Cell size. Medical search

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

Growth processes that result in an increase in CELL SIZE.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

The study of the structure, behavior, growth, reproduction, and pathology of cells; and the function and chemistry of cellular components.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

The amount of DNA (or RNA) in one copy of a genome.

An order of CHLOROPHYTA commonly found in freshwater habitats. Characteristics include the presence of a cellulose wall and two to four equal, smooth, apical flagella.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The quantity of volume or surface area of a CELL NUCLEUS.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular algae. Important groups include DIATOMS; DINOFLAGELLATES; CYANOBACTERIA; CHLOROPHYTA; HAPTOPHYTA; CRYPTOMONADS; and silicoflagellates.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

A genus of RNA plant viruses in the family FLEXIVIRIDAE, containing slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. Carnation latent virus is the type species.

Osmium. A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.

A genus of the plant family Liliaceae (sometimes classified as Alliaceae) in the order Liliales. Many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as VEGETABLES; CONDIMENTS; and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.

Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Methods used to study CELLS.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Cellular processes, properties, and characteristics.

A ribosomal protein that may play a role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. It is a major substrate of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES and plays a role in regulating the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNAs that contain an RNA 5' TERMINAL OLIGOPYRIMIDINE SEQUENCE.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A species of METHYLOBACTERIUM which can utilize acetate, ethanol, or methylamine as a sole carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Part of the DIENCEPHALON inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal THALAMUS. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the OPTIC TRACT to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the AUDITORY CORTEX.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Photography of objects viewed under a microscope using ordinary photographic methods.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Large and highly vacuolated cells possessing many chloroplasts occuring in the interior cross-section of leaves, juxtaposed between the epidermal layers.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.

Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. Na-23 is a stable sodium isotope.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The physical measurements of a body.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Basic functional unit of plants.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

A technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Hydrophilic contact lenses worn for an extended period or permanently.

Assaying the products of or monitoring various biochemical processes and reactions in an individual cell.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Sex differences in the effects of early neocortical injury on neuronal size distribution of the medial geniculate nucleus in the rat are mediated by perinatal gonadal steroids. (1/5001)

Freezing injury to the cortical plate of rats induces cerebrocortical microgyria and, in males but not females, a shift toward greater numbers of small neurons in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). The purpose of the current study was to examine a hormonal basis for this sex difference. Cross-sectional neuronal areas of the MGN were measured in male rats, untreated female rats and female rats treated perinatally with testosterone propionate, all of which had received either neonatal cortical freezing or sham injury. Both male and androgenized female rats with microgyria had significantly smaller MGN neurons when compared to their sham-operated counterparts, whereas untreated females with microgyria did not. These differences were also reflected in MGN neuronal size distribution: both male and androgenized female rats with microgyria had more small and fewer large neurons in their MGN in comparison to shams, while there was no difference in MGN neuronal size distribution between lesioned and sham females. These findings suggest that perinatal gonadal steroids mediate the sex difference in thalamic response to induction of microgyria in the rat cortex. (+info)

Expression of the naturally occurring truncated trkB neurotrophin receptor induces outgrowth of filopodia and processes in neuroblastoma cells. (2/5001)

We have investigated the effects of the truncated trkB receptor isoform T1 (trkB.T1) by transient transfection into mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. We observed that expression of trkB.T1 leads to a striking change in cell morphology characterized by outgrowth of filopodia and processes. A similar morphological response was also observed in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts transfected with trkB.T1. N2a cells lack endogenous expression of trkB isoforms, but express barely detectable amounts of its ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The morphological change was ligand-independent, since addition of exogenous BDNF or NT-4 or blockade of endogenous trkB ligands did not influence this response. Filopodia and process outgrowth was significantly suppressed when full-length trkB.TK+ was cotransfected together with trkB.T1 and this inhibitory effect was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a. Transfection of trkB.T1 deletion mutants showed that the morphological response is dependent on the extracellular, but not the intracellular domain of the receptor. Our results suggest a novel ligand-independent role for truncated trkB in the regulation of cellular morphology. (+info)

Gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in progression to heart failure. (3/5001)

Gender-related differences responsible for the better prognosis of females with heart failure have not been clearly established. To address this issue, we investigated potential gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats. Echocardiograms and myocyte growth were compared between males and females at compensated (2, 4, and 6 months) and decompensated (18 months in males and 24 months in females) stages of cardiac hypertrophy. Although left ventricular diastolic dimensions did not differ significantly between failing male and female rats, fractional shortening declined significantly only in failing males. Myocyte cross-sectional area did not change after 4 months of age in both genders, which is likely to be responsible for the absence of a change in left ventricular wall thickness during the progression to heart failure. Myocyte volume and cross-sectional area were significantly larger in males than females at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, although there were no significant differences at the failing stage. Reduced adaptive hypertrophic reserve was observed in males, which is likely to contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality of males with chronic heart failure. (+info)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (4/5001)

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)

Interleukin-12 is synthesized by mesangial cells and stimulates platelet-activating factor synthesis, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell shape change. (5/5001)

Preliminary studies indicate the involvement of interleukin (IL)-12 in experimental renal pathology. In the present study, we evaluated whether cultured glomerular mesangial cells are able to produce IL-12 and whether IL-12 may regulate some of their functions, including the cytoskeletal reorganization, the change in cell shape, and the production of platelet-activating factor (PAF). The results obtained indicate that pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and bacterial polysaccharides, induce the expression of IL-12 mRNA and the synthesis of the protein by cultured mesangial cells. Moreover, cultured mesangial cells were shown to bind IL-12 and to express the human low-affinity IL-12 beta1-chain receptor. When challenged with IL-12, mesangial cells produced PAF in a dose- and time-dependent manner and superoxide anions. No production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-8 was observed. Moreover, we demonstrate that IL-12 induced a delayed and sustained shape change of mesangial cells that reached its maximum between 90 and 120 minutes of incubation. The changes in cell shape occurred concomitantly with cytoskeletal rearrangements and may be consistent with cell contraction. As IL-12-dependent shape change of mesangial cells was concomitant with the synthesis of PAF, which is known to promote mesangial cell contraction, we investigated the role of PAF using two chemically different PAF receptor antagonists. Both antagonists inhibited almost completely the cell shape change induced by IL-12, whereas they were ineffective on angiotensin-II-induced cell shape change. In conclusion, our results suggest that mesangial cells can either produce IL-12 or be stimulated by this cytokine to synthesize PAF and to undergo shape changes compatible with cell contraction. (+info)

Neurite outgrowth-regulating properties of GABA and the effect of serum on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. (6/5001)

Time-lapse photography was used to examine the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the outgrowth and motility of neurites in cultures from mouse spinal cord. GABA at concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 microM caused significant inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the motility of growth cones was significantly reduced by treatment with 100 and 10 microM GABA. This effect was mimicked by the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, whereas the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol had no effect. The effect of GABA on outgrowth and motility seems to be dependent on the type of serum employed. The results reported here were obtained only when heat-inactivated serum was used and not when non heat-inactivated serum was added to the culture medium. They suggest that GABA has a role in the regulation of process outgrowth within the embryonic mouse spinal cord. (+info)

Regulation of p190 Rho-GAP by v-Src is linked to cytoskeletal disruption during transformation. (7/5001)

The v-Src oncoprotein perturbs the dynamic regulation of the cellular cytoskeletal and adhesion network by a mechanism that is poorly understood. Here, we have examined in detail the effects of a temperature-dependent v-Src protein on the regulation of p190 RhoGAP, a GTPase activating protein (GAP) that has been implicated in disruption of the organised actin cytoskeleton, and addressed the dependence of v-Src-induced stress fibre loss on inhibition of Rho activity. We found that activation of v-Src induced association of tyrosine phosphorylated p190 with p120(RasGAP) and stimulation of p120(RasGAP)-associated RhoGAP activity, although p120(RasGAP) itself was not a target for phosphorylation by v-Src in chicken embryo cells. These events required the catalytic activity of v-Src and were linked to loss of actin stress fibres during morphological transformation and not mitogenic signalling. Furthermore, these effects were rapidly reversible since switching off v-Src led to dissociation of the p190/p120(RasGAP) complex, inactivation of p120(RasGAP)-associated RhoGAP activity and re-induction of actin stress fibres. In addition, transient transfection of Val14-RhoA, a constitutively active Rho protein that is insensitive to RhoGAPs, suppressed v-Src-induced stress fibre loss and cell transformation. Thus, we show here for the first time that an activated Src kinase requires the inactivation of Rho-mediated actin stress fibre assembly to induce its effects on actin disorganisation. Moreover, our work supports p190 as a strong candidate effector of v-Src-induced cytoskeletal disruption, most likely mediated by antagonism of the cellular function of Rho. (+info)

C-PR neuron of Aplysia has differential effects on "Feeding" cerebral interneurons, including myomodulin-positive CBI-12. (8/5001)

Head lifting and other aspects of the appetitive central motive state that precedes consummatory feeding movements in Aplysia is promoted by excitation of the C-PR neuron. Food stimuli activate C-PR as well as a small population of cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBIs). We wished to determine if firing of C-PR produced differential effects on the various CBIs or perhaps affected all the CBIs uniformly as might be expected for a neuron involved in producing a broad undifferentiated arousal state. We found that when C-PR was fired, it produced a wide variety of effects on various CBIs. Firing of C-PR evoked excitatory input to a newly identified CBI (CBI-12) the soma of which is located in the M cluster near the previously identified CBI-2. CBI-12 shares certain properties with CBI-2, including a similar morphology and a capacity to drive rhythmic activity of the buccal-ganglion. Unlike CBI-2, CBI-12 exhibits myomodulin immunoreactivity. Furthermore when C-PR is fired, CBI-12 receives a polysynaptic voltage-dependent slow excitation, whereas, CBI-2 receives relatively little input. C-PR also polysynaptically excites other CBIs including CBI-1 and CBI-8/9 but produces inhibition in CBI-3. In addition, firing of C-PR inhibits plateau potentials in CBI-5/6. The data suggest that activity of C-PR may promote the activity of one subset of cerebral-buccal interneurons, perhaps those involved in ingestive behaviors that occur during the head-up posture. C-PR also inhibits some cerebral-buccal interneurons that may be involved in behaviors in which C-PR activity is not required or may even interfere with other feeding behaviors such as rejection or grazing, that occur with the head down. (+info)

... while in other cells they may only be induced under certain conditions and are considerably smaller in size. Lipid droplets bud ... Lipid droplets vary greatly in size, ranging from 20-40 nm to 100 um. In adipocytes, lipid bodies tend to be larger and they ... Guo Y, Cordes KR, Farese RV, Walther TC (Mar 15, 2009). "Lipid droplets at a glance". Journal of Cell Science. 122 (Pt 6): 749- ... It is possible to observe the formation of lipid droplets, live and label-free, using label-free live cell imaging. Lipid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_droplet

The genomic size". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 19 (5): 241-249. doi:10.1159/000130816. PMID 606503. Mascarello, JT MJ; Mazrimas, J. A ... Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same ... The resulting somatic cell hybrids contain individual fragments of the relevant genome. Then, 90-100 (sometimes, more) clones ... Although tetrapoidy was first proposed to be a reason for its high genome size and diploid chromosome number, Svartman et al. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_diversity_and_karyotype_evolution_of_mammals

Determinants of cell size. How do cells determine what size to grow to before dividing? Golgi apparatus. In cell theory, what ... How and why did cells combine to form the eukaryotic cell? Did one or more random events lead to the first eukaryotic cells, or ... How do organs grow to the correct shape and size? How are the final shape and size of organs so reliably formed? These ... How did the mitochondria's mitosis cycle come in sync with its host cell? Did the mitochondria or the nucleus develop first in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_biology

Rhoads, Dan (5 November 2007). "History of Cell Biology". Bite Size Bio. Retrieved 31 October 2018. Schwann, Theodor (1839). ... cells that are independent and separate, e.g. blood cells cells that are independent but compacted together in layers, e.g. ... which formed his cell theory or cell doctrine. The first two were correct: The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and ... "All living things are composed of cells and cell products". He drew three further conclusions about cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwann

The cell wall and cell membrane are what are known to this point as what distinguishes Cyclotella from other diatom genera. The ... The size of Cyclotella varies by species. C. atomus has a diameter of 5-7 μm, whereas C. quillensis can have a diameter up to ... Each of the two offspring that arise as a result of cell division have one of the two valves from the parent cell. During the ... Vegetative cell division occurs over hundreds of generations for C. meneghiniana, with the cell diameters of the offspring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotella

2017). "Genome size, cytogenetic data and transferability of EST-SSRs markers in wild and cultivated species of the genus ... The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, ... Zaldoš V, Papeš D, Brown SC, Panaus O, Šiljak-Yakovlev S (1998) Genome size and base composition of seven Quercus species: ... Mounsey KE, Willis C, Burgess ST, Holt DC, McCarthy J, Fischer K (January 2012). "Quantitative PCR-based genome size estimation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count

Methods in Cell Biology. 65. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 218-219. ISBN 0-12-544169-X. Stumpf MP, Thorne T, de Silva E, Stewart ... R, An HJ, Lappe M, Wiuf C (May 2008). "Estimating the size of the human interactome". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (19): ... However, when fractionating mixtures, especially mixtures containing large numbers of components (for example a cell lysate), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copurification

... one size doesn't fit all". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (4): 284-95. doi:10.1038/nrm2145. PMID 17380162. Weaver R ... The cells underwent irradiation, creating double-strand breaks within the DNA, and garcinol was introduced into the cells to ... Chromatin in the cell can be found in two states: condensed and uncondensed. The latter, known as euchromatin, is ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.033. PMID 16678094. S2CID 5968161. Kimura A, Matsubara K, Horikoshi M (December 2005). "A decade of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase

Ron Joyce Stadium includes a full-sized Canadian football field and FIFA-sized soccer pitch. The stadium features permanent ... Svendsen, Clive; Ebert, Allison D. (2008). Encyclopedia of stem cell research. 2. SAGE. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4129-5908-7. "Why ... size mattered for Einstein". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 June 1999. Lemonick, Michael D. (28 June 1999). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University

"Sizing up the 'synthetic cell'". Nature. May 2010. doi:10.1038/news.2010.255. Henderson, Mark (May 21, 2010). "Scientists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_mycoides

Bond J, Woods CG (February 2006). "Cytoskeletal genes regulating brain size". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 18 (1): 95-101. ... As a result of the direct correlation between brain size and schizophrenia, along with the correlations between brain size and ... Corroborating this are stem cell cultures that have also shown Olduvai's proliferative effects neuronal stem cells. However, ... In 2009, it was proposed that the larger brain size conferred by a high number of Olduvai domain copies in humans carried an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai_domain

Skau, Lars Fredrik; Andersen, Tom; Thrane, Jan-Erik; Hessen, Dag Olav (2017-09-05). "Growth, stoichiometry and cell size; ... The cell surface is covered with plate-like scales, with additional layers of different scale types often overlaid. As is ... It is an icosahedral double stranded DNA virus with a genome size of 474kb. CeV-01B belongs to a subclade of the Megaviridae ... The cells are small, characterized by having scales, and typically observed using electron microscopy. Some species, under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysochromulina

Cells colonies can form chains that are coiled, straight, or curved. Cell size can range from ... Cells are more or less rectangular in girdle view. Cells are usually elliptical in valve view. Opposite setae of adjacent cells ... It is a type of centric diatom that contains a frustrule or cell wall composed of silica that contain long, thin spines (setae ... The spines connect the frustules together creating a colony of cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetoceros

A phagosome is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism, a senescent cell or an apoptotic cell. ... This intracellular transport depends on the size of the phagosomes. Larger organelles (with a diameter of about 3 μm) are ... Pathogen-infected apoptotic cells will trigger inflammation, but damaged cells that are degraded as part of the normal tissue ... Phagosomes degrade senescent cells and apoptotic cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Erythrocytes have one of the highest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome

"Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells". Cell. 139 (7): 1315-26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.025. PMC 2810531. PMID ... Vargo-Gogola, T; Rosen, J. M. (2007). "Modelling breast cancer: One size does not fit all". Nature Reviews Cancer. 7 (9): 659- ... Not only in blood but cells can be detected in bone marrow e.g. cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow of MMTV-pyMT and ... Metastasis is a process of migration of tumour cells from the primary cancer site to a distant location where the cancer cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis

... while some others require high cell viability. Measurement of cell size: in a micrograph, the real cell size can be inferred by ... Phytoplankton cell counting Cell processing for downstream analysis: accurate cell numbers are needed in many tests (PCR, flow ... The number of cells counted is the sum of all cells counted across squares in one chamber. The proportion of the cells counted ... If the sample is not diluted enough, the cells will be too crowded and difficult to count. If it is too dilute, the sample size ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytometer

The cell (honeycomb) size can vary. Cell shapes hold trapped air and create a barrier between the window surface and the room. ... Cellular shades can be constructed as single cell, double cell, or triple cell shades. Single cell fabric has an R-Value ... Cell shapes in the blinds hold trapped air and create a barrier between the window surface and the room, thus lessening the ... between 0.28 and 0.44 (1.6 and 2.5 imperial), and double cell fabric has a metric R-value between 0.49 and 0.70 (2.8 and 4.0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_shades

Gee H (22 November 1999). "Size and the single sex cell". Nature. Retrieved 4 June 2018. Fusco G, Minelli A (10 October 2019). ... The resulting four cells are called gametes, and contain only half the genetic material of the parent cells. These gametes are ... Egg cells are often associated with other cells which support the development of the embryo, forming an egg. In mammals, the ... Prior to an asexual division, a cell duplicates its genetic information, and then divides in a process of cell division called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex

Footprint-compatibility is typically obtained from a maximum sized base cell from which versions are derived having identical ... In standard cell design the designer uses cells from a standard cell library to implement the desired logic functionality of ... A typical standard-cell library for e.g. 40 nanometer CMOS has 500-1500 standard cells and about 150-300 different logic ... As a typical standard cell library contains only a small subset of the possible Boolean functions, 2 or more standard cells are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanGate

Some studies attribute this observation to selective pressure toward small genome sizes mediated by the physical constraints of ... Cell. 115 (7): 799-811. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00984-X. PMID 14697199. S2CID 12993441. Huvet, Maxime; Stumpf, Michael PH (1 ... Brandes, Nadav; Linial, Michal (21 May 2016). "Gene overlapping and size constraints in the viral world". Biology Direct. 11 (1 ... Vargason, Jeffrey M; Szittya, György; Burgyán, József; Hall, Traci M.Tanaka (December 2003). "Size Selective Recognition of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping_gene

Lian S, Jakymiw A, Eystathioy T, Hamel J, Fritzler M, Chan E (2006). "GW bodies, microRNAs and the cell cycle". Cell Cycle. 5 ( ... Due to its size and highly polyanionic (containing negative charges at several sites) nature, unmodified siRNA molecules cannot ... RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells ... In plants, RNAi is thought to propagate by the transfer of siRNAs between cells through plasmodesmata (channels in the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

Cell. 150 (1): 53-64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.029. PMC 3412174. PMID 22770214. Oh JM, Di C, Venters CC, Guo J, Arai C, So BR ... Pinto AM, Zhang Z, Wan L, Younis I, Dreyfuss G (November 2017). "U1 snRNP telescripting regulates a size-function-stratified ... Cell. 150 (1): 53-64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.029. PMC 3412174. PMID 22770214. Diner I, Hales CM, Bishof I, Rabenold L, ... For instance, a protein component of U1 snRNP called U1-70k from the brain cells of healthy individuals was found to become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1_spliceosomal_RNA

Garrido C (May 2002). "Size matters: of the small HSP27 and its large oligomers". Cell Death and Differentiation. 9 (5): 483-5 ... Changes of Hsp27 levels were observed in Ehrlich ascite cells, embryonic stem cells, normal B-cells, B-lymphoma cells, ... but the oligomerization in tumor cells growing in vivo or growing at confluence in vitro is dependent on cell-cell contact, but ... Hsp27 appears in many cell types, especially all types of muscle cells. It is located mainly in the cytosol, but also in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp27

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.019. PMID 16239144. S2CID 18069461. Kharrat N, Ayadi I, Rebaï A (December 2006). "Sample size ... It also may play a role in the completion of the cell cycle. SHFM1 has been shown to interact with BRCA2. "Human PubMed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHFM1

Yu FX, Zhao B, Guan KL (November 2015). "Hippo Pathway in Organ Size Control, Tissue Homeostasis, and Cancer". Cell. 163 (4): ... It has been shown that TEAD/VGLL1 complexes promote anchorage-independent cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.044. PMC 4638384. PMID 26544935. Zhao B, Li L, Lei Q, Guan KL (May 2010). "The Hippo-YAP pathway in ... TEAD2 has also been shown to be expressed very early during development, i.e. from the 2-cell stage. TEAD proteins are found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEAD2

Essentially spindle cell proliferation. Stroma is rich in collagen and/or myxoid ground substance. Low mag. Intermed. mag. ... The lesion usually reaches a size of 2-3 cm. Larger lesions are unusual. Local recurrence has been described after simple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodular_fasciitis

"Chromatin regulation by BAF170 controls cerebral cortical size and thickness". Developmental Cell. 25 (3): 256-69. doi:10.1016/ ... Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (7): 407-422. doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.26. PMID 28512350. Tang L, Nogales E, Ciferri C (June 2010). " ... Without the RSC complex, cells would not survive. RSC consists of 15 subunits, and at least three of these subunits are ... This repair mechanism is important for cell survival, as well for maintaining an organism's genome. These double-stranded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_structure_remodeling_(RSC)_complex

Guzzo F, Portaluppi P, Grisi R, Barone S, Zampieri S, Franssen H, Levi M (2005). "Reduction of cell size induced by enod40 in ... for elicitation of a cell-specific growth response in the alfalfa root cortex". Mol Cell Biol. 21 (1): 354-366. doi:10.1128/MCB ... Plant Cell. 11 (10): 1953-1966. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.10.1953. PMC 144109. PMID 10521525. Kouchi H, Takane K, So RB, Ladha JK, ... "enod40 induces dedifferentiation and division of root cortical cells in legumes". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (16): 8901-8906 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENOD40

Ding SW, Voinnet O (August 2007). "Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs". Cell. 130 (3): 413-26. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... Vargason JM, Szittya G, Burgyán J, Hall TM (December 2003). "Size selective recognition of siRNA by an RNA silencing suppressor ... "Tomato bushy stunt virus spread is regulated by two nested genes that function in cell-to-cell movement and host-dependent ... The p19 protein is also capable of binding to microRNA molecules that are endogenous to the host cell, as well as the siRNAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_silencing_suppressor_p19

Yu FX, Zhao B, Guan KL (November 2015). "Hippo Pathway in Organ Size Control, Tissue Homeostasis, and Cancer". Cell. 163 (4): ... It has been shown that TEAD/VGLL1 complexes promote anchorage-independent cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.044. PMC 4638384. PMID 26544935. Landin Malt A, Cagliero J, Legent K, Silber J, Zider A, Flagiello D ... In HeLa cells TEAD1 and SRC induce gene expression, TEAD1 interacts with PARP (Poly-ADP ribose polymerase) to regulate smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEAD1

Photoelectric cells in a spectrophotometer device worn on the forehead measure the amount of each wavelength of light reflected ... Capable of at-home training due to smaller, more portable size of sensor and signal generation equipment [6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoencephalography

Cell signallingEdit. Bile acids have metabolic actions in the body resembling those of hormones, acting through two specific ... The bile acid pool size is between 4-6 g, which means that bile acids are recycled several times each day. About 95% of bile ... Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells, which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in humans ... Exposure of colonic cells to high DCA concentrations increase formation of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

Hamming codes are only suitable for more reliable single-level cell (SLC) NAND. Denser multi-level cell (MLC) NAND requires ... Block codes work on fixed-size blocks (packets) of bits or symbols of predetermined size. Practical block codes can generally ... A convolutional code that is terminated is also a 'block code' in that it encodes a block of input data, but the block size of ... "Error Correction Code in Single Level Cell NAND Flash memories" 16 February 2007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code

The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type (Allen's rule). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat- ... The brain detects insulin in the blood, which indicates that nutrients are being absorbed by cells and a person is getting full ... Dishware, silverware, drinkware, and cookware come in a wide array of forms and sizes. ... When the glucose levels of cells drop (glucoprivation), the body starts to produce the feeling of hunger. The body also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture. By applying a ... Cells are homogenised in a blender and filtered to remove debris. *The homogenised sample is placed in an ultracentrifuge and ... There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle and the rate that the particle separates from a heterogeneous ... General method of fractionation: Cell sample is stored in a suspension which is: *Buffered - neutral pH, preventing damage to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation

The cells met to read Marxist texts and hold self-criticism sessions.[51] Sâr joined a cell that met on the rue Lacepède; his ... with the goal of later forming commune-sized units twice that size.[230] Communal kitchens were also introduced so that all ... They established party cells, emphasising the recruitment of small numbers of dedicated members, and organized political ... a Marxist-Leninist organisation arranged in a clandestine cell system.[50] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot

... accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content. In humans, prolonged periods of ... Their ability to maintain skeletal muscle number and size at time of disuse is of significant importance. During hibernation, ... "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of ... or an increase in muscle size. Therefore, one way in which not exercise induces an increase in muscle mass is to down regulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

Small size parameter approximation[edit]. The size of a scattering particle is often parameterized by the ratio ... The moonlit sky is not perceived as blue, however, because at low light levels human vision comes mainly from rod cells that do ... The λ−4-type scattering is caused by the nanoporous structure (a narrow pore size distribution around ~70 nm) obtained by ... Rayleigh scattering applies to the case when the scattering particle is very small (x ≪ 1, with a particle size , 1 /10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering

... epidermal hair cells (trichomes), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the ... SizeEdit. Main article: Leaf size. The terms megaphyll, macrophyll, mesophyll, notophyll, microphyll, nanophyll and leptophyll ... Cells that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf.. Phloem. Cells that usually move sap, with dissolved sucrose( ... Its cells contain many more chloroplasts than the spongy layer. Cylindrical cells, with the chloroplasts close to the walls of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauline

... dendritic cells and other cells including liver cells, fibroblasts, and adrenal gland cells.[93] Viral replication triggers ... about the size of a laptop and solar-powered, allows testing to be done in remote areas.[260] ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.006. PMC 4243531. PMID 25417101.. *^ a b c d e f g h Kühl A, Pöhlmann S (September 2012). "How Ebola ... liver cells, and several types of immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells are the main targets of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

... many factors such as the size of nostril, the size of the lesion, and the preferences of the surgeon cause the selection of one ... excess secretion from the acidophil cells) caused acromegaly, then an excess of basophil cells must be involved in another ... The average size of tumor, both those that were identified on MRI and those that were only discovered during surgery, was 6 mm. ... Given this conviction, and his knowledge of the three anterior pituitary cell types, Cushing hypothesized that if acidophil ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

Cell Press. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101234. Retrieved July 7, 2020.. Cite journal requires ,journal=. (help). ... Eryops, typical of the large-size early amphibians 310-295 million years ago ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibia

T-cell count drops below 200).[76] The Medicaid eligibility policy contrasts with the Journal of the American Medical ... and physician interest group size," and which supported the generalized hypothesis that Democrats favor generous eligibility ... sickle cell anemia; sepsis; congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and complications of devices, ... or in certain patients commencing at an even higher T-cell count. Due to the high costs associated with HIV medications, many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid

Because the cell acquiring a chloroplast already had mitochondria (and peroxisomes, and a cell membrane for secretion), the new ... This section needs expansion with: Genome size differences between algae and land plants, chloroplast stuff coded by the ... and therefore topologically outside of the cell, because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell ... "The Plant Cell. 12 (1): 53-64. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.1.53. PMC 140214. PMID 10634907.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Very small size and weight, reducing equipment size.. *Large numbers of extremely small transistors can be manufactured as a ... Low operating voltages compatible with batteries of only a few cells.. *Circuits with greater energy efficiency are usually ... It was a near pocket-sized radio featuring 4 transistors and one germanium diode. The industrial design was outsourced to the ... Solaristor (from solar cell transistor), a two-terminal gate-less self-powered phototransistor. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_transistor

... and Th1 cells.[45] IL-1α stimulates increased skin cell activity and reproduction, which, in turn, fuels comedo development.[45 ... Boxcar scars are round or ovoid indented scars with sharp borders and vary in size from 1.5-4 mm across.[32] Ice-pick scars are ... and accumulation of skin cells in the hair follicle.[1] In healthy skin, the skin cells that have died come up to the surface ... the increased production of oily sebum causes the dead skin cells to stick together.[10] The accumulation of dead skin cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Particularly in the case of ships, they are classified as fouling organisms.[27] The amount and size of barnacles that cover ... Such barnacles feed by extending thread-like rhizomes of living cells into their hosts' bodies from their points of attachment. ... Barnacles probably have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom.[12] ... degrading to the condition of nothing more than sperm-producing cells.[15] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirripedia

In medicine, this era brought innovations such as open-heart surgery and later stem cell therapy along with new medications and ... Sussman, Robert W.; Hall, Roberta L. (April 1972). "Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.02: Convalescent serum (i.e. antibodies in blood from people previously infected) of people who had ... but I tried to curate a reasonable sized shortlist here to address several different aspects of the empirical question of post- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RDS

size. The size of a graph G is the number of its edges, ,E(G),.[11] The variable m is often used for this quantity. See also ... with a one in the cell for row i and column j when vertices i and j are adjacent, and a zero otherwise.[4]. adjacent. The ... See also size, the number of edges.. 2. A type of logic of graphs; see first order and second order.. 3. An order or ordering ... The independence number α(G) is the size of the maximum independent set.. 2. In the graphic matroid of a graph, a subset of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predecessor_

... the yeast cells appear globose, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 2-6 x 3-11 μm in size.[6] In a glucose-yeast extract broth, K. ... The formation of the ascospores occurs through the conjugation of the haploid cells preceding the formation of the ascus.[8] ... Alternatively, ascosporogensis can arise directly from diploid cells.[8] Each ascus contains 1-4 ascospores.[8] The ploidy of K ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluyveromyces_fragilis

The skin consists of a thin outer epidermis with mucous cells and sensory cells, and a connective tissue dermis consisting ... The pupil can be adjusted in size and a retinal pigment screens incident light in bright conditions.[22] ... Other colour-changing cells are reflective iridophores and white leucophores.[93] This colour-changing ability is also used to ... The haemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being carried within blood cells, and gives the blood a bluish colour.[33 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda

T4 and T3 bind to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and cause metabolic effects through the control of DNA ... "Levothyroxine treatment reduces thyroid size in children and adolescents with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

The sheer size of the proposal meant that it would stretch out across the water of Tokyo Bay.[34] Tange's proposals at this ... In his speech he used words such as "cell" and "metabolism" in relation to urban design. The Metabolist movement grew out of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Tange

Multiple tornadoes produced by the same storm cell are referred to as a "tornado family".[21] Several tornadoes are sometimes ... Tornadoes vary in intensity regardless of shape, size, and location, though strong tornadoes are typically larger than weak ... Tornadic storms do not contain more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells never produce lightning at all. More ... Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes

... aka Hurthle-Cell Neoplasms).[15] Tumors expressing the PAX8/PPARy are usually present in at a young age, small in size, present ... regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. • cell differentiation. • mesonephric tubule ... positive regulation of metanephric DCT cell differentiation. • negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process ... pancreatic islet cells and lymphoid cells.[8] PAX8 and other transcription factors play a role in binding to DNA and regulating ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

Truth be told, it's the size (in amino acids) of a protein I once studied. Yes, a bit geeky. ... I then moved onto other systems to study problems in cell biology, but now work in a hospital). I am a guy. And the 649 is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Flyguy649

"The Resurrection of Cell and Frieza" / "The Villains Of Hell!! The Revival of Cell and Frieza". Transcription: "Jigoku no ... However, Goku decides it will be easier to just grow up again after telling King Kai that he kinda likes being the size of a ... Goku meets a strange man named Sugoro, who challenges him to a life-sized board game. If Goku wins the game, he gets to keep ... Cell and Frieza show up, and now that he's trapped in hell, he has no choice but to fight them. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_GT_episodes

Then, the first tracheids of the transition zone are formed, where the radial size of cells and thickness of their cell walls ... The tracheids of earlywood formed at the beginning of a growing season have large radial sizes and smaller, thinner cell walls ... Finally, the latewood tracheids are formed, with small radial sizes and greater cell wall thickness. This is the basic pattern ... The generative cell in the pollen grain divides into two haploid sperm cells by mitosis leading to the development of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous_forest

The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes: two prokaryotic genomes ( ... Both the genomes of B. natans and G. theta display evidence of genome reduction besides elimination of genes and tiny size, ... They retained only three chromosomes and many genes were transferred to the nucleus of the host cell, while others were lost ... Most of the genes that moved to the host cell involved protein synthesis, leaving behind a compact genome with mostly single- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleomorph

As the size of a three-dimensional object grows, its volume... ... The primary limitation on the size to which a single cell can ... limits the size of the entire cell.. While the outer membrane of a cell protects the cell well on a microscopic level, large ... Why Are Cells so Small?. A: Brooklyn College explains that cells are small because they must have a large surface area relative ... The primary limitation on the size to which a single cell can grow is a mathematical principle called the surface to volume ...

https://www.reference.com/science/limits-cell-size-ba9023807e9f60b8

... s less DNA in a sperm cell than there is in a non-reproductive cell such as a skin cell. Second, the DNA in a sperm cell is ... Cell Size and Scale [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): Genetic Science Learning Center; 2010 [cited 2019 Apr 18] Available from ... Smaller cells are easily visible under a light microscope. It's even possible to make out structures within the cell, such ... 2010, September 2) Cell Size and Scale. Retrieved April 18, 2019, from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ ...

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/

Editors Note: This is the second of a four-part deep dive series into High Density Experience (HDX), Ciscos latest solution suite designed for high density environments and next-generation wireless technologies.... ...

https://blogs.cisco.com/tag/cell-size

The problem is that the background change applies only on the text area, not the whole cell ...Could you help me so that the ... I just want to define a cell and have a background color change. I use onmouseover. ... background change in onmouseover applies to the whole cell and not only half of it ?? here is my script: ,!DOCTYPE html ... onmouseover and cell size... Hi! got a little trouble: I just want to define a cell and have a background color change. I use ...

http://www.webdeveloper.com/forum/showthread.php?132485.html

Cartoon illustration of the scaling of organelles with cell size. The cell on the right is twice the diameter of the left. The ... leading to more data on the control of size in cells and organelles. Size scaling of these structures is expected to influence ... Scaling properties of cell and organelle size.. Chan YH1, Marshall WF. ... In each case, the cell (left purple) grows as illustrated by the grey arrows until total cell volume (V) increases to twice its ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20885855?dopt=Abstract

I have set the properties for the cells for the specific size. However, when I add content to the cells, they go over the width ... I would like to make each cell of equal height and width. ... Cell Sizes Hi,. I have a table with 4 cells. I would like to ... I have set the properties for the cells for the specific size. However, when I add content to the cells, they go over the width ... cell,Hello,/div,,/td, ,/tr, ,tr, ,td, ,div class=cell,Hello,/div,,/td, ,td, ,div class=cell,Hello,/div,,/td, ,/tr, ,/table ...

http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/showthread.php?194881-WinXP-IE6-Avant-working-FireFox-0-9-failing-the-1st-time-but-fine-after-a-refresh&goto=nextoldest

New research has revealed the mechanism cells use to control their growth and maintain their size, a phenomenon known as cell ... "cell size homeostasis.". "Cell size homeostasis is a fundamental biological question and to our knowledge this is the first ... "Its a very robust mechanism because each cell is guaranteed to reach its target cell size whether it is born large or small," ... allowing cells to grow to a consistent size before beginning cell division. Photo by Jun Lab / UC San Diego. ...

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/05/17/Study-reveals-the-secrets-of-cell-size-control/4581558112291/?mpst=2

... many strategists are not convinced that the emergence of a competitor four times their size suddenly means theyll need to find ... because Nextel and T-Mobile were already contending with a rival three times their size in Verizon Wireless, ... NEW YORK - There are other ways to measure a cell phone company than by size. ... www.chron.com/business/technology/article/Cell-phone-firms-size-up-market-1512079.php ...

https://www.chron.com/business/technology/article/Cell-phone-firms-size-up-market-1512079.php

... during which the cell undergoes mitosis cycles to produce successive buds, and the postreproductive phase, which ... ... which allows a cell to undergo its first cell cycle and the rate of the cell size to increase per generation. Here, we showed ... which postulates that excessive size achieved by the cell-the hypertrophy state-is the reason preventing the cell from further ... Cell Size Influences the Reproductive Potential and Total Lifespan of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast as Revealed by the ...

https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/cell-size-influences-reproductive-potential-total-lifespan-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-yeast-revealed-a/

15 but the ASP.net table cell is bigger than an Excel cell size.... ... Hi I am trying to make the cells in my ASP.net table the same size as a standard Excel cell using: tCell.Width = 48 tCell. ... ASP.net table vs Excel cell size. Hi. I am trying to make the cells in my ASP.net table the same size as a standard Excel cell ... but the ASP.net table cell is bigger than an Excel cell size.. Does anyone know how to achieve this, in other words what ...

https://www.experts-exchange.com/questions/28290969/ASP-net-table-vs-Excel-cell-size.html

By size we mean some quantifiedmeasure of cellular mass. The issues treatedhere include: (1) existence anduniqueness of ... This work is devoted to analyzing the growth of a cell population where cellular development is characterized by cellular size ... A size structured model of cell dwarfism. Keith E. Howard 1, 1. Department of Mathematics, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022 ... A size structured model of cell dwarfism. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2001, 1 (4) : 471-484. doi: 10.3934/ ...

https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcdsb.2001.1.471

... you need to determine the size and shape of each cell. There are many factors to consider when creating this type of design, ... Once you know the type of network you want to deploy, you need to determine the size and shape of each cell. There are many ... Lesson 3: Determining the Right Cell Size, Downloadable Version *By Jerome Henry ... This lesson will provide you with the parameters you need to change a flat AP service area into an efficient cell. ...

https://www.informit.com/store/lesson-3-determining-the-right-cell-size-downloadable-9780134051291

method to reflect the new size of the modified cell. Forgetting that part, nothing will happen to your cell sizes at all if you ... method of my cell to return the size I want - in my case, I grow and shrink the width of the cell to either display a button or ... cell.frame; frame.size = cell.intrinsicContentSize; cell.frame = frame; }; // Animate [UIView transitionWithView: ... If you want to animate the size of a cell, have a data model that reflects the state of the cell (in my case, I just use a flag ...

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13780153/uicollectionview-animate-cell-size-change-on-selection/17138435

Their length can be anywhere from a fraction of an inch to several feet long, depending on nerve cell... ... Nerve cells, or neurons, can range from .004 millimeters to .1 millimeters in diameter. ... What is a limiting factor to cell size?. A: The size of a cell is limited by its surface area to volume ratio. As cells grow ... What is the average size of a cheek cell?. A: The average size of a human cheek cell is 60 micrometers in diameter. The size of ...

https://www.reference.com/science/size-nerve-cell-6f0a12116861dbe3

The snow is actually made up of frozen crystals of carbon dioxide about the size of red blood cells, according to new research. ... Hu was able to figure out the number of snow particles in a given volume of snow cover, which helped him determine the size of ... MIT researchers decided to use science to calculate the size of the snow particles in the clouds and at the Martian poles. ... but they are both about as small as a red blood cell. ...

http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112643162/snow-on-mars-size-of-red-blood-cells-study-shows/

Heap cells have many different sizes, but I always assumed that CellSize was the minimum size. In fact its half the minimum ... const size_t ChunkMask = ChunkSize - 1; , , +const size_t CellAlignShift = 3; , +const size_t CellAlignSize = size_t(1) ,, ... Rename the Cell in Cell{Shift,Size,Mask} to CellAlign. Add a separate MinCellSize constant.. Attachment #8865476 - Flags: ... cell) { MOZ_ASSERT((uintptr_t(cell) & ~ArenaMask) % CellAlignSize == 0); return (uintptr_t(cell) & ArenaMask) / CellSize; } The ...

https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1362977

By developing new imaging and computational biology approaches scientists have gained insights into how the size of our immune ... "In the case of T cell families, the variability we detected was in how many times the cells would divide, and at what point in ... These armies of T cells will stop expanding at a later point, and are cleared by the death of most of the cells, leaving only ... We were surprised by how consistent these were within each family of cells - as if the related cells had inherited a set of ...

https://www.medindia.net/news/size-of-immune-response-controlled-by-cell-inheritance-165543-1.htm

Clock-deletion cells, on the other hand, do not display significant differences in cell size and cell size control between the ... short cell cycles in magenta and long cell cycles in black) obey different cell size control strategies. Fast dividing cells ... where newborn cells add a constant cell size before dividing again. This principle allows cell size homeostasis at the ... Cell size control is also modulated by light conditions (SI Appendix, Fig. S11 A-F). Presently, the cell size control has to be ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/11/07/1811309115

One of the central questions in biology is how a cell specifies its size. Because size distribution often shows a ... The color is scaled according to cell size from smaller (yellow) to larger cells... view more ... This analysis revealed that cell size was determined by endoreduplication-dependent exponential boosting, and size ... an artificial cell size distribution using the mathematical model by considering the effects of endoreduplication on cell size ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-09/nion-rdf092017.php

Open Access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of cell biology. ... International Journal of Cell Biology is a peer-reviewed, ... cell type, state of activation, and HA size. Different sizes of ... Size-dependent HA signaling can also differ according to cell type. LMW-HA induces activation and maturation of dendritic cells ... and cell cycle); two are HA-related (size and location). This review will focus on HA sizes and their effect on HA signaling ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcb/2015/563818/

New technology now permits a detailed analysis of adipose cell size including the detection of smaller cells which may be in ... Fat Cell Size in Insulin Resistance. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study ... We propose to examine the relationship between adipose cell size distribution and systemic insulin resistance in obese human ... This is done to determine whether insulin-resistant people have fewer fat cells but more fat per cell than insulin-sensitive ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00341406

Open Access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of cell biology. ... International Journal of Cell Biology is a peer-reviewed, ... International Journal of Cell Biology. Volume 2015, Article ID ... Size Matters: Molecular Weight Specificity of Hyaluronan Effects in Cell Biology. Jaime M. Cyphert, Carol S. Trempus, and ... This review summarizes the current knowledge about the generation of hyaluronan fragments of different size and size-dependent ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcb/2015/563818/abs/

PRNewswire/ -- The global Single Cell analysis market is expected to reach USD 5.0 billion by 2024, according to a new report ... Cell Microarrays, Single Live-Cell Imaging, Automated Cell Counters), by Application (Cancer, Immunology, Neurology, Stem cell ... Single Cell Analysis Market, by Region, 2013 - 2024 (USD Billion) *North America *U.S. Single Cell Analysis Market by Product ... Single Cell Analysis Market Size to Reach $5 Billion by 2024: Grand View Research, Inc. ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/single-cell-analysis-market-size-to-reach-5-billion-by-2024-grand-view-research-inc-586438381.html

Rich Jones introduces bacterial cell counting and an example of when the Multisizer 4e from Beckman Coulter has been used for ... Because of the exquisite ability of the Multisizer 4e to size and count cells, it has been used by many groups to optimize ... What are the main applications of bacterial cell counting and sizing?. Two application areas seeing a major surge for the ... Researchers at the University of Brisbane used the MS4e to study the relationship of cell size, and density with baculovirus ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20170315/Bacterial-cell-counting-and-sizing-using-the-Multisizer.aspx

I tried the flattop N Size cells in one of my 41Cs last night and they are too short. Crap! Okay, time to modify the cells. Im ... TOO quickly as when they were done, the N Size cells were almost too hot to handle. I one case, a cell making a sizzling noise ... Im also wondering how these flattop N Size cells will work in a 41. They are a little shorter than the alkaline primary N Size ... I received some button style N Size cells from Newark yesterday and ran them through the chargers last night. These cells must ...

https://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/archv020.cgi?read=186122

Blood cell-size computer memory. By System Administrator 26th January 2007 11:00 am 15th December 2015 3:56 pm ... researchers have created an ultra-dense memory device the size of a white blood cell that has enough capacity to store the ...

https://www.theengineer.co.uk/issues/january-2007-online/blood-cell-size-computer-memory/

The 5-5/8" dia wheel has 44 slots and holes cut to exact size of every available button-cell and coin-cell battery for watches ... Youre reviewing: BUTTON- & COIN-CELL BATTERY SIZING TEMPLATE. How do you rate this product? ... Be prepared for electronic quitters with this 30-pack of button cell batteries in the most popular sizes. Our each is (6) AG1 ... Be prepared for electronic quitters with this 30-pack of button cell batteries in the most popular sizes. Our each is (6) AG1 ...

https://www.sciplus.com/BUTTON--COINCELL-BATTERY-SIZING-TEMPLATE-51828-p

Global Market Study on Recombinant Cell Culture Supplements: Demand Surging for Use in Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy ... Table 48 : MEA Recombinant Cell Culture Supplements Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis 2016-2020 and Forecast 2021-2031, By End User ... Table 5 : Global Recombinant Cell Culture Supplements Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis 2016-2020 and Forecast 2021-2031, By End ... Table 24 : Europe Recombinant Cell Culture Supplements Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis 2016-2020 and Forecast 2021-2031, By End ...

https://www.bccresearch.com/partners/persistence-market-research/global-market-study-on-recombinant-cell-culture-supplements.html

On June 18 in the journal Developmental Cell, scientists report that its cell size, not body size, that intrinsically ... researchers found that animals with larger pancreatic cells tend to age faster, while smaller cells seem to go hand in hand ... www.cell.com/developmental-cell/fulltext/S1534-5807(18)30417-9 Developmental Cell (@Dev_Cell), published by Cell Press, is a ... On June 18 in the journal Developmental Cell, scientists report that its cell size, not body size, that intrinsically ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/cp-pcs061318.php

Learn about anisocytosis and why the size of red blood cells matters. Find out how anisocytosis can lead to a diagnosis of ... This means that your red blood cells (RBCs) are of mixed sizes. Normally, red blood cells should be about the same size. ... Red Blood Cells and What They Do. Red blood cells are the most abundant blood cells in your body. They make up almost half of ... These are called normocytic because the red blood cells are of normal size. An RDW test is still helpful here. It can rule out ...

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-anisocytosis

Such experiments enabled us to test the hypertrophy hypothesis, which postulates that excessive size achieved by the cell-the hypertrophy state-is the reason preventing the cell from further proliferation. (mendeley.com)
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (gu.se)
In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (gu.se)
Because it simultaneously counts and sizes each individual microbe, one-by-one, the researcher can track the influence of environmental perturbations such as pH, gasses, sampling source, etc. on the size and proliferation rate of bacteria and have a better understanding of how these variables may influence microbial communities and the environment as a whole. (news-medical.net)
Scientists had thought that after birth, most mammals' organs, including the pancreas, grow by cell proliferation. (eurekalert.org)
Therefore, mechanisms must exist to integrate cell growth and proliferation, so that cells maintain an appropriate size ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
However, little is known concerning the identity of regulatory components and signaling pathways that control cell growth or the mechanisms by which they are integrated with the control of cell proliferation in the developing organism ( 1 , 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
Because S6K1 regulates ribosomal protein production in mammals, loss of Drosophila S6K ( dS6K ) function could have a direct impact on cell growth and proliferation. (sciencemag.org)
The present work is a detailed analysis of the numerical and positional parameters of cell proliferation in all of the derivatives of the wing disk. (pnas.org)
In multicellular organisms morphogenesis highly depends on cell proliferation. (pnas.org)
Cell lineage studies reveal spatial and numerical parameters of ordered cell proliferation, an indication of genetic control of cell behavior. (pnas.org)
Cell proliferation within these compartments and wing sectors is more undetermined with clone borders overlapping in the same regions of different wings. (pnas.org)
In the wing disk and the presumptive wing blade in particular, cell proliferation increases the number of cells in an exponential mode, with an average cycle time of 8.5 h ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
The wing disk primordium in the embryo contains about 20 cells and the proliferation period ends with about 50,000, the equivalent to 10-11 rounds of cell division ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
Through life and cell divisions, telomeres shorten and bring cells closer to either cell proliferation crisis or senescence. (mdpi.com)
On the basis of application of cell counting which includes cell structure study and cell analysis, quality control, cell viability, proliferation, signaling, identification, single cell analysis and other applications. (webnewswire.com)
their accumulation is associated with several cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis. (springer.com)
Barba I, Cabanas ME, Arus C (1999) The relationship between nuclear magnetic resonance-visible lipids, lipid droplets, and cell proliferation in cultured C6 cells. (springer.com)
Although one of the daughter cells takes over the role of the stem cell, the other sets off into a proliferation and differentiation program that progresses as its lineage leaves the meristematic region. (biologists.org)
Thus, net growth is the outcome of a balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and elongation. (biologists.org)
In addition to being produced by cells of osteoblastic lineage, OPN has been shown to play important roles in chemotaxis, adhesion, and proliferation, all of which allow it to mediate inflammation and immunity to infectious diseases ( 16 - 19 ). (rupress.org)

How size is controlled is a fundamental question in biology. (nih.gov)
The latest research -- published this week in the journal Current Biology -- showed cell size homeostasis is made possible through two main components: the balanced synthesis of essential biological ingredients, proteins necessary for cell division, and a critical threshold that triggers the adder process once all the ingredients have been assembled. (upi.com)
Australian and Irish researchers have gained previously unachievable insights into how the size of our immune response is controlled, by developing new imaging and computational biology approaches to follow the behavior of hundreds of cells. (medindia.net)
The new imaging and computational biology techniques revealed that 'families' of immune cells develop during an immune response, said Dr. Marchingo, who is now a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Dundee, UK. (medindia.net)
One of the central questions in biology is how a cell specifies its size. (eurekalert.org)
To receive news and publication updates for International Journal of Cell Biology, enter your email address in the box below. (hindawi.com)
Developmental Cell ( @Dev_Cell ), published by Cell Press, is a bimonthly, cross-disciplinary journal that brings together the fields of cell biology and developmental biology. (eurekalert.org)
Cells and Robots is an outcome of the multidisciplinary research extending over Biology, Robotics and Hybrid Systems Theory. (springer.com)
Simultaneous consideration of cell and robotic populations is of mutual benefit for Biology and Robotics, as well as for the general understanding of multi-agent system dynamics. (springer.com)
The spectrum of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: new insights into biology and therapy. (medscape.com)
How an embryo 'hands over' control of development from mother to zygote is a fundamental question in developmental biology," said senior author Matthew C. Good, PhD , an assistant professor of Cell and Developmental Biology and of Bioengineering. (pennmedicine.org)
Evolution has co-opted cell size as a regulatory mechanism to control a critical transition in embryonic development, a paradigm that may extend to other areas of biology in which cell size varies," said Good. (pennmedicine.org)
How cells control their size is one of the oldest, unsolved problems in biology. (cam.ac.uk)
Nanowerk News ) Modern biology has attained deep knowledge of how cells work, but the mechanisms by which cellular structures assemble and grow to the right size largely remain a mystery. (nanowerk.com)
In an article published online Feb. 19 in the journal Current Biology ( 'Inverse Size Scaling of the Nucleolus by a Concentration-Dependent Phase Transition' ), the researchers detail how they used a technique called RNA interference (RNAi), to increase or decrease the size of the cells, and then examined the effect on the assembly of nucleoli. (nanowerk.com)

Introduction of stem cell therapies and non-invasive techniques for prenatal analysis are some of the examples of the applications of the Single Cell analysis techniques. (prnewswire.com)
Moreover, the adoption of stem cell therapy for treatments related to bone marrow transplants, hair regeneration, and other health-related issues is widening the scope of the Single Cell analytical technologies globally. (prnewswire.com)
In the intestine, expression of endogenous YAP1 is restricted to the progenitor/stem cell compartment, and activation of YAP1 expands multipotent undifferentiated progenitor cells, which differentiate upon cessation of YAP1 expression. (nih.gov)
Our data show that the Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ size in mammals and can act on stem cell compartments, indicating a potential link between stem/progenitor cells, organ size, and cancer. (nih.gov)
The major factors driving the demand for human embryonic stem cells include extensive therapeutic research activities in this field, rapid growth in medical tourism, emerging stem cell banking services. (mynewsdesk.com)
The "Single Cell Analysis Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (IVF, Cancer, Immunology, Stem Cell, Non-invasive Prenatal Diagnosis), By Product, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2018 - 2025" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. (pharmiweb.com)
Successful use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for treatment-refractory mycosis fungoides]. (medscape.com)
Scientific dogma has long held that a single stem cell is responsible for all of the components of the blood system. (frcblog.com)
Now in a paper published in the journal Cell Stem Cell , a group at Baylor College of Medicine is challenging that dogma. (frcblog.com)
The group found that there were different, distinct adult stem cell subtypes that contribute to different components of the blood system. (frcblog.com)
They verified the "stem cell nature" of these different subtypes by transplanting single stem cells into individual mice, and were able to confirm that these subtypes exist, can maintain a stable population of the stem cells over time, and behave as expected. (frcblog.com)
It challenges the dogma that there is one type of stem cell. (frcblog.com)
The study has significance for stem cell patient treatments as well. (frcblog.com)
People have been looking for purer and purer stem cell types. (frcblog.com)
In doing that, they may not be getting all the stem cell types they need. (frcblog.com)
A stem cell bank is actually a facility that stores stem cells for future usage. (sbwire.com)
Stem cell banking, one of the most potential markets particularly in the field of life sciences, is the procedure of preserving stem cells at temperatures which should be much below the sub-zero point. (sbwire.com)
The growth projection of the global stem cell banking market is steadily growing and the aspects contributing to this growth consist of inventive technologies, government support, and occurrence of diseases, increasing stem cell banking services, unmet medical requirements therapeutic research activities, and awareness among people. (sbwire.com)
Nearly every stem cell bank offer basic six services trial collection, storage, processing, transportation, analysis, and release that encompasses the whole procedure of how tissue and cord blood is collected, starting from cryopreservation to transplantation. (sbwire.com)
The global stem cell banking market is controlled by North America, which was later followed by Europe, the anticipated market share is growing at a reasonable rate. (sbwire.com)
Global Stem Cell Banking Market 2015-2019 is a new research report added by Sandlerresearch.org under the Stem Cell category. (pitchengine.com)
The analysts forecast global stem cell banking market to grow at a CAGR of 15.13% over the period 2014-2019. (pitchengine.com)
A stem cell bank is a facility that stores stem cells for future use. (pitchengine.com)
Stem cell banking, one of the most promising markets in the field of life sciences, is the process of preserving stem cells at temperatures much below the freezing point. (pitchengine.com)
This report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the global stem cell banking market for the period 2014-2019. (pitchengine.com)
To calculate the market size, the report considers the revenue generated by the leading stem cell banks. (pitchengine.com)
The report, Global Stem Cell Banking Market 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (pitchengine.com)
The '3D Cell Culture Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Technology, By End Use, By Application (Tissue Engineering, Drug Development, Stem Cell Research, Cancer), By Culture Component, And Segment Forecasts 2018 - 2024' report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. (benzinga.com)
Asia Pacific is projected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period owing to rapid developments across major economies, especially in the tissue engineering and stem cell research domain. (benzinga.com)
In the stem cell niche, BRs promote the QC renewal and differentiation of distal stem cells. (biologists.org)
Using studies that combine OPN-deficient mice and exogenous OPN, we demonstrate that OPN modifies primitive hematopoietic cell number and function in a stem cell-nonautonomous manner. (rupress.org)
The activation of the stem cell microenvironment with parathyroid hormone induced a superphysiologic increase in stem cells in the absence of OPN. (rupress.org)
Therefore, OPN is a negative regulatory element of the stem cell niche that limits the size of the stem cell pool and may provide a mechanism for restricting excess stem cell expansion under conditions of niche stimulation. (rupress.org)
The stem cell niche is a specialized microenvironment that houses and regulates the stem cell pool. (rupress.org)
In lower organisms, the niche incorporates elements that support a primitive or stem cell phenotype, as well as components that enforce terminal differentiation and end cell cycling among stem cell progeny. (rupress.org)
In this way, the Drosophila melanogaster germ cell niche both nurtures and constrains stem cells, maintaining strict control on stem cell number ( 1 , 2 ). (rupress.org)
Whether the same is true for mammalian stem cell niches has not been well defined. (rupress.org)
Components of stem cell niches have generally been defined in terms of cells and molecular pathways. (rupress.org)
In the murine hematopoietic stem cell niche, we and Zhang et al. (rupress.org)
We showed that activation of the osteoblast by parathyroid hormone (PTH)-R activation could increase stem cell numbers mediated by Notch1. (rupress.org)
We examined whether an osteoblast product could account for this restriction on the stem cell pool size and chose the osteoblast product osteopontin (OPN) for several reasons. (rupress.org)
The absence of OPN does not affect bone morphology, trabecular spaces associated with stem cell localization, or osteoblasts under homeostatic conditions ( 15 ). (rupress.org)
We reasoned that the potential for OPN to affect stem cell function in the niche was great given its abundance in the proper geographic location, its receptor expression on stem cells, and the evidence for it affecting processes in other cells that might be relevant for stem cell physiology. (rupress.org)

Recent research and the current scenario as well as future market potential of " Human Embryonic Stem Cells Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 - 2019" globally. (mynewsdesk.com)
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from blastocyst and are capable of differentiating into number of cell types that make up the human body. (mynewsdesk.com)
Human embryonic stem cells are also used in investigational studies of early human development, genetic diseases and toxicology testing. (mynewsdesk.com)
Currently, North America dominates the global human embryonic stem cells market and is followed by Europe due to high prevalence of cardiac and malignant diseases. (mynewsdesk.com)
Conventionally, the stem cells can be divided into three kinds based on the origin: adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and germinal stem cells. (sbwire.com)

The ability of cannabidiol to exert its effect on cell viability was also evaluated in physiological oxygen conditions. (frontiersin.org)
Cannabidiol reduced cell viability incompletely, and slowed the cell cycle with fewer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. (frontiersin.org)
This sophisticated algorithm allows for consistent identification of the desired cell population and provides reliable and accurate cell counts, concentration, viability and cell size measurements. (nexcelom.com)
Cell size, concentration and viability of SF9 cells was measured before and during protein expression. (nexcelom.com)

The "Global Single-cell Analysis Market " accounted to USD 1.50 billion in 2016 growing at a CAGR of 16.2% during the forecast period of 2017 to 2024. (openpr.com)
Asia-Pacific Cell Counting Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.5% during forecast period 2017 to 2023. (webnewswire.com)
In 2017, the global Cell Lysis market size was xx million US$ and it is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during 2018-2025. (reportsnreports.com)

The global 3D cell culture market size is expected to reach USD 1.69 billion by 2024, exhibiting a 14.8% CAGR during the forecast period. (benzinga.com)
North America dominated the global 3D cell culture market with a share of over 41.0% in 2016. (benzinga.com)

In mammalian cells, the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres (µm). (wikipedia.org)

Jun and his colleagues observed the mechanisms in a pair of bacteria species, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , but estimate the same components ensure cell size homeostasis in all living organisms. (upi.com)
In order for mammalian, insect, or bacteria cells to express high amounts of protein they must proliferate, but they must also grow and be maintained at an optimal size. (news-medical.net)
In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. (pearltrees.com)
Biologists have long known that bacteria grow faster and bigger when the quality of nutrients becomes better, a principle in microbial physiology known as the "growth law," which describes the relationship between the average cell size of bacteria and how fast they grow. (phys.org)
But the growth law has a major hole: It is unable to explain why bacteria divide when they reach a certain critical size, no matter how much or how little nutrients are available. (phys.org)
These results provide an overarching framework with quantitative predictive power over cell size in bacteria. (sigmaaldrich.com)
You'll also look at the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and find out whether or not bacteria have organelles. (study.com)
A noisy linear map underlies oscillations in cell size and gene expression in bacteria. (duke.edu)
I will present an unexpectedly simple and general cell-size control and homeostasis principle for bacteria. (cam.ac.uk)

Each aperture tube is able to measure particle sizes ranging from 2 to 80% of the aperture tube diameter. (news-medical.net)
The Multisizer 4e represents the latest in a long series of cell and particle analysers originally developed by Wallace Coulter in the 1940s. (news-medical.net)
The mean size and percentage of budded cells of a wild-type haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in batch culture over a wide range of doubling times (tau) have been measured using microscopic measurements and a particle size analyzer. (asm.org)
In this study, we demonstrate that a simple lattice-shaped microfluidic pattern can work as a virtual sieve for size-dependent continuous particle sorting. (rsc.org)
The presented system for particle/cell sorting would become a simple but versatile unit operation in microfluidic apparatus for chemical/biological experiments and manipulations. (rsc.org)
Kinetic analyses and the particle size distribution suggested a size-dependent penetration mechanism (size threshold: 3.1 nm). (rsc.org)
Cell Analysis and particle size analysis range in a linear flow or recirculating loop. (jmcanty.com)

May 17 (UPI) -- New research has revealed the mechanism cells use to control their growth and maintain their size, a phenomenon known as "cell size homeostasis. (upi.com)
It's a very robust mechanism because each cell is guaranteed to reach its target cell size whether it is born large or small," said Jun. (upi.com)
To explain the correlation, the researchers are narrowing in on the underlying molecular mechanism, and their "prime suspect" is mTOR, a protein that has been highly conserved in evolution and is already known to exist at the junction between cell size and lifespan. (eurekalert.org)
In this latter case, the mechanism by which two differently sized daughters are created is not understood. (sciencemag.org)
Conclusions: The novelty of our approach lies in (1) modeling cell-scaffold contact sites with statistical intensity and geometrical shape assumptions, (2) designing a methodology for validating 3D geometrical contact models, and (3) devising a mechanism for practical visual verification of hundreds of 3D measurements. (nist.gov)
Different hypotheses have been offered over the last 40 years to explain how an embryo discerns when to turn on the new genome of individual cells within the zygote, but it was the Penn team who nailed the mechanism and answered this key question. (pennmedicine.org)
If this were true, then it could provide a feedback mechanism for regulating cell growth. (nanowerk.com)
The mechanism by which cells perform this function, and ways in which it goes wrong, also play an important role in many types of disease, including various forms of cancer. (nanowerk.com)
The cell sizer mechanism requires the overcoming of two sequential thresholds, involving Cln3 and Far1, and Clb5,6 and Sic1, respectively. (biochemsoctrans.org)
In this study, we provide evidence that these cells sense their surface area as part of this size control mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
point out, this is probably just one component of a larger mechanism that tells cells when they need to divide. (elifesciences.org)
This mechanism however requires that cells somehow monitor their own size. (elifesciences.org)
The molecular mechanism for how size is sensed, and what aspect of size-surface area, volume, mass, linear dimensions etc-is monitored remains unknown. (elifesciences.org)

Cell size homeostasis is a fundamental biological question and to our knowledge this is the first time we finally understand its mechanistic origin," Suckjoon Jun, a biophysicist at the University of California, San Diego, said in a news release . (upi.com)
The adder principle proved cells don't control growth through a sense time and space, but it failed to explain the exact mechanisms that allows for size homeostasis. (upi.com)
This principle allows cell size homeostasis at the population level ( 15 , 18 ). (pnas.org)
In addition to its role in glucose homeostasis in the whole mouse, phosphorylation of rpS6 is essential for regulating the size of at least some cell types, but is dispensable for translational control of mRNAs with a 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP mRNAs) - its previously assigned targets. (nih.gov)
Asymmetric cell division generates cell diversity and maintains tissue homeostasis. (sciencemag.org)
This control is of outmost physiological relevance, since it allows us to coordinate cell growth with cell cycle progression and it is responsible for cell size homeostasis. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Previous studies have shown that BRs promote cell elongation in vegetative organs in several plant species, but their contribution to meristem homeostasis remains unexplored. (biologists.org)

The researchers showed cells grow by a fixed added size, irrespective of their birth size. (upi.com)
MIT researchers decided to use science to calculate the size of the snow particles in the clouds and at the Martian poles. (redorbit.com)
Researchers at the University of Brisbane used the MS4e to study the relationship of cell size, and density with baculovirus production levels in insect cells. (news-medical.net)
US researchers have created an ultra-dense memory device the size of a white blood cell that has enough capacity to store the Declaration of Independence and still have space left over. (theengineer.co.uk)
By examining the pancreases of 24 mammalian species--including shrews, humans, and tigers--researchers in Israel, Canada, and Germany found that animals with larger pancreatic cells tend to age faster, while smaller cells seem to go hand in hand with longer lifespans. (eurekalert.org)
But when the researchers looked at the same cell type in humans, they realized that cell replication, not individual cell expansion, was solely responsible for our pancreatic growth. (eurekalert.org)
In tests, the researchers were able to show that their robot successfully delivered a drug payload to the predetermined target cells. (geek.com)
Researchers have managed to show how the cells in a plant, a multicellular organism, determine their size and regulate their growth over time. (phys.org)
The researchers chose to make their prototypes cells from the cadmium materials because they were familiar with them from other research. (reliableplant.com)
Cell size measurement is a common assay performed by researchers across multiple disciplines: from determining differentiation capacity of stem cells 1 , to measuring adipocyte size 2 , to using Sf9 cells and baculovirus to produce recombinant adeno-associated virus. (nexcelom.com)
The ability to measure cell size has been a valuable tool for researchers examining the effects of pharmacological agents on cancer cells. (nexcelom.com)
According to the researchers, within hours of treatment, older cells treated with the analog started to divide and exhibited longer telomeres. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
The researchers published their results this week as the cover story in Developmental Cell . (pennmedicine.org)
Now, Princeton University researchers may have found the key in a dynamic agglomeration of molecules inside cells. (nanowerk.com)
Additionally, the focus of the researchers to come up with new techniques such as reverse phase protein array (RPPA) technology for protein extraction to develop personalized medicine will also drive market growth since this technique involves homogenized cell lysis, which is performed using various methods. (reportsnreports.com)
Researchers have been able to grow nanostructure-based solar cells that use ordered nanostructures like nanowires or nanotubes of inorganic surrounding by electron-donating organics utilizing self-organization processes. (wikipedia.org)

As the size of a three-dimensional object grows, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface does, which causes metabolic problems for cells. (reference.com)
In each case, the cell (left purple) grows as illustrated by the grey arrows until total cell volume ( V ) increases to twice its original value (middle purple) with some increase in surface area ( A ). Division creates two daughters (right purple and yellow) with V and A equal to the original value. (nih.gov)
As the size of a cell increases, its ability to facilitate diffusion across its cell membrane decreases. (reference.com)
Also, as the cell voltage increases that will reduce the charge current to help control the temperature of the cell. (hpmuseum.org)
YAP1 increases organ size and expands undifferentiated progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
We report here that YAP1 increases organ size and causes aberrant tissue expansion in mice. (nih.gov)
YAP1 activation reversibly increases liver size more than 4-fold. (nih.gov)
The efficiency of our cells increases as the sunlight goes away from perpendicular, so we may not need mechanical arrays to rotate our cells," Ready noted. (reliableplant.com)
The size of SF9 cells increases during protein expression and in the micrograph on the right the average cell size is 23 microns in diameter. (nexcelom.com)

The effect was cell-autonomous, displayed throughout larval development, and distinct from that of ribosomal protein mutants ( Minutes ). (sciencemag.org)
In Drosophila , a family of mutants defective in ribosomal protein production, termed Minutes , display short and slender bristles and a delayed developmental program, which results from a slower rate of cell growth and division ( 7 ). (sciencemag.org)
Jun and his colleagues discovered that when cells began replicating their genetic material in preparation for cell division, cell size remained remarkably constant despite the many genetic processes and changes in the cell such as protein and DNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis and cell shape. (phys.org)
Because keratinocytes are known to enlarge during differentiation, we looked for a correlation between involucrin synthesis and cell size, using antiserum raised against the purified protein. (rupress.org)
We conclude that when cultured keratinocytes reach a certain size (approximately 14 micrometer in diameter) the specific mRNA for involucrin begins to accumulate and synthesis of the protein begins. (rupress.org)
Since inactivation of extracellular glucose sensing through deletion of either the GPR1 or the GPA2 gene causes a marked, but partial, reduction in the ability to modulate cell size and protein content at Start, it is proposed that both extracellular and intracellular glucose signalling is required for properly setting the cell sizer in glucose media. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Cell lysis is vital step for study or research in proteomics, as protein can only be extracted if the cell lysis process is conducted. (reportsnreports.com)
These proteins form a pathway in which a protein called pom1p inhibits another protein, cdr2p, which in turn causes a third protein, cdk1p, to start the process of cell division. (elifesciences.org)

Which parameters will bring a change in the demand for recombinant cell culture supplements during the forecast period? (bccresearch.com)
167 Pages Report] The global cell sorting market is projected to reach USD 247.4 Million by 2021, at a CAGR of 7.0% in the forecast period (2016-2021). (marketsandmarkets.com)
This report studies the global Cell Isolation/Cell Separation market, analyzes and researches the Cell Isolation/Cell Separation development status and forecast in United States, EU, Japan, China, India and Southeast Asia. (aarkstore.com)
Avail the in-depth table of content TOC & market synopsis on "Cell Counting Market Research Report- Asia Pacific Forecast till 2023. (webnewswire.com)
Use of cheaper metals, high demand for fuel cell vehicles, and emerging new technologies are anticipated to offer new growth opportunities to this market during the forecast period. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
This report studies the global Cell Lysis market size, industry status and forecast, competition landscape and growth opportunity. (reportsnreports.com)
To study and forecast the market size of Cell Lysis in global market. (reportsnreports.com)

In a sperm cell, a specialized set of tiny support proteins (protamines) pack the DNA down to about one-sixth the volume of a mitotic chromosome. (utah.edu)
Cell lineage analyses of the disk have been carried out with mitotic recombination clones labeled with mutant but gratuitous cell markers ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
In early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the mitotic spindle is pulled toward one side of the cell by the molecular motor, dynein, and the cell divides into two unequally sized daughters. (sciencemag.org)
Asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle before cytokinesis can produce different-sized daughter cells that have distinct fates. (sciencemag.org)

North America accounted for the largest market share and was followed by Europe in 2015.Well-developed healthcare and R&D infrastructure and the availability of skilled labor are pushing the adoption of Single Cell analysis in these regions. (prnewswire.com)
The report includes market shares of Single-cell market for global, Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and South America. (openpr.com)
On the basis of geography, Single-cell analysis market report covers data points for 28 countries across multiple geographies such as North America & South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. (openpr.com)
Increasing cell-based research in North America due high demand for precision medicine is a major factor driving growth of the cell lysis market in this region. (reportsnreports.com)

Under constant light, wild-type cells follow an apparent sizer-like principle. (pnas.org)
Multiple size control principles have been proposed, including the sizer model, where cells divide at a critical size irrespective of birth size, or the timer model, where cells grow for a set time before dividing ( 9 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 15 ). (pnas.org)
Two extreme textbook models state that the cell senses its absolute size (thus 'sizer') or uses an internal 'timer' to trigger cell division. (cam.ac.uk)

MarketResearchReports.Biz announces addition of new report "Global Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Market 2012 - 2016" to its database. (prweb.com)
Global Solid Oxide Fuel Cells market 2012-2016 to grow at a CAGR of 7.34 percent over the period 2012-2016. (prweb.com)
Global Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Market 2012-2016, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (prweb.com)
What will the market size be in 2016 and what will be the growth rate? (prweb.com)

On June 18 in the journal Developmental Cell , scientists report that it's cell size, not body size, that intrinsically correlates with and perhaps affects lifespan. (eurekalert.org)
Developmental Cell , Anzi and Stolovich-Rain et al. (eurekalert.org)

Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (gu.se)
This analysis revealed that cell size was determined by endoreduplication-dependent exponential boosting, and size heterogeneity was induced by Poissonian endoreduplication dynamics. (eurekalert.org)
These results link the probabilistic property of endoreduplication dynamics to cell size distribution, providing a theoretical background to explain how size heterogeneity is established within a leaf. (eurekalert.org)
The continuous efforts in the R&D sector of the healthcare industry are resulting in the wide applicability of the Single Cell analysis technologies in the different disease areas, as a widespread diagnostic tool to address the complex heterogeneity observed in cells. (prnewswire.com)
Single cell analytics helps assess cellular heterogeneity and aids in analysis of pathways and processes at a molecular level. (pharmiweb.com)

The report outlines the current market trends and future scenario of the market size from 2018 to 2026 to understand the prevailing opportunities and potential investment pockets. (alliedmarketresearch.com)

We provide brief summaries of these issues for individual organelles, and conclude with a discussion on how to apply this concept to better understand the mechanisms of size control in the cellular environment. (nih.gov)
When cellular DNA expresses enough essential proteins to meet a critical threshold, a process called the adder principle is triggered, allowing cells to grow to a consistent size before beginning cell division. (upi.com)
This work is devoted to analyzing the growth of a cell population where cellular development is characterized by cellular size. (aimsciences.org)
By size we mean some quantifiedmeasure of cellular mass. (aimsciences.org)
Single-cell analysis is the study of individual cells which are isolated from tissues in multi-cellular organisms. (openpr.com)
Irrespective of the method by which total adipose cell number is estimated, two patterns of obesity emerge with respect to the cellular character of the adipose tissue mass of these patients: hyperplastic, with increased adipose cell number and normal or increased size, and hypertrophic, with increased cell size alone. (jci.org)
When these different cellular patterns are examined in terms of various aspects of body size, body composition, and the degree, duration, and age of onset of obesity, only the latter uniquely distinguishes the hyperplastic from the hypertrophic: hyperplastic obesity is characterized by an early age of onset, hypertrophic, by a late age of onset. (jci.org)
We realized that this invariant cell size represents a fundamental unit of cellular resources required to start growth and the cell cycle, or the 'engine' of a car, so to speak," said Jun. (phys.org)
Adaptation to a new physiological state leads to a change in cell size via reallocation of cellular resources. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Furthermore, the adder principle explains not only the population-level results quantitatively, but also the origin, hierarchy and inter-relationship of the variability of basic cellular processes of growth and cell division of individual cells. (cam.ac.uk)
The limit of cellular growth and how cells "choose" their eventual size have long been open questions for biologists. (nanowerk.com)
In the model, they show that the assembly and size of nucleoli depend on two factors: the first is the concentration of cellular material (which is related to cell size) the second is the energy of interactions between the molecules in the cell, which determines the saturating concentration for the phase transition. (nanowerk.com)

In this interview, Dr. Rich Jones introduces bacterial cell counting and an example of when the Multisizer 4e from Beckman Coulter has been used for this application. (news-medical.net)
They used the Multisizer 4e instrument to count and size pathogenic E. coli and to study the ability of another environmental organism D. magna to reduce this pathogenic E. coli strain in the environment. (news-medical.net)
Because of the exquisite ability of the Multisizer 4e to size and count cells, it has been used by many groups to optimize conditions for producing recombinant proteins. (news-medical.net)

Drosophila deficient in the S6 kinase gene ( dS6K ) exhibited an extreme delay in development and a severe reduction in body size. (sciencemag.org)
Studies in which cell cycle regulators were manipulated in the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster ( 3 ) largely confirmed these observations in metazoans. (sciencemag.org)
A highly expressed gene in stem cells is YAP1, the ortholog of Drosophila Yorkie, a downstream component of the Hippo pathway. (nih.gov)
However, other types of asymmetric cell divisions (for example, in Drosophila neuroblasts) start with a centrally localized spindle. (sciencemag.org)

In response to an infection, immune T cells develop in 'families' that are programmed to divide and die at different times after the infection is detected. (medindia.net)
Dr. Julia Marchingo, Professor Phil Hodgkin and colleagues at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute worked with Professor Ken Duffy and Mr. Giulio Prevedello from Maynooth University, Ireland, to develop a new way to track immune T cells as they divide and increase in number during an immune response. (medindia.net)
In the case of T cell families, the variability we detected was in how many times the cells would divide, and at what point in the immune response the cells would die. (medindia.net)
When and at what size to divide are critical decisions, requiring cells to integrate internal and external cues. (pnas.org)
While it is known that the 24-h circadian clock and the environment modulate division timings across organisms, how these signals combine to set the size at which cells divide is not understood. (pnas.org)
In growing cell colonies or tissues, they must do this, in part, by deciding when to divide. (pnas.org)
that is, cells only divide after they reach a critical size. (sciencemag.org)
In yeast, a minimum cell size must be achieved before cells initiate S phase and divide, whereas mutations that block cell cycle progression do not inhibit cell growth ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
Although different types of cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, most cells are able to maintain a fairly consistent size and shape as they grow and divide. (elifesciences.org)
When these undifferentiated biological cells divide, they can differentiate into specialized cells. (pitchengine.com)
These cells have a low proliferative activity and divide asymmetrically. (biologists.org)

We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (gu.se)
Together, our results provide evidence that BRs play a regulatory role in the control of cell-cycle progression and differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem. (biologists.org)

A model of acute lymphoblastic disease, the Jurkat T cell line, has been used extensively to study the cannabinoid system in the immune system and cannabinoid-induced apoptosis. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we found an asymmetric division in the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast lineage that began with a centered spindle but generated different-sized daughters, the smaller (anterior) of which underwent apoptosis. (sciencemag.org)
The OPN-null microenvironment was sufficient to increase the number of stem cells associated with increased stromal Jagged1 and Angiopoietin-1 expression and reduced primitive hematopoietic cell apoptosis. (rupress.org)

By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (gu.se)
I assume there is some algorithm in the uProc that tailors the current based upon the cell chemistry. (hpmuseum.org)
The Cellometer uses an "Accurate Cell Membrane Outline Algorithm" that produces the cell membrane outline around each cell. (nexcelom.com)

Hi Eleanor, I can offer one general hint: tetraploid yeast cells are larger than diploids, and it may be possible to make cells of even higher ploidy. (bio.net)
individual yeast cells? (bio.net)
Our study was based on yeast cells, whose size was determined by increased genome copy number, ranging from haploid to tetraploid. (mendeley.com)
have now used imaging techniques and mathematical modeling to probe the distribution and movements of proteins in fission yeast cells. (elifesciences.org)
Analysis of fission yeast cells of different shapes shows that cell division starts when the surface area of the cell grows to a certain value, as opposed to starting when the volume or length reach a given value. (elifesciences.org)

However, microarray analysis of adipose cell gene expression in high risk insulin-resistant human subjects suggests that a reduced rate of adipose cell turnover is associated with enhanced adipose cell size and systemic insulin resistance. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Adipose cell size (lipid per cell) was determined in three different subcutaneous and deep fat depots in each patient and the total number of adipose cells in the body estimated by division of total body fat by various combinations of the adipose cell sizes at six different sites. (jci.org)
On the basis of these studies it is suggested that the total adipose number of an individual is best and most practically estimated, at this time, by division of total body fat by the mean of the adipose cell sizes of at least three subcutaneous sites. (jci.org)

Here, we examine how the 24-h circadian clock and environmental cycles modulate cell size control and division timings in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus using single-cell time-lapse microscopy. (pnas.org)
The second concept, less well understood, is that size may affect HA uptake by the cell, and HA intracellular signaling may also modulate biological responses. (hindawi.com)

The nucleus of a cell is essentially a small sphere within a larger sphere. (reference.com)
Why Are Cells so Small? (reference.com)
Brooklyn College explains that cells are small because they must have a large surface area relative to the amount of volume they contain to function proper. (reference.com)
Do large cells have more trouble functioning than small cells? (reference.com)
The group determined the snow particles in the south are slightly smaller than those found up in the north pole, but they are both about as small as a red blood cell. (redorbit.com)
Small changes in cell volume therefore result in large changes in electrical conductivity. (news-medical.net)
My only concern is that the the nicad/ni-mh charging rates seems excessively high for small capacity cells. (hpmuseum.org)
Red blood cells may be abnormally small and pale in this type of anemia. (webmd.com)
You said it's possible that because of the small size of the study, women in the diet-alone group did have small reductions in fat cell size that weren't detected. (news-medical.net)
However, the proportion of viable cells that were gated as small, increased in response to cannabidiol and normally sized cells decreased. (frontiersin.org)
This proportion of small cells persisted in the recovery period and did not return to basal levels. (frontiersin.org)
But each cell is very small and only fit a few. (jotform.com)
click on the small "i" buttons located within a cell for an annotation to view further details. (yeastgenome.org)
It can be performed with samples as small as a single cell. (pharmiweb.com)
What are the physical findings of primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma? (medscape.com)
The micrograph on the left shows small cells with an average diameter of 13.0 microns. (nexcelom.com)
Over these three and a half months, the pole position traced small loops, ranging in size from that of a sheet of A4 [8-1/2x11 inch] paper down to that of a cell phone, and it remained within a one meter [yard] square during these four months. (phys.org)
Using density gradient centrifugation, we were able to isolate a population of small cells containing almost no involucrin, as judged by immunodiffusion, PAGE, and immunoprecipitation. (rupress.org)
Large cells possessed translatable mRNA for involucrin, whereas small cells did not. (rupress.org)
This structure is called the nucleolus, a part of the cell typically found under a microscope in groups of small black specks, like poppy seeds in a muffin. (nanowerk.com)
If so, that could regulate cell size: a small cell with a high concentration of matter would easily assemble nucleoli, but once a cell grew too large, spreading out its material, nucleoli would disassemble and the cell would stop growing. (nanowerk.com)
This prevents any single cell becoming too large or small. (elifesciences.org)
The cell nucleus contains all of the cell's genome, except for the small amount of mitochondrial DNA and, in plant cells, plastid DNA. (wikipedia.org)
This size selectively allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules, such as nucleic acids and larger proteins, from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

The X chromosome is shown here in a condensed state, as it would appear in a cell that's going through mitosis. (utah.edu)
The total lifespan of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be divided into two phases: the reproductive phase, during which the cell undergoes mitosis cycles to produce successive buds, and the postreproductive phase, which extends from the last division to cell death. (mendeley.com)
Direct observation of growing imaginal discs has shown that clusters of neighboring cells, not clonally related, enter both the S phase of the cell cycle and mitosis in synchrony ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are rod-shaped cells that grow to ∼14 µm in length before entering mitosis. (elifesciences.org)
We show that cells enter mitosis at a certain surface area, as opposed to a certain volume or length. (elifesciences.org)

Single Cell Analysis Market Size to Reach $5 Billion by 2024: Grand View Research, Inc. (prnewswire.com)
The global Single Cell analysis market is expected to reach USD 5.0 billion by 2024, according to a new report published by Grand View Research, Inc. The rising adoption of Single Cell analysis tools owing to the improving healthcare scenario is fueling the growth of the market. (prnewswire.com)

Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (gu.se)
Stability analysis of a general HIV dynamics model with multi-stages of infected cells and two routes of infection. (aimsciences.org)
Our analysis allows us to disentangle, and predict the effects of, the complex interactions between the environment, clock, and cell size control. (pnas.org)
Recent time-lapse analysis of microbial growth at the single-cell level suggested that many microorganisms follow an "adder" or "incremental" model ( 16 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 21 ), where newborn cells add a constant cell size before dividing again. (pnas.org)
In addition, the increasing pool of individuals suffering from target diseases, such as cancer, and neurological disorders, rising per capita income, and the government initiatives to encourage the R&D in healthcare sectors are augmenting the demand for Single Cell analysis in the developing countries. (prnewswire.com)
Factors, such as the booming medical tourism, availability of advanced healthcare treatments, and the availability of skilled healthcare professionals at a lower cost are some of the factors anticipated to accelerate the adoption of Single Cell analysis in the Asia Pacific region. (prnewswire.com)
A latest publication by Persistence Market Research on the global recombinant cell culture supplements market evaluates the opportunities and current market landscape, and provides detailed analysis and updates about corresponding sections affecting the market. (bccresearch.com)
Important indicators for successful growth of the recombinant cell culture supplements market are presented in this comprehensive report, which include Year-on-Year (Y-o-Y) growth analysis of the market, and compounded annual growth rate (CAGR), which are described in an exhaustive way in Persistence Market Research's study. (bccresearch.com)
This fuel cell and battery research review provides a sampling of the type of quantitative market information, analysis and guidance. (bccresearch.com)
The global Single-cell analysis market is highly fragmented and is based on new product launches and clinical results of products. (openpr.com)
By product type the Single-cell analysis market is segmented into Consumables and Instruments. (openpr.com)
By Technique the Single-cell analysis market is segmented into Flow Cytometry, NGS, PCR, and Mass Spectrometry segments. (openpr.com)
I think it is worthwhile trying this test, even if you have no part in the cellsize debate, as your results will generate useful information for further analysis by others. (dave-cushman.net)
Our analysis of the acquired terabyte-sized collection is motivated by the need to understand dimensionality of cell-scaffold interactions relevant to tissue engineers that grow cells on biomaterial scaffolds. (nist.gov)
High demand for early detection techniques and rapid technological advancements are creating a significant demand for single cell analysis. (pharmiweb.com)
Single cell analysis plays an important role in risk management related to organ transplants, cancer, heart failure, renal diseases, and infectious disease testing by performing fast, accurate, and effective tests. (pharmiweb.com)
Usefulness of flow cytometry for differential diagnosis of precursor and peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas: analysis of 490 cases. (medscape.com)

Thus, the dS6K gene product regulates cell size in a cell-autonomous manner without impinging on cell number. (sciencemag.org)
Previously it was not appreciated that different regions of a vertebrate embryo can undergo genome activation at different times, or how directly cell size regulates the awakening of a zygote's genome. (pennmedicine.org)
Stem cells reside in a specialized niche that regulates their abundance and fate. (rupress.org)

A number of proteins that regulate cell size and cell division in fission yeast have now been identified. (elifesciences.org)

II) In fission yeast, the cell grows along the long axis, so V and A both scale as the length, L . (III) In budding yeast, the cell first experiences polarized growth to form a bud, then the bud grows until it reaches roughly the size of the mother cell. (nih.gov)
For example, the rod-shaped cells of the fission yeast S. pombe grow to be 14 microns long before dividing in the middle to form two new cells. (elifesciences.org)

What are the main applications of bacterial cell counting and sizing? (news-medical.net)
To give you an example of the range in sizes, the average cell in a human body is 50 micrometers in diameter while an average bacterial cell is 3 to 5 micrometers. (greenanswers.com)

This hypothesis defines the reproductive potential value as the difference between the maximal size that a cell can reach and the threshold value, which allows a cell to undergo its first cell cycle and the rate of the cell size to increase per generation. (mendeley.com)
In this paper, we evaluate the sub-threshold sizing methodology of [1,2] on 40 nm and 90 nm standard cell libraries. (mdpi.com)
The concept of the proposed sizing methodology consists of balancing the mean of the sub-threshold current of the equivalent N and P networks. (mdpi.com)
Compared to super-threshold libraries, at 0.3 V, the proposed libraries achieve 49% and 89% average cell timing improvement and 55% and 31% power delay product improvement at 40 nm and 90 nm respectively. (mdpi.com)
Liu B, de Gyvez JP, Ashouei M. Sub-Threshold Standard Cell Sizing Methodology and Library Comparison. (mdpi.com)
Cells must achieve a threshold size to initiate large-scale transcription of their own proteins. (pennmedicine.org)
Both Z1 Single and Dual Threshold Models use the Coulter Principle (Electrical Sensing Zone Method) for counting cells or particles in the 1-120 micron size range. (oilandgasonline.com)
The Z1 Single Threshold instrument allows the operator to set one size threshold. (oilandgasonline.com)
The Z1 Dual Threshold Model counts cells or particles in three regions, equal to or above the operator selected lower size, above the upper size setting and between the two sizes. (oilandgasonline.com)

We performed extensive growth inhibition experiments, and we discovered that cell size at replication initiation per origin, namely the initiation mass or unit cell, is remarkably invariant under perturbations targeting transcription, translation, ribosome content, replication kinetics, fatty acid and cell wall synthesis, cell division, and cell shape. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Involucrin synthesis is correlated with cell size in human epidermal cultures. (rupress.org)
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of NE and serves as a marker for NE-producing cells. (frontiersin.org)
Genes involved in cell wall loosening and in BR, auxin and ethylene synthesis or perception are among the main targets of this regulatory pathway. (biologists.org)

Chromatin forms chromosomes during cell division, packages DNA, reduces DNA volume, protects DNA from damage, and controls gene expression and DNA replicat. (reference.com)
What Happens During Cell Division? (reference.com)
Volume scales differently than surface area, leaving a discrepancy of the two sizes during division. (nih.gov)
The bottom line is that we found the adder is exclusively determined by some key proteins involved in cell division. (upi.com)
During an immune response to an infection, immune T cells that recognize the invading microbe increase in number through cell division, and become armed to fight the infection. (medindia.net)
Closer inspection reveals that the clock generates two subpopulations, with cells born in the subjective day following different division rules from cells born in subjective night. (pnas.org)
We demonstrate that the clock continuously modulates the probability of cell division throughout day and night, rather than solely applying an on−off gate to division, as previously proposed. (pnas.org)
Iterating between modeling and experiments, we go on to identify an effective coupling of the division rate to time of day through the combined effects of the environment and the clock on cell division. (pnas.org)
The principles of cell growth and division in microorganisms have been studied for many years ( 6 ⇓ - 8 ). (pnas.org)
Although the rules of cell division under constant conditions are being elucidated, cell division in many organisms is controlled by intracellular cues and time-varying environmental signals. (pnas.org)
For example, cell division and growth are tightly linked to light levels in algae ( 22 ⇓ - 24 ), while growth is enhanced in the dark in plant hypocotyls ( 25 ). (pnas.org)
A fascinating, if perhaps vexing, insight has also been that HA will often demonstrate opposing actions: it can have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties, promote or inhibit cell migration, activate, or stop cell division and differentiation. (hindawi.com)
Recent breakthroughs in the field of cell growth, particularly in the control of cell size, are reviewed by experts in the three major divisions of the field: growth of individual cells, growth of organs, and regulation of cell growth in the contexts of development and cell division. (cshlpress.com)
During this division, more myosin II accumulated anteriorly, suggesting that asymmetric contractile forces might produce different-sized daughters. (sciencemag.org)
We show that cell size in Escherichia coli can be predicted for any steady-state condition by projecting all biosynthesis into three measurable variables representing replication initiation, replication-division cycle, and the global biosynthesis rate. (sigmaaldrich.com)
During bacterial growth, a cell approximately doubles in size before division, after which it splits into two daughter cells. (duke.edu)
Using a recent model of the cell cycle in which division is thought to be asymmetric, equations have been derived for mean cell age and mean cell volume. (asm.org)
In an early embryo undergoing cell division, maternally loaded RNA and proteins regulate the cell cycle. (pennmedicine.org)
Cells can, in principle, control their size by growing to a specified size before commencing cell division. (elifesciences.org)
A similar phenomenon has been observed in other types of cells, so it is clear that cells must be able to measure their own size, and then use that information to trigger cell division. (elifesciences.org)
When the cells reaches a critical cell size, the increased concentration of cdr2p at these nodes may help to trigger the start of cell division. (elifesciences.org)

Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (gu.se)
Along the growing A/P boundary, the selector gene engrailed ( en ), acting in the P compartment, elicits the expression of genes encoding for diffusible ligands. (pnas.org)
How can genes for cells change? (phys.org)
Diversity in T lymphocyte antigen receptors is generated by somatic rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes and is concentrated within the third complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of each chain of the TCR heterodimer. (sciencemag.org)
We sequenced the CDR3 regions from millions of rearranged TCR β chain genes in naïve and memory CD8 + T cells of seven adults. (sciencemag.org)
Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to restore function to old cells. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
The genes within these chromosomes are structured in such a way to promote cell function. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression-the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. (wikipedia.org)

The activity of the quiescent centre (QC) was low in the short roots of bri1-116 , as reported by cell type-specific markers and differentiation phenotypes of distal stem cells. (biologists.org)
Conversely, plants treated with the most active BR, brassinolide, or mutants with enhanced BR signalling, such as bes1-D , show a premature cell cycle exit that results in early differentiation of meristematic cells, which also negatively influence meristem size and overall root growth. (biologists.org)

The primary limitation on the size to which a single cell can grow is a mathematical principle called the surface to volume ratio. (reference.com)
The extensive demand for non-invasive techniques for prenatal diagnosis to prevent the immunological and genetic disorders in fetuses is fueling the demand for Single Cell tests in the market. (prnewswire.com)
Note: Later the charger display took some time to update but it will support a single cell battery in the right channel at 1.2V. (hpmuseum.org)
It demonstrates that there's a property that can be measured on a single cell that predicts the lifespan of a whole animal. (eurekalert.org)
By type the Single-cell market is segmented into Human and Animal segments. (openpr.com)
On the basis of end-users the Single-cell market is segmented into academic & research institutes, biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies, hospitals and diagnostic laboratories, cell banks and ivf centers. (openpr.com)
Using single-cell imaging of embryos from the African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ), they found that cell size was the key parameter governing the start of genome activation in zygotes. (pennmedicine.org)
To gain new insights, zygotic transcription should be measured at a single-cell level," said first author Hui Chen, PhD , a postdoctoral fellow in Good's lab. (pennmedicine.org)

Size-dependent uptake behaviors of electrically neutral amphipathic polymeric nanoparticles in cell-sized liposomes and living cells were investigated. (rsc.org)

The mechanisms that regulate mammalian organ size are poorly understood. (nih.gov)
How any cell actually senses its own size remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
The fundamental process by which a cell controls its own size is not understood for any cell type. (elifesciences.org)

Because the nucleus must become larger to control a larger cell, the nucleus is also susceptible to the problem of surface to volume ratio. (reference.com)
Techniques for measuring size at smaller length-scales continue to improve, leading to more data on the control of size in cells and organelles. (nih.gov)
Stochastic modeling allows us to predict how these effects emerge from the complex interactions between the environment, clock, and cell size control. (pnas.org)
A stochastic model explains how this behavior emerges from the interaction of cell size control with the clock. (pnas.org)
Organisms control the size of their cells ( 1 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 5 ). (pnas.org)
Cell Growth: Control of Cell Size is an authoritative and detailed book on growth regulation. (cshlpress.com)
The remaining population of viable cells that were cultured in nutrient rich conditions post-treatment were able to proliferate, but did not recover to control cell numbers. (frontiersin.org)
In multicellular organisms, the control of cell size has the added importance of dictating the proportions of organs, limbs, and the living entity ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
It is unclear whether the pathways that control organ size also impinge on stem/progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
By generating miniature embryos, the team demonstrated that changes in cell size control the timing of genome activation. (pennmedicine.org)
The number and size of LC cells expressing immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-ir) was assessed in age-matched REMS-deprived (RD)-, treatment-control (TXC)-, and home cage-reared (HCC) animals. (frontiersin.org)

Blood samples are collected before, during, and at the end of the study to measure how well the cells remove glucose from the blood in response to insulin. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This research study can support readers to know the demand for recombinant cell culture supplements and the quantitative development opportunities during the study period. (bccresearch.com)
Market statistics as well as information linked to the macro- as well as micro-economic variables affecting the business scenario in the recombinant cell culture supplements market are also included in the current study. (bccresearch.com)
Persistence Market Research's study on the recombinant cell culture supplements market offers information divided into five important segments - product, application, source, end user, and region. (bccresearch.com)
In Persistence Market Research's study, a unique research methodology is utilized to conduct extensive research on the growth of the recombinant cell culture supplements market, and reach conclusions on the future growth parameters of the market. (bccresearch.com)
The study provides a decisive view of the Fuel Cell Power System Market by segmenting it in terms of form and application. (mynewsdesk.com)
Body size and weight, as well as total fat and abdominal fat cell size were measured both before and after the 20-week study period. (news-medical.net)
Using these cells, this study sought to investigate the outcome of those remaining viable cells post-treatment with cannabidiol, both in terms of cell size and tracking any subsequent recovery. (frontiersin.org)
This study examines the effect of both cell area and depth upon the growth of juvenile blue crabs. (amnh.org)
Specifically, a separate-cell hatchery system will be used to produce adults that can be used for study or for spawning. (amnh.org)
The study, which was conducted by an international team of scientists at Berkeley Lab and led by Harald Ade, is the first to successfully map the size and purity of domains in organic solar cells to increase their performance. (dailytech.com)
This appears even more evident when we introduce a case study concerning a large-size robotic population scenario. (springer.com)
A new study published in the September issue of the online publication Nature Nanotechnology finds that the nature of human cells and how they interact with asbestos cells may explain why asbestos exposure is harmful to humans. (asbestos.com)
The study states that nanotubes and asbestos cells approach human cells at a certain angles, with the rounded tip of the cell towards the human cell. (asbestos.com)
Increased knowledge of the link between enlarged fat cells and the development of type 2 diabetes may give rise to new preventive and therapeutic alternatives," said Malin Lönn, co-author of the study and associate professor in the department of clinical chemistry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. (scienceblog.com)
In this study, five nervous system cancer cell lines were investigated. (springer.com)

The only place a cell can do this is along the thin, skin-like membrane surrounding it. (reference.com)
While the outer membrane of a cell protects the cell well on a microscopic level, large cells would require exceptionally thick membranes. (reference.com)
A virus recognizes a host cell through using its outer membrane equipped with glycoproteins to bind with receptors on the surface of the host cell. (reference.com)
What Is the Basic Structure of a Cell Membrane? (reference.com)
see the Perspective by Grill ) studied asymmetric cell divisions in the Q neuroblast lineage during C. elegans development and found that when the spindle was centred, myosin II accumulated at higher levels on the side of what will become the smaller daughter cell, giving rise to asymmetric myosin-based contractile forces acting on the membrane. (sciencemag.org)
Nutrient Sensing through the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells: Focused Meeting held at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, 25-29 September 2004. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Individual molecules of cdr2p come together to from clusters called nodes on the cell membrane. (elifesciences.org)
also show that cdr2p binds to all parts of the cell membrane, not just to the nodes near the middle, and go on to provide a simple mathematical model showing how this property can allow cells to measure their surface area. (elifesciences.org)
from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)

on the other end of the size range, the 2000 micron aperture is able to size particles from 40 to 1600 microns. (news-medical.net)

Additionally, the amount of cytoplasm the nucleus can contain and the structural limitations on the cell prevent them from being larger as well. (reference.com)
This limits the size of the nucleus, which in turn, limits the size of the entire cell. (reference.com)
It's even possible to make out structures within the cell, such as the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. (utah.edu)
Third, the head of a sperm cell is almost all nucleus. (utah.edu)
The lack of a nucleus means that red blood cells don't live long. (webmd.com)
Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. (wikipedia.org)
and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton supports the cell as a whole. (wikipedia.org)
The nuclear envelope separates the fluid inside the nucleus, called the nucleoplasm, from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The size of the nucleus depends on the size of the cell it is contained in, with a nucleus typically occupying about 8% of the total cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleus is the largest organelle in animal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Together, these membranes serve to separate the cell's genetic material from the rest of the cell contents, and allow the nucleus to maintain an environment distinct from the rest of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope, each of which contains an eightfold-symmetric ring-shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse. (wikipedia.org)

It is used to measure the gene expression profiles between individual cells used in research applications such as in cancer research, immunological research, neurological research, and stem cells research to help in diagnostics. (openpr.com)

In this review, we discuss the use of scaling relationships-for example, power-laws of the form y∝x(α)-to provide a framework for comparison and interpretation of size measurements. (nih.gov)
Repeated measurements showed that the growth of individual exocrine pancreatic cells, known as acinar cells, is responsible for much of the overall organ growth after birth. (eurekalert.org)
Colonies of the bees reared in the larger cells and established as larger themselves by many measurements were alleged to produce significantly more honey than colonies of smaller bees under otherwise identical conditions. (dave-cushman.net)
Background: Cell-scaffold contact measurements are derived from pairs of co-registered volumetric fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images (z-stacks) of stained cells and spun coat, large microfiber, and medium microfiber scaffolds. (nist.gov)

High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR (HR-MAS) was performed on harvested cell pellets to quantify the patterns of lipid signals. (springer.com)
The intensity of NMR lipid signals varied greatly between cell types, and a good correlation was found between total volume of LDs and the proton NMR lipid signal intensity at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm. (springer.com)
Callies R, Sri-Pathmanathan RM, Ferguson DYP, Brindle KM (1993) The appearance of neutral lipid signals in the 1H NMR spectra of a myeloma cell line correlates with the induced formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. (springer.com)
OBJECTIVE -The purpose of this article was to determine the relationships among total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), fat cell size (FCS), ectopic fat deposition in liver (intrahepatic lipid [IHL]) and muscle (intramyocellular lipid [IMCL]), and insulin sensitivity index ( S i ) in healthy overweight, glucose-tolerant subjects and the effects of calorie restriction by diet alone or in conjunction with exercise on these variables. (diabetesjournals.org)

Cell sorters are utilized for separation and purification of various cell populations and sub-populations from a complex mixture of cells. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Together, we provide evidence that the position of the MHO determines the location and size of midbrain dopaminergic and hindbrain serotonergic cell populations in vivo . (jneurosci.org)

The efficiency of polymer-based organic photovoltaic cells depends on the purity of the donor and acceptor domains. (dailytech.com)
The GTRI photovoltaic cells trap light between their tower structures, which are about 100 microns tall, 40 microns by 40 microns square, 10 microns apart - and built from arrays containing millions of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. (reliableplant.com)

In unicellular and multicellular organisms, specific cell types have a characteristic size ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)

The cell on the right is twice the diameter of the left. (nih.gov)
Nerve cells, or neurons, can range from .004 millimeters to .1 millimeters in diameter. (reference.com)
The average size of a human cheek cell is 60 micrometers in diameter. (reference.com)
The current method for measuring cell size typically consists of capturing a microscope image and using secondary software to measure the diameter of the cell. (nexcelom.com)
After each count a cell diameter histogram is automatically generated representing the cell size distribution of the counted population. (nexcelom.com)
In this experiment average cell diameter for 786-O cells was measured to be 17.6 microns. (nexcelom.com)
From the cell diameter histogram, we can estimate that approximately 60% of the cells had a cell diameter that was between 16.6 and 18.6 microns. (nexcelom.com)
In comparison to 786-O cells, the average diameter of SW-620 cells was measured to be 11.1 microns. (nexcelom.com)
Looking at the cell diameter histogram, approximately 75 % of the cells had a cell diameter that was between 10.5 and 12.0 microns. (nexcelom.com)
This population is displayed in the "Cell Diameter Histogram" with green bar lines. (nexcelom.com)
We found that virtually no cultured epidermal keratinocytes with a diameter less than or equal to 14 micrometer contained involucrin, but most cells greater than 17 micrometer did. (rupress.org)
An average LD diameter of approximately 0.2 μm was found in all cell types. (springer.com)
Diameter of the largest LDs varied across the cell lines. (springer.com)

What Limits Cell Size? (reference.com)
Why Are There Upper and Lower Limits to Cell Size? (reference.com)

Because size distribution often shows a characteristically skewed pattern in a tissue, there may be some stochastic option for determining cell size. (eurekalert.org)
They then investigated whether this model was sufficient to explain cell size variation in epidermal tissue. (eurekalert.org)
Probing the stochastic property of endoreduplication in cell size determination of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal tissue. (eurekalert.org)
Ideal as a fully automated instrument for the rapid enumeration of both tissue culture and blood cells from most any species. (oilandgasonline.com)

Asia Pacific cell counting market consists of countries namely China, Japan, Republic of Korea, India, Australia and Rest of Asia Pacific. (webnewswire.com)

Based on these parameters the Cellometer automatically determines the cell concentration of the selected population. (nexcelom.com)
We took advantage of some useful features of the worm that allowed us to change the concentration of all of the nucleolar components by just changing cell size", Weber said. (nanowerk.com)
As cells grow, the local cdr2p concentration in nodes at the medial cortex accumulates as a measure of cell surface area. (elifesciences.org)
In addition to reporting both count and concentration results, the Z2 adds the ability to provide size distribution of the cell population. (oilandgasonline.com)

The size of these fat cells predicts type 2 diabetes, independent of whether the patient is obese," said You. (news-medical.net)
Adipocyte size predicts incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. (scienceblog.com)

The penetration of advanced therapeutic tools for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as cancer related to the malfunctions of the Single Cells is proving to be a boon for the global market. (prnewswire.com)
The research is beneficial for shareholders in the recombinant cell culture supplements landscape, including investors, manufacturers, service providers, distributors, and suppliers, and can help them in developing suitable business strategies to flourish in the market. (bccresearch.com)
Additionally, by virtue of the data submitted in this report, minor companies and new entrants in the recombinant cell culture supplements industry can be aided in making suitable company choices to achieve traction in the market. (bccresearch.com)
What are the winning strategies of stakeholders in the recombinant cell culture supplements market to upscale their position in this landscape? (bccresearch.com)
How can businesses in the recombinant cell culture supplements market avail the growth opportunities in developed and emerging sectors? (bccresearch.com)
The Fuel Cell Power System Market report provides a holistic view of the industry along with the factors that are driving and restraining the growth of the global Fuel Cell Power System Market. (mynewsdesk.com)
The global Fuel Cell Power System Market report cover the comprehensive mapping of the industry players that are operating in target market along with the player positioning based on their business strengths and product offerings which provides the competitive outlook of the industry. (mynewsdesk.com)
The global market for materials used in automotive batteries and fuel cells should grow from $8.2 billion in 2018 to reach $22.4 billion by 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.4% for the period of 2018-2023. (bccresearch.com)
Need to incorporate 3D cell culture systems in research for better representation of in vivo environment has driven development of new materials and methods, thereby propelling market growth. (benzinga.com)
Factors such as technological advancements in cell sorters, rising funding and investments for development of technologically advanced cell sorters, and growing adoption of cell sorting techniques in research activities are driving the growth of global Market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
As of 2015, Becton, Dickinson and Company (U.S.), Beckman Coulter, Inc. (U.S.), and Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (U.S.) dominated the global cell sorting market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
The Global Solid Oxide Fuel Cells market has also been witnessing an increasing number of regulations in the market. (prweb.com)
it also covers the Global Solid Oxide Fuel Cells market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. (prweb.com)
Cell counting market is expected to witness positive growth in future as it has wide range of applications in research institutes, hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals companies and it an important tool in research, drug discovery and biopharmaceutical applications. (webnewswire.com)
Furthermore, factors responsible for the growth of the cell counting market in Asia Pacific are rising awareness regarding prevalence of disease such as cancer and other lifestyle diseases and improvement in healthcare facilities. (webnewswire.com)
High cost of cell counting instruments may create an obstacle for the market growth. (webnewswire.com)
Key players in cell counting market are Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. (U.S), General Electric Company (U.S), Agilent Technologies (U.S), PerkinElmer Inc. (U.S), Tecan Trading AG (Switzerland), BioTek Instruments, Inc. (U.S), Danaher (U.S), Merck KGaA (U.S). (webnewswire.com)
The Asia Pacific cell counting market is segmented on the basis on instruments used for cell counting which are spectrophotometer, cell counter, hemocytometer, flow cytometer, hematology analyzer, microscope and other instruments. (webnewswire.com)
Japan is the largest market for cell counting due to an increase in prevalence of cancer and demand for new cell counting techniques. (webnewswire.com)
In China, factors responsible for the market growth are rising geriatric population with chronic diseases, increasing experimental use of cell counting devices, and availability of low cost diagnostic and treatment options. (webnewswire.com)
Rising number of diagnostic centers, growing emphasis of cell counting for the diagnosis of chronic diseases and overall growth of diagnostic services drive the market in India. (webnewswire.com)
Australia and Republic of Korea show slow growth in cell counting market. (webnewswire.com)
Factors such as new technologies in hydrogen storage, need for more resilient energy systems, and increasing private & public investments are driving the growth of the global protonic ceramic fuel cell market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
The global protonic ceramic fuel cell market is segmented on the basis type, application, and region. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Key players that operate in the global protonic ceramic fuel cell market include Sunrise Power Solutions, Ballard Power Systems, PLUG POWER INC., FuelCell Energy, Hydrogenics, Pearl Hydrogen Technology Co. Ltd., Nedstack, Hyster-Yale Group, Intelligent Energy Limited, and TW Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
The market size has been analyzed across all regions. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
This research report categorizes the global Cell Lysis market by companies, region, type and end-use industry. (reportsnreports.com)
The Asia Pacific region is also estimated to witness significant growth in cell lysis market, owing to increasing number of research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies with increased expenditure on research and development. (reportsnreports.com)

As these membranes thicken enough to hold larger cells, they suffer from decreased permeability. (reference.com)
As cells grow larger in volume, their surface area decreases and their ability to diffus. (reference.com)
The color is scaled according to cell size from smaller (yellow) to larger cells. (eurekalert.org)
Mammalian species that aged faster had larger acinar cells, while species that lived longer had smaller acinar cells. (eurekalert.org)
A high RDW value can be caused by cells that are larger than normal, smaller than normal, or both. (webmd.com)
According to H.C. Dadant, referring to American practice in the mid 20th century, 'standard comb foundation usually is made on dies providing 857 cells per square decimetre, but the resulting cells may vary from this and usually are larger due to stretching of the wax in manufacture. (dave-cushman.net)
It was then that, to combat so harmful a tendency, I published an article in Progrès Apicole (June 1893) advocating the use of larger cells, as a result of experiments duly described. (dave-cushman.net)
In later years Baudoux was to standardise on 700 cell foundation, and experimented with as low as 675, in which the floor area of a cell was 26.6% larger than in 920 foundation. (dave-cushman.net)
Once the bees are regressed, full sheets of foundation can be fed in as much as normal brood rearing will allow, until the number of bees peaks and the comb drawing urge is changed, with the bees now disposed to draw larger honey storage or drone cells. (dave-cushman.net)
Deep sequencing of the T cell receptor repertoires of seven healthy adults reveals that the adaptive immune system is far less diverse than expected and the person-to-person overlap is thousands of times larger. (sciencemag.org)
Mature dendritic cells are larger in size as seen in the micrograph and the cell size histogram. (nexcelom.com)
They found that the number of abdominal fat cells remained relatively constant in women after adolescence, but the size of fat cells could change considerably throughout life and were larger in women with type 2 diabetes. (scienceblog.com)
HCC cells were significantly larger than TH-ir cells in the RD kittens. (frontiersin.org)
The model explains why nucleoli do not assemble in some cells, and why they grow to larger or smaller sizes in other cells. (nanowerk.com)
but when the cell grows larger, it becomes harder to produce enough ribosomes and cell growth tapers. (nanowerk.com)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown in glucose have larger average size than cells grown in ethanol. (biochemsoctrans.org)
As the cell grows larger, more and more cdr2p proteins accumulate in these nodes, which are found in a band around the middle of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
Cells equal to or larger than this setting will be counted. (oilandgasonline.com)
To produce this type of cell with practical efficiencies, larger organic surfactants that absorb more of the visible spectrum must be deposited between the layers of electron-accepting inorganic. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy20

Organisms19

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care3

Sex differences in the effects of early neocortical injury on neuronal size distribution of the medial geniculate nucleus in the rat are mediated by perinatal gonadal steroids. (1/5001)

Expression of the naturally occurring truncated trkB neurotrophin receptor induces outgrowth of filopodia and processes in neuroblastoma cells. (2/5001)

Gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in progression to heart failure. (3/5001)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (4/5001)

Interleukin-12 is synthesized by mesangial cells and stimulates platelet-activating factor synthesis, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell shape change. (5/5001)

Neurite outgrowth-regulating properties of GABA and the effect of serum on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. (6/5001)

Regulation of p190 Rho-GAP by v-Src is linked to cytoskeletal disruption during transformation. (7/5001)

C-PR neuron of Aplysia has differential effects on "Feeding" cerebral interneurons, including myomodulin-positive CBI-12. (8/5001)

Cell Size

Cell Enlargement

Cell Count

Hypertrophy

Cell Division

Cell Cycle

Adipose Tissue

Cardiomegaly

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

Cell Biology

Cells, Cultured

Flow Cytometry

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa

Ploidies

Genome Size

Volvocida

Signal Transduction

Mutation

Plant Epidermis

Lipid Mobilization

Polyploidy

Phenotype

Cell Nucleus Size

Mitosis

Models, Biological

Phytoplankton

Plant Leaves

Wing

Time Factors

G1 Phase

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral

Cell Proliferation

Protein Kinases

Myocytes, Cardiac

Carlavirus

Osmium

Body Weight

Schizosaccharomyces

Cell Shape

Allium

Endothelium, Corneal

Sirolimus

Plankton

Culture Media

Cell Differentiation

Cell Separation

Cytological Techniques

Organ Size

Cyclins

Glucose

Buttocks

Arabidopsis

Microscopy

Cell Cycle Proteins

Adipocytes

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Insulin

Cell Physiological Phenomena

Ribosomal Protein S6

DNA

Potassium Isotopes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins

Animals, Newborn

Multiprotein Complexes

Phosphorylation

Arabidopsis Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Myocardium

Transcription Factors

Methylobacterium extorquens

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Drosophila Proteins

Geniculate Bodies

Aging

Meristem

Proteins

Global Warming

Microscopy, Electron