Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Gastrulation: A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.Gastrula: The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.Morphogenesis: The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.Dictyostelium: A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.Zebrafish Proteins: Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).Pseudopodia: A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.Cell Polarity: Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.Primitive Streak: A linear band of rapidly proliferating cells that begins near the posterior end of an embryo and grows cranially. Primitive streak is formed during GASTRULATION by the convergent migration of primary ectodermal cells (EPIBLAST). The knot at the tip of the streak is called HENSEN NODE.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.Body Patterning: The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Time-Lapse Imaging: Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Microscopy, Video: Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Plant Viral Movement Proteins: Viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of PLASMODESMATA, channels that traverse the plant cell walls.Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.Cell Surface Extensions: Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Fetal Movement: Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.Motion Pictures as Topic: The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.Wnt Proteins: Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.Xenopus Proteins: Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Microfilament Proteins: Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Saccades: An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.Cell Shape: The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.Myxococcus xanthus: A species of gliding bacteria found on soil as well as in surface fresh water and coastal seawater.Arm: The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.Somites: Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Cadherins: Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.rac GTP-Binding Proteins: A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Notochord: A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Hand: The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.rhoA GTP-Binding Protein: A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Adherens Junctions: Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.Fixation, Ocular: The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family: A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-ACTIN.Actin Cytoskeleton: Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense: Short fragments of RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Microscopy, Phase-Contrast: A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.Eye Movement Measurements: Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.Motor Cortex: Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.rho GTP-Binding Proteins: A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Pursuit, Smooth: Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.Neural Crest: The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.Focal Adhesions: An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Receptors, Eph Family: A large family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases that are structurally-related. The name of this family of proteins derives from original protein Eph (now called the EPHA1 RECEPTOR), which was named after the cell line it was first discovered in: Erythropoietin-Producing human Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Members of this family have been implicated in regulation of cell-cell interactions involved in nervous system patterning and development.NIH 3T3 Cells: A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract LEUKOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; or other cells to the site of infection or insult.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Blastoderm: A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.Fingers: Four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each HAND.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Metencephalon: The anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. It gives rise to the CEREBELLUM and the PONS.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Organizers, Embryonic: Cells in certain regions of an embryo that self-regulate embryonic development. These organizers have been found in dorsal and ventral poles of GASTRULA embryos, including Spemann organizer in amphibians, and Hensen node in chicken and mouse. These organizer cells communicate with each other via a network of secreted signaling proteins, such as BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS and their antagonists (chordin and noggin).Embryonic Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.Animal Fins: Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.Microscopy, Interference: The science and application of a double-beam transmission interference microscope in which the illuminating light beam is split into two paths. One beam passes through the specimen while the other beam reflects off a reference mirror before joining and interfering with the other. The observed optical path difference between the two beams can be measured and used to discriminate minute differences in thickness and refraction of non-stained transparent specimens, such as living cells in culture.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Myosin Type II: The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts.Embryonic Induction: The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Cell Lineage: The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.Blastula: An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the MORULA stage. A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). The layer of cells is called BLASTODERM.Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Rotation: Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein: A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.Nerve Tissue ProteinsContact Inhibition: Arrest of cell locomotion or cell division when two cells come into contact.Gene Knockdown Techniques: The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.Fibroblast Growth Factors: A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Myxococcales: An order of rod-shaped, gram-negative fruiting gliding bacteria found in SOIL; WATER; and HUMUS.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesComputer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Posture: The position or attitude of the body.Seminiferous Epithelium: The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.Proprioception: Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.Cell Size: The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.Intercellular Junctions: Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)Rhombencephalon: The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.Myosins: A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.Ephrins: Signaling proteins that are ligands for the EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS. They are membrane-bound proteins that are attached to the CELL MEMBRANE either through a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR or through a transmembrane domain. Many of the ephrins are considered important intercellular signaling molecules that control morphogenic changes during embryogenesis.Organogenesis: Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.Motion Perception: The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.Fetal Proteins: Proteins that are preferentially expressed or upregulated during FETAL DEVELOPMENT.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Receptor, EphA4: An eph family receptor found in variety of tissues including BRAIN. During embryogenesis, EphA4 receptor exhibits a diverse spatial and temporal patterns of expression suggesting its role in multiple developmental processes.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Antigens, CD29: Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Actomyosin: A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.TailFibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.Epithelium: One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.Cell Tracking: Non-invasive imaging of cells that have been labeled non-destructively, such as with nanoemulsions or reporter genes that can be detected by molecular imaging, to monitor their location, viability, cell lineage expansion, response to drugs, movement, or other behaviors in vivo.Electrooculography: Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Chemotaxis, Leukocyte: The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.Sleep, REM: A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.PhosphoproteinsActin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex: A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.Feedback, Sensory: A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.rac1 GTP-Binding Protein: A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.Blood-Testis Barrier: A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS, between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS, to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. TIGHT JUNCTIONS form between adjacent SERTOLI CELLS, as well as between the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.rho-Associated Kinases: A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Blastomeres: Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Kinesthesis: Sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights.Cortactin: A microfilament protein that interacts with F-ACTIN and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. It is also an SH3 DOMAIN containing phosphoprotein, and it mediates tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION based SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC).Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn: Src-family kinases that associate with T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR and phosphorylate a wide variety of intracellular signaling molecules.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Vertebrates: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.Germ Layers: The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.Cyclic AMP: An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.LIM Domain Proteins: A large class of structurally-related proteins that contain one or more LIM zinc finger domains. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in intracellular signaling processes and mediate their effects via LIM domain protein-protein interactions. The name LIM is derived from the first three proteins in which the motif was found: LIN-11, Isl1 and Mec-3.Protozoan Proteins: Proteins found in any species of protozoan.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Actin Depolymerizing Factors: A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation.Wrist: The region of the upper limb between the metacarpus and the FOREARM.Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular: A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Caenorhabditis elegans: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Dyskinesias: Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.Orientation: Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins: A class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The GTP bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent GTPase activity, which is controlled by an array of GTPase activators, GDP dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47Neoplasm Invasiveness: Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Motion: Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Head: The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Immunoprecipitation: The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.
Nonbehavioral selection for pawns, mutants of Paramecium aurelia with decreased excitability. (1/32044)
The reversal response in Paramecium aurelia is mediated by calcium which carries the inward current during excitation. Electrophysiological studies indicate that strontium and barium can also carry the inward current. Exposure to high concentrations of barium rapidly paralyzes and later kills wild-type paramecia. Following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, seven mutants which continued to swim in the ;high-barium' solution were selected. All of the mutants show decreased reversal behavior, with phenotypes ranging from extremely non-reversing (;extreme' pawns) to nearly wild-type reversal behavior (;partial' pawns). The mutations fall into three complementation groups, identical to the pwA, pwB, and pwC genes of Kunget al. (1975). All of the pwA and pwB mutants withstand longer exposure to barium, the pwB mutants surviving longer than the pwA mutants. Among mutants of each gene, survival is correlated with loss of reversal behavior. Double mutants (A-B, A-C, B-C), identified in the exautogamous progeny of crosses between ;partial' mutants, exhibited a more extreme non-reversing phenotype than either of their single-mutant (;partial' pawn) parents.---Inability to reverse could be expected from an alteration in the calcium-activated reversal mechanism or in excitation. A normal calcium-activated structure was demonstrated in all pawns by chlorpromazine treatment. In a separate report (Schein, Bennett and Katz 1976) the results of electrophysiological investigations directly demonstrate decreased excitability in all of the mutants, a decrease due to an altered calcium activation. The studies of the genetics, the survival in barium and the electro-physiology of the pawns demonstrate that the pwA and pwB genes have different effects on calcium activation. (+info)Polarized distribution of Bcr-Abl in migrating myeloid cells and co-localization of Bcr-Abl and its target proteins. (2/32044)
Bcr-Abl plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Although a large number of substrates and interacting proteins of Bcr-Abl have been identified, it remains unclear whether Bcr-Abl assembles multi-protein complexes and if it does where these complexes are within cells. We have investigated the localization of Bcr-Abl in 32D myeloid cells attached to the extracellular matrix. We have found that Bcr-Abl displays a polarized distribution, colocalizing with a subset of filamentous actin at trailing portions of migrating 32D cells, and localizes on the cortical F-actin and on vesicle-like structures in resting 32D cells. Deletion of the actin binding domain of Bcr-Abl (Bcr-AbI-AD) dramatically enhances the localization of Bcr-Abl on the vesicle-like structures. These distinct localization patterns of Bcr-Abl and Bcr-Abl-AD enabled us to examine the localization of Bcr-Abl substrate and interacting proteins in relation to Bcr-Abl. We found that a subset of biochemically defined target proteins of Bcr-Abl redistributed and co-localized with Bcr-Abl on F-actin and on vesicle-like structures. The co-localization of signaling proteins with Bcr-Abl at its sites of localization supports the idea that Bcr-Abl forms a multi-protein signaling complex, while the polarized distribution and vesicle-like localization of Bcr-Abl may play a role in leukemogenesis. (+info)The LIM-only protein PINCH directly interacts with integrin-linked kinase and is recruited to integrin-rich sites in spreading cells. (3/32044)
PINCH is a widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved protein comprising primarily five LIM domains, which are cysteine-rich consensus sequences implicated in mediating protein-protein interactions. We report here that PINCH is a binding protein for integrin-linked kinase (ILK), an intracellular serine/threonine protein kinase that plays important roles in the cell adhesion, growth factor, and Wnt signaling pathways. The interaction between ILK and PINCH has been consistently observed under a variety of experimental conditions. They have interacted in yeast two-hybrid assays, in solution, and in solid-phase-based binding assays. Furthermore, ILK, but not vinculin or focal adhesion kinase, has been coisolated with PINCH from mammalian cells by immunoaffinity chromatography, indicating that PINCH and ILK associate with each other in vivo. The PINCH-ILK interaction is mediated by the N-terminal-most LIM domain (LIM1, residues 1 to 70) of PINCH and multiple ankyrin (ANK) repeats located within the N-terminal domain (residues 1 to 163) of ILK. Additionally, biochemical studies indicate that ILK, through the interaction with PINCH, is capable of forming a ternary complex with Nck-2, an SH2/SH3-containing adapter protein implicated in growth factor receptor kinase and small GTPase signaling pathways. Finally, we have found that PINCH is concentrated in peripheral ruffles of cells spreading on fibronectin and have detected clusters of PINCH that are colocalized with the alpha5beta1 integrins. These results demonstrate a specific protein recognition mechanism utilizing a specific LIM domain and multiple ANK repeats and suggest that PINCH functions as an adapter protein connecting ILK and the integrins with components of growth factor receptor kinase and small GTPase signaling pathways. (+info)Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (4/32044)
The intracranial migration of transduced glioma cells was investigated in order to improve the treatment of malignant glioma by gene therapy using retroviral vectors. In this study, about half the volume of the tumor mass could be transduced in 14 days after only a single implantation of 3 x 10(5) retrovirus-producing cells into a tumor mass with a diameter of 5 mm. Moreover, we were able to follow the migration of glioma cells transduced by the lacZ-harboring retroviruses originating from the high-titer retrovirus-producing cells. Besides the importance of using a high-titer retroviral vector system, our results also indicate that the implantation site of the virus-producing cells and the interval between the implantation of the virus-producing cells and the subsequent administration of ganciclovir are important factors for the efficient killing of glioma cells. (+info)Prolonged eosinophil accumulation in allergic lung interstitium of ICAM-2 deficient mice results in extended hyperresponsiveness. (5/32044)
ICAM-2-deficient mice exhibit prolonged accumulation of eosinophils in lung interstitium concomitant with a delayed increase in eosinophil numbers in the airway lumen during the development of allergic lung inflammation. The ICAM-2-dependent increased and prolonged accumulation of eosinophils in lung interstitium results in prolonged, heightened airway hyperresponsiveness. These findings reveal an essential role for ICAM-2 in the development of the inflammatory and respiratory components of allergic lung disease. This phenotype is caused by the lack of ICAM-2 expression on non-hematopoietic cells. ICAM-2 deficiency on endothelial cells causes reduced eosinophil transmigration in vitro. ICAM-2 is not essential for lymphocyte homing or the development of leukocytes, with the exception of megakaryocyte progenitors, which are significantly reduced. (+info)Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor antibody inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in injured rat carotid arteries. (6/32044)
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) has been suggested to promote atherogenesis. The effects of in vivo neutralization of MCP-1 in a rat model were examined in an effort to clarify the role of MCP-1 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Competitive polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed maximum MCP-1 mRNA expression at 4 hours after carotid arterial injury. Increased immunoreactivities of MCP-1 were also detected at 2 and 8 hours after injury. Either anti-MCP-1 antibody or nonimmunized goat IgG (10 mg/kg) was then administered every 12 hours to rats that had undergone carotid arterial injury. Treatment with 3 consecutive doses of anti-MCP-1 antibody within 24 hours (experiment 1) and every 12 hours for 5 days (experiment 2) significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia at day 14, resulting in a 27.8% reduction of the mean intima/media ratio (P<0.05) in experiment 1 and a 43.6% reduction (P<0.01) in experiment 2. This effect was still apparent at day 56 (55.6% inhibition; P<0.05). The number of vascular smooth muscle cells in the neointima at day 4 was significantly reduced by anti-MCP-1 treatment, demonstrating the important role of MCP-1 in early neointimal lesion formation. However, recombinant MCP-1 did not stimulate chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells in an in vitro migration assay. These results suggest that MCP-1 promotes neointimal hyperplasia in early neointimal lesion formation and that neutralization of MCP-1 before, and immediately after, arterial injury may be effective in preventing restenosis after angioplasty. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism underlying the promotion of neointimal hyperplasia by MCP-1. (+info)Non-serum-dependent chemotactic factors produced by Candida albicans stimulate chemotaxis by binding to the formyl peptide receptor on neutrophils and to an unknown receptor on macrophages. (7/32044)
Serum-free culture filtrates of six Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found to contain chemoattractants for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and a mouse macrophage-like cell line, J774. The chemotactic factors differed for the PMN and J774 cells, however, in terms of heat stability, kinetics of liberation by the yeast cells, and divalent cation requirements for production. The chemoattractant in Candida albicans culture filtrates appeared to act through the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) of PMNs, since it was found to induce chemotaxis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were expressing the human FPR but did not induce chemotaxis of wild-type CHO cells. The C. albicans culture filtrates also induced migration of PMNs across confluent monolayers of a human gastrointestinal epithelial cell line, T84; migration occurred in the basolateral-to-apical direction but not the reverse direction, unless the epithelial tight junctions were disrupted. J774 cells did not migrate toward the formylated peptide (fMet-Leu-Phe; fMLF), and chemotaxis toward the C. albicans culture filtrate was not inhibited by an FPR antagonist (t-butoxycarbonyl-Met-Leu-Phe), suggesting that a different receptor mediated J774 cell chemotaxis. In conclusion, we have identified a receptor by which a non-serum-dependent chemotactic factor (NSCF) produced by C. albicans induced chemotaxis of PMNs. Additionally, we have shown that NSCF was active across epithelial monolayers. These findings suggest that NSCFs produced by C. albicans and other yeast species may influence host-pathogen interactions at the gastrointestinal tract mucosal surface by inducing phagocytic-cell infiltration. (+info)Role of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in human neutrophil killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and in migration. (8/32044)
Killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans by neutrophils involves adherence of the microorganisms, phagocytosis, and a collaborative action of oxygen reactive species and components of the granules. While a number of intracellular signalling pathways have been proposed to regulate neutrophil responses, the extent to which each pathway contributes to the killing of S. aureus and C. albicans has not been clearly defined. We have therefore examined the effect of blocking one such pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, using the specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase, PD98059, on the ability of human neutrophils to kill S. aureus and C. albicans. Our data demonstrate the presence of ERK2 and a 43-kDa form of ERK but not ERK1 in human neutrophils. Upon stimulation with formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), the activities of both ERK2 and the 43-kDa form were stimulated. Despite abrogating the activity of both ERK forms, PD98059 only slightly reduced the ability of neutrophils to kill S. aureus or C. albicans. This is consistent with our finding that PD98059 had no effect on neutrophil adherence or degranulation, although pretreatment of neutrophils with PD98059 inhibited fMLP-stimulated superoxide production by 50%, suggesting that a change in superoxide production per se is not strictly correlated with microbicidal activity. However, fMLP-stimulated chemokinesis was markedly inhibited, while random migration and fMLP-stimulated chemotaxis were partially inhibited, by PD98059. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the ERK cascade plays only a minor role in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils and that the ERK cascade is involved primarily in regulating neutrophil migration in response to fMLP. (+info)
The Nationalism Project: Articles in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
The First Family's chain migration
Localization of nectin-free afadin at the leading edge and its involvement in directional cell movement induced by platelet...
FRNK blocks v‐Src‐stimulated invasion and experimental metastases without effects on cell motility or growth | The EMBO Journal
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British Library EThOS: An investigation into the role of protein kinases in T lymphocyte migration
Effects of soluble CPE on glioma cell migration are associated with mTOR activation and enhanced glucose flux
A microcarrier-based spheroid 3D invasion assay to monitor dynamic cell movement in extracellular matrix | Biological...
Cell proliferation within small intestinal crypts is the principal driving force for cell migration on villi - UEA Digital...
Metalloproteinase-dependent and -independent processes contribute to inhibition of breast cancer cell migration, angiogenesis...
Internal forces directing cell migration are revealed by live-cell microscopy
There are numerous biological examples where genes associated with migratory ability | Beneficial Effects of RAF Inhibitor i
Short courses (certificate) - Introduction to Migration Studies - 1 month - Maastricht University
Effect of TGFβ1 on the phenotype, migratory ability, a | Open-i
The Basic Principles Of Breast Enhancement
RePub, Erasmus University Repository:
A microcarrier-based spheroid 3D invasion assay to monitor dynamic cell movement in...
Vol 10: Propagating Waves of Directionality and Coordination Orchestrate Collective Cell Migration. - pdf descargar
Search Results | UCP
mTOR Signaling in Cancer Cell Motility and Tumor Metastasis - Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, Том 20, 2010,...
Protocols and Video Articles Authored by Gersende Alphonse
Angio-associated migratory cell protein elisa and antibody
"Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate" by Chun-Min Lo, Hong-Bei Wang et al.
DI-fusion Can anti-migratory drugs be screened in vitro? A review of 2D...
Huttenlocher, Anna - Genetics - UW-Madison
2017 Space Migration Planning Project underway
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Come and Find Me | Science Signaling
Sydney Research Online: Browsing Sydney Research Online
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20029955 - Migration-activated caveolin rear polarization is controlled by a specific domain...
FlySpeed DB Migrate to MySQL 1.6 - FlySpeed DB Migrate to MySQL enables rapid migration of MySQL structure and data...
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lifeissues.net | Arrogant 'scientists' and 'ethicists' agree on global stem cell guidance
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Functional Phases in Cell Attachment and Spreading - Cell Migration in Development and Disease - Sheetz - Wiley Online Library
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komakino fanzine - Lykanthea - Migration
Combined Treatment with Troglitazone and Lovastatin Inhibited Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Migration through the...
Salinomycin treatment reduces metastatic tumor burden by hampering cancer cell migration
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Inactivation of Cyclic Di-GMP Binding Protein TDE0214 Affects the Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence of Treponema...
Medical Advisor Journals by Kyle J. Norton: Hormone Prostaglandins E2 in promotion of lung cancer cell migration
Misshapen coordinates protrusion restriction and actomyosin contractility during collective cell migration. | IRIC - Institute...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish cranial motoneuron subpopulations require the cell adhesion molecule MDGA2A |...
Mechanisms of human skin cell migration and wound healing :: University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Oris™ Cell Migration Assay | Platypus Technologies
Motile chondrocytes from newborn calf: migration properties and synthesis of collagen II. - PubMed - NCBI
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Toxins | Free Full-Text | Effects of Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B on Human T Lymphocyte Migration | HTML
"PIPKIγ Regulates Focal Adhesion Dynamics and Colon Cancer Cell Invasio" by Zhaofei Wu, Xiang Li et al.Shepherd JD, Huganir RL (2007). "The cell biology of synaptic plasticity: AMPA receptor trafficking". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol ... Therefore, it is possible that myosin may drive the lateral movement of AMPA receptors in the perisynpatic region to the PSD. ... Cell. 127 (1): 85-97. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.037. PMID 17018279. Kim DY, Kim SH, Choi HB, Min C, Gwag BJ (2001). "High ... Cell. 135 (3): 535-48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.057. PMC 2585749 . PMID 18984164. Nicoll RA, Tomita S, Bredt DS (March 2006 ...
Seema Singh (April 2008). "India Takes an Open Source Approach to Drug Discovery". Cell. 133: 201-203. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... "Join the movement - Open Source Drug Discovery". Osdd.net. Retrieved 2015-04-30. ... WP5 - Micro array gene expression for human cells and tissues with the best inhibitors. This involves identification of ... compounds with higher binding affinity for the target without altering expression profile of host cell. WP6 - Medicinal ...
... including oriented cell division, cell-cell intercalation and chemotactic cell movement,[4] have been proposed to explain the ... Cellular movements[edit]. The formation of the primitive streak in the blastocyst involves the coordinated movement and re- ... Cells from the lateral posterior marginal zone replace those cells that left Koller's Sickle by meeting at the center of this ... Even before the streak is visible, epiblast cells have started to move.[7] Two counter-rotating flows of cells meet at the ...
Movement diagrams[edit]. Below are diagrams indicating each piece's movement. Pieces are paired with their promotion. Pieces ... Sannin shōgi (hex board, 7 cells per side, 3-player game). *Yonin shōgi (9×9, 4-player game) ... Movement and capture[edit]. An opposing piece is captured by displacement: That is, if a piece moves to a square occupied by an ... The flying silver cannon has the same powers of movement as the flying gold cannon. (mRpRFAcpR) ♦. ☆. ♦ ...
Bhowmick DK (March 1967). "Electron microscopy of Trichamoeba villosa and amoeboid movement". Exp. Cell Res. 45 (3): 570-89. ...
doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01352.x. Sleigh MA (1985). "Origin and evolution of flagellar movement". Cell Motil. 5: 137-138 ... akrokont: cells with flagella inserted apically subakrokont: cells with flagella inserted subapically pleurokont: cells with ... An example of a eukaryotic flagellate cell is the mammalian sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the ... The flagellum is encased within the cell's plasma membrane, so that the interior of the flagellum is accessible to the cell's ...
"Dynamic DNA helicase-DNA polymerase interactions assure processive replication fork movement". Molecular Cell. 27 (4): 539-549 ... Bodescot, M; Brison, O (1994). "Efficient second-strand cDNA synthesis using T7 DNA polymerase". DNA and Cell Biology. 13 (9): ... Richardson, CC (1983). "Bacteriophage T7: minimal requirements for the replication of a duplex DNA molecule". Cell. 33 (2): 315 ...
2001). "Dual function of rhoD in vesicular movement and cell motility". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 80 (6): 391-8. doi:10.1078/0171-9335 ... 2007). "Rho plays a central role in regulating local cell-matrix mechanical interactions in 3D culture". Cell Motil. ... Cell Biol. 5 (3): 195-204. doi:10.1038/ncb935. PMID 12577064. Jaffe AB, Aspenström P, Hall A (2004). "Human CNK1 Acts as a ... Cell. Biochem. 297 (1-2): 121-9. doi:10.1007/s11010-006-9336-y. PMID 17029007. Tan W, Martin D, Gutkind JS (2007). "The ...
Mitchison TJ, Cramer LP (February 1996). "Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion". Cell. 84 (3): 371-9. doi:10.1016/ ... Walker MH, Mackenzie C, Bainbridge SP, Orme C (November 1979). "A study of the structure and gliding movement of Gregarina ... Ménard R (February 2001). "Gliding motility and cell invasion by Apicomplexa: insights from the Plasmodium sporozoite". Cell. ... and penetrate host cells in their immediate environment. The sporozoites emerge within the host cell, begin to feed, and ...
The motion is performed by motor cells in a flexible segment just below the flower, called a pulvinus. The motor cells are ... Lang A.R.G.; Begg J.E. (1979). "Movements of Helianthus annuus leaves and heads". J Appl Ecol. 16: 299-305. doi:10.2307/2402749 ... The segment flexes because the motor cells at the shadow side elongate due to a turgor rise. Heliotropism is a response to ... Hart, J.W. (1990). Plant Tropisms: And other Growth Movements. Springer. p. 36. Retrieved 2012-08-08. "Phototropism and ...
"Team/Movement «". Woundedkneeskateboards.net. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2015-11-21. "Andy Kessler". Juice Magazine. Retrieved ... FEET] VENICE SKATEBOARD PARK". Cell-Less Productions. Retrieved 2015-11-21. "The Living Legacy: George Powell inspired by ... cell-lessproductions.com. Retrieved October 29, 2009. "Wounded Knee Skateboards". Wounded Knee Skateboards. Retrieved 2015-11- ...
Kulkarni SV, Gish G, van der Geer P, Henkemeyer M, Pawson T (2000). "Role of p120 Ras-GAP in directed cell movement". J. Cell ... Su L, Agati JM, Parsons SJ (2003). "p190RhoGAP is cell cycle regulated and affects cytokinesis". J. Cell Biol. 163 (3): 571-82 ... Cell. Biol. 14 (11): 7173-81. PMC 359251 . PMID 7935432. McGlade J, Brunkhorst B, Anderson D, Mbamalu G, Settleman J, Dedhar S ... Cell Growth Differ. 11 (7): 343-54. PMID 10939588. Shiota M, Tanihiro T, Nakagawa Y, Aoki N, Ishida N, Miyazaki K, Ullrich A, ...
Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. ... Movement Disorders. 21 (9): 1510-3. doi:10.1002/mds.21011. PMID 16817193. Gélinas JF, Clerzius G, Shaw E, Gatignol A (September ... ADAR is able to both modify and regulate the output of gene product, as inosine is interpreted by the cell to be guanosine. ... ADAR1 is an interferon ( IFN )-inducible protein (one released by a cell in response to a pathogen or virus), so it would make ...
Presynaptic motor axons stop 30 nanometers from the sarcolemma, the cell membrane of a muscle cell. This 30-nanometer space ... Papapetropoulos S, Singer C (April 2007). "Botulinum toxin in movement disorders". Semin Neurol. 27 (2): 183-94. doi:10.1055/s- ... Cell stem cell. 18 (1): 134-43. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.10.002. PMID 26549107. ... 50-60% of the patients that are diagnosed with LEMS also have present an associated tumor, which is typically small-cell lung ...
August 2008). "TCTP protects from apoptotic cell death by antagonizing bax function". Cell Death Differ. 15: 1211-20. doi: ... Wolter KG, Hsu YT, Smith CL, Nechushtan A, Xi XG, Youle RJ (December 1997). "Movement of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria ... that accelerates programmed cell death". Cell. 74 (4): 609-19. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90509-O. PMID 8358790. Sedlak TW, ... In healthy mammalian cells, the majority of BAX is found in the cytosol, but upon initiation of apoptotic signaling, Bax ...
Movement of cells is vital for the function of the immune system, and especially for antigen presenting cells. Dendritic cells ... so when one cell moves the rest follow in response to the gradient and initial cell movement. Mechanical effects like the ... but causes movement of the dendritic cells up a fixed chemical gradient. Other leukocytes also exhibit haptotactic movement: ... which is highly influenced by the cell's velocity, which is in turn influenced by direction of cell motility. Cells migrate ...
Modified donor T cells were engineered to attack the leukemia cells, to be resistant to Alemtuzumab, and to evade detection by ... Im, Wooseok; Moon, Jangsup; Kim, Manho (2017-04-11). "Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Gene Editing in Hereditary Movement ... For example, when one is planning to use the cell's NHEJ to create a mutation, the cell's HDR systems will also be at work ... Researchers at SGMO mutated CCR5 in CD4+ T cells and subsequently produced an HIV-resistant T-cell population. Gene editing is ...
The process of IFT involves movement of large protein complexes called IFT particles or trains from the cell body to the ... The outward or anterograde movement is powered by kinesin-2 while the inward or retrograde movement is powered by cytoplasmic ... Sedmak T, Wolfrum U (April 2010). "Intraflagellar transport molecules in ciliary and nonciliary cells of the retina". J. Cell ... Scholey, JM (2008). "Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia: moving along the cell's antenna". Journal of Cell Biology. 180 ( ...
... amoeboid movement and cell motility in general, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility and ... This rapid turnover is important for the cell's movement. End-capping proteins such as CapZ prevent the addition or loss of ... Actin in cells[edit]. Intracellular actin cytoskeletal assembly and disassembly are tightly regulated by cell signaling ... Microfilaments have a tough, flexible framework which helps the cell in movement.[2] ...
"Cell. 135 (3): 535-48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.057. PMC 2585749 . PMID 18984164.. ... One possibility is that, during LTP, there is lateral movement of AMPA receptors from perisynpatic sites directly to the PSD.[ ... Shepherd JD, Huganir RL (2007). "The cell biology of synaptic plasticity: AMPA receptor trafficking". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.037. PMID 17018279.. *^ Kim DY, Kim SH, Choi HB, Min C, Gwag BJ (2001). "High abundance of GluR1 ...
ActA localizes to the old pole of the bacterium and spans both the bacterial cell membrane and the cell wall, lateral diffusion ... Ireton K, Cossart P (1997). "Host-pathogen interactions during entry and actin-based movement of Listeria monocytogenes". ... All mutants except the actA mutants were similar to wild-type concerning association with F-actin and cell-cell spreading. ... Welch, Matthew D. (2007). "Actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread of Listeria monocytogenes". In Goldfine, Howard; Shen, ...
Ishikawa, K; Maejima, K; Komatsu, K (2013). "Fig mosaic emaravirus p4 protein is involved in cell-to-cell movement". Journal of ... Like all plant viruses, FMV encodes a movement protein (MP) to enable it to move between cells, usually by increasing the size ... Once the virion has entered a cell, RdRp binds to host mRNA and uses endonuclease activity to cleave the 5' methylated cap for ... Lazarowitza, SG; Beachy, RN (April 1999). "Viral Movement Proteins as Probes for Intracellular and Intercellular Trafficking in ...
The adipokines, or adipocytokines (Greek adipo-, fat; cytos-, cell; and -kinos, movement) are cytokines (cell signaling ... MacDougald1, Ormond A. and Burant, Charles F. (September 2007) "The Rapidly Expanding Family of Adipokines" Cell Metabolism 6: ...
... their morphology and movement in situ and in vitro. =Journal of Cell Biology". 67: 400-418. Greenburg, Gary; Hay, Elizabeth ... a study of cell movement in vivo". Developmental Biology. 42 (2): 346-361. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(75)90339-5. Bard, Jonathan; ... cell shape, and the control of cell growth and differentiation. She asserted that the basis of many scientific ideas originate ... the regeneration of the limb is achieved when differentiated cells begin to dedifferentiate and become stem cells. In 1957, Don ...
Cell 88, 39-48. Meier, J., Vannier, C., Serge, A., Triller, A., Choquet, D., and M-247 (2001). Fast and reversible trapping of ... He discovered that receptors move in living neurons and that these movements in and out synapses participate to synaptic ... During his post-doc at Duke, he discovered that cells can respond and adapt to the mechanical properties of their environment. ... Nature Neuroscience 4, 253-260 Borgdorff, A.J., and Choquet, D. (2002). Regulation of AMPA receptor lateral movements. Nature ...
"Dr". The Plant Cell. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Chen, M. H.; Citovsky, V. (2003). "Systemic movement of a tobamovirus ... The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission ... Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus ... the movement protein (MP) which is necessary for the virus to move between cells and the coat protein (CP). The read-through ...
... elections cell. Retrieved 10 October 2014. Malik Siraj Akbar (2011). The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement. ... His father, Sardar Doda Khan Zehri, was a tribal leader and an activist in the Pakistan Movement who played a crucial role in ... "GEO elections monitoring cell: Sanaullah Zehri". GEO News, ...
고립성 소뇌전엽 충부 경색7. Zee DS, Yamazaki A, Butler PH, Gucer G. Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus on eye movements in primate. J ... Given that the fastigial oculomotor region receives inputs from the Purkinje cells of the dorsal vermis and also axon ... Neuronal signals for smooth pursuit eye movements are initiated in the frontal and parietal eye centers, and then mediated by ... 6. Vahedi K, Rivaud S, Amarenco P, Pierrot-D eseilligny C. Horizontal eye movement disorders after posterior vermis infarctions ...
e-rvs.org
Cell Movement and Automatic Control | SpringerLinkH. Gruler, Cell Movement Analysis in a Necrotactic Assay, Blood Cells 10: 107 (1984).Google Scholar ... Directed Movement Applied Electric Field Neural Crest Cell Polar Field Neurospora Crassa These keywords were added by machine ... H. Gruler, Cell Movement and Symmetry of the Cellular Environment, Z. Naturforsch. 43c: 754 (1988).Google Scholar ... Gruler H. (1991) Cell Movement and Automatic Control. In: Peliti L. (eds) Biologically Inspired Physics. NATO ASI Series ( ...
Chemotactic cell movement during Dictyostelium development and gastrulation.. Dormann D1, Weijer CJ. ... Many developmental processes involve chemotactic cell movement up or down dynamic chemical gradients. Studies of the molecular ... when propagating waves of cAMP coordinate the chemotactic movement of tens of thousands of cells, resulting in multicellular ... Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.. ...
Cell Biol. 9, 276-286 (2007). [PubMed]. M. Bailly, Moving away from death: When caspase-11 meets cofilin. Nat. Cell Biol. 9, ... Thus, caspase 11 now appears to influence multiple inflammatory cell processes: cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and cell ... Caspases are well known for their roles in programmed cell death and for their roles in maturation of inflammatory cytokines. ... now show that caspase 11 also has a role in regulating actin dynamics that contributes to cell migration. Leukocytes deficient ...
Cellular 'racetrack' accurately clocks brain cancer cell movement | EurekAlert! Science News... of human brain tumor cell movement along a small glass track. The assay, so far tested on the cells of 14 glioblastoma ... Cellular racetrack accurately clocks brain cancer cell movement. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Journal. Cell Reports. Funder. NIH/ ... of human brain tumor cell movement along a small glass "track." The assay, so far tested on the cells of 14 glioblastoma ... They tested PDGF to see if it would prime the glioblastoma cells for movement rather than growth by growing the glioblastoma ...
PIP3, PIP2, and cell movement--similar messages, different meanings?. Insall RH1, Weiner OD. ... B) Spatial distribution of PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3, and actin polymerization in cells before stimulation and during chemotaxis, ... Actin filaments which extend toward the cell body are capped by various F-actin capping proteins. Immediately below the ... This ensures that newly nucleated filaments are always oriented toward the membrane and away from the cell body. ...
They discovered an entirely new type of cell movement whereby the nucleus helps propel cells through the matrix like a piston ... scientists used an innovative technique to study how cells move in a three-dimensional matrix, similar to the structure of ... "When a cell is in the matrix, the nucleus tends to be at the back of the cell, and the cell body is very tubular in shape," ... They discovered an entirely new type of cell movement whereby the nucleus helps propel cells through the matrix like a piston ...
Light Controls Cell Movement | Research & Technology | Aug 2009 | Photonics.comYi WulightLight controls cell movementliving cellsMax PlanckNational Institute of HealthNews & Featuresphotonicsphotonics.com ... A photoactivatable protein enables control of cell movement in living cells. Activation of Rac in the red circle led to ... we can now use light to control where and how cells move. This is quite valuable in studies where cell movement is the focus of ... Light Controls Cell Movement Photonics.com. Aug 2009 CHAPEL HILL, NC, Aug., 19, 2009 - One of the biggest challenges in ...
Yi WulightLight controls cell movementliving cellsMax PlanckNational Institutes of HealthNews & Featuresphotonicsphotonics.com ... A photoactivatable protein enables control of cell movement in living cells. Activation of Rac in the red circle led to ... we can now use light to control where and how cells move. This is quite valuable in studies where cell movement is the focus of ... "Because we first tested this new technology on a protein that initiates cell movement, ...
Researchers discover how nerve cells control movementResearchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have discovered a new way in which nerve cells can control movement. In a study ... Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have discovered a new way in which nerve cells can control movement. In a study ... This is where the neurons transfer signal substances that can be taken up by the muscle cells to make them contract. ... The researchers believe that this is to control movements better.. Related Stories. *Blood-clotting factor may cause ...
HSP70 homolog functions in cell-to-cell movement of a plant virus | PNASCell-to-Cell Movement of GFP-Tagged BYV.. As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the GFP ORF was engineered downstream of the subgenomic ... Cell-to-cell movement of the GFP-expressing BYV (BYV-GFP) and its mutant variant lacking most of the HSP70h ORF (BYV-GFP-ΔXho) ... HSP70 homolog functions in cell-to-cell movement of a plant virus. Valery V. Peremyslov, Yuka Hagiwara, and Valerian V. Dolja ... One is the CI protein from potyviruses that is involved in RNA replication and in cell-to-cell movement (38, 42). Another is a ...
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Last Retinal Movement-Detecting Cell Discovered - TFOT... a ganglion cell in the retina of primates was found to react to movement. The cell was named Upsilon and is similar to Y cells ... Because the upsilon cells are rare, simultaneously taking readings from several such cells using the above method was not ... This finding ends four decades of search for the movement-detecting cells in the retina. ... Biologists know of 22 different types of ganglion cells. However, the function of only a quarter of these cells is known, ...
The findings deepen the understanding of how cells initiate movement, and have implications for conditions dependent on cell ... A new multi-disciplinary study at Penn illuminates a crucial step in the process of cell movement. The protein they examined, ... Exo70, induces a reshaping of the cells plasma membrane, a necessary step in how a cell migrates from one location to another ... underscoring the importance of the molecule in helping cells make directed movements. ...
Fluid Movement in Cells by Brandon Sim on PreziYou will have all the basic imformation about the movement of fluid in cells. There will be a lot of information about ... Fluid Movement in Cells. You will have all the basic imformation about the movement of fluid in cells. There will be a lot of ...
J Cell Sci 2017 130: 3809-3817; doi: 10.1242/jcs.206532. Interkinetic nuclear migration and basal tethering facilitates post- ... TFCP2L1 represses multiple lineage commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells through MTA1 and LEF1. Kuisheng Liu, Yan Zhang, ... Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and ...
Scientists at The University of Manchester have identified the method by which cells control the recycling of molecules, a ... By studying the movement of fibroblast cells using sophisticated imaging techniques, Dr Morgan and the team identified the role ... The next step will be to investigate how Syndecan-4 can be manipulated to control cell movement with a view to developing novel ... Once they have been used by the cell, integrins are moved from the surface to a store inside the cell. When the time is right ...
Cells that form facial features need surrounding embryonic tissues to stiffen so they can move and develop, according to new ... the tissue holding the NC cells stiffens and becomes denser with cells which triggers the cells orchestrated movement. ... "Weve known that cell movement is essential for many processes in the body including the formation of embryos and cancer spread ... that the mechanical properties of the environment surrounding embryonic cells has been shown to be crucial in cell movement and ...
Movement Against Manual Cell Counting | Thermo Fisher Scientific - USPut an end to tedious and time-wasting manual cell counting. The cost of consumables for automated cell counters is a common ... No more excuses for counting cells manually. Now that there is a cell counter with a reusable slide, it is surprisingly ... We have started a movement to show lab managers everywhere that with affordable options available, "too expensive" is no longer ... With a reusable slide, almost any lab can now afford to put an end to manual cell counting. ...
Development of Spinal Connections that Control Movement | Cell Biology Seminar | Medical College of WisconsinDevelopment of Spinal Connections that Control Movement. Samuel L. Pfaff, PhD. Investigator, HHMI Professor, Gene Expression ... Cell Biology Seminar. April 2, 2019 , 10:30 am-12:00 pm iCAL ...
Finding sheds new light into mysterious process of cell movement during developmentWhat begins as a disordered, chaotic motion changes into an orderly movement. As this happens the cells also change from a ... Finding sheds new light into mysterious process of cell movement during development. 15.08.2002 ... By labeling the nerve cells with fluorescent protein, the biologists determined that the trilobite cells moved much slower and ... the researchers report the discovery that a single protein facilitates the movements of cells within the developing embryo of ...
Now, Body Movements Will Charge Your IPods, Cell Phones... like simple body movements, the beating of the heart or movement of the wind, into electricity, using zinc oxide (ZnO) ... A microbial fuel cell (MFC) that operates on plant waste has been developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ... "Quite simply, this technology can be used to generate energy under any circumstances as long as there is movement," said Wang. ... The process of generating energy from movement made the researchers to conclude that it was most effective to develop a method ...
Purdue-based startup measures movement in cells to improve cancer drug development - Purdue UniversityPurdue-based startup measures movement in cells to improve cancer drug development. ... There are differences in how cells respond to drugs in a three-dimensional environment, which means the results that occur in ... "Our technology can measure a cancer tumors response to cancer therapy, such as metabolism and cell division. This can tell how ... "It breaks down the changes into different frequencies, and we can tell how a cells membranes, mitochondria, nucleus and even ...
... in cells of length 3.5 μm (average of all cells), 2.4 μm (SW cells), 2.7 μm (ST cells), and 3.9 μm (PD cells). We divided the ... After the ST cell develops into a PD cell, PleC localizes to the new flagellar pole. The PD cell divides to yield a SW cell and ... Each Caulobacter cell division produces a pair of distinct daughter cells (Fig. 1): a motile swarmer (SW) cell with a single ... ST cells are unpinched and lack polarly localized PleC-EYFP. PD cells are longer than SW cells, are curved, possess a pinched ...
Coupling to actin flow supports directional transport of virus particles during entry and cell-cell transmission, and local ... and how they spread from cell to cell and cause systemic infections, is incompletely understood. Recent advances from single ... discuss how viruses take advantage of cellular mechanisms that normally drive the movements of proteins and lipids on the cell ... virus tracking experiments have revealed conserved patterns of virus movements on the plasma membrane, including diffusive ...
MotilityEpithelialCytoskeletonResearchersIntracellularMorphogenetic movementsChemotaxis2018ZebrafishBehaviorTime-lapseMorphogenesisGastrulationEmbryosBiolMyosinProcessesTranslocationRegulateNeural crestIonsTissuesVivoAssayDynamicsTumorsAdhesionRegulates cell movementMetastasisScientistsEarly embryonicCell'sExtracellular matrixMechanismsAsymmetric cell divKnockdownSecretionInducesConfocal microscopyFibroblast cellsFacilitatesSignalsUndergoLocalizationVisualizePeripheryBehaviourImmuneDefectIntercellularCollective cell
- H. Gruler and R. Nuccitelli, Neural Crest Cell Galvanotaxis: New Data and Novel Approach to the Analysis of Both Galvanotaxis and Chemotaxis, Cell Motility and Cytoskeleton, 19: (1991). (springer.com)
- C. A. Erickson and R. Nuccitelli, Embryonic Fibroblast Motility and Orientation Can Be Influenced by Physiological Electric Fields, J. Cell Biol. (springer.com)
- We discovered that the nucleus can act as a piston that physically compartmentalizes the cell cytoplasm and increases the hydrostatic pressure driving the cell motility within a 3-D matrix. (eurekalert.org)
- The transmembrane histidine kinase PleC regulates polar organelle formation, motility, and asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter ( 16 ). (pnas.org)
- MicroRNA-124 suppresses breast cancer cell growth and motility by targeting CD151. (labome.org)
- Angiomotin (Amot), the founding member of the Motin family, is involved in angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell motility, and is required for visceral endoderm movement in mice. (uniprot.org)
- When Spudich set up his own lab in 1971 (UCSF), he embarked on two quests: to establish a way to study movement in a test tube and to explore nonmuscle motility. (laskerfoundation.org)
- Surprisingly, expression of the Mg 2+ transporter SLC41A2 (solute carrier family 41 member 2) is also effective in restoring the change in cell morphology, disruption of the cytoskeleton and directional cell motility caused by depletion of the channel-kinase. (biochemj.org)
- Many talks at this year's joint spring meeting of the British Societies for Cell and Developmental Biology revealed the importance of regulators of cytoskeleton and signaling events, leading to rearrangement of the cytoskeletal architecture, for a number of cellular processes including morphogenesis, endocytosis and cell motility. (biomedcentral.com)
- Schultz explains that quicker cell motility has an impact on wound healing - the faster cells arrive at the site of injury, the sooner the repair work can start. (labroots.com)
- Marian Blanca Ramírez from the CSIC in Spain has been studying the effects of LRRK2, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, on cell motility. (biologists.org)
- EGF-induced cell motility was assessed in vitro by excess migration into an acellular area and colony scatter in the presence of saturating concentrations of EGF. (rupress.org)
- The motility responses mediated by these EGFR were identical in the presence or absence of mitomycin-C, at a dose (0.5 micrograms/ml) which completely inhibited cell proliferation. (rupress.org)
- Thus, EGF-induced mitogenesis and cell motility are mediated through different pathways. (rupress.org)
- MiR-145 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells by targeting Oct4. (labome.org)
- Downregulation of transcription factor Oct4 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via enhancement of Ca2+ influx in breast cancer cells. (labome.org)
- To investigate the involvement of centrioles in cytokinesis, we monitored the movements of centrioles in three mammalian epithelial cell lines, HeLa, MCF 10A, and the p53-deficient mouse mammary tumor cell line KP-7.7, by time-lapse imaging. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Apical surfaces of epithelial cells are characterized by the presence of abundant F-actin-based microvilli. (biologists.org)
- Harry Mellor (University of Bristol, UK) presented data on a new Rho-family GTPase, Rif (Rho in filopodia), which is found mainly in tissues containing epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cadherin-based AJs provide the initial means of cell-cell contact and have key roles during the development and maintenance of epithelial polarity ( 1 , 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Since cervicovaginal fluid is acidic and HIV-1 in cervicovaginal fluid is likely coated with antibodies, they explored the effect of low pH and HIV-1-specific antibodies on transcytosis, the movement of HIV-1 across tight-junctioned epithelial cells. (medicalxpress.com)
- Finally, staining of human tissue revealed abundant FcRn expression on columnar epithelial cells of penile urethra and endocervix. (medicalxpress.com)
- A fluorescence-based assay indicated that wild-type serovar Typhimurium transferred from infected to uninfected epithelial cells while strains deficient in SPI-2 T3SS secretion or PipB2 did not. (asm.org)
- To study the natural movement of corneal epithelial cells in the normal adult mouse with histology and in vivo microscopy. (arvojournals.org)
- For histology, epithelial GFP was imaged in a wholemounted cornea en face, and also in frozen cross-sections, under a fluorescence microscope. (arvojournals.org)
- Epithelial fluorescence was digitally recorded two to three times a week, and a rate of cell movement was determined from the time-lapse sequences. (arvojournals.org)
- Epithelial cells at the basal or suprabasal layers move centripetally in these mice at an average rate of 26 μm/d. (arvojournals.org)
- Cell migration is one of the most fundamental aspects of epithelial homeostasis, and there has been a steady increase in our knowledge in this area. (arvojournals.org)
- A strong body of evidence now suggests that corneal epithelial cells arise from the stem cells at the limbus. (arvojournals.org)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Once inside the cornea, epithelial cells are thought to move slowly toward the center, as delineated by the X, Y, Z hypothesis of Thoft and Friend. (arvojournals.org)
- 12 who showed, using specular confocal microscopy, that some basal epithelial cells migrate centripetally, 23, 29, and 32 μm over a 24-hour period in three measurements in one eye. (arvojournals.org)
- However, it remains to be determined whether these short, limited observations can be expanded to show long-term movement of epithelial cells. (arvojournals.org)
- Buck 14 was the first to demonstrate the centripetal movement of epithelial cells in the normal cornea. (arvojournals.org)
- He labeled epithelial cells of the mouse cornea with India ink and determined the rate of movement to be approximately 17 μm/d. (arvojournals.org)
- Thus, it is unclear whether this short-term, short-distance observation can be extrapolated to the general movement of epithelial cells. (arvojournals.org)
- The follicular epithelial cells that form the egg chamber's outer layer collectively migrate along the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the organ. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- Horne-Badovinac joined the faculty at UChicago just over 10 years ago to continue her scholarship on how the coordinated movement of epithelial cells shape organs. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- Epithelial cells cover every surface of the body, from the skin to individual organs. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- Horne-Badovinac performs experiments on fruit fly epithelial cells because the model is inexpensive, efficient and translates well to humans. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- The egg chamber is an organ-like structure in the ovary with an inner core of nurse cells and one oocyte, all of which are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells called follicle cells. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- During the elongation process, the epithelial cells collectively crawl along this basement membrane, which causes the entire egg chamber to rotate within the matrix - which remains stationary. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- In a study published February 28th in the journal Current Biology , she, along with Claire Stedden, PhD, who earned her doctorate from UChicago, and other colleagues describe how two key proteins - Sema-5C and Plexin A - help regulate the epithelial follicular cells' movement. (uchicagomedicine.org)
- Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells are unique in that their apical surface is in direct contact with the photoreceptor outer segments and the interphotoreceptor matrix. (arvojournals.org)
- To study the effects of extended contact lens wear (EW) on the movement of basal epithelial cells toward the corneal surface. (arvojournals.org)
- Rabbits ( n = 32) were injected with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label a group of proliferating basal epithelial cells, and, 24 hours later, one randomly chosen eye was fitted with a low- or medium-oxygen-transmissible (Dk/t) rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens, while the other eye served as the control ( n = 28). (arvojournals.org)
- Short-term use of low- and medium-Dk/t RGP EW contact lenses slows the normal movement of basal epithelial cells toward the surface in the central cornea. (arvojournals.org)
- This is consistent with known EW-lens-induced decreases in corneal epithelial basal cell proliferation and surface cell exfoliation. (arvojournals.org)
- 3 There are, however, currently no reports on the effect(s) of contact lens wear on the movement of epithelial basal cells toward the surface of the cornea. (arvojournals.org)
- Based on previous studies, we have proposed that in the central corneal epithelium, continuous contact lens wear slows down the movement of basal epithelial cells toward the corneal surface. (arvojournals.org)
- Epithelial cells in the cornea are continuously in motion. (arvojournals.org)
- There are two principal directions for the migration of epithelial cells: centripetal and vertical. (arvojournals.org)
- In the present study we show that depletion of TRPM7 by RNA interference in fibroblasts alters cell morphology, the cytoskeleton, and the ability of cells to form lamellipodia and to execute polarized cell movements. (biochemj.org)
- The results of the present study uncover an essential role for Mg 2+ in the control of TRPM7 over the cytoskeleton and its ability to regulate polarized cell movements. (biochemj.org)
- By physically binding to the actin that makes up the cytoskeleton, vinculin operates as a form of molecular clutch transferring force and controlling cell motion. (healthcanal.com)
- These adhesions can be thought of as wheels, taking the energy from the actin cytoskeleton and using it to move the whole cell across a substrate. (healthcanal.com)
- The actin cytoskeleton of motile cells is a highly dynamic meshwork of actin filaments. (biomedcentral.com)
- however, early morphogenetic movements were delayed, and the actin cytoskeleton network was abnormal. (luriechildrens.org)
- Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers report they have developed an experimental laboratory test that accurately clocks the "speed" of human brain tumor cell movement along a small glass "track. (eurekalert.org)
- Penn and NIH researchers have demonstrated a never-before characterized type of cell movement. (eurekalert.org)
- For decades, researchers have used petri dishes to study cell movement. (eurekalert.org)
- Because this only happened to cells moving in the three-dimensional cell-created matrix and not cells moving in other substrates, the researchers note that the cells must be sensing their physical environment to determine what type of movement to use. (eurekalert.org)
- Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have discovered a new way in which nerve cells can control movement. (news-medical.net)
- The researchers believe that this is to control movements better. (news-medical.net)
- The researchers say it is likely that a similar mechanism is used by other cells involved in spreading cancer and wound healing. (phys.org)
- With further study, the researchers determined that the neurons method of movement was similar to that of an amoeba: they extend their bodies in the direction they want to move and retract them from the opposite side. (innovations-report.com)
- The researchers have described how it's possible to harvest energy from the environment by converting low-frequency vibrations, like simple body movements, the beating of the heart or movement of the wind, into electricity, using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires that conduct the electricity. (medindia.net)
- The process of generating energy from movement made the researchers to conclude that it was most effective to develop a method that worked at low frequencies and was based on flexible materials. (medindia.net)
- Now, using embryonic cells called ' neural crest cells ' (which are similar to cancer cells in term of their invasive behaviour) and placode cells which are the precursors for cranial nerves (the equivalent to healthy cells) researchers at UCL have started to unravel this process. (phys.org)
- By the mid 1900s, researchers had observed chromosome separation during cell division and discovered that material travels long distances within nerve cells, but existing methods could not untangle these processes. (laskerfoundation.org)
- Freshly invigorated, the researchers returned to the effort of building an actin scaffold on glass - much as nature did in the Nitella cells - on which they could assemble the minimal components for movement. (laskerfoundation.org)
- During one late night in the lab, the researchers also noticed that, when in clumps, the cells seemed to all contract at the same time. (sott.net)
- The researchers solved this mystery by applying insights from separate research being conducted by Deepak Krishnamurthy, another graduate student in the Prakash lab, on how an individual cell can sense the movement of water around it. (sott.net)
- Stem cells were encapsulated in a hydrogel, and then the researchers measured the changing interactions between cells as they moved through the gel. (labroots.com)
- First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. (biologists.org)
- A study led by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine has for the first time demonstrated a way to visualize and monitor the behavior of immune cells used to treat cancer patients. (brightsurf.com)
- The new technique allows researchers to see where immunotherapy cells go as they hunt down tumors in the human body. (brightsurf.com)
- The ability to see whether T cells are attacking tumors is useful both for clinicians trying to learn if a treatment is working in an individual cancer patient and also for researchers trying to understand why immunotherapy doesn't always work. (brightsurf.com)
- The researchers first engineered T cells to better recognize the patient's cancer cells. (brightsurf.com)
- PET scans showing the T cells' locations tell researchers how many T cells have reached a tumor -- whether it's 6 million cells or 50 million -- and whether the cells are alive. (brightsurf.com)
- One thing the new technique cannot do is tell researchers whether the T cells are actually attached to tumor cells. (brightsurf.com)
- University of Michigan researchers observed the movement in bioengineered 3D scaffolds that model stromal tissue - the connective tissue that surrounds organs. (sciseek.com)
- The researchers say this method of cell movement, observed for the first time, could be involved in the spread of cancer. (sciseek.com)
- The researchers study cells in a 3D fibrous environment, which is closer to the real thing. (sciseek.com)
- By analyzing immune cells of children who came to the emergency department with flu symptoms, researchers found that the suite of genes these early-response cells expressed was shaped by factors such as age and previous exposures to viruses. (technologynetworks.com)
- This new approach allows the researchers to observe individual molecules in living cells for up to 400 seconds. (oist.jp)
- With the increased time window of observation, the researchers were able to study how molecules work in the cell far more directly and clearly. (oist.jp)
- Suspecting they might be generated from increased intracellular pressure, the team used sophisticated microelectrodes to measure the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid inside the cell. (eurekalert.org)
- Locomotion involves the detection and transduction of extracellular chemical and mechanical signals, integration of the signals into an intracellular signal, and the spatio-temporal control of the intracellular biochemical and mechanical responses that lead to force generation, morphological changes and directed movement. (umn.edu)
- Systemic infection of plant viruses proceeds through three steps: intracellular replication, cell-to-cell movement, and long-distance movement ( 3 ). (asm.org)
- Its intracellular distribution, cell-to-cell trafficking in leaf epidermis, and tubular formation on the surface of protoplasts were analysed. (nii.ac.jp)
- Migrating cells possess intracellular gradients of active Rho GTPases, which serve as central hubs in transducing signals from extracellular receptors to cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery. (elsevier.com)
- However, it is unknown whether shallow exogenously induced intracellular gradients of RhoGTPases are sufficient to drive cell polarity andmotility. (elsevier.com)
- Our results suggest that Pcdh19 and Ncad function together to regulate cell adhesion and to mediate morphogenetic movements during brain development. (rupress.org)
- Aggregation patterns in Dictyostelium involve morphogenetic movements of up to 10$\sp{6}$ amebae. (illinois.edu)
- It is shown that chemotaxis, galvanotaxis, galvanotropism, contact guidance, etc., are functions of cells having a goal-seeking system which is an automatic controller having a closed-loop feedback system. (springer.com)
- R. T. Tranquillo, D. A. Lauffenburger, and S. H. Zigmond, A Stochastic model for Leukocyte Random Mobility and Chemotaxis Based on Receptorbinding Fluctuations, J. Cell Biol. (springer.com)
- E. L. Becker, H. J. Showell, P. H. Naccache, and R. Sha'afi, Enzymes in Granulocyte Movement: Preliminary Evidence for the Involvement of Na + , K + AT-Pase, in Leukocyte Chemotaxis, J. I. Gallin and P. G. Quie, eds. (springer.com)
- Recent experiments show that chemotaxis, especially in response to members of the FGF, PDGF and VEGF families of growth factors, plays a key role in the guidance of mesoderm cells during gastrulation in chick, mouse and frog embryos. (nih.gov)
- B) Spatial distribution of PI(4,5)P 2 , PI(3,4,5)P 3 , and actin polymerization in cells before stimulation and during chemotaxis, as revealed by GFP-tagged PH domains and phalloidin. (nih.gov)
- Dr Boire talks to ecancer at the Cancer Research UK Brain Tumour Conference 2018 in London about potential routes for cancer cell, and also immune cell, entry into the leptomeningeal space. (ecancer.org)
- Zebrafish amotl2 is expressed maternally and in restricted cell types zygotically. (uniprot.org)
- Although both molecules are required for calcium-dependent adhesion in a zebrafish cell line, the extracellular domain of Pcdh19 does not exhibit adhesive activity, suggesting that the involvement of Pcdh19 in cell adhesion is indirect. (rupress.org)
- In this study, we show that Pcdh19 and Ncad act in concert to coordinate cell movements during neurulation of the anterior neural plate in zebrafish embryos. (rupress.org)
- Here we show that the zebrafish orthologue, Swap70b, is required for convergent and extension cell movement during gastrulation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Asymptotic behavior of a singular transport equation modelling cell division. (aimsciences.org)
- Furthermore, we analyze the model to obtain the behavior of two cell populations as time is closed to initial state and far into the future. (hindawi.com)
- In the recent years, most of the researches on cell movement focused on the interaction of multiple cell populations, precise cell behavior, and the development of the mathematics modelling. (hindawi.com)
- These data illuminate the interface between developmental signaling systems and the fundamental machinery of cell behavior and should provide insights into the etiology of human birth defects, such as spina bifida and congenital kidney cysts. (sciencemag.org)
- The chasing behavior depends on the production of small chemical molecules by the placode cells that attracts neural crest cells toward them. (phys.org)
- This thesis deals with different aspects of cell movement, focusing on two topics: Actin-dependent single cell movement and the collective moving behavior of myxobacteria. (univie.ac.at)
- Repetition of the scan provides a timeline of T cell behavior. (brightsurf.com)
- We recorded cell behavior by time-lapse cinemicroscopy and collected cell motion and cell shape data by computer-aided planimetry. (illinois.edu)
- This work identified several components of Dictyostelium cell behavior which contribute to cell aggregation in this organism. (illinois.edu)
- Interestingly, visualization of dInR -depleted BC clusters, using time-lapse imaging, revealed a delay in detachment of BC clusters from the surrounding anterior follicle cells and altered protrusion dynamics. (biologists.org)
- Quantitative analysis of in vivo two-photon time-lapse image sequences reveals that loss of either pcdh19 or ncad impairs cell movements during neurulation, disrupting both the directedness of cell movements and the coherence of movements among neighboring cells. (rupress.org)
- Clusters of several high-GFP cells were tracked in living mice for up to 7 weeks, and an analysis of time-lapse sequences revealed that they moved centripetally at an average rate of 26 μm/d. (arvojournals.org)
- These process become even more important during the multicellular stages of development, when propagating waves of cAMP coordinate the chemotactic movement of tens of thousands of cells, resulting in multicellular morphogenesis. (nih.gov)
- What has been most surprising is the observation that E-Cad is a key component in cell movement, when its role was previously assumed to be that of keeping cells static," explains Jordi Casanova , head of the Development and Morphogenesis in Drosophila Lab at IRB Barcelona and CSIC research professor. (healthcanal.com)
- Pectin methylesterase (PME), cell wall enzyme, is known as a factor of plant growth and morphogenesis. (nih.gov)
- Chemotactic cell movement during Dictyostelium development and gastrulation. (nih.gov)
- During an early stage of development called gastrulation, the cells begin converging from all sides of the spherical egg to the embryonic axis where the body begins to form. (innovations-report.com)
- A mechanism is revealed for orchestrated cell movement during gastrulation in Xenopus . (sciencemag.org)
- Gastrulation in amniotes begins with extensive re-arrangements of cells in the epiblast resulting in the formation of the primitive streak. (nih.gov)
- Cell motions continue to be disordered and do not develop the same sense of direction and purpose in the mutant as they do in normal embryos. (innovations-report.com)
- But Chandrasekhar and his Missouri team discovered that this movement does not take place in trilobite embryos. (innovations-report.com)
- The sculpting of embryos during development involves coordinated movement of cells in large groups. (sciencemag.org)
- Despite our understanding of actomyosin function in individual migrating cells, we know little about the mechanisms by which actomyosin drives collective cell movement in vertebrate embryos. (sciencemag.org)
- These data provide the first evidence that amotl2 is essential for cell movements in vertebrate embryos. (uniprot.org)
- To gain insight into cell behaviour during the implantation period, which cannot be reproduced in vitro, the general approach proposed here consists of labelling cells before implantation, at the blastocyst stage, and monitoring their distribution after implantation, in cultures of embryos between days 5.5 and 6.5. (europa.eu)
- Embryos that are morphant for pcdh19 exhibit severely disrupted brain morphology, which is caused at least in part by a defect in cell movements in the anterior neural plate. (rupress.org)
- S. H. Zigmond, Ability of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes to orient in Gradients of Chemotactic Factors, J. Cell Biol. (springer.com)
- S. E. Malawista and A. de Boisfleury-Chevance, The cytokineplast: purified, stable and functional motile machinery from human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Cell Biol. (springer.com)
- Cell Biol. (sciencemag.org)
- See J Cell Biol. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Curr Opin Cell Biol. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- J Cell Biol (1994) 124 (4): 547-555. (rupress.org)
- Lastly, based on genetic interactions between dInR , the polarity determinant, dPAR-1 and a regulatory subunit of Drosophila Myosin , ( Spaghetti squash ) we propose that Insulin signalling likely influences dPAR-1 activity to engineer border cell detachment and subsequent movement via Drosophila Myosin. (biologists.org)
- Likewise inhibition of myosin II which as been shown to drive cell-cell intercalation during Drosophila germ band extension, has no effect on streak formation, but also effectively blocks elongation after regression has started. (nih.gov)
- They slit the cells, splayed them open to expose the actin fibers, and added myosin-coated fluorescent beads. (laskerfoundation.org)
- This innovation was momentous, but the Nitella cell innards were ill defined, and the work did not directly prove that myosin was moving on actin. (laskerfoundation.org)
- They used the system to show that purified actin, purified myosin, and ATP could support myosin movement at rates consistent with the speed of muscle contraction. (laskerfoundation.org)
- Many developmental processes involve chemotactic cell movement up or down dynamic chemical gradients. (nih.gov)
- We've found a new link between two previously unconnected processes - the thickening and hardening of tissues and the movement of cells . (phys.org)
- Expression of a dominant negative FGFR1c receptor construct as well as the soluble extracellular domain of the FGFR1c receptor both effectively block the cell movements associated with streak formation and mesoderm differentiation, showing the importance of FGF signalling in these processes. (nih.gov)
- This can impact cell processes such as organ development. (healthcanal.com)
- If we are ever to use stem cells in therapeutics and regenerative medicine, there must be a complete understanding of their processes and properties. (labroots.com)
- We investigated some cell processes which may contribute to cell aggregation patterns in the social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum. (illinois.edu)
- H. Gruler and R. Nuccitelli, New insights into galvanotaxis and other directed cell movements an analysis of the translocation distribution function, in: Ionic Currents in Development, R. Nuccitelli, ed. (springer.com)
- Activation of Rac in the red circle led to localized cell protrusion and translocation of the kinase PAK to the cell edge (right hand image, Pak in red). (photonics.com)
- Inactivation of the HSP70h gene by replacement of the start codon or by deletion of 493 codons resulted in complete arrest of BYV translocation from cell to cell. (pnas.org)
- The factors that regulate plasma cell localization are poorly defined. (rupress.org)
- ADAR is able to both modify and regulate the output of gene product, as inosine is interpreted by the cell to be guanosine. (wikipedia.org)
- They have found that when neural crest cells are put next to placode cells they undergo a dramatic transformation and start 'chasing' the placode cells. (phys.org)
- At the same time placode cells exhibite 'escape' behaviour when contacted by neural crest cells. (phys.org)
- Similarly the neural crest cells follow the placode cells, but placode cells move away when touched by neural crest cells. (phys.org)
- Under stable conditions (eletrochemical equilibrium), the Cl- and Na+ ions exist in a higher concentration outside the cell than inside. (cerebromente.org.br)
- Reminiscences of work with Alex Hope: the movement of water and ions in giant algal cells, 1963-1967. (biomedsearch.com)
- This is because the plants cells would naturally lose essential mineral ions by osmotic diffusion back into the soil moisture. (docbrown.info)
- Not good, it means the root hair cells can't use diffusion on its own to absorb minerals from the soil, in fact, without active transport, mineral ions would move out of the root hairs. (docbrown.info)
- In a new study from the University of Pennsylvania and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, scientists used an innovative technique to study how cells move in a three-dimensional matrix, similar to the structure of certain tissues, such as the skin. (eurekalert.org)
- Cells that form facial features need surrounding embryonic tissues to stiffen so they can move and develop, according to new UCL-led research. (phys.org)
- Nolte and John Turek, the company's executive vice president and chief financial officer, created technology that uses holography and lasers to study a cell's phenotype, or the observable traits that result from how cells in tissues interact with their environment. (purdue.edu)
- Modeling cell movement in anisotropic and heterogeneous network tissues. (aimsciences.org)
- Mathematical analysis of a kinetic model for cell movement in network tissues. (aimsciences.org)
- Hydrogels can mimic a variety of tissues and can be specialized to replicate various properties of different cells. (labroots.com)
- Cell death was found in anterior tissues of npc1 morphants at later stages, consistent with findings in mammals. (luriechildrens.org)
- Phloem cells are living cells and the phloem tube tissues carry dissolved sugars (food) from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including the growing regions and the storage organs. (docbrown.info)
- Corneal flatmount tissues were examined three dimensionally under a laser confocal microscope and the location of each BrdU-labeled cell in the corneal epithelium (basal or suprabasal) was determined. (arvojournals.org)
- Tumor cells employ a number of strategies to move in vivo , either as individual cells or collectively as cohesive groups of cells that maintain cell-cell contacts ( 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In this study, the significance of VLA-2 (α 2 β 1 ) integrin in the movement of human rhabdomyosarcoma RD cells in the liver was characterized by in vivo videomicroscopy. (aacrjournals.org)
- In vivo microscopy showed that RDX2C2(I - ) cells migrated in a manner similar to control RDpF cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- In vivo, climbing fibers spike continuously, including during movements when parallel fibers are simultaneously conveying sensorimotor information to PCs. (elifesciences.org)
- Components of the spindle midzone may therefore be required in vivo for anaphase spindle movement. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- So through iterative in vivo selection of some mouse models I was able to create some subpopulations of cancer cells that grow within the leptomeningeal space. (ecancer.org)
- H. Gruler, Cell Movement Analysis in a Necrotactic Assay, Blood Cells 10: 107 (1984). (springer.com)
- The assay, so far tested on the cells of 14 glioblastoma patients, has the potential, they say, to predict how quickly and aggressively a given cancer might lethally spread. (eurekalert.org)
- Quinones-Hinojosa says results of several experiments with the assay suggest that tumors with the fastest cells paralleled the quicker recurrence and other clinical outcomes of 14 glioblastoma patients at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. (eurekalert.org)
- Animated Dynamics received a six-month SBIR Phase I grant worth $150,000 from the National Science Foundation to develop a microscope attachment to help scientists study the motion and dynamics inside a cell. (purdue.edu)
- The second in our series of cell dynamics meetings now turns to organelles. (biologists.org)
- According to the National Institutes of Health's Cancer Genome Atlas , glioblastoma -- an aggressive cancer of the glial cells of the brain -- accounts for about 15 percent of all adult brain tumors in the U.S., and even with surgery and other treatment, only 3 to 5 percent of people with the tumor survive five years. (eurekalert.org)
- They tested PDGF to see if it would prime the glioblastoma cells for movement rather than growth by growing the glioblastoma cells from two different tumors on the racetracks with 20 nanograms per milliliter of PDGF. (eurekalert.org)
- Some cells from one of the tumors -- belonging to the fastest 25 percent of cells from that tumor -- responded to the PDGF treatment by moving about two times faster than controls made up of untreated glioblastoma cells. (eurekalert.org)
- Conversely, the slowest 25 percent of the cells in the tumors moved at the same slower pace as the control tumor cells, meaning that PDGF strongly affected the faster cells. (eurekalert.org)
- To see if their speed test had the potential to predict which brain tumors were the most aggressive, the scientists grew cells from 14 patient glioblastomas in PDGF, then placed them on the racetracks. (eurekalert.org)
- Human tumors display a surprising paucity of mutations when compared with an equivalent mass of normal cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Remarkably, even within large tumors, the majority of mutations, especially driver mutations, are contained within most neoplastic cells, and genetic heterogeneity is limited. (sciencemag.org)
- show in primary tumors that short-range dispersal combined with a minimal selective growth advantage allows malignant cells within an established tumor to overtake other populations, leading to a marked decrease in the genetic diversity. (sciencemag.org)
- Most cancer deaths are not due to the formation of the primary tumor, instead people die from secondary tumors originating from the first malignant cells, which are able to travel and colonize vital organs of the body such as the lungs or the brain. (phys.org)
- However, many tumors can adapt their mode of movement in response to external stimuli, and several lines of evidence support the idea of cross-talk between integrin-mediated cell-ECM interactions and E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions that may be key to the plasticity observed in tumor cells ( 7 , 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Right now, the only way to find out if the T cells are attacking the cancer is to wait to see if the tumors shrink, but that can take months. (brightsurf.com)
- The new T cell imaging technology can also reveal, indirectly, where other unsuspected tumors are. (brightsurf.com)
- Consistently, disrupting actin arc formation via formin inhibition results in less centralized TCR MCs, missegregated integrin clusters, decreased T-B cell adhesion, and diminished TCR signaling. (rupress.org)
- Intriguingly, PAPC has been shown to modulate cell adhesion by antagonizing the function of C-cadherin ( Chen and Gumbiner, 2006 ). (rupress.org)
- By regulating where and when the different integrins are delivered to the cell surface, syndecan-4 precisely regulates cell movement and exploration. (nanowerk.com)
- This is quite valuable in studies where cell movement is the focus of the research, including embryonic development, nerve regeneration and cancer metastasis," he added. (photonics.com)
- It will also be important to test whether this mechanism is involved in tumour progression and metastasis as disruptions in cell movement are often seen in cancer, as well as in vascular disorders and chronic inflammatory disease. (nanowerk.com)
- In conclusion, silencing Oct4 promotes invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells by inducing EMT. (labome.org)
- The work, funded by national charity Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund, uncovers new evidence that PAK4 plays a key role in enabling cancer cells to grow and to spread from the pancreas into other areas of the body, a process called metastasis. (medindia.net)
- PAK4 plays a key role in enabling cancer cells to grow and to spread from the pancreas into other areas of the body, a process called metastasis. (medindia.net)
- Cell movement plays an important role in cancer research because of the role of metastasis in tumor development. (healthcanal.com)
- By helping us better understand how cell movement occurs, we can better understand metastasis," said Thompson. (healthcanal.com)
- Using a new dense electrode array, scientists were able to measure the activity of several upsilon cells simultaneously, and achieved a novel understanding of how these cells detect movement. (thefutureofthings.com)
- The scientists say the upsilon cells are just the tip of the iceberg. (thefutureofthings.com)
- Scientists at Georgia have now come up with a new technology, called "nanogenerator", that converts mechanical energy from body movements or even the flow of blood in the body into electric energy. (medindia.net)
- Scientists studying these migrations didn t know how cells determined where to go. (innovations-report.com)
- A mechanism that cells use to group together and move around the body - called 'chase and run' - has been described for the first time by scientists at UCL. (phys.org)
- Scientists know that cancer cells recruit healthy cells and use them to travel long distances , but how this process takes place and how it could be controlled to design new therapies against cancer remains unknown. (phys.org)
- Since 1774, when microscopist Bonaventura Corti discovered "torrents" of fluid inside plant cells, scientists have known that even tiny units of life bustle with motile activity. (laskerfoundation.org)
- Scientists had thought that as cells move through a material, they degrade it at the same time. (labroots.com)
- Surprisingly, the scientists observed that the cells paused before moving. (labroots.com)
- The scientists suggest that the enzyme is then stuck to an inhibitor that halts any degrading actions of the enzyme as the cell moves to a Point B. At that Point B, the enzyme or enzymes then digest the material surrounding the cell. (labroots.com)
- Scientists at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) now reveal a new function for E-Cad, one that contrasts with its accepted role in impeding cell movement. (healthcanal.com)
- The dissociated early embryonic cells of the fresh water fish, Oryzias latipes, protrude hyaline lobopodia, which tend to rotate around the cell circumference in a propagating wave. (biologists.org)
- They found that another molecule on the surface of the cell, called syndecan-4, is able to detect and interpret subtle changes in the cell's surroundings to decide how it should respond. (nanowerk.com)
- The attachment will turn a standard microscope into a biodynamic microscope that studies a cell's phenotype, or the observable traits that result from how cells interact with their environment. (purdue.edu)
- Our work elucidated a highly intriguing question: how cells move when they are in the complex and physiologically relevant environment of a 3-D extracellular matrix," said Hyun (Michel) Koo, a professor in the Department of Orthodontics at Penn's School of Dental Medicine. (eurekalert.org)
- They found that the pressure was significantly higher in cells moving in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix compared to cells moving along a two-dimensional surface or in a three-dimensional matrix that wasn't cross linked like the fibroblast-derived matrix. (eurekalert.org)
- In their physiologic environment, cells are in contact with surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) and with neighboring cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- These experiments make it unlikely that streak formation involves known cell-cell intercalation mechanisms. (nih.gov)
- We suggest that centriole movements are microtubule dependent and that abscission is more dependent on other mechanisms than positioning of centrioles. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- This strong orientation suggests that specific mechanisms direct cell movement, in addition to the non-specific dispersive mechanism of the contact inhibition of cell movement. (biologists.org)
- Our analysis of virus distribution in the PME antisense plants suggested that TMV systemic movement may be a polar process in which the virions enter and exit the vascular system by two different mechanisms, and it is the viral exit out of the vascular system that involves PME. (nih.gov)
- Cells were also transfected with siRNA to knockdown retromer function and then exposed to either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. (arvojournals.org)
- The investigators hope that identifying how they shut off the enzymatic degradation will allow them to shut off the inhibitor during secretion, speeding up cell movement by consequence. (labroots.com)
- Significantly, when retromer was knocked down with siRNA in non-polarized RPE cells, APP secretion is reduced an average of 38% in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (arvojournals.org)
- On the other hand, presynaptic activation of LC cells induces an increase in the mRNA of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in NE cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Using live-cell confocal microscopy, they observed that the nucleus could be pulled forward, away from the rear of the cell, with the nucleus dividing the cell into low-pressure and high-pressure compartments. (eurekalert.org)
- By studying the movement of fibroblast cells using sophisticated imaging techniques, Dr Morgan and the team identified the role of Syndecan-4. (nanowerk.com)
- Human fibroblast cells (pink) in the process of slingshotting themselves forward in a 3D scaffold designed to mimic the conditions of the body (blue). (sciseek.com)
- Although cells with depleted centrosomes can divide, the presence of centrosomes ensures efficient formation of the mitotic spindle and facilitates cell division [ 8 - 10 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- potyvirus group), a novel long-distance movement factor was identified that facilitates vascular-associated movement in tobacco. (plantcell.org)
- Dr Morgan explains: "When we changed the way Syndecan-4 senses the environment outside the cell, we were able to alter the way that it transmits signals into the cell and control integrin recycling. (nanowerk.com)
- During the performance of practiced movements, we found that parallel fiber and climbing fiber co-activity failed to produce supralinear Ca 2+ signals. (elifesciences.org)
- Cortical area V6A, located in the SPL of primates, carries signals related to the distance of targets from the eyes, and contains neurons with arm movement-related activity. (arvojournals.org)
- The EGF receptor (EGFR) upon activation signals increased cell movement. (rupress.org)
- These mutant cells undergo symmetric cell division, producing two daughter cells of similar size, each possessing a paralyzed flagellum. (pnas.org)
- Our findings indicate that as B cells differentiate into plasma cells they undergo a coordinated change in chemokine responsiveness that regulates their movements in secondary lymphoid organs and promotes lodgment within the bone marrow. (rupress.org)
- Notably, juxtanuclear SCV localization that occurs by 8 to 14 h postinfection is followed by significant centrifugal displacement of a subset of SCVs toward the host cell periphery by 24 h postinfection. (asm.org)
- One characteristic trait of SCVs is their localization to a juxtanuclear, Golgi apparatus-associated region of the host cell several hours postinfection ( 1 , 5 , 41 , 45 ). (asm.org)
- Collectively, these studies show that npc1 is required early for proper cell movement and cholesterol localization and later for cell survival. (luriechildrens.org)
- Mutational analyses showed that the C-terminal regions (between aa positions 287 and 475) were not essential for localization to plasmodesmata, cell-to-cell trafficking, complementation of movement of 50KP-deficient virus, or tubule formation on protoplasts. (nii.ac.jp)
- Centrin1-EGFP and α-Tubulin-mCherry were co-expressed in the cells to visualize respectively the centrioles and microtubules. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Initially, activation of actin polymerization within the T cell at the periphery of its contact with the APC drives the spreading of the T cell across the surface of the APC. (rupress.org)
- The 50KP-GFP fluorescence distributed as small irregular spots or a fibrous network structure on the periphery of epidermal cells and on protoplasts of both plant species. (nii.ac.jp)
- Early observations with pigment and ink tracers have revealed the existence of centripetal movement in the corneal epithelium from the periphery to the center. (arvojournals.org)
- We present a detailed simulation study of the effects of these additions on the invasive behaviour of tumour cells and the tumour's response to chemotherapy. (aimsciences.org)
- Modelling collective cell behaviour. (aimsciences.org)
- A similar series of events takes place in secondary immune responses except with faster kinetics and substantially greater accumulation of plasma cells in the bone marrow ( 6 )( 8 ). (rupress.org)
- Then I discussed some novel findings, both from myself and others, that might explain how immune cells might exit the space and how we might actually therapeutically intervene in this area. (ecancer.org)
- The long-distance movement defect was specifically complemented by HC-Pro supplied in trans by a transgenic host. (plantcell.org)
- To address whether the defect in cell-to-cell movement of UR-hel is caused by its replicase alone and whether only the RNA helicase domain is involved in the cell-to-cell movement, we analyzed various chimeric viruses constructed from TMV-U1 and TMV-R and movement-competent revertants isolated from UR-hel. (asm.org)
- Cognate combination of the RNA helicase domain and MP could not rescue the defect in cell-to-cell movement of UR-hel. (asm.org)
- Centriole movement towards the intercellular bridge was only seen occasionally and was highly cell-line dependent. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The aim of this review is to present the current mechanistic understanding for how IAVs facilitate cell entry, replication, virion assembly, and intercellular movement, in an effort to highlight some of the unanswered questions regarding the coordination of the IAV infection process. (diva-portal.org)
- Cell-to-cell movement of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is used to illustrate macromolecular traffic through plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata. (nih.gov)
- How actomyosin is controlled during such collective cell movement remains poorly understood. (sciencemag.org)