Cell shape. Medical search

The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc.

A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.

Peptidoglycan is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of bacteria, composed of sugars and amino acids, that provides structural support and protection against external stresses.

A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The quality of surface form or outline of the CELL NUCLEUS.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Erythrocytes with protoplasmic projections giving the cell a thorny appearance.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.

Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in FLN genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

The functions, behavior, and activities of bacteria.

The science and application of a double-beam transmission interference microscope in which the illuminating light beam is split into two paths. One beam passes through the specimen while the other beam reflects off a reference mirror before joining and interfering with the other. The observed optical path difference between the two beams can be measured and used to discriminate minute differences in thickness and refraction of non-stained transparent specimens, such as living cells in culture.

An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.

The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.

Growth processes that result in an increase in CELL SIZE.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

A species of fresh-water, flagellated EUKARYOTES in the phylum EUGLENIDA.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A family of proteins that contain several 42-amino acid repeat domains and are homologous to the Drosophila armadillo protein. They bind to other proteins through their armadillo domains and play a variety of roles in the CELL including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, regulation of DESMOSOME assembly, and CELL ADHESION.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.

The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.

Non-collagenous, calcium-binding glycoprotein of developing bone. It links collagen to mineral in the bone matrix. In the synonym SPARC glycoprotein, the acronym stands for Secreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

Basic functional unit of plants.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain.

The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.

A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that was originally identified in DROSOPHILA as essential for proper gastrulation and MESODERM formation. It plays an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and CELL DIFFERENTIATION of MUSCLE CELLS, and is found in a wide variety of organisms.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A nonmuscle isoform of myosin type II found predominantly in platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils and brush border enterocytes.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

Oxygen-carrying RED BLOOD CELLS in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function.

Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.

A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.

A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A hexosyltransferase involved in the transfer of disaccharide molecules to the peptidoglycan structure of the CELL WALL SKELETON. It plays an important role in the genesis of the bacterial CELL WALL.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been modified by the attachment of a phosphate group, which can regulate their activity and function in various cellular processes.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

A functional genomic analysis of cell morphology using RNA interference. (1/2848)

BACKGROUND: The diversity of metazoan cell shapes is influenced by the dynamic cytoskeletal network. With the advent of RNA-interference (RNAi) technology, it is now possible to screen systematically for genes controlling specific cell-biological processes, including those required to generate distinct morphologies. RESULTS: We adapted existing RNAi technology in Drosophila cell culture for use in high-throughput screens to enable a comprehensive genetic dissection of cell morphogenesis. To identify genes responsible for the characteristic shape of two morphologically distinct cell lines, we performed RNAi screens in each line with a set of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting 994 predicted cell shape regulators. Using automated fluorescence microscopy to visualize actin filaments, microtubules and DNA, we detected morphological phenotypes for 160 genes, one-third of which have not been previously characterized in vivo. Genes with similar phenotypes corresponded to known components of pathways controlling cytoskeletal organization and cell shape, leading us to propose similar functions for previously uncharacterized genes. Furthermore, we were able to uncover genes acting within a specific pathway using a co-RNAi screen to identify dsRNA suppressors of a cell shape change induced by Pten dsRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Using RNAi, we identified genes that influence cytoskeletal organization and morphology in two distinct cell types. Some genes exhibited similar RNAi phenotypes in both cell types, while others appeared to have cell-type-specific functions, in part reflecting the different mechanisms used to generate a round or a flat cell morphology. (+info)

Protective effect of aqueous extract of Ginseng radix against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. (2/2848)

Ginseng radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER (Araliaceae), is one of the best-known Oriental medicinal herbs with numerous therapeutic applications. To investigate whether Ginseng radix possesses a protective effect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+))-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed on PC12 neuronal cells. Cells treated with MPP(+) exhibited various apoptotic features, while cell pretreated with Ginseng radix prior to MPP(+) exposure showed a decrease in the occurrence of apoptotic features. These results suggest that Ginseng radix may exert a protective effect against MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. (+info)

Galectin-1 induces astrocyte differentiation, which leads to production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. (3/2848)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neuroprotective polypeptide that is thought to be responsible for neuron proliferation, differentiation, and survival. An agent that enhances production of BDNF is expected to be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report that galectin-1, a member of the family of beta-galactoside binding proteins, induces astrocyte differentiation and strongly inhibits astrocyte proliferation, and then the differentiated astrocytes greatly enhance their production of BDNF. Induction of astrocyte differentiation and BDNF production by an endogenous mammalian lectin may be a new mechanism for preventing neuronal loss after injury. (+info)

Chemotaxis: signalling modules join hands at front and tail. (4/2848)

Chemotaxis is the result of a refined interplay among various intracellular molecules that process spatial and temporal information. Here we present a modular scheme of the complex interactions between the front and the back of cells that allows them to navigate. First, at the front of the cell, activated Rho-type GTPases induce actin polymerization and pseudopod formation. Second, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)) is produced in a patch at the leading edge, where it binds pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing proteins, which enhance actin polymerization and translocation of the pseudopod. Third, in Dictyostelium amoebae, a cyclic-GMP-signalling cascade has been identified that regulates myosin filament formation in the posterior of the cell, thereby inhibiting the formation of lateral pseudopodia that could misdirect the cell. (+info)

Rosbin: a novel homeobox-like protein gene expressed exclusively in round spermatids. (5/2848)

Mammalian spermiogenesis is a complex process occurring in a highly coordinated fashion within the seminiferous tubules. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling haploid germ cell differentiation, we have isolated haploid germ cell- specific cDNA clones from a subtracted cDNA library of mouse testis. One of these cDNAs, Rosbin, is 3.2 kilobases (kb) long and has an open reading frame of 2385 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 795 amino acid residues. A computer-mediated homology search revealed that it contained a domain similar to that of homeobox genes. Northern blot analysis revealed a 3.2-kb mRNA expressed exclusively in male germ cells. Transcription of the Rosbin gene was not observed in prepubertal testis but became detectable after Day 23. By Western blot analysis the protein encoded by this gene had a molecular mass of 89 kDa, expressing specifically in the testis and localized to the nucleus of stages IV-VIII haploid round spermatids, predominantly at stages VII-VIII of spermatogenesis. ROSBIN is associated with and is most likely phosphorylated by protein kinase A. We suggest that it plays an important role in transcriptional regulation in haploid germ cells. (+info)

DIP (mDia interacting protein) is a key molecule regulating Rho and Rac in a Src-dependent manner. (6/2848)

Cell movement is driven by the coordinated regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization through Rho GTPases downstream of integrin and growth-factor receptor signaling. We have reported that mDia, a target protein of Rho, interacts with Src and DIP. Here we show that DIP binds to p190RhoGAP and Vav2, and that DIP is phosphorylated by Src and mediates the phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP and Vav2 upon EGF stimulation. When endogenous DIP was inhibited by expressing dominant-negative mutants of DIP or siRNA, phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP and Vav2 upon EGF stimulation was diminished, and EGF-induced actin organization, distribution of p190RhoGAP and Vav2, and cell movement were affected. Therefore, DIP seems to transfer the complex of the three proteins from cytosol to beneath the membrane, and the three proteins, in turn, can be phosphorylated by Src. DIP inactivated Rho and activated Rac following EGF stimulation in the membrane fraction. Thus, DIP acts as a regulatory molecule causing Src kinase-dependent feedback modulation of Rho GTPases downstream of Rho-mDia upon EGF stimulation, and plays an important role in cell motility. (+info)

Over-expression of FK506-binding protein FKBP12.6 alters excitation-contraction coupling in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes. (7/2848)

This study investigated the function of FK506-binding protein (FKBP12.6) using adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to over-express FKBP12.6 (Ad-FKBP12.6) in adult rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. Infection with a beta-galactosidase-expressing adenovirus (Ad-LacZ) was used as a control. Peak-systolic intracellular [Ca(2+)] (measured with Fura-2) was higher in the Ad-FKBP12.6 group compared to Ad-LacZ (1 Hz field stimulation at 37 degrees C). The amplitude of caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release was also greater, indicating a higher SR Ca(2+) content in the Ad-FKBP12.6 group. Voltage clamp experiments indicated that FKBP12.6 over-expression did not change L-type Ca(2+) current amplitude or Ca(2+) efflux rates via the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger. Ca(2+) transients comparable to those after Ad-FKBP12.6 transfection could be obtained by enhancing SR Ca(2+) content of Ad-LacZ infected cells with periods of high frequency stimulation. Line-scan confocal microscopy (Fluo-3 fluorescence) of intact cardiomyocytes stimulated at 0.5 Hz (20-21 degrees C) revealed a higher degree of synchronicity of SR Ca(2+) release and fewer non-responsive Ca(2+) release sites in the Ad-FKBP12.6 group compared to control. Ca(2+) spark morphology was measured in beta-escin-permeabilized cardiomyocytes at a free [Ca(2+)](i) of 150 nm. The average values of the spark parameters (amplitude, duration, width and frequency) were reduced in the Ad-FKBP12.6 group. Increasing [Ca(2+)](i) to 400 nm caused coherent propagating Ca(2+) waves in the Ad-FKBP12.6 group but only limited Ca(2+) release events were recorded in the control group. These data indicate that FKBP12.6 over-expression enhances Ca(2+) transient amplitude predominately by increasing SR Ca(2+) content. Moreover, there is also evidence that FKBP12.6 can enhance the coupling between SR Ca(2+) release sites independently of SR content. (+info)

Full-term development of hamster embryos produced by injection of round spermatids into oocytes. (8/2848)

The golden hamster is a mammal in which microinjection of round spermatids into oocytes (ROSI) was first attempted. However, no live ROSI offspring have ever been obtained in this species. This is the first report of live hamster offspring obtained by round spermatid injection. Over 90% of oocytes, injected with round spermatids, were activated without any additional stimulation. The proportion of the oocytes that were fertilized normally and that developed to morulae and blastocysts was higher when the plasma membranes of the spermatids were broken before injection, as compared with when the membranes were left intact. Five percent of 57 ROSI morulae/blastocysts developed into live offspring after transfer to foster mothers. (+info)

In the medical field, cell shape refers to the three-dimensional structure of a cell, including its size, shape, and overall configuration. The shape of a cell can vary depending on its function and the environment in which it exists. For example, red blood cells are disc-shaped to maximize their surface area for oxygen exchange, while nerve cells have long, branching extensions called dendrites and axons to facilitate communication with other cells. Changes in cell shape can be indicative of disease or abnormal cell function, and are often studied in the context of cancer, inflammation, and other medical conditions.

In the medical field, cell size refers to the dimensions of a cell, which is the basic unit of life. The size of a cell can vary widely depending on the type of cell and its function. For example, red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, are much smaller than white blood cells, which are involved in the immune response. Similarly, nerve cells, which transmit signals throughout the body, are much longer than most other types of cells. The size of a cell can also be influenced by various factors such as the availability of nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules. Changes in cell size can be an indicator of various medical conditions, such as cancer or certain genetic disorders. Therefore, measuring cell size can be an important diagnostic tool in the medical field.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm of a cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape and structure of the cell, as well as facilitating various cellular processes such as cell division, movement, and intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Microfilaments are the thinnest filaments and are involved in cell movement and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments are slightly thicker than microfilaments and provide mechanical strength to the cell. Microtubules are the thickest filaments and serve as tracks for intracellular transport and as the structural framework for the cell. In addition to these three types of filaments, the cytoskeleton also includes various associated proteins and motor proteins that help to regulate and control the movement of the filaments. Overall, the cytoskeleton is a dynamic and essential component of the cell that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular structure and function.

Actins are a family of globular, cytoskeletal proteins that are essential for the maintenance of cell shape and motility. They are found in all eukaryotic cells and are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell division, muscle contraction, and intracellular transport. Actins are composed of two globular domains, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains, which are connected by a flexible linker region. They are capable of polymerizing into long, filamentous structures called actin filaments, which are the main component of the cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are dynamic structures that can be rapidly assembled and disassembled in response to changes in the cellular environment. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including the formation of cellular structures such as the cell membrane, the cytoplasmic cortex, and the contractile ring during cell division. In addition to their role in maintaining cell shape and motility, actins are also involved in a number of other cellular processes, including the regulation of cell signaling, the organization of the cytoplasm, and the movement of organelles within the cell.

In the medical field, cell polarity refers to the of a cell, which means that the cell has a distinct front and back, top and bottom, or other spatial orientation. This polarity is established through the differential distribution of proteins and other molecules within the cell, which creates distinct domains or compartments within the cell. Cell polarity is essential for many cellular processes, including cell migration, tissue development, and the proper functioning of organs. For example, in the developing embryo, cells must polarize in order to move and differentiate into specific cell types. In the adult body, cells must maintain their polarity in order to carry out their specialized functions, such as the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine or the secretion of hormones in the pancreas. Disruptions in cell polarity can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, including cancer, developmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell polarity is an important area of research in the medical field.

In the medical field, cell movement refers to the ability of cells to move from one location to another within a tissue or organism. This movement can occur through various mechanisms, including crawling, rolling, and sliding, and is essential for many physiological processes, such as tissue repair, immune response, and embryonic development. There are several types of cell movement, including: 1. Chemotaxis: This is the movement of cells in response to chemical gradients, such as the concentration of a signaling molecule. 2. Haptotaxis: This is the movement of cells in response to physical gradients, such as the stiffness or topography of a substrate. 3. Random walk: This is the movement of cells in a seemingly random manner, which can be influenced by factors such as cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics. 4. Amoeboid movement: This is the movement of cells that lack a well-defined cytoskeleton and rely on changes in cell shape and adhesion to move. Understanding cell movement is important for many medical applications, including the development of new therapies for diseases such as cancer, the study of tissue regeneration and repair, and the design of new materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Myosin type II is a type of myosin, which is a protein that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. It is one of the main types of myosin found in striated muscles, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles. Myosin type II is responsible for generating force during muscle contraction by interacting with actin filaments. Myosin type II is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, which are arranged in a head-tail configuration. The head region of the myosin molecule contains the ATPase activity, which hydrolyzes ATP to provide the energy needed for muscle contraction. The tail region of the myosin molecule interacts with actin filaments, allowing the myosin molecule to slide along the actin filament and generate force. In skeletal muscles, myosin type II is responsible for the contraction of individual muscle fibers. In cardiac muscles, myosin type II is responsible for the coordinated contraction of the heart muscle, which pumps blood throughout the body. Myosin type II is also found in smooth muscles, which are responsible for involuntary contractions in organs such as the stomach and blood vessels.

In the medical field, cell adhesion refers to the process by which cells stick to each other or to a surface. This is an essential process for the proper functioning of tissues and organs in the body. There are several types of cell adhesion, including: 1. Homophilic adhesion: This occurs when cells adhere to each other through the interaction of specific molecules on their surface. 2. Heterophilic adhesion: This occurs when cells adhere to each other through the interaction of different molecules on their surface. 3. Heterotypic adhesion: This occurs when cells adhere to each other through the interaction of different types of cells. 4. Intercellular adhesion: This occurs when cells adhere to each other through the interaction of molecules within the cell membrane. 5. Intracellular adhesion: This occurs when cells adhere to each other through the interaction of molecules within the cytoplasm. Cell adhesion is important for a variety of processes, including tissue development, wound healing, and the immune response. Disruptions in cell adhesion can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

The actin cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments, including actin filaments, that extends throughout the cytoplasm of cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape, facilitating cell movement, and enabling intracellular transport. The actin cytoskeleton is dynamic, constantly undergoing assembly and disassembly in response to changes in the cell's environment. It is composed of actin monomers, which polymerize to form filaments, and a variety of associated proteins that regulate filament assembly, stability, and function. Disruptions in the actin cytoskeleton can lead to a range of cellular abnormalities and diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system dysfunction.

Microfilament proteins are a type of cytoskeletal protein that make up the thinest filaments in the cytoskeleton of cells. They are composed of actin, a globular protein that polymerizes to form long, thin filaments. Microfilaments are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell shape maintenance, cell movement, and muscle contraction. They also play a role in the formation of cellular structures such as the contractile ring during cell division. In the medical field, microfilament proteins are important for understanding the function and behavior of cells, as well as for developing treatments for diseases that involve disruptions in the cytoskeleton.

Cytoskeletal proteins are a diverse group of proteins that make up the internal framework of cells. They provide structural support and help maintain the shape of cells. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of proteins: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Microfilaments are the thinnest of the three types of cytoskeletal proteins and are composed of actin filaments. They are involved in cell movement, cell division, and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments and are composed of various proteins, including keratins, vimentin, and desmin. They provide mechanical strength to cells and help maintain cell shape. Microtubules are the thickest of the three types of cytoskeletal proteins and are composed of tubulin subunits. They play a crucial role in cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Cytoskeletal proteins are essential for many cellular processes and are involved in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and muscle diseases.

Actomyosin is a complex protein structure that is composed of actin and myosin filaments. It is found in muscle cells and is responsible for muscle contraction. Actin filaments are thin, flexible fibers that are arranged in a lattice-like structure, while myosin filaments are thicker and more rigid. When a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, the actin and myosin filaments interact with each other, causing the muscle to shorten and generate force. Actomyosin is also involved in the movement of cells and the maintenance of cell shape. In the medical field, actomyosin is an important target for the development of drugs to treat a variety of conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and muscle disorders.

Drosophila proteins are proteins that are found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a widely used model organism in genetics and molecular biology research. These proteins have been studied extensively because they share many similarities with human proteins, making them useful for understanding the function and regulation of human genes and proteins. In the medical field, Drosophila proteins are often used as a model for studying human diseases, particularly those that are caused by genetic mutations. By studying the effects of these mutations on Drosophila proteins, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. Drosophila proteins have also been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, and neurobiology. For example, researchers have used Drosophila to study the role of specific genes and proteins in the development of the nervous system, as well as the mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Rho GTP-binding proteins are a family of small GTPases that play important roles in regulating the cytoskeleton and cell motility. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Rho GTPases are activated by the exchange of GDP for GTP on their guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding site, and they are deactivated by the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. They are named after the rho subunit of the rho factor in Escherichia coli, which was the first member of the family to be identified.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in the medical field as a biomaterial. It is a clear, odorless, and water-soluble polymer that is derived from acrylic acid and ethylene glycol. HEMA is used in a variety of medical applications, including as a component in contact lenses, dental impressions, and as a filler in bone and cartilage grafts. It is also used in the production of hydrogels, which are materials that are composed of water and a polymer network. Hydrogels made from HEMA are used in a variety of medical applications, including as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, and as scaffolds for tissue engineering. In addition to its use in medical applications, HEMA is also used in a variety of other industries, including cosmetics, plastics, and adhesives. It is a versatile and widely used polymer that has a number of useful properties, including good biocompatibility, transparency, and water-solubility.

Colchicine is a medication that is used to treat gout, a type of arthritis that is caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. It works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that are involved in the formation of uric acid crystals, which can help to reduce inflammation and pain in the joints. Colchicine is also sometimes used to treat familial Mediterranean fever, a genetic disorder that can cause recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given by injection. Common side effects of colchicine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Cell surface extensions are structures that extend from the surface of a cell and are involved in various cellular functions. These extensions can be classified into two main types: primary and secondary. Primary cell surface extensions include hair-like structures called cilia and flagella. Cilia are short, hair-like structures that cover the surface of many cells, including those in the respiratory tract and the lining of the uterus. They are used to move mucus and other substances along the surface of the cell. Flagella, on the other hand, are longer and more whip-like structures that are used for movement. Secondary cell surface extensions include projections called microvilli and filopodia. Microvilli are small, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of cells and are involved in absorption and secretion. Filopodia are thin, thread-like projections that are involved in cell movement and communication. Cell surface extensions play important roles in many cellular processes, including cell movement, cell signaling, and nutrient absorption. They are also involved in the development and function of tissues and organs.

Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) divide to produce two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which germ cells (reproductive cells) divide to produce four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction. Abnormalities in cell division can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer. In cancer, cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Phalloidin is a toxic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, including the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). It is a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, which is a key process in cell movement and division. In the medical field, phalloidin is used as a research tool to study the cytoskeleton and its role in various cellular processes. It is also used as an antimitotic agent in cancer therapy, as it can inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells by disrupting their cytoskeleton. However, phalloidin is highly toxic and can cause serious illness or death if ingested, so it is important to handle it with caution and follow proper safety protocols.

Peptidoglycan is a complex carbohydrate and protein molecule that forms the cell wall of most bacteria. It is composed of alternating units of sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) and peptides (short chains of amino acids) that are cross-linked together to form a strong, rigid structure. The peptidoglycan layer provides bacteria with structural support and protection against external stresses such as osmotic pressure and mechanical forces. It is also an important target for antibiotics, as many antibiotics work by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of the peptidoglycan layer, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

Cytochalasin D is a fungal metabolite that is used in the medical field as a research tool to study cell biology and cell motility. It is a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, which is a key process in cell movement and shape change. Cytochalasin D is often used to study the dynamics of actin filaments and their role in cell migration, endocytosis, and cytokinesis. It is also used to study the effects of actin polymerization on the structure and function of other cellular components, such as microtubules and intermediate filaments. In addition, Cytochalasin D has been used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, as it can inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells by disrupting their actin cytoskeleton.

In the medical field, the cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of certain types of cells, such as plant cells and some bacteria. The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the cell, and helps to maintain its shape and integrity. It is composed of various polysaccharides, proteins, and other molecules, and is essential for the survival and function of these types of cells. In some cases, the cell wall may also play a role in cell division and communication with other cells.

Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell motility. They are activated by the small GTPase Rho, which is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. ROCKs play a role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and contractility. They are also involved in the regulation of blood vessel tone and the development of blood vessels. In the medical field, ROCKs are being studied as potential targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds and encloses the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids face inward, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, forming a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane also contains various proteins, including channels, receptors, and transporters, which allow the cell to communicate with its environment and regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. In addition, the cell membrane is studded with cholesterol molecules, which help to maintain the fluidity and stability of the membrane. The cell membrane plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the cell, and it is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cell division.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Biomechanical phenomena refer to the study of the mechanical properties and behavior of living organisms, particularly in relation to movement and function. In the medical field, biomechanical phenomena are often studied in the context of musculoskeletal disorders, sports injuries, and rehabilitation. This involves analyzing the forces and movements involved in various activities, such as walking, running, or lifting, and how they affect the body's tissues and structures. Biomechanical engineers and researchers use a variety of techniques, including computer simulations, imaging technologies, and physical measurements, to study biomechanical phenomena and develop new treatments and interventions for a range of medical conditions.

RhoA GTP-binding protein is a small GTPase protein that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell migration, cytoskeletal organization, and gene expression. It is a member of the Rho family of GTPases, which are involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. In its active state, RhoA is bound to GTP, which allows it to interact with downstream effector proteins and regulate various cellular processes. When RhoA hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, it becomes inactive and is no longer able to interact with effector proteins. Dysregulation of RhoA GTP-binding protein has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the role of RhoA in cellular processes and its regulation is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Membrane proteins are proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. They play a crucial role in regulating the movement of substances across the membrane, as well as in cell signaling and communication. There are several types of membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins, which span the entire membrane, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are only in contact with one or both sides of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be classified based on their function, such as transporters, receptors, channels, and enzymes. They are important for many physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and cell growth and division.

In the medical field, "body patterning" refers to the study of the distribution and arrangement of body structures, such as bones, muscles, and organs, within an individual's body. This can include the analysis of the shape, size, and orientation of these structures, as well as their relationships to one another. Body patterning is an important aspect of medical diagnosis and treatment, as it can provide valuable information about an individual's overall health and the potential causes of any health problems they may be experiencing. For example, a doctor may use body patterning to identify structural abnormalities or imbalances that may be contributing to a patient's pain or other symptoms. Body patterning can be studied using a variety of techniques, including medical imaging, physical examination, and anthropological analysis. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from a range of medical and scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, genetics, and biomechanics.

Rac GTP-binding proteins are a family of small GTPases that play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and vesicle trafficking. They are involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for cell shape, motility, and division. Rac GTPases are activated by the exchange of GDP (guanosine diphosphate) for GTP (guanosine triphosphate) on the protein, which causes a conformational change that allows it to interact with downstream effector proteins. Once activated, Rac GTPases can regulate the activity of various signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulation of Rac GTPases has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the role of Rac GTPases in cellular processes is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Myosins are a family of motor proteins that are responsible for muscle contraction in animals. They are found in almost all eukaryotic cells, including muscle cells, and play a crucial role in the movement of intracellular organelles and vesicles. In muscle cells, myosins interact with actin filaments to generate force and movement. The process of muscle contraction involves the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments, followed by the movement of the myosin head along the actin filament, pulling the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere. This sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other generates the force required for muscle contraction. There are many different types of myosins, each with its own specific function and localization within the cell. Some myosins are involved in the movement of organelles and vesicles within the cytoplasm, while others are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Myosins are also involved in a variety of other cellular processes, including cell migration, cytokinesis, and the formation of cell junctions.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

Cytochalasin B is a fungal metabolite that is used in the medical field as a research tool to study cell biology and cell motility. It is a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, which is a key process in cell movement and division. Cytochalasin B is often used to study the dynamics of actin filaments and their role in cell migration, endocytosis, and cytokinesis. It is also used to study the effects of actin polymerization on the structure and function of other cellular components, such as microtubules and membrane proteins. In addition, cytochalasin B has been used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, as it can inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells by disrupting their actin cytoskeleton.

Bacterial proteins are proteins that are synthesized by bacteria. They are essential for the survival and function of bacteria, and play a variety of roles in bacterial metabolism, growth, and pathogenicity. Bacterial proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins, and toxins. Structural proteins provide support and shape to the bacterial cell, while metabolic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the synthesis of new molecules. Regulatory proteins control the expression of other genes, and toxins can cause damage to host cells and tissues. Bacterial proteins are of interest in the medical field because they can be used as targets for the development of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections, and as vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases. Additionally, some bacterial proteins have been shown to have therapeutic potential, such as enzymes that can break down harmful substances in the body or proteins that can stimulate the immune system.

In the medical field, the shape of the cell nucleus refers to the overall three-dimensional structure of the nucleus, which is the control center of a cell. The shape of the nucleus can vary depending on the type of cell and its function, as well as the health of the cell. The nucleus is typically spherical or ovoid in shape, but it can also be irregular or elongated. The shape of the nucleus can provide important clues about the health of the cell. For example, a nucleus that is abnormally large or irregular may indicate the presence of a genetic abnormality or cancerous cell. In addition, the shape of the nucleus can also be influenced by external factors such as the presence of certain proteins or the level of stress on the cell. Therefore, the study of cell nucleus shape is an important area of research in fields such as cell biology, genetics, and cancer research.

CDC42 is a small GTP-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating cell polarity, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. It belongs to the Rho family of GTPases, which are involved in various cellular processes such as cell division, adhesion, and motility. In the medical field, CDC42 is often studied in the context of cancer, as its dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of various types of tumors. For example, overexpression of CDC42 has been observed in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and has been associated with increased cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, CDC42 has also been implicated in the regulation of immune cell function, and its dysregulation has been linked to various immune disorders such as autoimmune diseases and inflammatory responses. Overall, CDC42 is a key player in many cellular processes, and its study has important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of various diseases.

Acanthocytes are a type of abnormal red blood cells (erythrocytes) that have a spiky or bumpy surface. They are also known as acanthoerythrocytes or spiculated red blood cells. Acanthocytes are typically seen in patients with certain medical conditions, such as: 1. Thalassemia: A genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. 2. Sickle cell anemia: A genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, causing them to become rigid and sickle-shaped. 3. Lead poisoning: Exposure to high levels of lead can cause damage to red blood cells, leading to the formation of acanthocytes. 4. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency: A deficiency in these vitamins can cause red blood cells to become abnormally large and spiky. 5. Autoimmune disorders: Certain autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, can cause the immune system to attack red blood cells, leading to the formation of acanthocytes. Acanthocytes can also be seen in healthy individuals, particularly in people with high levels of bilirubin in their blood. Bilirubin is a waste product that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. When bilirubin levels are high, it can cause red blood cells to become spiky or bumpy.

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells acquire specialized functions and characteristics during development. It is a fundamental process that occurs in all multicellular organisms, allowing cells to differentiate into various types of cells with specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. During cell differentiation, cells undergo changes in their shape, size, and function, as well as changes in the proteins and other molecules they produce. These changes are controlled by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways that regulate the expression of specific genes in different cell types. Cell differentiation is a critical process for the proper development and function of tissues and organs in the body. It is also involved in tissue repair and regeneration, as well as in the progression of diseases such as cancer, where cells lose their normal differentiation and become cancerous.

Heterocyclic compounds with 4 or more rings are a class of organic compounds that contain at least one carbon atom and one heteroatom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus) in each ring. These compounds are commonly found in many natural products and pharmaceutical drugs, and are often used as building blocks for the synthesis of more complex molecules. In the medical field, heterocyclic compounds with 4 or more rings are often studied for their potential therapeutic properties. For example, some of these compounds have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, or anti-viral activity, and are being investigated as potential treatments for a variety of diseases. Other heterocyclic compounds with 4 or more rings are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs, or as starting materials for the preparation of new compounds with desired properties.

Contractile proteins are a group of proteins that are responsible for generating force and movement in cells. They are primarily found in muscle cells, but are also present in other types of cells, such as smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells. There are two main types of contractile proteins: actin and myosin. Actin is a globular protein that forms long, thin filaments, while myosin is a thick, rod-shaped protein that also forms filaments. When these two types of proteins interact with each other, they can generate force and movement. In muscle cells, actin and myosin filaments are organized into structures called sarcomeres, which are the basic unit of muscle contraction. When a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, the myosin filaments slide over the actin filaments, causing the sarcomeres to shorten and the muscle cell to contract. Contractile proteins are also involved in other types of cellular movement, such as the movement of organelles within the cell and the movement of cells themselves. They play a critical role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, cell division, and the movement of substances across cell membranes.

Adherens junctions are specialized structures found in the cytoplasm of cells that mediate cell-cell adhesion. They are composed of transmembrane proteins called cadherins, which link the cytoplasmic tails of neighboring cells together, and intracellular proteins called catenins, which link the cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Adherens junctions play a critical role in maintaining tissue integrity and regulating cell-cell communication, and they are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. Disruptions in adherens junctions can lead to a variety of diseases, including skin disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Tubulin is a protein that is essential for the formation and maintenance of microtubules, which are structural components of cells. Microtubules play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. In the medical field, tubulin is of particular interest because it is a key target for many anti-cancer drugs. These drugs, known as tubulin inhibitors, work by disrupting the formation of microtubules, which can lead to cell death. Examples of tubulin inhibitors include paclitaxel (Taxol) and vinblastine. Tubulin is also involved in the development of other diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In these conditions, abnormal tubulin dynamics have been implicated in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and other pathological hallmarks of the diseases. Overall, tubulin is a critical protein in cell biology and has important implications for the development of new treatments for a variety of diseases.

Filamins are a family of cytoskeletal proteins that play important roles in the organization and function of the actin cytoskeleton. They are large, rod-shaped proteins that are composed of multiple tandem repeats of an alpha-helical coiled-coil domain. Filamins are found in all eukaryotic cells and are particularly abundant in cells that have a high degree of mobility, such as muscle cells and neurons. In the medical field, filamins are of interest because they are involved in a number of important cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Mutations in the genes that encode filamins have been linked to a number of human diseases, including muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and certain types of cancer. Additionally, filamins have been shown to play a role in the development and progression of certain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In the medical field, bacterial processes refer to the metabolic activities and cellular processes that occur within bacteria. These processes can include growth, reproduction, nutrient uptake, and the production of toxins or other harmful substances. Bacterial processes are important to understand in the medical field because they can have significant impacts on human health. For example, some bacteria can cause infections or diseases, while others can be used to produce useful products such as antibiotics or vaccines. In addition, bacterial processes can be studied to develop new treatments for bacterial infections or to better understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Understanding bacterial processes is also important for developing effective strategies for preventing the spread of bacterial infections and for controlling bacterial populations in various environments.

Amdinocillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic that was developed in the 1960s. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae. Amdinocillin is typically administered intravenously and is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections. It is also used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and infections of the respiratory tract. Like other penicillin antibiotics, amdinocillin works by inhibiting the production of cell walls in bacteria, which leads to cell lysis and death. However, it is important to note that amdinocillin may not be effective against all strains of bacteria, and it is important to use it only as directed by a healthcare professional. Additionally, amdinocillin may cause side effects, including allergic reactions, nausea, and diarrhea.

Cell enlargement, also known as hypertrophy, is a medical condition in which cells in the body become larger than normal. This can occur in response to increased demand for a particular function, such as increased muscle activity or increased blood flow to a particular area. Cell enlargement can also be caused by a variety of medical conditions, including heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease. In some cases, cell enlargement may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, and prompt medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications. Treatment for cell enlargement depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet may be sufficient to manage the condition. In other cases, medications or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and prevent further cell enlargement.

In the medical field, computer simulation refers to the use of computer models and algorithms to simulate the behavior of biological systems, medical devices, or clinical procedures. These simulations can be used to study and predict the effects of various medical interventions, such as drug treatments or surgical procedures, on the human body. Computer simulations in medicine can be used for a variety of purposes, including: 1. Training and education: Medical students and professionals can use computer simulations to practice and refine their skills in a safe and controlled environment. 2. Research and development: Researchers can use computer simulations to study the underlying mechanisms of diseases and develop new treatments. 3. Clinical decision-making: Physicians can use computer simulations to predict the outcomes of different treatment options and make more informed decisions about patient care. 4. Device design and testing: Engineers can use computer simulations to design and test medical devices, such as prosthetics or surgical instruments, before they are used in patients. Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in the medical field that can help improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and advance medical knowledge.

In the medical field, "Animals, Genetically Modified" refers to animals that have undergone genetic modification, which involves altering the DNA of an organism to introduce new traits or characteristics. This can be done through various techniques, such as gene editing using tools like CRISPR-Cas9, or by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome through techniques like transgenesis. Genetically modified animals are often used in medical research to study the function of specific genes or to develop new treatments for diseases. For example, genetically modified mice have been used to study the development of cancer, to test new drugs for treating heart disease, and to understand the genetic basis of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of genetically modified animals in medical research is controversial, as some people are concerned about the potential risks to animal welfare and the environment, as well as the ethical implications of altering the genetic makeup of living organisms. As a result, there are strict regulations in place to govern the use of genetically modified animals in research, and scientists must follow strict protocols to ensure the safety and welfare of the animals involved.

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) are enzymes found in the cell walls of bacteria that are responsible for cross-linking peptidoglycan strands, which is a key component of bacterial cell walls. PBPs are targeted by many antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which inhibit their activity and prevent the formation of a stable cell wall, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death. PBPs are classified into several classes based on their molecular weight and substrate specificity. Class A PBPs are the most common and are found in most bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Class B PBPs are found only in Gram-positive bacteria, while class C PBPs are found only in Gram-negative bacteria. Class D PBPs are found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. In summary, PBPs are essential enzymes for bacterial cell wall synthesis and are targeted by many antibiotics, making them important targets for the development of new antibiotics to combat bacterial infections.

Nocodazole is a type of chemotherapy drug that is used to treat certain types of cancer. It works by interfering with the formation of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's cytoskeleton. This can cause the cancer cells to stop dividing and eventually die. Nocodazole is typically administered intravenously and is used to treat a variety of cancers, including ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia. It may also be used to treat other conditions, such as abnormal bleeding or to prevent the growth of blood vessels in tumors.

Fibronectins are a family of large, soluble glycoproteins that are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. They are synthesized by a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, and are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Fibronectins are composed of two large subunits, each containing three distinct domains: an N-terminal domain, a central domain, and a C-terminal domain. The central domain contains a high-affinity binding site for fibronectin receptors on the surface of cells, which allows cells to adhere to the extracellular matrix and migrate through it. Fibronectins play a critical role in the development and maintenance of tissues, and are involved in a variety of pathological processes, including wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. They are also important in the immune response, as they can bind to and activate immune cells, and can modulate the activity of various cytokines and growth factors.

Cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion in the human body. They are responsible for the formation and maintenance of tissues and organs by linking neighboring cells together. There are over 20 different types of cadherins, each with its own unique function and distribution in the body. Cadherins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. In the medical field, cadherins are often studied as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, some researchers are exploring the use of cadherin inhibitors to treat cancer by disrupting the adhesion between cancer cells and normal cells, which can help prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, cadherins are being studied as potential biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFPs) are a class of proteins that emit green light when excited by blue or ultraviolet light. They were first discovered in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and have since been widely used as a tool in the field of molecular biology and bioimaging. In the medical field, GFPs are often used as a marker to track the movement and behavior of cells and proteins within living organisms. For example, scientists can insert a gene for GFP into a cell or organism, allowing them to visualize the cell or protein in real-time using a fluorescent microscope. This can be particularly useful in studying the development and function of cells, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. GFPs have also been used to develop biosensors, which can detect the presence of specific molecules or changes in cellular environment. For example, researchers have developed GFP-based sensors that can detect the presence of certain drugs or toxins, or changes in pH or calcium levels within cells. Overall, GFPs have become a valuable tool in the medical field, allowing researchers to study cellular processes and diseases in new and innovative ways.

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the activity of small GTPases, a family of proteins that are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and vesicle trafficking. GEFs function by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) on the small GTPase, thereby activating the protein. This activation allows the small GTPase to bind to and regulate downstream effector proteins, which in turn can initiate a variety of cellular responses. In the medical field, GEFs are of particular interest because many of the small GTPases that they regulate are involved in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, mutations in GEFs that activate certain small GTPases have been linked to the development of certain types of cancer, while defects in other GEFs can lead to abnormal cell signaling and contribute to the progression of these diseases. As such, GEFs are being actively studied as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases.

Vinculin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of cell adhesion. It is a component of the cytoskeleton, which is the internal framework of cells, and is found primarily in the membrane of cells that are in contact with each other or with a substrate. Vinculin helps to anchor the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton to the membrane, which is important for maintaining cell shape and stability. It also plays a role in the transmission of mechanical forces between cells, which is important for processes such as tissue development, wound healing, and the immune response. In the medical field, vinculin is often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, where changes in the expression or function of vinculin can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. For example, some studies have suggested that high levels of vinculin may be associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis in certain types of cancer.

Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex (Arp2/3 Complex) is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in the formation of actin filaments, which are essential for cell movement, division, and shape maintenance. The complex consists of seven subunits, including Arp2 and Arp3, which are encoded by the ARPC2 and ARPC3 genes, respectively. The Arp2/3 Complex is activated by various signaling pathways and binds to the sides of existing actin filaments, where it nucleates the assembly of new actin filaments. This process is known as branching, and it results in the formation of a network of actin filaments that can generate force and movement within the cell. Disruptions in the function of the Arp2/3 Complex have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune system disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of the Arp2/3 Complex is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Armadillo domain proteins (ADPs) are a family of proteins that contain an armadillo repeat motif, which is a sequence of approximately 40-50 amino acids that is repeated in a head-to-tail fashion. These proteins are found in a wide range of organisms, including humans, and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. In the medical field, ADPs have been implicated in a number of diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, some ADPs have been shown to play a role in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, such as breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, some ADPs have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, and in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Overall, the study of ADPs is an active area of research, and ongoing efforts are being made to better understand the function of these proteins and their role in disease.

Caulobacter crescentus is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and water. It is a rod-shaped bacterium that is able to swim using flagella and has a unique cell division process that results in the formation of two daughter cells, one of which is larger and contains a flagellum, while the other is smaller and non-motile. In the medical field, Caulobacter crescentus is not typically associated with human disease, but it has been studied as a model organism for understanding bacterial cell division and motility. It has also been used in research on bacterial biofilms, which are communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are difficult to treat with antibiotics.

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, following mitosis, in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided into two daughter cells. During cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms in animal cells or a cell plate forms in plant cells, ultimately resulting in the physical separation of the two daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in multicellular organisms.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Thiazolidines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are commonly used in the medical field as antidiabetic agents, particularly for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidines work by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells, which helps to lower blood sugar levels. Some examples of thiazolidine drugs used in medicine include pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia). These drugs have been associated with a number of side effects, including weight gain, fluid retention, and an increased risk of heart failure, which has led to some controversy over their use.

Osteonectin is a type of protein that is primarily found in bone tissue. It is also known as bone sialoprotein-1 (BSP-1) or SIBLING protein 1 (SIB1). Osteonectin plays a role in the formation and maintenance of bone tissue, as well as in the regulation of bone resorption. It is involved in the mineralization of bone matrix and the binding of calcium and phosphate ions to the bone surface. In addition, osteonectin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may play a role in the regulation of bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress.

In the medical field, cytoplasm refers to the gel-like substance that fills the cell membrane of a living cell. It is composed of various organelles, such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as various dissolved molecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The cytoplasm plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division. It also serves as a site for various cellular activities, such as the movement of organelles within the cell and the transport of molecules across the cell membrane. In addition, the cytoplasm is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the cell and protecting it from external stressors, such as toxins and pathogens. Overall, the cytoplasm is a vital component of the cell and plays a critical role in its function and survival.

In the medical field, cell communication refers to the process by which cells exchange information and signals with each other. This communication is essential for the proper functioning of the body's tissues and organs, as it allows cells to coordinate their activities and respond to changes in their environment. There are several types of cell communication, including direct communication between neighboring cells, as well as communication through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Some of the key mechanisms of cell communication include the release of signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as the exchange of ions and other small molecules across cell membranes. Disruptions in cell communication can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of cell communication is an important area of research in medicine, with potential applications in the development of new treatments and therapies.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Rac1 GTP-Binding Protein is a protein that plays a role in cell signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics. It is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which are involved in regulating various cellular processes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Rac1 is activated by the exchange of GDP (guanosine diphosphate) for GTP (guanosine triphosphate) on its GTP-binding domain, which leads to its localization to the plasma membrane and the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Dysregulation of Rac1 activity has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders.

Vimentin is a type of intermediate filament protein that is found in many different types of cells, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and some epithelial cells. It is a major component of the cytoskeleton, which is the network of protein fibers that provides structural support and helps to maintain the shape of cells. In the medical field, vimentin is often used as a diagnostic marker for certain types of cancer, as it is often overexpressed in cancer cells compared to normal cells. It is also involved in a number of cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and differentiation. As such, it has potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Actin-Related Protein 3 (Arp3) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the formation and function of actin filaments, which are essential components of the cytoskeleton in cells. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support and helps to maintain the shape of cells. Arp3 is a member of the actin-related protein (Arp) family, which is involved in the regulation of actin dynamics. Arp3 is a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, which is responsible for the nucleation and branching of actin filaments. The Arp2/3 complex is activated by various signaling molecules, including the small GTPase protein Cdc42, and it promotes the formation of branched actin networks that are important for cell migration, endocytosis, and other cellular processes. Mutations in the ARPC3 gene, which encodes Arp3, have been associated with several human diseases, including hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIIB (HMSN IIIB), which is a form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. HMSN IIIB is a genetic disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system and is characterized by muscle weakness, sensory loss, and foot deformities.

In the medical field, carrier proteins are proteins that transport molecules across cell membranes or within cells. These proteins bind to specific molecules, such as hormones, nutrients, or waste products, and facilitate their movement across the membrane or within the cell. Carrier proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the proper balance of molecules within cells and between cells. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including nutrient absorption, hormone regulation, and waste elimination. There are several types of carrier proteins, including facilitated diffusion carriers, active transport carriers, and ion channels. Each type of carrier protein has a specific function and mechanism of action. Understanding the role of carrier proteins in the body is important for diagnosing and treating various medical conditions, such as genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, and neurological disorders.

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (PSTKs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. These enzymes phosphorylate specific amino acids, such as serine and threonine, on target proteins, thereby altering their activity, stability, or localization within the cell. PSTKs are involved in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of PSTKs is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

In the medical field, the term "cattle" refers to large domesticated animals that are raised for their meat, milk, or other products. Cattle are a common source of food and are also used for labor in agriculture, such as plowing fields or pulling carts. In veterinary medicine, cattle are often referred to as "livestock" and may be treated for a variety of medical conditions, including diseases, injuries, and parasites. Some common medical issues that may affect cattle include respiratory infections, digestive problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. Cattle may also be used in medical research, particularly in the fields of genetics and agriculture. For example, scientists may study the genetics of cattle to develop new breeds with desirable traits, such as increased milk production or resistance to disease.

In the medical field, polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units or monomers. Polymers are used in a variety of medical applications, including drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and medical devices. One common use of polymers in medicine is in drug delivery systems. Polymers can be used to encapsulate drugs and release them slowly over time, allowing for more controlled and sustained release of the drug. This can help to improve the effectiveness of the drug and reduce side effects. Polymers are also used in tissue engineering, where they are used to create scaffolds for growing new tissue. These scaffolds can be designed to mimic the structure and properties of natural tissue, allowing cells to grow and differentiate into the desired tissue type. In addition, polymers are used in a variety of medical devices, including implants, prosthetics, and surgical sutures. For example, polymers can be used to create biodegradable implants that are absorbed by the body over time, reducing the need for additional surgeries to remove the implant. Overall, polymers play an important role in the medical field, providing a range of useful materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and medical device applications.

Actin-Related Protein 2 (Arp2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, which are essential for cell movement, shape change, and intracellular transport. Arp2 is a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, which is a multi-protein complex that nucleates the formation of new actin filaments from scratch. The Arp2/3 complex is activated by various signaling pathways and is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell migration, endocytosis, and cytokinesis. Mutations in the Arp2/3 complex or its regulators have been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders.

Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. It is a member of the Bacillus genus and is known for its ability to form endospores, which are highly resistant to environmental stressors such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. In the medical field, B. subtilis is used in a variety of applications, including as a probiotic to promote gut health, as a source of enzymes for industrial processes, and as a model organism for studying bacterial genetics and metabolism. It has also been studied for its potential use in the treatment of certain infections, such as those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, it is important to note that B. subtilis can also cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from mild skin infections to more serious bloodstream infections. As such, it is important to use caution when working with this bacterium and to follow proper safety protocols to prevent the spread of infection.

In the medical field, algorithms are a set of step-by-step instructions used to diagnose or treat a medical condition. These algorithms are designed to provide healthcare professionals with a standardized approach to patient care, ensuring that patients receive consistent and evidence-based treatment. Medical algorithms can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnosing diseases, determining the appropriate course of treatment, and predicting patient outcomes. They are often based on clinical guidelines and best practices, and are continually updated as new research and evidence becomes available. Examples of medical algorithms include diagnostic algorithms for conditions such as pneumonia, heart attack, and cancer, as well as treatment algorithms for conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. These algorithms can help healthcare professionals make more informed decisions about patient care, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the risk of medical errors.

Chlorpropham is a chemical compound that is used as a preservative in some fruits and vegetables. It is also used as a fungicide and bactericide in the production of certain foods and beverages. In the medical field, chlorpropham is not typically used as a treatment for any medical condition. However, it has been associated with potential health risks, including cancer and reproductive issues, and its use as a food additive is regulated by various government agencies around the world.

Collagen is a protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues throughout the body. It is the most abundant protein in the human body and is responsible for providing strength and support to tissues such as skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. In the medical field, collagen is often used in various medical treatments and therapies. For example, it is used in dermal fillers to plump up wrinkles and improve skin texture, and it is also used in wound healing to promote tissue regeneration and reduce scarring. Collagen-based products are also used in orthopedic and dental applications, such as in the production of artificial joints and dental implants. In addition, collagen is an important biomarker for various medical conditions, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disease. It is also used in research to study the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, as well as to develop new treatments for various diseases and conditions.

Trifluoperazine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called antipsychotics. It is primarily used to treat schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Trifluoperazine works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the brain's reward and pleasure centers. It can also be used to treat other conditions, such as bipolar disorder and Tourette's syndrome. Trifluoperazine is usually taken orally in tablet form, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and response to the medication. Like all medications, trifluoperazine can have side effects, and it is important to discuss these with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.

In the medical field, a "twist transcription factor" refers to a type of protein that plays a role in regulating gene expression. Twist transcription factors are members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and help to control the activity of genes. Twist transcription factors are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation. They are particularly important in the development of certain types of cells, such as mesenchymal cells, which give rise to a wide range of tissues in the body, including bone, muscle, and fat. In some cases, mutations in the genes that encode twist transcription factors can lead to the development of certain types of cancer. For example, mutations in the TWIST1 gene have been linked to the development of Ewing sarcoma, a type of bone cancer that primarily affects children and young adults.

In the medical field, a chick embryo refers to a fertilized egg of a chicken that has been incubated for a certain period of time, typically between 4 and 21 days, until it has developed into an embryo. Chick embryos are commonly used in scientific research as a model system for studying developmental biology, genetics, and other areas of biology. They are particularly useful for studying the early stages of development, as they can be easily manipulated and observed under a microscope. Chick embryos are also used in some medical treatments, such as in the development of new drugs and therapies.

The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material, or DNA. It is typically located in the center of the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nucleus is responsible for regulating gene expression and controlling the cell's activities. It contains a dense, irregularly shaped mass of chromatin, which is made up of DNA and associated proteins. The nucleus also contains a small body called the nucleolus, which is responsible for producing ribosomes, the cellular structures that synthesize proteins.

Nonmuscle myosin type IIA (NMIIA) is a protein that belongs to the myosin family of motor proteins. It is found in non-muscle cells, such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells, and plays a role in various cellular processes, including cell migration, contractility, and intracellular transport. NMIIA is a heterodimer composed of two heavy chains (MHCIIA) and two light chains (LICIIA). The MHCIIA heavy chain contains a motor domain that hydrolyzes ATP to generate force and movement, as well as a tail domain that interacts with various cellular structures and signaling molecules. The LICIIA light chain helps to regulate the activity of the motor domain. In nonmuscle cells, NMIIA is involved in the formation of contractile structures called stress fibers, which are important for cell migration and mechanical stability. It also plays a role in the formation of focal adhesions, which are specialized structures that anchor cells to the extracellular matrix and regulate cell adhesion and migration. In addition to its role in cell biology, NMIIA has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and muscular dystrophy.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a type of yeast that is commonly used in research to study basic cellular processes and genetics. Proteins produced by this yeast can be important tools in the medical field, as they can be used to study the function of specific genes and to develop new treatments for diseases. One example of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein that is of interest in the medical field is the protein called CDC48. This protein is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including the assembly and disassembly of cellular structures, and it has been implicated in the development of several diseases, including cancer. Researchers are studying CDC48 in order to better understand its role in these diseases and to develop new treatments based on this knowledge. Other Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteins that are of interest in the medical field include those involved in DNA repair, cell division, and signal transduction. These proteins can be used as tools to study the function of specific genes and to develop new treatments for diseases that are caused by defects in these genes.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, transparent, soil-dwelling nematode worm that is widely used in the field of biology as a model organism for research. It has been extensively studied in the medical field due to its simple genetics, short lifespan, and ease of cultivation. In the medical field, C. elegans has been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, neurobiology, and genetics. It has also been used to study human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. One of the key advantages of using C. elegans as a model organism is its transparency, which allows researchers to easily observe and manipulate its cells and tissues. Additionally, C. elegans has a relatively short lifespan, which allows researchers to study the effects of various treatments and interventions over a relatively short period of time. Overall, C. elegans has become a valuable tool in the medical field, providing insights into a wide range of biological processes and diseases.

In the medical field, "Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic" refers to a class of organic compounds that contain two rings of carbon atoms, with one or more heteroatoms (atoms other than carbon) such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, incorporated into the structure. These compounds are often used as pharmaceuticals or as intermediates in the synthesis of drugs. They can exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and antitumor effects. Examples of bicyclo compounds include the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin.

In the medical field, cells are the basic unit of life. They are the smallest structural and functional units of living organisms and are responsible for carrying out all the processes necessary for life, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Cells are composed of various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, which work together to carry out specific functions within the cell. There are many different types of cells in the human body, each with its own unique structure and function. In medicine, cells are studied to understand how they function and how they contribute to the development and progression of diseases. For example, cancer cells are abnormal cells that grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors. By studying cancer cells, researchers can develop new treatments and therapies to target and eliminate these cells. Overall, cells play a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the human body, and understanding their structure and function is essential for advancing medical research and improving patient outcomes.

Recombinant fusion proteins are proteins that are produced by combining two or more genes in a single molecule. These proteins are typically created using genetic engineering techniques, such as recombinant DNA technology, to insert one or more genes into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast, which then produces the fusion protein. Fusion proteins are often used in medical research and drug development because they can have unique properties that are not present in the individual proteins that make up the fusion. For example, a fusion protein might be designed to have increased stability, improved solubility, or enhanced targeting to specific cells or tissues. Recombinant fusion proteins have a wide range of applications in medicine, including as therapeutic agents, diagnostic tools, and research reagents. Some examples of recombinant fusion proteins used in medicine include antibodies, growth factors, and cytokines.

Integrins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell adhesion and signaling. They are composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which form a heterodimer that spans the cell membrane. Integrins bind to various extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, and collagen, and transmit signals across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm. This process is essential for cell migration, tissue development, and immune function. In the medical field, integrins are important targets for the development of drugs to treat various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Actinin is a family of proteins that are primarily found in the cytoskeleton of muscle cells. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of muscle fibers and play a role in muscle contraction and relaxation. Actinin is also found in non-muscle cells, where it has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. In the medical field, actinin is often studied in the context of muscle diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, and as a potential target for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant species that is widely used as a model organism in the field of plant biology. It is a member of the mustard family and is native to Europe and Asia. Arabidopsis is known for its rapid growth and short life cycle, which makes it an ideal model organism for studying plant development, genetics, and molecular biology. In the medical field, Arabidopsis is used to study a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Researchers use Arabidopsis to study the genetic basis of plant diseases, such as viral infections and bacterial blight, and to develop new strategies for crop improvement. Additionally, Arabidopsis is used to study the effects of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, on plant growth and development. Overall, Arabidopsis is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant biology and has important implications for agriculture and medicine.

In the medical field, blastoderm refers to the early stage of development of an embryo in which the cells are arranged in a single layer and are undergoing rapid cell division. The blastoderm is the first visible structure that forms after fertilization and is composed of two distinct layers: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm. The ICM is the layer of cells that will eventually give rise to all the internal organs and tissues of the developing embryo, while the trophectoderm will develop into the placenta and other structures that support the growth and development of the embryo. The blastoderm stage is a critical period of development, as it sets the stage for the formation of all the major organs and tissues of the body. Any abnormalities or disruptions during this stage can have serious consequences for the health and development of the embryo.

Chemotaxis is a process by which cells move in response to chemical gradients. In the medical field, chemotaxis is an important mechanism that cells use to migrate to specific locations in the body in response to chemical signals. For example, immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages use chemotaxis to migrate to sites of infection or inflammation. In this way, chemotaxis plays a critical role in the body's immune response.

In the medical field, "gels" typically refer to a type of semi-solid or liquid substance that is used for various purposes, such as topical application, injection, or ingestion. Gels can be made from a variety of materials, including water, oils, and other substances, and can be used for a wide range of medical applications. For example, hydrogels are a type of gel that are made from water and polymers, and are often used in wound dressings and other medical devices. Injectable gels are used in various medical procedures, such as cosmetic procedures and orthopedic surgeries. Gels can also be used as drug delivery systems, allowing medications to be absorbed into the body more slowly and evenly over time. Overall, gels are a versatile and widely used tool in the medical field, with a wide range of applications and uses.

GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs) are a family of enzymes that regulate the activity of small GTPases, which are a class of proteins that play important roles in cell signaling and regulation. GTPases cycle between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state, and GAPs accelerate the rate of this cycling by promoting the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. In the medical field, GAPs are of interest because many small GTPases are involved in cellular processes that are important for human health, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Mutations or dysregulation of small GTPases or their regulators, including GAPs, have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of GAPs and other small GTPases is an important area of research in medicine.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, roundworm that is commonly used as a model organism in biological research. Proteins produced by C. elegans are of great interest to researchers because they can provide insights into the function and regulation of proteins in other organisms, including humans. In the medical field, C. elegans proteins are often studied to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and to identify potential therapeutic targets. For example, researchers may use C. elegans to study the effects of genetic mutations on protein function and to investigate the role of specific proteins in the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that are involved in transmitting signals within cells. These molecules can be either proteins or peptides, and they play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins can be activated by a variety of stimuli, including hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. Once activated, they initiate a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately lead to a specific cellular response. There are many different types of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins, and they can be classified based on their structure, function, and the signaling pathway they are involved in. Some examples of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins include growth factors, cytokines, kinases, phosphatases, and G-proteins. In the medical field, understanding the role of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins is important for developing new treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins that mediate the attachment of cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including tissue development, wound healing, immune response, and cancer progression. There are several types of CAMs, including cadherins, integrins, selectins, and immunoglobulin superfamily members. Each type of CAM has a unique structure and function, and they can interact with other molecules to form complex networks that regulate cell behavior. In the medical field, CAMs are often studied as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, drugs that block specific CAMs have been developed to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, CAMs are used as diagnostic markers to identify and monitor various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

GTP phosphohydrolases are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including signal transduction, protein synthesis, and cell division. In the medical field, GTP phosphohydrolases are of particular interest because they are involved in the regulation of many signaling pathways that are implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, the enzyme Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) is a GTP phosphohydrolase that regulates the activity of Rho GTPases, which are involved in cell migration, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation. Mutations in RhoGAP have been implicated in several human cancers, including breast cancer and glioblastoma. Other examples of GTP phosphohydrolases that are of medical interest include the enzyme GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for heterotrimeric G proteins, which regulates the activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the enzyme dynamin, which is involved in endocytosis and autophagy. Mutations in these enzymes have been implicated in various diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Cloning, molecular, in the medical field refers to the process of creating identical copies of a specific DNA sequence or gene. This is achieved through a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies a specific DNA sequence to produce multiple copies of it. Molecular cloning is commonly used in medical research to study the function of specific genes, to create genetically modified organisms for therapeutic purposes, and to develop new drugs and treatments. It is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their DNA. In the context of human cloning, molecular cloning is used to create identical copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence from one individual and insert it into the genome of another individual. This technique has been used to create transgenic animals, but human cloning is currently illegal in many countries due to ethical concerns.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

In the medical field, amides are a class of organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They are commonly used as drugs and are often referred to as "amide derivatives." One example of an amide derivative used in medicine is acetaminophen, which is commonly sold under the brand name Tylenol. It is used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Another example is aspirin, which is also an amide derivative and is used to relieve pain, reduce fever, and thin the blood. Amides can also be used as local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, which is used to numb the skin and nerves during medical procedures. They can also be used as muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine, which is used to relax muscles during surgery. Overall, amides play an important role in medicine as they have a wide range of therapeutic applications and are often used to treat various medical conditions.

The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it is born until it divides into two daughter cells. It is a highly regulated process that is essential for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body. The cell cycle consists of four main phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. During interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, and in anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by a complex network of proteins that ensure that the cell only divides when it is ready and that the daughter cells receive an equal share of genetic material. Disruptions in the cell cycle can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer.

Luminescent proteins are a class of proteins that emit light when they are excited by a chemical or physical stimulus. These proteins are commonly used in the medical field for a variety of applications, including imaging and diagnostics. One of the most well-known examples of luminescent proteins is green fluorescent protein (GFP), which was first discovered in jellyfish in the 1960s. GFP has since been widely used as a fluorescent marker in biological research, allowing scientists to track the movement and behavior of specific cells and molecules within living organisms. Other luminescent proteins, such as luciferase and bioluminescent bacteria, are also used in medical research and diagnostics. Luciferase is an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction that produces light, and it is often used in assays to measure the activity of specific genes or proteins. Bioluminescent bacteria, such as Vibrio fischeri, produce light through a chemical reaction that is triggered by the presence of certain compounds, and they are used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of these compounds in biological samples. Overall, luminescent proteins have proven to be valuable tools in the medical field, allowing researchers to study biological processes in greater detail and develop new diagnostic tests and treatments for a wide range of diseases.

Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a complex polymer made up of sugars, amino acids, and peptides, and it provides structural support and protection to the bacterial cell. Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase enzymes catalyze the transfer of sugar residues from a donor molecule to a specific acceptor molecule, which is a peptide chain that is being synthesized in the bacterial cell wall. These enzymes are essential for the proper assembly of peptidoglycan, and mutations or deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to defects in cell wall biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to antibiotics. In the medical field, peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase enzymes are of interest as potential targets for the development of new antibiotics. By inhibiting these enzymes, it may be possible to disrupt the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and weaken the bacterial cell wall, making the bacteria more vulnerable to attack by the host immune system or antibiotics.

Chlorpromazine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called antipsychotics. It is primarily used to treat schizophrenia, but it can also be used to treat other mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and Huntington's disease. Chlorpromazine works by blocking the action of dopamine in the brain, which helps to reduce symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions. It is usually taken orally in tablet form, but it can also be given intravenously or intramuscularly in certain situations. Chlorpromazine can cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. It can also cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that causes involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and limbs.

Demecolcine is a medication that is used to prevent excessive bleeding during surgery. It works by slowing down the rate of blood clotting and reducing the amount of blood that is lost during surgery. Demecolcine is typically given as an injection before surgery, and it is usually administered by a healthcare professional in a hospital setting. It is not recommended for use in patients who have certain medical conditions, such as bleeding disorders or liver disease.

Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinases (FAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that play a critical role in cell adhesion, migration, and survival. They are expressed in a wide range of cell types and are localized to focal adhesions, which are specialized structures that form at the interface between cells and the extracellular matrix. FAKs are activated by binding to integrins, which are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Upon activation, FAKs phosphorylate a variety of downstream signaling molecules, including other kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors, which regulate cell behavior. In the medical field, FAKs have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, where they are often overexpressed and contribute to tumor progression. FAK inhibitors are being developed as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been modified by the addition of a phosphate group to one or more of their amino acid residues. This modification is known as phosphorylation, and it is a common post-translational modification that plays a critical role in regulating many cellular processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, and gene expression. Phosphoproteins are involved in a wide range of biological functions, including cell growth and division, cell migration and differentiation, and the regulation of gene expression. They are also involved in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Phosphoproteins can be detected and studied using a variety of techniques, including mass spectrometry, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation. These techniques allow researchers to identify and quantify the phosphorylation status of specific proteins in cells and tissues, and to study the effects of changes in phosphorylation on protein function and cellular processes.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Proteins are complex biomolecules made up of amino acids that play a crucial role in many biological processes in the human body. In the medical field, proteins are studied extensively as they are involved in a wide range of functions, including: 1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, and energy production. 2. Hormones: Proteins that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, development, and reproduction. 3. Antibodies: Proteins that help the immune system recognize and neutralize foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. 4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes, such as oxygen and nutrients. 5. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues, such as collagen and elastin. Protein abnormalities can lead to various medical conditions, such as genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of proteins is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies for these conditions.

Myosin light chains (MLCs) are small proteins that are found in muscle fibers. They are a component of the myosin molecule, which is responsible for muscle contraction. MLCs are attached to the myosin head and help to regulate the interaction between the myosin head and the actin filament, which is the other major component of muscle fibers. When a muscle contracts, the myosin head binds to the actin filament and pulls it towards the center of the muscle fiber, causing the muscle to shorten. The activity of MLCs can be regulated by various signaling pathways, which can affect muscle contraction and relaxation. MLCs are also involved in the regulation of muscle tone and the response of muscles to stress and injury.

Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase (MCP) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of bacterial cell walls. It is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves the terminal alanine residue from the pentapeptide side chain of muramic acid, a component of peptidoglycan, the main structural component of bacterial cell walls. MCP is produced by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is involved in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis and plays a role in bacterial pathogenesis. Inhibition of MCP activity has been shown to have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of bacterial infections. In the medical field, MCP is often studied as a target for the development of new antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Additionally, MCP has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases, such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, and may be a potential target for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Arabidopsis Proteins refer to proteins that are encoded by genes in the genome of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, short life cycle, and ease of genetic manipulation. Arabidopsis proteins have been extensively studied in the medical field due to their potential applications in drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. For example, some Arabidopsis proteins have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties, making them potential candidates for the development of new drugs. In addition, Arabidopsis proteins have been used as tools for studying human diseases. For instance, researchers have used Arabidopsis to study the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Overall, Arabidopsis proteins have become an important resource for medical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery and disease research.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut. E. coli proteins are proteins that are produced by E. coli bacteria. These proteins can have a variety of functions, including helping the bacteria to survive and thrive in the gut, as well as potentially causing illness in humans. In the medical field, E. coli proteins are often studied as potential targets for the development of new treatments for bacterial infections. For example, some E. coli proteins are involved in the bacteria's ability to produce toxins that can cause illness in humans, and researchers are working to develop drugs that can block the activity of these proteins in order to prevent or treat E. coli infections. E. coli proteins are also used in research to study the biology of the bacteria and to understand how it interacts with the human body. For example, researchers may use E. coli proteins as markers to track the growth and spread of the bacteria in the gut, or they may use them to study the mechanisms by which the bacteria causes illness. Overall, E. coli proteins are an important area of study in the medical field, as they can provide valuable insights into the biology of this important bacterium and may have potential applications in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins obtained from insects that have potential medical applications. These proteins can be used as a source of nutrition, as a therapeutic agent, or as a component in medical devices. Insects are a rich source of proteins, and some species are being explored as a potential alternative to traditional animal protein sources. Insect proteins have been shown to have a number of potential health benefits, including improved immune function, reduced inflammation, and improved gut health. They are also being studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, insect proteins are being investigated as a potential source of biodegradable materials for use in medical devices.

In the medical field, "cell physiological phenomena" refers to the various processes and functions that occur within cells, which are the basic units of life. These phenomena include cellular metabolism, cell signaling, cell division, cell differentiation, and cell death, among others. Cellular metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life, such as the breakdown of nutrients to produce energy or the synthesis of new molecules. Cell signaling involves the transmission of signals between cells, which can regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Cell division is the process by which cells divide into two daughter cells, which is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction. Cell differentiation is the process by which cells develop specialized functions and structures, such as muscle cells or nerve cells. Finally, cell death refers to the programmed or accidental elimination of cells, which is a normal part of cellular turnover and tissue repair. Understanding cell physiological phenomena is important for understanding many diseases and disorders, as many of these conditions are caused by abnormalities in cellular processes. For example, cancer is often caused by mutations that disrupt normal cell signaling or metabolism, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Similarly, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are thought to be caused by abnormalities in cellular signaling and metabolism that lead to the death of neurons.

Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells (RBCs). In individuals with this condition, the RBCs are abnormally small and round, resembling a sphere rather than the typical biconcave disc shape. This abnormal shape makes the RBCs more fragile and prone to breakage, leading to a condition called hemolytic anemia. The abnormality in RBC shape is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the production of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These mutations can result in the production of abnormal proteins that are either missing or present in too low quantities, leading to the characteristic spherocytic shape of the RBCs. Hereditary spherocytosis is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to each of their children. Symptoms of the condition can vary widely, ranging from mild anemia to severe jaundice and liver damage. Treatment typically involves blood transfusions and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

GTP-binding proteins, also known as G proteins, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction in cells. They are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. G proteins are composed of three subunits: an alpha subunit, a beta subunit, and a gamma subunit. The alpha subunit is the one that binds to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a molecule that is involved in regulating the activity of the protein. When GTP binds to the alpha subunit, it causes a conformational change in the protein, which in turn activates or inhibits downstream signaling pathways. G proteins are activated by a variety of extracellular signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Once activated, they can interact with other proteins in the cell, such as enzymes or ion channels, to transmit the signal and initiate a cellular response. G proteins are found in all eukaryotic cells and play a critical role in many physiological processes. They are also involved in a number of diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Paxillin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, particularly in the formation and maintenance of focal adhesions, which are specialized structures that connect cells to the extracellular matrix. It is a large, multidomain protein that is found in the cytoplasm of most cells and is particularly abundant in cells that are motile or undergoing cell division. Paxillin is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. It interacts with a number of other proteins, including integrins, talin, and vinculin, to form a complex that is essential for the formation and stability of focal adhesions. In addition, paxillin has been implicated in the regulation of cell signaling pathways, including those involved in cell growth and survival. Disruptions in paxillin function have been linked to a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. As such, paxillin is an important target for research in the development of new therapies for these conditions.

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are a group of proteins that bind to microtubules, which are important components of the cytoskeleton in cells. These proteins play a crucial role in regulating the dynamics of microtubules, including their assembly, disassembly, and stability. MAPs are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. They can also play a role in the development of diseases such as cancer, where the abnormal regulation of microtubules and MAPs can contribute to the growth and spread of tumors. There are many different types of MAPs, each with its own specific functions and mechanisms of action. Some MAPs are involved in regulating the dynamics of microtubules, while others are involved in the transport of molecules along microtubules. Some MAPs are also involved in the organization and function of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Overall, MAPs are important regulators of microtubule dynamics and play a crucial role in many cellular processes. Understanding the function of these proteins is important for developing new treatments for diseases that are associated with abnormal microtubule regulation.

Peptidyl transferases are enzymes that catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis. They are responsible for the elongation of polypeptide chains by transferring the growing polypeptide chain from the ribosome's A site to the P site, where it is joined to the next amino acid. Peptidyl transferases are essential for the proper functioning of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. There are two main types of peptidyl transferases: ribosomal peptidyl transferases, which are found in ribosomes, and non-ribosomal peptidyl transferases, which are found in various cellular compartments and are involved in the synthesis of non-proteinogenic peptides.

Cell culture techniques refer to the methods used to grow and maintain cells in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques are commonly used in the medical field for research, drug development, and tissue engineering. In cell culture, cells are typically grown in a liquid medium containing nutrients, hormones, and other substances that support their growth and survival. The cells are usually placed in a specialized container called a culture dish or flask, which is incubated in a controlled environment with a specific temperature, humidity, and oxygen level. There are several types of cell culture techniques, including: 1. Monolayer culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a single layer on the surface of the culture dish. This is the most common type of cell culture and is used for many types of research and drug development. 2. Suspension culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a liquid medium and are free to move around. This is commonly used for the cultivation of cells that do not form a monolayer, such as stem cells and cancer cells. 3. Co-culture: In this technique, two or more types of cells are grown together in the same culture dish. This is used to study interactions between different cell types and is commonly used in tissue engineering. 4. 3D culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a three-dimensional matrix, such as a scaffold or hydrogel. This is used to mimic the structure and function of tissues in the body and is commonly used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Overall, cell culture techniques are essential tools in the medical field for advancing our understanding of cell biology, developing new drugs and therapies, and engineering tissues and organs for transplantation.

Biophysics is a field that applies the principles of physics to understand biological systems and processes. In the medical field, biophysics is used to study the physical and chemical properties of living organisms, including cells, tissues, and organs. This includes the study of how these systems interact with their environment, how they generate and transmit signals, and how they respond to external stimuli. Biophysics is used in a variety of medical applications, including the development of new medical technologies, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and the study of the underlying mechanisms of various biological processes. For example, biophysicists may use techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and electron microscopy to study the structure and function of biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. They may also use mathematical models and computer simulations to study the behavior of biological systems and to predict how they will respond to different treatments. Overall, biophysics plays a critical role in advancing our understanding of the complex biological systems that underlie health and disease, and in developing new and more effective medical treatments.

DNA primers are short, single-stranded DNA molecules that are used in a variety of molecular biology techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They are designed to bind to specific regions of a DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands. In PCR, DNA primers are used to amplify specific regions of DNA by providing a starting point for the polymerase enzyme to begin synthesizing new DNA strands. The primers are complementary to the target DNA sequence, and are added to the reaction mixture along with the DNA template, nucleotides, and polymerase enzyme. The polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a template to synthesize new DNA strands, which are then extended by the addition of more nucleotides. This process is repeated multiple times, resulting in the amplification of the target DNA sequence. DNA primers are also used in DNA sequencing to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In this application, the primers are designed to bind to specific regions of the DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of short DNA fragments. The fragments are then sequenced using a variety of techniques, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing. Overall, DNA primers are an important tool in molecular biology, and are used in a wide range of applications to study and manipulate DNA.

Rap1 GTP-binding proteins are a family of small GTPases that play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. They are activated by the exchange of GDP for GTP, which causes a conformational change in the protein that allows it to interact with downstream effector molecules. In the medical field, Rap1 GTP-binding proteins have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. They are also being studied as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of these conditions.

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) are a family of proteins that regulate the activity of small GTPases in the Rho family. These proteins play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell migration, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation. RhoGEFs are activated by a variety of stimuli, such as growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, and they promote the exchange of GDP for GTP on Rho GTPases, leading to their activation. Dysregulation of RhoGEFs has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

In the medical field, "cell aggregation" refers to the process by which cells clump together or aggregate to form a group or mass. This can occur naturally as cells grow and divide, or it can be induced by various factors such as chemical or mechanical stimuli. Cell aggregation is an important process in many areas of medicine, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer research. For example, in tissue engineering, cell aggregation is often used to create three-dimensional tissue constructs by culturing cells in a scaffold or matrix that promotes cell-cell interactions and aggregation. In cancer research, cell aggregation can be used to study the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with other cells in the tumor microenvironment. For example, cancer cells can aggregate to form spheroids, which are three-dimensional structures that mimic the architecture of solid tumors. Studying cell aggregation in spheroids can provide insights into the mechanisms of cancer progression and the development of new treatments.

RhoB GTP-Binding Protein is a small GTPase protein that plays a role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. It is a member of the Rho family of GTPases, which are involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell signaling pathways. In the medical field, RhoB GTP-Binding Protein has been implicated in various diseases and conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. For example, studies have shown that RhoB GTP-Binding Protein is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival in cancer cells, and its expression is often altered in various types of cancer. Additionally, RhoB GTP-Binding Protein has been shown to play a role in the regulation of neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and in the development of cardiovascular disease. Overall, RhoB GTP-Binding Protein is an important protein in the regulation of cellular processes, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases and conditions.

Hexosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that transfer a hexose sugar moiety from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. These enzymes play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various complex carbohydrates, such as glycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which are essential components of cell membranes and extracellular matrix. In the medical field, hexosyltransferases are involved in various diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in certain hexosyltransferase genes can lead to the development of inherited disorders such as glycogen storage diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in various tissues. In addition, hexosyltransferases are also important targets for the development of new drugs and therapies. For instance, inhibitors of hexosyltransferases have been shown to have anti-cancer properties by disrupting the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids that are involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. In the medical field, DNA is often studied as a tool for understanding and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of genes, leading to a variety of health problems. By analyzing DNA, doctors and researchers can identify specific genetic mutations that may be responsible for a particular disorder, and develop targeted treatments or therapies to address the underlying cause of the condition. DNA is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic fingerprint. This is because each person's DNA sequence is unique, and can be used to distinguish one individual from another. DNA analysis is also used in criminal investigations to help solve crimes by linking DNA evidence to suspects or victims.

LIM domain proteins are a family of proteins that contain two zinc finger motifs, known as LIM domains, which are responsible for mediating protein-protein interactions. These proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are found in a wide range of organisms, including humans, and have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

RNA, Small Interfering (siRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA molecule that plays a role in gene regulation. siRNA is approximately 21-25 nucleotides in length and is derived from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. In the medical field, siRNA is used as a tool for gene silencing, which involves inhibiting the expression of specific genes. This is achieved by introducing siRNA molecules that are complementary to the target mRNA sequence, leading to the degradation of the mRNA and subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis. siRNA has potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders. It is also used in research to study gene function and regulation. However, the use of siRNA in medicine is still in its early stages, and there are several challenges that need to be addressed before it can be widely used in clinical practice.

In the medical field, binding sites refer to specific locations on the surface of a protein molecule where a ligand (a molecule that binds to the protein) can attach. These binding sites are often formed by a specific arrangement of amino acids within the protein, and they are critical for the protein's function. Binding sites can be found on a wide range of proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and transporters. When a ligand binds to a protein's binding site, it can cause a conformational change in the protein, which can alter its activity or function. For example, a hormone may bind to a receptor protein, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to a specific cellular response. Understanding the structure and function of binding sites is important in many areas of medicine, including drug discovery and development, as well as the study of diseases caused by mutations in proteins that affect their binding sites. By targeting specific binding sites on proteins, researchers can develop drugs that modulate protein activity and potentially treat a wide range of diseases.

In the medical field, "cell count" refers to the measurement of the number of cells present in a specific sample of tissue or fluid. This measurement is typically performed using a microscope and a specialized staining technique to distinguish between different types of cells. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a common laboratory test that measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Similarly, a urine analysis may include a cell count to measure the number of white blood cells or bacteria present in the urine. Cell counts can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or cancer. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments or to detect any changes in the body's cellular makeup over time.

In the medical field, culture media refers to a nutrient-rich substance used to support the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Culture media is typically used in diagnostic laboratories to isolate and identify microorganisms from clinical samples, such as blood, urine, or sputum. Culture media can be classified into two main types: solid and liquid. Solid media is usually a gel-like substance that allows microorganisms to grow in a three-dimensional matrix, while liquid media is a broth or solution that provides nutrients for microorganisms to grow in suspension. The composition of culture media varies depending on the type of microorganism being cultured and the specific needs of that organism. Culture media may contain a variety of nutrients, including amino acids, sugars, vitamins, and minerals, as well as antibiotics or other agents to inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms. Overall, culture media is an essential tool in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as it allows healthcare professionals to identify the specific microorganisms causing an infection and select the most appropriate treatment.

Biophysical phenomena refer to the interactions between biological systems and physical forces or processes. In the medical field, biophysical phenomena are studied to understand how the body functions and how diseases can affect these processes. Examples of biophysical phenomena in the medical field include: 1. Biomechanics: the study of how the body moves and how forces affect the musculoskeletal system. 2. Biophysics of cell signaling: the study of how cells communicate with each other and respond to stimuli. 3. Biophysics of drug delivery: the study of how drugs are transported and distributed within the body. 4. Biophysics of imaging: the study of how imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans work and how they can be used to diagnose and treat diseases. 5. Biophysics of genetics: the study of how genetic information is encoded, transmitted, and expressed in the body. Understanding biophysical phenomena is important in the development of new medical treatments and technologies, as well as in the diagnosis and management of diseases.

Molecular motor proteins are a class of proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along a track or filament, such as microtubules or actin filaments. These proteins are essential for a wide range of cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and muscle contraction. There are several types of molecular motor proteins, including myosins, kinesins, dyneins, and adenylate kinases. Myosins are responsible for muscle contraction, while kinesins and dyneins are involved in intracellular transport. Adenylate kinases are involved in energy metabolism. Molecular motor proteins are often referred to as "engines" of the cell because they use chemical energy to perform mechanical work. They are also important for the proper functioning of many cellular processes, and defects in these proteins can lead to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, muscular dystrophy, and cancer.

In the medical field, anisotropy refers to a property of a material or tissue that has different properties or behavior in different directions. This can be observed in various medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). For example, in MRI, anisotropy can be seen in the diffusion of water molecules within tissues. Water molecules tend to move more easily in certain directions than in others, depending on the structure of the tissue. This anisotropy can be measured using DTI, which provides information about the orientation and organization of fibers within the brain and other tissues. Anisotropy can also be observed in the electrical conductivity of tissues, which can affect the propagation of electrical signals within the body. For example, the heart muscle is anisotropic, with different electrical conductivity in different directions, which allows for the coordinated contraction of the heart. Overall, anisotropy is an important concept in medical imaging and can provide valuable information about the structure and function of tissues within the body.

The basement membrane is a thin layer of connective tissue that separates the epithelial cells from the underlying connective tissue in many organs and tissues in the body. It is composed of a basement membrane zone (BMZ), which is a dense extracellular matrix, and the lamina propria, which is a loose connective tissue layer. The basement membrane plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of tissues and organs, as well as in regulating the exchange of substances between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue. It is also involved in the development and differentiation of cells, and in the formation of blood vessels and nerves. In the medical field, the basement membrane is often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and connective tissue diseases. It is also an important component of many laboratory tests, such as skin biopsies and kidney biopsies, which are used to diagnose and monitor these conditions.

Cell proliferation refers to the process of cell division and growth, which is essential for the maintenance and repair of tissues in the body. In the medical field, cell proliferation is often studied in the context of cancer, where uncontrolled cell proliferation can lead to the formation of tumors and the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. In normal cells, cell proliferation is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and feedback mechanisms that ensure that cells divide only when necessary and that they stop dividing when they have reached their full capacity. However, in cancer cells, these regulatory mechanisms can become disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the formation of tumors. In addition to cancer, cell proliferation is also important in other medical conditions, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the development of embryos. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation is therefore critical for developing new treatments for cancer and other diseases.

3T3 cells are a type of mouse fibroblast cell line that are commonly used in biomedical research. They are derived from the mouse embryo and are known for their ability to grow and divide indefinitely in culture. 3T3 cells are often used as a model system for studying cell growth, differentiation, and other cellular processes. They are also used in the development of new drugs and therapies, as well as in the testing of cosmetic and other products for safety and efficacy.

Gelsolin is a protein that plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton, which is the network of fibers that provides structural support and helps cells maintain their shape. Gelsolin is found in all types of cells and is particularly important in cells that are constantly moving or changing shape, such as white blood cells and muscle cells. One of the main functions of gelsolin is to regulate the activity of actin, a protein that makes up a major component of the cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are dynamic structures that can rapidly assemble and disassemble, and gelsolin helps to control this process by binding to actin filaments and preventing them from growing or shrinking. Gelsolin also plays a role in the process of cell division, where it helps to disassemble the actin filaments that make up the contractile ring that forms around the dividing cell. This allows the cell to separate into two daughter cells. In addition to its role in the cytoskeleton, gelsolin has been implicated in a number of other cellular processes, including the regulation of cell migration, the formation of blood clots, and the response to injury or infection. Mutations in the gene that encodes gelsolin can lead to a number of diseases, including a rare disorder called familial amyloidosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in various organs and tissues.

The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped outer layer at the front of the eye. It covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber and plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina. The cornea is composed of several layers of cells, including epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and the endothelium. The cornea is responsible for about two-thirds of the eye's total focusing power and is essential for clear vision. Damage or disease to the cornea can result in visual impairment or blindness.

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.016. PMC 3575602. PMID 23415220. Portin P, Alvesalo L (July 1974). "The inheritance of shovel shape ... The proposed explanation for this at the time was that shovel-shaped incisors were stronger than non-shovel shaped incisors, ... Similarly, the grades for both shovel-shaped incisors and the double shovel-shaped incisors in females are significantly ... Structurally resembling the shovel-shaped incisors, double-shovel-shaped incisors are distinguished by a more pronounced mesial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovel-shaped_incisors

... islandicus cells by blocking the expression of the cell division genes and arresting the cell cycle in the S phase. The ... and Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 as well NCBI: Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1 (STSV-1) ( ... "Virus-induced cell gigantism and asymmetric cell division in archaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1 (STSV1) is a DNA virus of the family Bicaudaviridae. It infects the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus_tengchongensis_spindle-shaped_virus

Goldberg AD, Allis CD, Bernstein E (February 2007). "Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape". Cell. 128 (4): 635-638. doi:10.1016 ... Endogenous is generated by cell-cell signaling (e.g. during cell differentiation early in development), while exogenous is a ... Chandler VL (February 2007). "Paramutation: from maize to mice". Cell. 128 (4): 641-645. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.007. PMID ... Probst AV, Dunleavy E, Almouzni G (March 2009). "Epigenetic inheritance during the cell cycle". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance

Cell shape = coccobacillus Trujillo, ME; Dedysh, S; DeVos, P; Hedlund, B; Kämpfer, P; Rainey, FA; Whitman, WB (2015). ... Taylorella is a genus comprising Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, chemoorganotrophic bacteria that include species that are the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorella

Faix J, Grosse R (June 2006). "Staying in shape with formins". Developmental Cell. 10 (6): 693-706. doi:10.1016/j.devcel. ... Baarlink C, Brandt D, Grosse R (July 2010). "SnapShot: Formins". Cell. 142 (1): 172-172.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.030. ... to the mitotic spindle in HeLa cells". Journal of Cell Science. 114 (Pt 4): 775-84. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.4.775. hdl:2433/150544 ... The FH2 domain, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to have an elongated, crescent shape containing three helical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formins

Goldberg, A. D., Allis, C. D., & Bernstein, E. (2007). Epigenetics: A landscape takes shape. Cell, 128, 635-638. Allen, Matthew ... In a period of great creativity at the end of the 1930s, he also discovered mutations that affected cell phenotypes and wrote ... These points represent the eventual cell fates, that is, tissue types. Waddington coined the term chreode to represent this ... was to affect how cells differentiated. He also showed how mutation could affect the landscape, and used this metaphor in his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Waddington

Goldberg, Aaron D.; Allis, C. David; Bernstein, Emily (2007-02-23). "Epigenetics: A Landscape Takes Shape". Cell. 128 (4): 635- ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.006. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17320500. S2CID 16604496.. Bernstein, Emily; Kim, Sang Yong; Carmell, ... Her early research examined the enzyme Dicer, its role in cell development in mice, and RNA interference. While a postdoctoral ... Subsequently, she has worked on histones, gene silencing, and tumor cell development. In 2022 her team discovered alterations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bernstein

Singhvi, R.; Kumar, A.; Lopez, G.; Stephanopoulos, G.; Wang, D.; Whitesides, G.; Ingber, D. (1994). "Engineering cell shape and ... "Engineering cell shape and function", Science, 264(5159), 696-698, (1994). Hal Alper, Curt Fischer, Elke Nevoigt, Gregory ... in order to modify their microbial cells, increasing their efficiency in transformation of raw material in hydrocarbons. Until ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos

"Changes in Ect2 Localization Couple Actomyosin-Dependent Cell Shape Changes to Mitotic Progression". Developmental Cell. 23 (2 ... Over the following 15 years Rohn studied apoptosis and the shape of cells. Rohn's current research interests include study of ... Kunda, Patricia; Rohn, Jennifer L.; Baum, Buzz (June 2008). "Cell Shape: Taking the Heat". Current Biology. 18 (11): R470-R472 ... Herndon, Lynne (December 2010). "Science, Meet Poetry". Cell. 143 (7): 1039. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.006. S2CID 32285199. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Rohn

... that control cell shape. Carballido Lopez leads the prokaryotic cell development team, at the Micalis Institute, a joint ... "Shape determination in Bacillus subtilis." Current opinion in microbiology 10, no. 6 (2007): 611-616. "Rut Carballido-López, ... She is an editor of The Cell Surface, a scientific journal published by Elsevier. Carballido Lopez received the Irène-Joliot- ... "The bacterial cytoskeleton: in vivo dynamics of the actin-like protein Mbl of Bacillus subtilis." Developmental cell 4, no. 1 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Carballido_Lopez

Madhusoodanan, Jyoti (2019-02-26). "Matrix mimics shape cell studies". Nature. 566 (7745): 563-565. doi:10.1038/d41586-019- ... Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D A framework for advancing ... doi:10.1016/J.CELL.2007.08.006. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17719539. Wikidata Q34667330. Erik Sahai; Igor Astsaturov; Edna Cukierman ... Cukierman E; Pankov R; Stevens DR; Yamada KM (23 November 2001). "Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension". Science ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Cukierman

The characteristic orthoscheme has the shape described by the same Coxeter-Dynkin diagram as the regular polytope without the ... the 5-cell, the 16-cell, and the 600-cell. Although all are bounded by regular tetrahedron cells, their characteristic 5-cells ... 3 and only 3 16-cells inscribed in the 24-cell, 75 distinct 16-cells (but only 15 disjoint 16-cells) inscribed in the 600-cell ... to a 16-cell face center, then turning 90° to a 16-cell tetrahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the 16-cell center. A 16- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-cell

Note that the differently colored helices of cells are different cell rings (or ring-shaped holes) in the same fibration, not ... In each 24-cell there are three disjoint 16-cells, so in the 600-cell there are 75 overlapping inscribed 16-cells. Each 16-cell ... Specifically, he found that the regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells (5-cell, 16-cell, 600-cell) have twisted cell rings ... Each tetrahedral cell touches, in some manner, 56 other cells. One cell contacts each of the four faces; two cells contact each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-cell

Thus there are measurable 4-dimensional interstices between the 24-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell envelopes. The shapes filling these ... Boundary cells describes how the √2 axes of the 24-cell's octahedral cells are the edges of the 16-cell's tetrahedral cells, ... The 600-cell is larger than the 24-cell, and contains the 24-cell as an interior feature. The regular 5-cell is not found in ... They form 48 √2 tetrahedra (the cells of the three 16-cells), centered at the 24 mid-edge-radii of the 24-cell. The 24-cell can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell

... but we can discern their shape in the way a tetrahedron lies inscribed in a dodecahedron. Only 120 tetrahedral cells of each ... The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 600-cells, 24-cells, 8-cells, 16-cells and 5-cells, are ... The dodecahedral cells of the 120-cell have tetrahedral cells of the 600-cells inscribed in them. Just as the 120-cell is a ... In the 120-cell, each 24-cell belongs to two different 600-cells. The 120-cell can be partitioned into 25 disjoint 24-cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120-cell

Shaping Space. Springer New York. pp. 257-266. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20. ISBN 978-0-387-92713-8. Weisstein, Eric W. " ... It is one of three {3,3,p} regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells, along with the 16-cell {3,3,4} and 600-cell {3,3,5}. The ... first from a regular 5-cell vertex to a regular 5-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell face center, then ... Any five vertices in five different hyperplanes constitute a 5-cell, though not usually a regular 5-cell. The regular 5-cell is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-cell

I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates". J Cell Sci. 30: 1-20. doi:10.1242/jcs.30.1.1. PMID 649680. ... Steinberg proposed that when cells form distinct tissues, specific cell-cell adhesion between cells from the same tissue can ... Steinberg pioneered work in characterizing the physical properties of cells and tissues. He proposed that cell-cell adhesion ... Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1969). "Equilibrium measurements of embryonic chick cell adhesiveness. I. Shape ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Steinberg

In shape, hematopoietic stem cells resemble lymphocytes. The very first hematopoietic stem cells during (mouse and human) ... Lymphoid cells include T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells. The definition of hematopoietic stem ... Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. This process is called haematopoiesis. ... Balanced (Bala) Hematopoietic stem cells repopulate peripheral white blood cells in the same ratio of myeloid to lymphoid cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell

Cell Motility and Shape I: Microfilaments. 18.2. The Dynamics of Actin Assembly". Molecular cell biology. San Francisco: W.H. ... thymosin β4 is regarded as the principal actin-sequestering protein in many cell types. Thymosin β4 has been tested in ... are found almost exclusively in cells of multicellular animals. Known exceptions are monomeric thymosins found in a few single- ... of cytoskeleton-related proteins may contribute to actin-filament dynamics underlying structural remodeling of responsive cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_thymosins

Microscopically, cells are ellipsoid in shape. Candida auris has attracted increased clinical attention because of its multiple ... "Candida auris". DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. Retrieved 1 August 2017. Casadevall A, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_auris

Cells spherical to ovoid in shape. Vegetative cells with a cup-shaped chloroplast containing one pyrenoid; a large anterior ... Reproductive cells at first like the vegetative cells, later with a more massive chloroplast that eventually contains several ... Cells differentiated into those that are purely vegetative in character and those capable of dividing to form daughter colonies ... All but four cells of the colony reproductive or about half reproductive and half vegetative. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleodorina

"The Shape and Structure of Proteins". Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN ... which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the ... Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of animal cells. They convert chemical energy ... Axonemal dynein, found in cilia and flagella, is crucial to cell motility, for example in spermatozoa, and fluid transport, for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biophysics

The cell forms a conical shape. The number of gonomeres is distinguishes species. The cell body has been seen to grows to a ... Once in contact with a host, the cell body of the organism grows and takes on an oval shape. A rhizoid pierces the host cuticle ... As the cell grows the root is used for absorption, causing damaging to the local host tissue. Once established at a specific ... The cell body constricts in the center and differentiate into trophomere and gonomere, proximal and distal to the host body. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellobiopsis

The cell long and broad. Veins 4 and 5 absent. Veins 6 and 7 form the upper angle. In female, wings are normal shape. Forewings ... The cell narrow and occupying the center of the wing. Vein 1b reaching inner margin before the angle. Veins 3 and 4 from cell ... Vein 6 below angle of cell and veins 7 to 9 stalked. Vein 11 anastomosing with vein 12. Hindwings with veins 4 and 5 absent and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampola_(moth)

Her research is focussed on the evolution of bacterial cell shape, and the discovery of bacteriophages that can attack ... Her research has two main components: transitions in bacterial evolution, including the evolution of cell shape, and the ... Yulo, Paul Richard Jesena; Hendrickson, Heather Lyn (2019). "The evolution of spherical cell shape; progress and perspective". ... She uses a combination of experimental evolution, cell biology, and bacterial genomics. Analysis of the evolutionary tree of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Hendrickson

"Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome". Cell. 159 (4): 789-799. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 4255478. ... Cell (Review). 124 (4): 837-848. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017. PMID 16497592. S2CID 17203181. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, ... They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-like forms (bacillus). A few Firmicutes, such as Megasphaera, ... The name "Firmicutes" was derived from the Latin words for "tough skin," referring to the thick cell wall typical of bacteria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillota

Asexual cells may vary in shape. The shape of the cell may be informative in terms of detecting mode of reproduction or ... These are asexual spores that are formed within their mother cell (hyphal or single cell). Strains of Candida and Metschnikowia ... The life cycle proceeds as follows: Two cells of different mating type fuse and the nuclei undergo karyogamy. This results in a ... Some species (e.g. Metschnikowia species) tend to form chains of budding cells that are termed pseudohyphae. Yet other species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomycotina

"Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome". Cell. 159 (4): 789-799. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 4255478. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christensenella

... which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the ... Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walters P (2002). "The Shape and Structure of Proteins". Molecular Biology of ... Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011). "Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling". Protein Structure and ... Protein dynamics and conformational changes allow proteins to function as nanoscale biological machines within cells, often in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure

"Mechanisms shaping cell membranes" Current Opinion in Cell Biology, Volume 29, August 2014, Pages 53-60. Park, Seong H.; Zhu, ... Mechanisms Determining the Morphology of the Peripheral ER Molecular Biology of the Cell How the ER Stays in Shape ER structure ... "How the ER Stays in Shape". Cell, Volume 124, 10 February 2006, Pages 464-466. Chen, Shuliang; Novick, Peter; Ferro-Novick, ... used in many cell signaling responses). Both mammalian DP1 (for "deleted in polyposis") and Yop1p in yeast cells are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yop1p

Home / Life Sciences and Chemistry / Changing Shape Makes Chemotherapy Drugs Better at Targeting Cancer Cells ... looked to human breast cancer cells to examine how shape works in synergy with molecular recognition to perform complex tasks ... Santa Barbara have found that changing the shape of chemotherapy drug nanoparticles from spherical to rod-shaped made them up ... lungs and spleen instead of the cancer cell site due to inefficient interactions with the cancer cell membrane," explained ...

https://www.innovations-report.com/life-sciences/changing-shape-makes-chemotherapy-drugs-targeting-210311/

Researchers interested in Cell Shape

https://medicine.yale.edu/research-profiles/?orgId=113592&meshId=22623

A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that CD8+ T cells of different specificities compete for access to epitopes on ... CD8+ T cell responses directed against multiple pathogen-derived epitopes are characterized by defined immunodominance ... Cross-competition of CD8+ T cells shapes the immunodominance hierarchy during boost vaccination J Exp Med. 2007 Sep 3;204(9): ... In our study using a vaccinia virus infection model, we found that T cell cross-competition is highly relevant during boost ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17709425/

These results indicate CIGS-based solar cells can achieve higher performance by optimizing the V-shaped bandgap profile. ... ratio are set to study the influence of V-shaped bandgap profile on the electricity of CIGS thin film solar cells. The modeling ... with V-shaped bandgap on device performance is investigated in detail. A series of Ga/(In+Ga) ... Device Modeling of the Performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells with V-Shaped Bandgap Profiles. Shou-Yi Kuo. ,1Ming-Yang Hsieh. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/186579/

... a tear-drop shape. Normally, RBCs are round. ... This photomicrograph shows one of the abnormal shapes that red ... This photomicrograph shows one of the abnormal shapes that red blood cells (RBCs) may assume, a tear-drop shape. Normally, RBCs ... Red blood cells, tear-drop shape. URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1217.htm Red blood cells, tear-drop shape ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1217.htm

I have a sheet where I have numerous shapes (freeform: shape), and a table of cells in which ... shape), and a table of cells in which each cell represents one of the shapes. These cells change colour and text from drop down ... Loop through each shape For Each shape In ws.Shapes Get the corresponding cell based on the shape name Set shapeCell = ws. ... Change the shape outline color to match the cell color shape.Line.ForeColor.RGB = cellColor End If Next shape End Sub. 4. Run ...

https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel/linking-shapes-color-to-a-different-cell-color/td-p/3879105

... which reside within larger groups of bone marrow stromal cells. ... to a small number of mighty cells called skeletal stem cells, ... much like skeletal stem cells. Normally, the main job of these Cxcl12-expressing cells, widely known as CAR cells, is to ... Citation: After a bone injury, shape-shifting cells rush to the rescue (2020, January 29) retrieved 4 October 2023 from https ... After a bone injury, shape-shifting cells rush to the rescue. by University of Michigan ...

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-01-bone-injury-shape-shifting-cells.html

Adipokines from local fat cells shape the macrophage compartment of the creeping fat in Crohns disease ... Adipokines from local fat cells shape the macrophage compartment of the creeping fat in Crohns disease ... Adipokines from local fat cells shape the macrophage compartment of the creeping fat in Crohns disease ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/6/852.citation-tools

Cell motility in confinement: a computational model for the shape of the cell. Florence Hubert1, Meriem Jedouaa2, Imene Khames3 ... On the Influence of Discrete Adhesive Patterns for Cell Shape and Motility: A Computational Approach Math. Model. Nat. Phenom. ... While cells typically tend to spread their cytoplasm in a flat and thin lamellipodium when moving on a flat substrate, it is ... We propose a minimal mathematical model for a 2D test case which describes the cell lamellipodium deformations when confined in ...

https://www.esaim-proc.org/articles/proc/abs/2016/03/proc16558/proc16558.html

Creating randomly shaped clumps of cells in raster from seeds of 1 cell/pixel. Ask Question ... 250 cells. Each area needs to start on & grow into cells with a value of 1 as this represents land and avoid cells with a value ... cells.left[x!=1] ,- -1 # Indicates occupancy of cells i ,- 0 indices ,- c() ids ,- c() while(i , n.clusters && length(cells. ... which would not proceed cell by cell, but instead would update whole swathes of cells in each generation. The difference is ...

https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/60562/creating-randomly-shaped-clumps-of-cells-in-raster-from-seeds-of-1-cell-pixel

SIZE AND SHAPE TRANSFORMATIONS CORRELATED WITH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN MITOCHONDRIA : I. Swelling-Shrinkage Mechanisms in ... Lester Packer; SIZE AND SHAPE TRANSFORMATIONS CORRELATED WITH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN MITOCHONDRIA : I. Swelling-Shrinkage ... Centrosome repositioning in T cells is biphasic and driven by microtubule end-on capture-shrinkage ... This type of swelling may provide cells with a mechanism for destroying mitochondrial substance. ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/18/3/487/16251/SIZE-AND-SHAPE-TRANSFORMATIONS-CORRELATED-WITH

Finally, you get the cell shape classifier based on convexity defects, which reports whether the cell is simple (no or one ... It is now possible to construct the lobed cells finder using contour convexity defects and FindPeaks ... The analysis of yeast cell morphology features in exponential and stationary Phase. Journal of Biological Systems, 19(04), pp. ...

https://resources.wolframcloud.com/ExampleRepository/resources/Classify-Cells-Based-on-Their-Shape/

show all cell shape cellularity ecomorphological guild geographic distribution habitat latitude longitude prey on produces ... Definition: A cell shape that approximates a cone + half sphere. (see Table 1, Olenina, I., Hajdu, S., Edler, L., Andersson, A ... Definition: a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella ...

https://eol.org/pages/12818/data

... the structures that will eventually give rise to egg cells. At birth, each ovary has around 400,000 follicles and […] ... None of the cells ever developed into a tumour, which is a real concern since one of PTENs role is to keep cancer at bay. ... During each menstrual cycle, around a thousand of these cells become activated per ovary. By the time a woman goes through ... These wrinkly rodents, already known for being resistant to cancer, produce egg cells their whole lives-an extremely rare trait ...

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/shutting-off-a-single-gene-could-improve-fertility-by-activating-dormant-egg-producing-cells

Get editable icons and illustrations of Cell shape 1. Create professional science figures in minutes with BioRender scientific ... cell,shape,cell shape,generic,generic cell,blob,round cell,round,spheroid cell,spheroid,egg,oval,circular cell,circular,circle, ... icons.biorender.com/w550xh620/636531c56b73320021b58906/cell-shape-1-01.png"}] ... icons.biorender.com/w550xh620/636531c56b73320021b58937/cell-shape-1-01.png"},{"image":"https://icons.biorender.com/w75xh75/ ...

https://www.biorender.com/icon/cell-shape-1-01

Manufacturing of anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells by a new shaping technique using aqueous gel-casting. In: ... Manufacturing of anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells by a new shaping technique using aqueous gel-casting. / Navarro ... Dive into the research topics of Manufacturing of anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells by a new shaping technique ... title = "Manufacturing of anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells by a new shaping technique using aqueous gel-casting", ...

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/manufacturing-of-anode-supported-tubular-solid-oxide-fuel-cells-b

L-shaped cell spreader, Blue. EO. 5/peel bag,100bags/box. 3000. ... L-shaped cell spreader, Blue. EO. 1/peel bag. 3000. 42112. ... L-shaped cell spreader, Blue. EO. 10/peel bag,50bags/box. 3000. ... 1. L-shaped cell spreaders are ideal for spreading bacterial ... 2. The L-shape allows application on the entire Petri dish or plate surface ...

https://iqmstore.com/product/l-shaped-cell-spreader/

Buy Fancyarn Rabbit Stool Shape Cell Phone Holder RC04405 for only $0.00 at fancyarnfurniture! ...

https://fancyarnfurniture.com/collections/april-pre-sale-products/products/fancyarn-rabbit-stool-shape-cell-phone-holder-rc04405

Using a whole-cell model for the regulation of cell shape and growth by antibiotics, we predict shape transformations that ... Antibiotic Resistance via Bacterial Cell Shape-Shifting. Nikola Ojkic, Diana Serbanescu, Shiladitya Banerjee ... Antibiotic Resistance via Bacterial Cell Shape-Shifting. mBio. 2022 Jun 28;13(3):e0065922 ... but the role of cell morphology in antibiotic resistance remains poorly understood. By analyzing cell morphological data for ...

https://accounts.public.ce.basespace.illumina.com/b/search/article.nb?id=35616332

Cell Spreader is used for spreading cell or bacterial cultures evenly on petri dish or plate. ... L-shape and T-shape is available.. - The L-shaped design allows it to be used on all surfaces of a petri dish or plate.. - The ... Cell Spreader is used for spreading cell or bacterial cultures evenly on petri dish or plate. ... Cell Spreader is used for spreading cell or bacterial cultures evenly on petri dish or plate. ...

https://www.sbiotec.com/product/34919/plastic-l-shaped-cell-spreader

Nielsen explains the advantages of the three-dimensional acoustic panel system his team is developing for Kvadrat Soft Cells ... This construction approach allows Kvadrat to produce Soft Cells in a wide variety of different shapes, which enables architects ... Textiles are a "simple, smart material" says Kvadrat Soft Cells design director. Share: ... The Kvadrats Soft Cells studio was designed by architecture firm Caruso St John. Photograph by Patricia Parinejad. Kvadrat Soft ...

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/07/14/video-interview-jesper-nielsen-kvadrat-soft-cells-three-dimensional-acoustic-panels-movie/

5. Organelles coordinate to produce the cell.. Cell Shape. The basic shape of the eukaryotic cell is spherical, but the shape ... Cells - Size, Shape and Count. Contents. *1 How is the Division of Labour done in the Cells of Living Organisms?*1.1 Cell Shape ... white blood cell), osteocyte (bone cell), muscle cell, nerve cell, fat cell, etc. This is due to the fact that there is a ... Thus, the shape of the cell may be variable (i.e., frequently changing its shape) or fixed. Variable or irregular shape occurs ...

https://www.cbsetuts.com/morphology-of-a-cell/

Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder that makes red blood cells change shape and cause health problems. Find out more in ... What Is Sickle Cell Disease?. Sickle cell disease is a health problem that makes a persons red blood cells become C-shaped or ... What Is Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to be curved, or sickle shaped, instead of round. Find ... Sickle-shaped cells break down faster than normal red blood cells. There may be too few red blood cells around to do their job ...

https://kidshealth.org/AllChildrens/en/teens/sickle-cell-anemia.html?WT.ac=t-ra

We found 1 episode of The Metal Cell Podcast with the tag "shapes". ... "shapes" RSS Feed * Episode 14: Bailer. Chris Harte, guitarist with talks about the rise of the band in both Ireland and the U.K ... shapes, suffacation, tesseract, the great ocean divide, this place hell, time is a thief, tomek ciezki, un_knownproductions, ...

https://themetalcell.fireside.fm/tags/shapes

Using specific time-gated stimulations, we have been able to orient the outcome of the activation of T cells. Overall, the LiTe ... Yet, the influence of signal dynamics on cell responses has been poorly characterized due to technical limitations. Here, we ... Indeed, for applications on primary murine T cells, we have engineered the LiTe system, a new recombinant optogenetics-based ... We also provided in vitro evidence that this system enables efficient T cell activation with light, leading to cytokine ...

https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-03775201

Regulation of cell shape and mechanics during cancer cell division Thursday 23 February 2023 - Thursday 23 February 2023 ... Regulation of cell shape and mechanics during cancer cell division Thursday 23 February 2023 - Thursday 23 February 2023 ... Molecular crosstalk between fate determination and orientation in epithelial cell divisions Thursday 2 March 2023 - Thursday 2 ... Molecular crosstalk between fate determination and orientation in epithelial cell divisions Thursday 2 March 2023 - Thursday 2 ...

https://www.dur.ac.uk/departments/academic/biosciences/

Our variously shaped muscles help us move. Cells that trap minerals make our bones. Our gut cells partner with microbes and ... The Renewing Cell talks about the power of the cells and explores how we could use stem cells to regenerate and heal. The ... Every cell of our body tells its own story. A clump of long, striated cells responds to a regular electric pulse that makes our ... Review of Siddhartha Mukherjees The Song of the Cell: Life is cell deep Pulitzer Prize-winning oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee ...

https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/doctor-siddhartha-mukherjee-medicine-book-song-of-the-cell/article66135359.ece

Forecasted trends in the global wheel shaped load cells market, segmented by type, application, technology, material, capacity ... Chapter 13 Europe Wheel Shaped Load Cells Analysis and Forecast. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Europe Wheel Shaped Load Cells Market ... In-depth analysis of the Wheel Shaped Load Cells Market. Overview of the regional outlook of the Wheel Shaped Load Cells Market ... 17.1 Wheel Shaped Load Cells Market: Competitive Dashboard. 17.2 Global Wheel Shaped Load Cells Market: Market Share Analysis, ...

https://dataintelo.com/report/global-wheel-shaped-load-cells-market/

... have mapped the spatial location of individual genes in the nucleus of human cells and identified 50 cellular factors required ... Cellular factors that shape the 3D landscape of the genome identified. Researchers, using novel large-scale imaging technology ... One of the fundamental properties of the genomes of higher organisms is the non-random arrangement of DNA in the cell nucleus. ... "In addition to addressing basic questions about the mechanisms of how genomes are organized in intact cells, the ability to map ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/cellular-factors-shape-3d-landscape-genome-identified

The analysis of yeast cell morphology features in exponential and stationary Phase. (wolframcloud.com)
Shovel-shaped dental characteristic are also observed in Homo erectus like the Peking Man and in Neanderthals, although the morphology of these shoveled incisors is distinct from the modern human form of shoveling. (wikipedia.org)

Bioengineering researchers at University of California, Santa Barbara have found that changing the shape of chemotherapy drug nanoparticles from spherical to rod-shaped made them up to 10,000 times more effective at specifically targeting and delivering anti-cancer drugs to breast cancer cells. (innovations-report.com)
The basic shape of the eukaryotic cell is spherical, but the shape of the cell is ultimately determined by the function of the cell. (cbsetuts.com)
In fact, leucocytes are spherical in circulating blood, but in other contractile vacuole water globules conditions they may produce pseudopodia and become irregular in shape. (cbsetuts.com)
In several hereditary disorders, red blood cells become spherical (in hereditary spherocytosis), oval (in hereditary elliptocytosis), or sickle-shaped (in sickle cell disease). (msdmanuals.com)

While cells typically tend to spread their cytoplasm in a flat and thin lamellipodium when moving on a flat substrate, it is widely observed that the cytoplasm has a compact shape in micro-channels, tending to fulfill the cross-section of the microchannel. (esaim-proc.org)
The cells are polyhedral and have abundant granular cytoplasm with well-defined cell borders. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Oncocytic cells in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells, and oncocytic change is defined as cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm as a result of accumulation of altered mitochondria. (medscape.com)

People with sickle cell disease need lifelong medical care. (kidshealth.org)
This means that people with sickle cell disease get it from the genes they inherited from their parents. (kidshealth.org)
People with sickle cell disease have a different kind of hemoglobin in their red blood cells than other people. (kidshealth.org)
How Can People With Sickle Cell Disease Stay Healthy? (kidshealth.org)
People with sickle cell disease can get sicker from some illnesses than other people. (kidshealth.org)
In people with sickle cell trait, red blood cells are not fragile and do not break easily. (msdmanuals.com)
People with sickle cell disease often feel weak, tired and look pale. (who.int)
Poor blood oxygen levels and blood vessel blockages in people with sickle-cell disease can lead to chronic acute pain syndromes, severe bacterial infections, and necrosis (tissue death). (who.int)

The size of cells varies from the very small cells of bacteria (0.2 to 5.0 pm) to the very large eggs of the ostrich (18 cm) (Among the multicellular plants, the largest cell is the ovule of Cycas) Some nerve cells of human beings have a meter-long 'tail' or axon. (cbsetuts.com)

Cell Spreader is used for spreading cell or bacterial cultures evenly on petri dish or plate. (sbiotec.com)

Hürthle cell carcinoma is a variant of follicular carcinoma and makes up 2-3% of all thyroid malignancies. (medscape.com)
Although Hürthle cell carcinoma was previously considered a variant of follicular cell neoplasms, which are generally less aggressive, the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of endocrine tumors reclassified it as a distinct entity. (medscape.com)

The endodermally derived follicular cell, responsible for producing thyroid hormone, gives rise to papillary, follicular, and anaplastic carcinomas. (medscape.com)

What shapes eukaryotic transcriptional bursting? (crossref.org)
1. They are found in all eukaryotic cells. (cbsetuts.com)

This photomicrograph shows one of the abnormal shapes that red blood cells (RBCs) may assume, a tear-drop shape. (medlineplus.gov)
Sickle cell disease is an inherited genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells) characterized by sickle (crescent)-shaped red blood cells and chronic anemia caused by excessive destruction of the abnormal red blood cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In sickle cell disease, the red blood cells contain an abnormal form of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen). (msdmanuals.com)
The abnormal form of hemoglobin is called hemoglobin S. When red blood cells contain a large amount of hemoglobin S, they can become deformed into a sickle shape and less flexible. (msdmanuals.com)
The sickle-cell gene has become common in Africa because the sickle-cell trait confers some resistance to falciparum malaria during a critical period of early childhood, favouring survival of the host and subsequent transmission of the abnormal haemoglobin gene. (who.int)
Although a single abnormal gene may protect against malaria, inheritance of two abnormal genes leads to sickle-cell anaemia and confers no such protection, and malaria is a major cause of ill-health and death in children with sickle-cell anaemia. (who.int)

The hemoglobin in sickle cells causes the red blood cells to change from being round and flexible, to stiff and sticky. (kidshealth.org)
The sickle cells are fragile and break apart easily. (msdmanuals.com)
Because the sickle cells are stiff, they have difficulty traveling through the smallest blood vessels (capillaries), blocking blood flow and reducing oxygen supply to tissues in areas where capillaries are blocked. (msdmanuals.com)

Conventional anti-cancer drugs accumulate in the liver, lungs and spleen instead of the cancer cell site due to inefficient interactions with the cancer cell membrane," explained Samir Mitragotri , professor of chemical engineering and Director of the Center for BioEngineering at UCSB. (innovations-report.com)
In unicellular organisms, the cell shape is maintained by a tough plasma membrane (e.g. (cbsetuts.com)
In multicellular organisms, the shape of a cell depends mainly on its functional adaptations and partly on the surface tension, the viscosity of the protoplasm, the mechanical action exerted by adjoining cells, and the rigidity of the cell membrane (e.g., the presence of rigid cell wall in plant cells). (cbsetuts.com)

Antibiotic Resistance via Bacterial Cell Shape-Shifting. (illumina.com)

The effect of tungstate nanoparticle s on reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 mouse monocyte macrophage cells. (cdc.gov)

[ 5 ] The 2022 WHO classification of endocrine tumors has replaced the term Hürthle cell carcinoma with oncocytic carcinoma. (medscape.com)

However, whether host genetic variation shapes the gut microbiome and interacts with it to affect host phenotype is unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Sickle cell disease (SCD), or sickle cell anaemia, is a major genetic disease that affects most countries in the African Region. (who.int)
Sickle-cell anaemia (also known as sickle-cell disorder or sickle-cell disease) is a common genetic condition due to a haemoglobin disorder - inheritance of mutant haemoglobin genes from both parents. (who.int)
Johan Jakobsson, a professor at Lund University and research group leader at MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center, explains, "LINE-1 retrotransposons are a rich source of genetic sequences that we suspect have shaped the evolution of the human brain, and we now have the tools to explore their role in brain development. (lu.se)

The curved cells can get stuck in and block small blood vessels. (kidshealth.org)
The misshapen cells lack plasticity and can block small blood vessels, impairing blood flow. (who.int)

Normally, the main job of these Cxcl12-expressing cells, widely known as CAR cells, is to secrete cytokines, which help regulate neighboring blood cells . (medicalxpress.com)
If you closely study the Figure, you will notice that an organism such as a human being can have cells of different kinds, e.g., sperm, leucocyte (white blood cell), osteocyte (bone cell), muscle cell, nerve cell, fat cell, etc. (cbsetuts.com)
Variable or irregular shape occurs in Amoeba and white blood cells or leucocytes. (cbsetuts.com)
Sickle cell disease is a health problem that makes a person's red blood cells become C-shaped or curved like a sickle instead of round. (kidshealth.org)
Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to be curved, or sickle shaped, instead of round. (kidshealth.org)
Hemoglobin (pronounced: HEE-muh-glow-bin) is the part of the red blood cells that carries oxygen. (kidshealth.org)
C-shaped red blood cells are stiff and sticky. (kidshealth.org)
They cause all kinds of blood cells to collect in clumps. (kidshealth.org)
Sickle-shaped cells break down faster than normal red blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
There may be too few red blood cells around to do their job. (kidshealth.org)
Some keep red blood cells round and plump. (kidshealth.org)
A blood transfusion adds more healthy blood cells, which can help anemia. (kidshealth.org)
The red blood cells infected with trophozoites contain Schüffner's dots. (cdc.gov)
A special blood test called electrophoresis can be used to determine whether people have sickle cell disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Anemia Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is low. (msdmanuals.com)
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all parts. (msdmanuals.com)
People who have sickle cell trait do not develop sickle cell disease, but they do have increased risks of some complications such as blood in their urine. (msdmanuals.com)
Normal red blood cells are flexible and disk-shaped, thicker at the edges than in the middle. (msdmanuals.com)
Not every red blood cell is sickle-shaped. (msdmanuals.com)
The sickle-shaped cells become more numerous when people have infections or low levels of oxygen in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
In sickle cell disease, the normal round shape of red blood cells become like crescent moons. (who.int)
Round red blood cells can move easily through the blood vessels but sickled shaped cells interconnect and can result in blood clots. (who.int)
Sickle-cell disease is characterized by a modification in the shape of the red blood cell from a smooth, donut-shape into a crescent or half moon shape. (who.int)
This condition leads to shortened red blood cell survival, and subsequent anaemia, often called sickle-cell anaemia. (who.int)
People with thalassaemia are not able to make enough haemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells. (who.int)
The main problems arise from the tendency of the red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and block capillaries at low oxygen tension. (who.int)
CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that are important to help fight infection. (who.int)
Has a very low red blood cell count (severe anaemia) or very low white blood cell count (neutropenia). (who.int)
Anaemia (low red blood cell count) and neutropenia/leukopenia (low white blood cell count) may occur within 4-6 weeks after starting treatment with [HA483 trade name]. (who.int)

Approximately 5% of the world's population carries trait genes for haemoglobin disorders, mainly, sickle-cell disease and thalassaemia. (who.int)

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the functional importance of T cell cross-competition during a viral infection. (nih.gov)
The stomach has special cells such as mucous cells to secrete mucus for lubricating the food, zymogen cells (or Chief cells) to secrete a proenzyme of protein digestive enzyme, the pepsin, called pepsinogen, parietal cells or oxyntic cells to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) activating pepsinogen into functional pepsin and also for killing germs of food. (cbsetuts.com)
They discovered that LINE-1 elements play an important role in shaping the structural and functional complexity of our brains as we age. (lu.se)

Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an unusual and relatively rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
Hürthle cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
therefore, definitive differentiation of Hürthle cell carcinoma from Hürthle-cell adenoma is based on vascular invasion and/or capsular invasion, as well as on permanent histologic sections or extrathyroidal tumor spread and lymph node and systemic metastases. (medscape.com)
Obviously, this factor has a major impact in interpreting the natural history of this disease and adds to the controversy about the aggressiveness of Hürthle cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

It was theorized that positive selection for shovel shaped incisors over the spatulate incisors are more commonly found in anthropoids within cultures that used their teeth as tools due to a greater structural strength in increased shovel shaped incisors. (wikipedia.org)

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals that Differentiation and Spatial Signatures Shape Epidermal and Hair Follicle Heterogeneity. (crossref.org)

Globally, there are more carriers (i.e. healthy people who have inherited only one mutant gene from one parent) of thalassaemia than of sickle-cell anaemia, but the high frequency of the sickle-cell gene in certain areas leads to a high rate of affected newborns. (who.int)

Conventional thinking is that bone regeneration is left to a small number of mighty cells called skeletal stem cells, which reside within larger groups of bone marrow stromal cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Our study shows that other cells besides skeletal stem cells can do this job as well," Ono said. (medicalxpress.com)
In the mouse study, inert Cxcl12 cells in bone marrow responded to post-injury cellular cues by converting into regenerative cells, much like skeletal stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
This is important because the remarkable regenerative potential of bones is generally attributed to rare skeletal stem cells, Ono says. (medicalxpress.com)
These new findings raise the possibility that these mighty skeletal stem cells could be generated through the transformation of the more available mature stromal cells . (medicalxpress.com)
A Wnt-mediated transformation of the bone marrow stromal cell identity orchestrates skeletal regeneration, Nature Communications (2020). (medicalxpress.com)
Due to this property of skeletal muscle cells, you are able to move your hands and ten fingers in desired ways. (cbsetuts.com)

Sickle cell blockages can also cause damage to organs, like the eyes, bones, or kidneys. (kidshealth.org)

The major advantage of the CIGS-based solar cell is that the quaternary material system can attain a variable bandgap energy and lattice parameters by varying the Ga/(In+Ga) ratio [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
The latest reported high efficiency CIGS solar cell uses three- or multistage evaporation processes to prepare CIGS absorber layer with a double-graded bandgap profile, a higher gallium content towards the back and the front of the CIGS absorber layer, and a notch of low gallium content in between [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
To investigate the effect of bandgap grading in a CIGS solar cell, physical parameters of CIGS solar cells needed for electrical modeling are obtained from measurements and earlier literatures to construct the accurate model [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

We have found our strategy greatly enhances the specificity of anti-cancer drugs to cancer cells. (innovations-report.com)
In our study using a vaccinia virus infection model, we found that T cell cross-competition is highly relevant during boost vaccination, thereby shaping the immunodominance hierarchy in the recall. (nih.gov)
Now, a team of Chinese, Japanese and American scientists, led by Jing Li from Stanford University, have found a way to activate these dormant cells at will. (nationalgeographic.com)
Quite interestingly, all cells are designed to have the same basic structure, no matter what their function is or what organism they are found in. (cbsetuts.com)
The 1540C allele of EDAR is also strongly correlated with the presence of shovel-shaped incisors and hair thickness, as found in a study conducted on the DNA from Japanese populations. (wikipedia.org)
This approach helped us to address these highly repetitive sequences, usually masked in standard bioinformatics pipelines, allowing us to accurately measure LINE-1 expression in each cell type found in our samples," explains Raquel Garza, co-first author of the study. (lu.se)

CD8+ T cell responses directed against multiple pathogen-derived epitopes are characterized by defined immunodominance hierarchy patterns. (nih.gov)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)

I wish to 'grow' clumps of cells from seeds within a raster. (stackexchange.com)
I need to create 60 clumps of cells within my area of '1's. (stackexchange.com)

Career choice in stem cells: Predetermined or self-selected? (innovations-report.com)

Thyroid carcinomas develop from the two cell types present in the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Hürthle cells are observed in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions of the thyroid gland (eg, Hashimoto thyroiditis , nodular and toxic goiter ). (medscape.com)

Others prevent cells from clumping together or breaking down so they can carry oxygen more easily. (kidshealth.org)

Bone fracture is an emergency for humans and all vertebrates, so the sooner cells start the business of healing damaged bone-and the more cells there are to do it-the better. (medicalxpress.com)
The absence of detectable viral mented in other mammals and birds, H5N1 viral replication antigen-positive cells in previous reports may relate to the in humans may be restricted to the lung and intestine, and fact that the patients died during the late phase of the dis- the major site of H5N1 viral replication in the lung is the pneumocyte. (cdc.gov)

200 000 cases of sickle-cell anaemia in Africa. (who.int)
Sickle-cell anaemia is particularly common among people whose ancestors come from sub-Saharan Africa, India, Saudi Arabia and Mediterranean countries. (who.int)
Frequencies of the carrier state determine the prevalence of sickle-cell anaemia at birth. (who.int)
For example, in Nigeria, by far the most populous country in the subregion, 24% of the population are carriers of the mutant gene and the prevalence of sickle-cell anaemia is about 20 per 1000 births. (who.int)
This means that in Nigeria alone, about 150 000 children are born annually with sickle-cell anaemia. (who.int)
There is increasing evidence that malaria not only influences outcome but also changes the manifestations of sickle-cell anaemia in Africa. (who.int)
The public health implications of sickle-cell anaemia are significant. (who.int)
When health impact is measured by under-five mortality, sickle-cell anaemia contributes the equivalent of 5% of under- five deaths on the African continent, more than 9% of such deaths in west Africa, and up to 16% of under-five deaths in individual west African countries. (who.int)
There are, however, no firm data on the survival of patients with sickle-cell anaemia on the African continent. (who.int)
In sub-Saharan Africa mortality will be much higher than in Jamaica, and in some areas estimates derived from the age structure of populations attending clinics suggest that half of those with sickle-cell anaemia have died by the age of five years usually from infections including malaria and pneumococcal sepsis, and from the anaemia itself. (who.int)
Sickle-cell anaemia covers a wide spectrum of illness. (who.int)

abstract = "A new gel-casting technique has been successfully developed to obtain tubular NiO-SDC anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). (birmingham.ac.uk)

The effect is approximately additive, where individuals with one copy of the allele have intermediate expression of shovel-shaped incisors and homozygotes have more strongly shoveled incisors. (wikipedia.org)
It is hypothesized that other pleiotropic effects associated with the V370A allele were favored by natural selection to help promote the presence of the allele and thus the emergence of shovel-shaped incisors. (wikipedia.org)
This may likely have conferred a survival advantage to those with the allele during the Last Glacial Maximum in certain environments with high altitudes and low Vitamin D. The first description of shovel-shaped incisors was in 1870. (wikipedia.org)

Mitragotri and collaborators at UCSB, including post-doctoral researchers Sutapa Barua and Jin-Wook Yoo, and former graduate student Poornima Kolhar, looked to human breast cancer cells to examine how shape works in synergy with molecular recognition to perform complex tasks within the human body. (innovations-report.com)
We conclude by discussing additional pathways for antibiotic resistance that may act in synergy with shape-induced resistance. (illumina.com)

One P. vivax characteristic that is absent here: the infected red cells are usually much more enlarged (1 1/4 to 2 times the size of non-infected red cells). (cdc.gov)

citation needed] Shovel-shaped incisors are significantly common in Amerindians from North, Central and South America. (wikipedia.org)

Cells perceive overtime complex sequences of receptor stimulation that they integrate to mount an appropriate response. (hal.science)

A cell shape that approximates a cone + half sphere. (eol.org)
Differences in toxicity based on tungstate NP size, shape (sphere vs. wire), and chemical characteristics were determined. (cdc.gov)

4. The organs are formed of tissues, tissues comprise of cells and cells are formed of organelles. (cbsetuts.com)

This unique approach of engineering shapes of anti-cancer drugs and combining them with antibodies represents new direction in chemotherapy," Mitragotri added. (innovations-report.com)
I have a sheet where I have numerous shapes (freeform: shape), and a table of cells in which each cell represents one of the shapes. (microsoft.com)
Each area needs to start on & grow into cells with a value of 1 as this represents land and avoid cells with a value of 0, as this represents sea. (stackexchange.com)

It strongly depended on the timing of viral antigen expression in infected APCs, and it was characterized by poor proliferation of T cells recognizing epitopes derived from late viral proteins. (nih.gov)

This construction approach allows Kvadrat to produce Soft Cells in a wide variety of different shapes, which enables architects to design spaces with very specific acoustic properties. (dezeen.com)
We also provided in vitro evidence that this system enables efficient T cell activation with light, leading to cytokine secretion or tumor cell killing. (hal.science)

These wrinkly rodents, already known for being resistant to cancer, produce egg cells their whole lives-an extremely rare trait in mammals. (nationalgeographic.com)
In the mid 20th century, shovel-shaped incisors were considered to be a trait useful for racial categorization, since the occurrence of shovel-shape incisors varies between many populations. (wikipedia.org)
About 10% of people with such ancestry in the United States have one copy of the gene for sickle cell disease (that is, they have sickle cell trait). (msdmanuals.com)
Sickle cell trait does not cause painful crises, but rarely, people die suddenly while undergoing very strenuous exercise that causes severe dehydration, such as during military or athletic training. (msdmanuals.com)
This distribution reflects the fact that sickle-cell trait confers a survival advantage against malaria and that selection pressure due to malaria has resulted in high frequencies of the mutant gene especially in areas of high malarial transmission. (who.int)

The L-shaped design allows it to be used on all surfaces of a petri dish or plate. (sbiotec.com)

Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)

Haemoglobin disorders fall into two main categories: sickle-cell disease and thalassaemias. (who.int)

Polymerization, bending, tension: What happens at the leading edge of motile cells? (esaim-proc.org)
Whereas on the planar soft cells we only tension the edge of the frame, on the three-dimensional project the tensioning system is spread over the entire surface. (dezeen.com)

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the Ga content numerically in the CIGS solar cells by modeling and device simulation. (hindawi.com)

For example if the cell for shape 1 is colored green, and says "Normal", I want the outline of shape 1 to automatically turn green. (microsoft.com)
In normal ovaries, the unleashed PI3K targets a protein called Foxo3, which is then removed from the nucleus of follicle cells. (nationalgeographic.com)
Instead, the activated follicles eventually produced oocytes , the precursors of egg cells, which seemed normal in every important respect. (nationalgeographic.com)

Yet, the influence of signal dynamics on cell responses has been poorly characterized due to technical limitations. (hal.science)

Overall, only about 33% of Hürthle cell tumors demonstrate signs of that invasive growth that indicates malignancy and the possibility of metastasis. (medscape.com)

Each kind of cell organelle performs a special function, e.g., making of new material in the cell such as protein synthesis by ribosomes, food (glucose/starch) synthesis by chloroplasts, clearing up the waste substances from the cell by the lysosomes, etc. (cbsetuts.com)

These mature stromal cells are malleable and readily available throughout life, and could potentially provide an excellent cellular source for bone and tissue regeneration, Ono says. (medicalxpress.com)

In a recent study, Noriaki Ono, assistant professor at the U-M School of Dentistry, and colleagues report that mature bone marrow stromal cells metamorphosed to perform in ways similar to their bone-healing stem cell cousins-but only after an injury. (medicalxpress.com)

It's only when bones are injured that these cells start rushing to repair the defect. (medicalxpress.com)

Kvadrat Soft Cells is a modular system produced by Danish textile company Kvadrat . (dezeen.com)

It also increases CD4 cell counts. (who.int)

Anatomy51

Organisms17

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs89

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science11

Health Care1

A functional genomic analysis of cell morphology using RNA interference. (1/2848)

Protective effect of aqueous extract of Ginseng radix against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. (2/2848)

Galectin-1 induces astrocyte differentiation, which leads to production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. (3/2848)

Chemotaxis: signalling modules join hands at front and tail. (4/2848)

Rosbin: a novel homeobox-like protein gene expressed exclusively in round spermatids. (5/2848)

DIP (mDia interacting protein) is a key molecule regulating Rho and Rac in a Src-dependent manner. (6/2848)

Over-expression of FK506-binding protein FKBP12.6 alters excitation-contraction coupling in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes. (7/2848)

Full-term development of hamster embryos produced by injection of round spermatids into oocytes. (8/2848)

Cell Shape

Cell Size

Cytoskeleton

Actins

Morphogenesis

Cell Polarity

Cell Movement

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Myosin Type II

Cell Adhesion

Models, Biological

Actin Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Microfilament Proteins

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Drosophila

Actomyosin

Drosophila Proteins

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

Cells, Cultured

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate

Colchicine

Mutation

Stress Fibers

Microscopy, Electron

Cell Surface Extensions

Cell Division

Phalloidine

Peptidoglycan

Cytochalasin D

Cell Wall

Stress, Mechanical

Signal Transduction

Phenotype

rho-Associated Kinases

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Pseudopodia

Molecular Sequence Data

Extracellular Matrix

Cell Membrane

Mechanotransduction, Cellular

Epithelial Cells

Wing

Endothelium, Corneal

Focal Adhesions

Amino Acid Sequence

Microscopy, Video

Biomechanical Phenomena

rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

Intercellular Junctions

Drosophila melanogaster

Form Perception

Membrane Proteins

Body Patterning

rac GTP-Binding Proteins

Myosins

Plant Epidermis

Fibroblasts

Intermediate Filaments

Cell Line

Gastrula

Cytochalasin B

Bacterial Proteins

Cell Nucleus Shape

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Microscopy, Confocal

Acanthocytes

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Time-Lapse Imaging

Cell Differentiation

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Epithelium

Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings

Contractile Proteins

Adherens Junctions

Tubulin

Filamins

Time Factors

Schizosaccharomyces