream effectors of PI3 kinases, implicated in various cell responses including colon cancer tumorigenesis in mice. (biomedsearch.com)
- Cardoso-Alves investigated the infection in mice whose NK cells did not have TRAIL and found that these mice were able to fight the virus better than the control animals. (scitechdaily.com)
- Mice without TRAIL had more protective T cells and were therefore better able to remove virus-infected cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- This is not limited to mice, but also affects human NK cells. (scitechdaily.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and tumor transformation of host cells. (wikipedia.org)
- It is a type cytotoxic lymphocyte that represents major part of innate immune system and is specialized to kill certain types of target cells, especially those that became infected with virus or have become cancerous. (sooperarticles.com)
- As one of the first lymphocyte populations to recover 5 , 6 , NK cells play an important role in immune reconstitution following HSCT. (jcancer.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are a unique lymphocyte lineage with remarkable agility in the rapid destruction of virus-infected cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Originally called "null cells" because they were believed not to express cell surface receptors, they were eventually recognized as a third lineage of lymphocyte distinct from T and B cells ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- CD226 (DNAM-1)-PE reacts with cell-corruption surveillance receptors in NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells and may also play a role in transendothelial cell migration. (acs.org)
- Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system . (bionity.com)
- Stimulatory NK receptors recognize host or pathogen ligands, although many ligands for these receptors are still unknown. (pnas.org)
- The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. (definitions.net)
- Samaridis J, Colonna M (1997) Cloning of novel immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed on human myeloid and lymphoid cells: structural evidence for new stimulatory and inhibitory pathways. (springermedizin.de)
- This crosslinking causes the Jurkat cells to activate NFAT transcription, which induces the expression of luciferase and can be easily detected using the ONE-Step™ Luciferase Detection Reagents . (tebu-bio.com)
- Honokare is enhanced with vibrational frequencies of energies that activate your immune system to attack and kill cancer cells. (cancerfightingstrategies.com)
- We're working on ways of using this knowledge to activate natural killer cells, and develop a natural killer cell-based vaccine strategy. (the-scientist.com)
- Human NK cells express killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) 2 and lectin-like receptors (CD94/NKG2) that recognize MHC class I ligands and either inhibit or activate NK cytotoxicity ( 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Introduction of an exogenous tumor can nevertheless activate potent anti-tumor responses by NK cells. (berkeley.edu)
- They either kill them by releasing cell toxins or activate these targets to start a "self-destruction program. (scitechdaily.com)
- iTeos Therapeutics is developing an immunotherapy treatment designed to simultaneously activate T cells to attack a tumor while destroying the regulatory T (Treg) cells that protect cancer cells from T-cell attack. (genengnews.com)
- Natural killer cell cytolysis of target cells and cytokine production is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and activating signals, which are facilitated by NK cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- We reasoned that supraphysiologic activating signals should enhance NK cell antitumor capacity and hence their therapeutic usefulness. (aacrjournals.org)
- 25926831 ). In the absence of SH2D1A/SAP can transmit negative signals to CD4 + T-cells and NKT cells. (uniprot.org)
- It is the integration and balance of signals from these receptors that determine a cell's activation status ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
- If they receive these signals they proliferate and express both CD4 and CD8, becoming double-positive cells. (statemaster.com)
- These results reveal a functional dichotomy (cytokine production vs cytotoxicity) in the response of resting NK cells, as dictated by the signals of individual receptors. (jimmunol.org)
- The signals that convert a circulating NK cell from a resting to a more activated, cytokine-secreting, and lytic mode in vivo are not fully understood. (jimmunol.org)
- This is due to the fact that NK cells without TRAIL sense various signals from their environment differently: on the one hand, they are less susceptible to a trigger that leads them to release cell toxins. (scitechdaily.com)
- These therapies all help the immune system to fight cancer, either by boosting the immune system's ability to destroy cancer cells or counteracting signals that protect the tumor from attack. (genengnews.com)
- Natural killer cells can recognise these stress signals and kill the stressor cells. (futurelearn.com)
- The cytotoxicity assay showed that murine melanoma cells modified with LX/IL(15+7) could significantly enhance the antitumor immune response in vitro. (bioportfolio.com)
- Environment and local intercellular influences are important not only in vivo but also fundamentally affect EC phenotype in vitro depending on sparse or confluent cell growth or the matrix on which the ECs are grown. (ahajournals.org)
- After testing the CARs' efficacy in destroying cancer cells in vitro, they selected the most effective constructs, expressed them in iPS cells, and differentiated these into NK cells. (the-scientist.com)
- Paired-cell sequencing enables spatial gene expression mapping of liver endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
- Endothelial stem cells (ESCs) are one of three types of stem cells found in bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
- ESCs will eventually produce endothelial cells (ECs), which create the thin-walled endothelium that lines the inner surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, an endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) is more specialized than an ESC, and an EC is more specialized than an EPC. (wikipedia.org)
- Lymphatic-specific vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D function as ligands for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). (wikipedia.org)
- A growing body of evidence suggests the contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells, monocytic cells, and mature endothelial cells to vessel formation and endothelial rejuvenation. (ahajournals.org)
- However, the definition and biology, especially of endothelial progenitor cells, is complex and under heavy debate. (ahajournals.org)
- In this review, we focus on current definitions of endothelial progenitor cells, highlight the clinical relevance of endothelial-regenerating cells, and provide new insights into cell-cell interactions involved in endothelial cell rejuvenation. (ahajournals.org)
- Hence, detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in endothelial cell restoration are of fundamental interest for preventional and therapeutic concepts in cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
- During development, endothelial cells (EC) emerge from mesodermal tissue residing in blood islands in the yolk sac or other atypical regions, like the placenta. (ahajournals.org)
- 2-6 The depiction of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in adults has substantially extended hypotheses about postnatal endothelial biology. (ahajournals.org)
- Currently, it is believed that mature ECs and circulating endothelial precursor cells contribute to the rejuvenation of the endothelium. (ahajournals.org)
- Serious attempts have meanwhile been performed to decipher the elementary cell types involved in EC regeneration, including ECs, endothelial precursors, and various inflammatory cells. (ahajournals.org)
- Migration from blood to tissue modulates eosinophil function, possibly through interactions with endothelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
- The effects of contact with and migration through endothelial cells on eosinophil expression of surface markers and release of leukotriene C 4 were evaluated. (ersjournals.com)
- A small proportion (2.6%) of eosinophils spontaneously migrated through endothelial cell monolayers. (ersjournals.com)
- this increased to 30.7% in culture on untreated endothelial cells and to 50.9% on IL-1β-pretreated endothelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
- Upon stimulation, eosinophils that had migrated through endothelial cells produced more leukotriene C 4 than control cells (872.4 and 103.9 pg·mL −1 , respectively). (ersjournals.com)
- Endothelial cell pretreatment with IL-4 or IL-1β further increased leukotriene C 4 release (1,789.1 and 2,895.1 pg·mL −1 , respectively), whereas pretreatment with IFN-γ decreased it (293.7 pg·mL −1 ). (ersjournals.com)
- In order to further clarify the role of endothelial cells in themodulation of eosinophils during their migration to tissue, the effects of eosinophil migration through a human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer on expression of cell-surface markers and liberation of LTC 4 , a powerful bronchoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory mediator, were evaluated. (ersjournals.com)
- Kim-Schulze S, Seki T, Vlad G, Scotto L, Fan J, Colombo PC, Liu J, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N (2006) Regulation of ILT3 gene expression by processing of precursor transcripts in human endothelial cells. (springermedizin.de)
- Initial expression of KIRs on NK cells is stochastic, but there is an educational process that NK cells undergo as they mature that alters the expression of KIRs to maximize the balance between effective defense and self-tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
- As a result of KIR's role in killing unhealthy self-cells and not killing healthy self-cells, KIRs are involved in protection against and propensity to viral infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- KNOW YOUR ENEMY: Natural killer cells, like the one attacking this larger cancer cell, can be activated by cell-surface receptors called activating KIRs. (the-scientist.com)
- Unlike other clonally distributed KIRs, 2DL4 is transcribed by all NK cells ( 7 , 8 , 9 ). (jimmunol.org)
- In order to protect the body from virus and other pathogen, NK cell's require mechanism that could determine weather a cell is infected or not. (sooperarticles.com)
- When you contract a viral disease, the pathogen enters your body and infects your cells. (lewrockwell.com)
- PGA13 encodes a GPI protein in the human pathogen Candida albicans, which is highly up-regulated during cell wall regeneration in protoplasts. (biomedsearch.com)
- Ludmila Cardoso-Alves at the Institute of Pathology studied the role of TRAIL in the response against a virus that is a natural pathogen in rodents and often serves as a model of viral infection in immunology. (scitechdaily.com)
- Unlike T cells, NK cell receptors are germline encoded, and therefore do not require somatic gene rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
- During this phase, gene rearrangement of the receptor chain occurs, and it is decided if they will gain alpha-beta (and need additional maturation steps) or gamma-delta receptors (that can leave thymus without further receptor selection). (brainscape.com)
- CHO-Anti-Human CD48 F(ab) stable cell line is clonally-derived from a CHO cell line, which has been transfected with an Anti-human CD48 F(ab) gene to allow expression of the F(ab). (creativebiomart.net)
- It is an example of a cell line transfected using our proprietary CBTGS gene screening and amplification system. (creativebiomart.net)
- This gene encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer cells (NK cells) (and some T cells) mediating non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. (creative-biolabs.com)
- 5 , 6 As reported by Live Science, 7 a specific gene called KLRD1 "could serve as a proxy for a person's levels of natural killer cells. (lewrockwell.com)
- KLRD1 is a receptor gene found on the surface of NK cells, and the level of KLRD1 found in a person's blood prior to exposure to the influenza virus was able to predict with 86 percent accuracy whether that individual would contract the flu. (lewrockwell.com)
- Antiviral response by natural killer cells through TRAIL gene induction by IFN-alpha/beta," European Journal of Immunology , vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 3138-3146, 2001. (hindawi.com)
- To further understand hematopoiesis, we have compared gene expression profiles of human erythroblasts, megakaryocytes, B cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and monocytes using whole genome microarrays. (bloodjournal.org)
- This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of gene expression in hematopoietic cells to date and has identified genes that play key roles in lineage commitment and cell function. (bloodjournal.org)
- We set out to generate a focused gene expression atlas for cells of the hematopoietic system from healthy persons, a so-called Hematology Expression Atlas (HaemAtlas). (bloodjournal.org)
- The development of an electroporation method that permits rapid expression of the receptor in a large number of human NK cells facilitates clinical translation of this NK-based strategy for a generalized cellular therapy that may be useful to treat a wide range of cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- Immunology and Cell Biology 92: 237-244. (els.net)
- For Lewis Lanier , leader of the University of California, San Francisco's cancer immunology program who was not involved in the study, the findings serve as a proof of concept, "that you can take the IPS cell and actually get a product out of it," he says. (the-scientist.com)
- This review presents the evidence supporting a role of LILRs as myeloid cell regulators and ongoing efforts to understand the functional immunology surrounding this family. (springermedizin.de)
- NK cells also mediate anti-viral protection, in particular against cytomegalovirus (CMV), an infection that causes significant morbidity and mortality following transplant. (jcancer.org)
- Here, we review the evidence for the role of NK cells in the earliest stage of human viral infection, and in its prevention. (frontiersin.org)
- This is achieved through an array of cell surface receptors surveilling host cells for alterations in human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression and other ligands as signs of viral infection, malignant transformation, and cellular stress. (harvard.edu)
- Moreover, this viral protein contributes to increased MCMV growth during acute infection in the mouse by protecting against NK cell mediated surveillance. (prolekare.cz)
- In pathological condition, some strategies have been developed to tilt the balance of NK cell receptor signalling, which are involved in the onset and progress of malignant tumour, viral infection and other pertinent diseases. (els.net)
- Activating receptors recognize ligands that are overexpressed or expressed de novo upon cell stress, viral infection, or tumor transformation. (elsevier.com)
- NK cells are involved in both viral disease and diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. (lewrockwell.com)
- Research confirms that when you are deficient in NK cells, you're far more susceptible to viral infections, and likely tumor formation as well. (lewrockwell.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells help fight viral infections as part of the body's innate immune response. (the-scientist.com)
- While screening for viral peptides that stimulate one receptor, KIR2DS2, hepatologist Salim Khakoo 's group at the University of Southampton, U.K., stumbled across an amino acid sequence that appears highly conserved across multiple flaviviruses, from Zika to Japanese encephalitis. (the-scientist.com)
- HLA-E seems to play a major role in the immune response to different viral infections and to affect transplantation outcome, in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, for example. (hindawi.com)
- The data confirm that a straightforward process for the generation of receptor-targeted viral vectors has been established. (uzh.ch)
- However, use of viral transduction methods raises the safety concern of viral integration into the NK cell genome. (plos.org)
- In this study, we used trogocytosis as a non-viral method to modify NK cells for immunotherapy. (plos.org)
- Reference: "Non-apoptotic TRAIL function modulates NK cell activity during viral infection" by Ludmila Cardoso Alves, Michael D. Berger, Thodoris Koutsandreas, Nick Kirschke, Christoph Lauer, Roman Spörri, Aristotelis Chatziioannou, Nadia Corazza and Philippe Krebs, 19 November 2019, EMBO Reports . (scitechdaily.com)
- Several defects have been identified in NK cells of newborn infants, and these defects may make newborn infants particularly more susceptible to viral infections than adults ( 1 , 11 , 24 , 27 , 47 , 49 , 52 ). (asm.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in the first-line defense against viral infections. (bloodjournal.org)
- Humans and chimpanzees have orthologous MHC class I, but few orthologous killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). (jimmunol.org)
- This finding could also be significant for humans, since human NKs possess an equivalent receptor, which plays an important role during CMV infection. (medicalxpress.com)
- Although NK cells might appear to be redundant in several conditions of immune challenge in humans, NK cell manipulation seems to hold promise in efforts to improve hematopoietic and solid organ transplantation, promote antitumor immunotherapy and control inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. (lewrockwell.com)
- In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Once a blocker is designed to stop inflammatory cell death, Li and his colleagues plan to run clinical studies in humans to see if the same events take place. (eurekalert.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cell degranulation in response to virus-infected cells is triggered by interactions between invariant NK cell surface receptors and their ligands on target cells. (nih.gov)
- This early maturation process is shown to be strictly dependent on the expression of inhibitory KIR by the developing NK cells. (jcancer.org)
- What 2 major events take place in the thymus for T cell maturation? (brainscape.com)
- These processes, and how they integrate with NK cell maturation, are currently poorly understood. (rupress.org)
- BION-1301 is designed to prevent APRIL from binding to two receptors, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and transmembrane activator and calcium modulator (TACI), which are expressed on the surface of multiple myeloma cells ( Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)
- They are termed as natural killers cells because of the fact that they do not require activation to kill cells with missing "Self" markers of MHC class l. (sooperarticles.com)
- NK cell activation seems to depend on SH2D1B and not on SH2D1A (By similarity). (uniprot.org)
- NK cell activation can be triggered by an absence of inhibitory receptor ligation (i.e., by detection of missing self) and also by ligation of specific activating receptors. (rupress.org)
- A delicate balance between activating and inhibiting receptors determines the outcome of NK cell activation. (els.net)
- Moreover, NK cell receptors also instruct or confer the responsiveness of NK cells to activation events at both development and mature stages. (els.net)
- Bolanos FD and Tripathy SK (2011) Activation receptor‐induced tolerance of mature NK cells in vivo requires signaling through the receptor and is reversible. (els.net)
- Regulatory T cells (also known as suppressor T cells ) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self. (statemaster.com)
- Probably involved in regulating T-cell activation. (creativebiomart.net)
- It transmits an activation signal to the T cell after antigen is bound. (creative-biolabs.com)
- They were named "natural killers" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self" markers of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I . However, it is now known that the cells are activated. (bionity.com)
- In healthy mucosa, eosinophils account for a small proportion of the cells, making it almost impossible to evaluate their activation status. (ersjournals.com)
- Activation of UPR genes is associated with increased TNF-α, interleukin-23 (IL-23), IL-17, interferon-γ expression, and expansion of T helper (Th)-17 cells. (springer.com)
- Furthermore, activation of the cGAS-STING pathway with STING agonists induces powerful anti-tumor responses by NK cells. (berkeley.edu)
- Crosslinking of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing receptor complexes on a variety of cells leads to their activation through the sequential triggering of protein tyrosine kinases. (edu.au)
- The direct cytotoxic effects of NK cells are determined by their expression of surface receptors and cytotoxic granules. (biomedcentral.com)
- In radiation bone marrow chimeras, NK resistance was significantly diminished when MHC-I D k expression was restricted to only hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic cells. (pnas.org)
- This variation correlated with distinct surface expression levels of Ly49H itself. (medicalxpress.com)
- Cells with higher Ly49H expression expanded more and were thus able to combat CMV more effectively. (medicalxpress.com)
- HIV-1 alters the expression of HLA-I ligands on infected cells, rendering them susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing. (harvard.edu)
- Likewise, the virus counteracts NK cell triggering, primarily by suppressing the expression of ligands for activating receptors while preserving engaged inhibitory receptors - . (prolekare.cz)
- However, the expression of these markers outside of the NK cell compartment has hampered the interpretation of results obtained with these protocols. (pnas.org)
- Interestingly, expression of one of the receptors tested, Ly49A, did not occur after in vivo transfer of Ly49A − cells. (rupress.org)
- In eosinophilic diseases in which their numbers increase, tissue eosinophils show increased expression of complement and immunoglobulin (Ig)G receptors compared to their blood counterparts 1 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)
- The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to induction of a stem-cell like phenotype, characterized by altered cell surface marker expression and increased tumor formation. (biomedsearch.com)
- Although NK cells are considered components of the innate immune response, we discovered that they have the potential to attack self cells (e.g. self cells that lack MHC I expression). (berkeley.edu)
- Anti-CD19 CAR expression was observed in expanded NK cells after these cells were co-cultured for one hour with freeze/thaw-treated donor cells expressing anti-CD19 CARs. (plos.org)
- In this study, three expression systems (bacteria, yeast, and human cells) were used to produce recombinant VP3 protein of IBDV. (bvsalud.org)
- The frequency of degranulating (CD107a expression) and interferon γ (IFN-γ)-secreting NK cells was quantified by multiparameter intracellular cytokine staining, as described previously. (bloodjournal.org)
- When an infection is detected, a small subset of the most effective killer cells is identified and selectively expanded-as a team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has now been able to show for the first time. (medicalxpress.com)
- This HLA-E tetramer bound to natural killer (NK) cells and a small subset of T cells from peripheral blood. (nih.gov)
- A subset of HLA class I alleles has been shown to inhibit killing by CD94/NKG2A+ NK-cell clones. (nih.gov)
- Yet, it may be a critical functional feature of the NK cell repertoire. (frontiersin.org)
- Physical and functional association of Fc mu receptor on human natural killer cells with the zeta- and Fc epsilon RI gamma-chains and with src family protein tyrosine kinases. (uniprot.org)
- These results highlight fundamental differences between proximal signaling events in T and NK cells and suggest a functional dichotomy for Vav1 in NK cells: a role in cytotoxicity but not for IFN-gamma production. (pasteur.fr)
- Our laboratory further demonstrated in mouse models that PIRB regulated functional development of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and the formation of a tumor-permissive microenvironment. (springermedizin.de)
- Chronic HIV-1 infection leads to a perturbation in the NK cell compartment, yet the kinetics of this deregulation and the functional consequences are unclear. (bloodjournal.org)