Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.Intracellular Membranes: Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Erythrocyte Membrane: The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.Membranes, Artificial: Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.Basement Membrane: A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Membrane Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Mitochondrial Membranes: The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Synaptic Membranes: Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Cell Fractionation: Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the CELL MEMBRANE or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Freeze Fracturing: Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Endoplasmic Reticulum: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Extraembryonic Membranes: The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.Subcellular Fractions: Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Octoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.Microscopy, Immunoelectron: Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Cytosol: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.Permeability: Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.Phosphatidylserines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.Phosphatidylethanolamines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.Hemolysis: The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial: The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte: A major integral transmembrane protein of the ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE. It is the anion exchanger responsible for electroneutral transporting in CHLORIDE IONS in exchange of BICARBONATE IONS allowing CO2 uptake and transport from tissues to lungs by the red blood cells. Genetic mutations that result in a loss of the protein function have been associated with type 4 HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS.Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Purple Membrane: Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Unilamellar Liposomes: Single membrane vesicles, generally made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Freeze Etching: A replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. The cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. The surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. This method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Epithelium: One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.Nictitating Membrane: A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.Bruch Membrane: The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase: An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.GTP-Binding Proteins: Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Sphingomyelins: A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Complement Membrane Attack Complex: A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Microscopy, Electron, Transmission: Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Cell Polarity: Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.Osmotic Fragility: RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Porins: Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Mathematics: The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Aquaporins: A class of porins that allow the passage of WATER and other small molecules across CELL MEMBRANES.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Phosphatidylglycerols: A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.Lysosomes: A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Glycosylphosphatidylinositols: Compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. They anchor GPI-LINKED PROTEINS or polysaccharides to cell membranes.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Transport Vesicles: Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.Magnesium: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.Centrifugation, Density Gradient: Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Protein Sorting Signals: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.Phosphatidylinositols: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Cytoplasmic Granules: Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Cations: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture: Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.Tympanic Membrane: An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Descemet Membrane: A layer of the cornea. It is the basal lamina of the CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM (from which it is secreted) separating it from the CORNEAL STROMA. It is a homogeneous structure composed of fine collagenous filaments, and slowly increases in thickness with age.Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.Caveolin 1: A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.TritiumGlycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.Glycolipids: Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Proton-Translocating ATPases: Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.Intercellular Junctions: Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)Micelles: Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Staining and Labeling: The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
The structlre of pili (fimbriae) of Moraxella bovis. (1/52017)
Cells from rough and smooth colonies of Moraxella bovis were examined by electron microscopy utilizing both shadowing and thin sectioning techniques. Pili were found on the surfaces of cells from rough but not smooth colonies. Pili had a peritrichoud distribution and appeared as delicate (6.5-8.5 nm in diameter), elongated unbranched filaments. When bacteria were sectioned pili did not contain central pores and appeared to originate from opacities on the surface of the cell wall. (+info)Glycopeptides from the surgace of human neuroblastoma cells. (2/52017)
Glycopeptides suggesting a complex oligosaccharide composition are present on the surface of cells from human neuroblastoma tumors and several cell lines derived from the tumors. The glycopeptides, labeled with radioactive L-fucose, were removed from the cell surface with trypsin, digested with Pronase, and examined by chromatography on Sephadex G-50. Human skin fibroblasts, brain cells, and a fibroblast line derived from neuroblastoma tumor tissue show less complex glycopeptides. Although some differences exist between the cell lines and the primary tumor cells, the similarities between these human tumors and animal tumors examined previously are striking. (+info)The effects of digestive enzymes on characteristics of placental insulin receptor. Comparison of particulate and soluble receptor preparations. (3/52017)
The role of the surrounding membrane structure on the binding characteristics of the insulin receptor was studied by using several digestive enzymes. The effects observed with particulate membrane preparations are compared with those from soluble receptor preparations. beta-Galactosidase and neuraminidase had no effect on insulin binding to either particulate or soluble receptors from human placentae. Exposure to 2 units of phospholipase C/ml increased insulin binding to particulate membranes, but was without effect on the soluble receptor preparation. The increase in binding to particulate membranes was shown to be due to an increase in apparent receptor number. After 5 min exposure to 500 microgram of trypsin/ml there was an increase in insulin binding to the particulate membrane fraction, owing to an increase in receptor affinity. After 15 min exposure to this amount of trypsin, binding decreased, owing to a progressive decrease in receptor availability. In contrast, this concentration of trypsin had no effect on the solubilized receptor preparation. Because of the differential effects of phospholipase C and trypsin on the particulate compared with the solubilized receptor preparations, it is concluded that the effects of these enzymes were due to an effect on the surrounding membrane structure. Changes in receptor configuration due to alterations within the adjoining membrane provide a potential mechanism for mediating short-term alterations in receptor function. (+info)Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (4/52017)
Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures. (+info)Dopamine stimulates salivary duct cells in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. (5/52017)
This study examines whether the salivary duct cells of the cockroach Periplaneta americana can be stimulated by the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. We have carried out digital Ca2+-imaging experiments using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2 and conventional intracellular recordings from isolated salivary glands. Dopamine evokes a slow, almost tonic, and reversible dose-dependent elevation in [Ca2+]i in the duct cells. Upon stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine, [Ca2+]i rises from 48+/-4 nmol l-1 to 311+/-43 nmol l-1 (mean +/- s.e.m., N=18) within 200-300 s. The dopamine-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i is absent in Ca2+-free saline and is blocked by 10(-)4 mol l-1 La3+, indicating that dopamine induces an influx of Ca2+ across the basolateral membrane of the duct cells. Stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine causes the basolateral membrane to depolarize from -67+/-1 to -41+/-2 mV (N=10). This depolarization is also blocked by La3+ and is abolished when Na+ in the bath solution is reduced to 10 mmol l-1. Serotonin affects neither [Ca2+]i nor the basolateral membrane potential of the duct cells. These data indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which has previously been shown to stimulate fluid secretion from the glands, also stimulates the salivary duct cells, suggesting that dopamine controls their most probable function, the modification of primary saliva. (+info)Plasma membrane recruitment of RalGDS is critical for Ras-dependent Ral activation. (6/52017)
In COS cells, Ral GDP dissociation stimulator (RalGDS)-induced Ral activation was stimulated by RasG12V or a Rap1/Ras chimera in which the N-terminal region of Rap1 was ligated to the C-terminal region of Ras but not by Rap1G12V or a Ras/Rap1 chimera in which the N-terminal region of Ras was ligated to the C-terminal region of Rap1, although RalGDS interacted with these small GTP-binding proteins. When RasG12V, Ral and the Rap1/Ras chimera were individually expressed in NIH3T3 cells, they localized to the plasma membrane. Rap1Q63E and the Ras/Rap1 chimera were detected in the perinuclear region. When RalGDS was expressed alone, it was abundant in the cytoplasm. When coexpressed with RasG12V or the Rap1/Ras chimera, RalGDS was detected at the plasma membrane, whereas when coexpressed with Rap1Q63E or the Ras/Rap1 chimera, RalGDS was observed in the perinuclear region. RalGDS which was targeted to the plasma membrane by the addition of Ras farnesylation site (RalGDS-CAAX) activated Ral in the absence of RasG12V. Although RalGDS did not stimulate the dissociation of GDP from Ral in the absence of the GTP-bound form of Ras in a reconstitution assay using the liposomes, RalGDS-CAAX could stimulate it without Ras. RasG12V activated Raf-1 when they were coexpressed in Sf9 cells, whereas RasG12V did not affect the RalGDS activity. These results indicate that Ras recruits RalGDS to the plasma membrane and that the translocated RalGDS induces the activation of Ral, but that Rap1 does not activate Ral due to distinct subcellular localization. (+info)Membrane deinsertion of SecA underlying proton motive force-dependent stimulation of protein translocation. (7/52017)
The proton motive force (PMF) renders protein translocation across the Escherichia coli membrane highly efficient, although the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. The membrane insertion and deinsertion of SecA coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis, respectively, are thought to drive the translocation. We report here that PMF significantly decreases the level of membrane-inserted SecA. The prlA4 mutation of SecY, which causes efficient protein translocation in the absence of PMF, was found to reduce the membrane-inserted SecA irrespective of the presence or absence of PMF. The PMF-dependent decrease in the membrane-inserted SecA caused an increase in the amount of SecA released into the extra-membrane milieu, indicating that PMF deinserts SecA from the membrane. The PMF-dependent deinsertion reduced the amount of SecA required for maximal translocation activity. Neither ATP hydrolysis nor exchange with external SecA was required for the PMF-dependent deinsertion of SecA. These results indicate that the SecA deinsertion is a limiting step of protein translocation and is accelerated by PMF, efficient protein translocation thereby being caused in the presence of PMF. (+info)The exocyst is an effector for Sec4p, targeting secretory vesicles to sites of exocytosis. (8/52017)
Polarized secretion requires proper targeting of secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane. Here we report that the exocyst complex plays a key role in vesicle targeting. Sec15p, an exocyst component, can associate with secretory vesicles and interact specifically with the rab GTPase, Sec4p, in its GTP-bound form. A chain of protein-protein interactions leads from Sec4p and Sec15p on the vesicle, through various subunits of the exocyst, to Sec3p, which marks the sites of exocytosis on the plasma membrane. Sec4p may control the assembly of the exocyst. The exocyst may therefore function as a rab effector system for targeted secretion. (+info)
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Garth L. Nicolson"The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes" in 1972,[5] which is now regarded as a classic paper in cell biology ... mainly cell membrane and organelle membranes (especially those of mitochondria), and this is important for maintaining stable ... It was the first model in cell biology to be based on thermodynamics properties. Earlier descriptions of the cell membrane had ... Garth L. Nicolson (born October 1, 1943)[1] is an American biochemist who made a landmark scientific model for cell membrane, ...
... plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900),[13] plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.[14][15] Some ... Intracellular membranes. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, ... The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement ... It was also inferred that cell membranes weren't vital components to all cells. Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane ...
Cell signaling: calcium signaling and calcium metabolism. Cell membrane. Ion pumps. *SERCA ... raise the magnitude of cell-averaged ICA-induced calcium transients and spontaneous calcium sparks in isolated heart cells.[4] ...
Membrane cell electrolysis employs permeable membrane as an ion exchanger. Saturated sodium (or potassium) chloride solution is ... "The membrane cell process". Euro Chlor. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2007-08-15.. ... "The diaphragm cell process". Euro Chlor. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2007-08-15.. ... In diaphragm cell electrolysis, an asbestos (or polymer-fiber) diaphragm separates a cathode and an anode, preventing the ...
Cells in each layer bound together cell-adhesion molecules, but no basement membranes except Homoscleromorpha.[16]. inter-cell ... Nerve cells. Sensory cells appear between or sometimes on top of the muscle cells,[9] and communicate via synapses (gaps across ... cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory ... Number of cells in middle "jelly" layer Many. Few. (Not applicable) Cells in outer layers can move inwards and change functions ...
Elul, R.J. (1967). Fixed charge in the cell membrane.. *^ Yang, Jun; Lu, Fuzhi; Kostiuk, Larry W.; Kwok, Daniel Y. (1 January ... "Fixed charge in the cell membrane" (1967). Water electrokinetics[edit]. In October 2003, Dr. Daniel Kwok, Dr. Larry Kostiuk and ... where it was found to cause physical damage to neurons by inciting movement in their membranes.[7][8] It is discussed in R.J. ...
Radicals alter blood cell membrane properties. This leads to blood cell aggregation and increased blood viscosity which results ... A buildup of glycated hemoglobin within the red cell, therefore, reflects the average level of glucose to which the cell has ... sickle-cell disease, or any other condition causing premature red blood cell death. Blood donation will result in rapid ... A1c is a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life of the red blood cells (117 days for men and 106 days in ...
When the P. falciparum parasite infects a host cell, it alters the characteristics of the red blood cell membrane, making it " ... Sickle-cell[edit]. Main article: Sickle-cell anemia. See also: Sickle-cell trait and Evolutionary_baggage § Sickle-Cell and ... G6PD is present in all human cells but is particularly important to red blood cells. Since mature red blood cells lack nuclei ... hematopoietic (stem cell) - the blood stem cells that give rise to all other blood cells ...
2 Types of fuel cells; design *2.1 Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) *2.1.1 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell ... Polymer membrane (ionomer) , 140 mW/cm² , 25. ? 90-120 Research Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Polymer membrane (ionomer) 1 ... Alkaline fuel cell and Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell. The alkaline fuel cell or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell was ... Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM): A fuel cell incorporating a solid polymer membrane used as its electrolyte. Protons ( ...
plasma membrane. • cell cortex. • integral component of membrane. • azurophil granule membrane. • Z disc. • neuronal cell body ... synaptic membrane. • integral component of presynaptic membrane. • endosome. • early endosome membrane. • cell projection. ... Golgi membrane. • integral component of plasma membrane. • smooth endoplasmic reticulum. • lysosomal membrane. • cell junction ... cell surface. • membrane-bounded organelle. • endoplasmic reticulum. • membrane raft. • Golgi apparatus. • growth cone. • ...
The B cell receptor (membrane bound antibody; BCR) is specific to the tTG portion of the complex. The B cell endocytoses the ... These T cells become activated and polarised into type I helper T (Th1) cells. Th1 cells reactive towards gliadin have been ... Once the B cell becomes activated, it differentiates into plasma cells that secrete autoantibodies against tTG, which may be ... Thus, the B cell presents the foreign peptide (modified gliadin) but produces antibodies specific for the self-antigen (tTG). ...
... and thus induces membrane hyperpolarization. As a result, sperm movement is activated.[3] The change in cell volume which ... Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus (a layer of cells) and the ...
Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton) ... integral component of membrane. • myelin. • plasma membrane. • membrane. Biological process. • axon ensheathment. • integrin- ... glial cell differentiation. • cell maturation. • long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process. • substantia nigra development. • ... 2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21 (6): 665-76. doi ...
Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton) ... by glial cells called Schwann cells. In the CNS, axons carry electrical signals from one nerve cell body to another. In the PNS ... In the CNS, cells called oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs; the precursors of oligodendrocytes) differentiate into mature ... a limb-like extension from the cell body) around the axon.[2][3] Myelin reduces the capacitance of the axonal membrane. On a ...
These channels are expressed on the cell membrane. CLC channels contribute to the excitability of these membranes as well as ... Voltage-gated chloride channels are important for setting cell resting membrane potential and maintaining proper cell volume. ... 2 cells". Plant Cell Environ. 29 (6): 1122-37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01487.x. PMID 17080938. CS1 maint: Uses authors ... cell migration, cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on sequence homology the chloride channels can be subdivided into ...
Most of these toxins degrade the cell membrane. There are potentially interesting applications of killer isolates in medicine, ... cell-to-cell movement' proteins. It is therefore assumed that mycoviruses only move intercellularly during cell division (e.g. ... Killer isolates secrete proteins that are toxic to sensitive cells of the same or closely related species while the producing ...
Internal cell structure. No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus. No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus. Membrane-bound ... Further information: Cell wall § Archaeal cell walls. Most archaea (but not Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma) possess a cell wall.[ ... Like bacteria, archaea lack interior membranes and organelles.[52] Like bacteria, the cell membranes of archaea are usually ... Diagrammatic view of Methanobrevibacter smithii, showing the cell membrane (ochre, with inset) and cell wall (purple). ...
July 2005). "Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II". Cell. 121 (7): 1043-57. doi:10.1016/j ... "Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II". Cell. 121 (7): 1043-57. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in ... Around SdhC and SdhD is a phospholipid membrane with the intermembrane space at the top of the image.[4] ...
Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass ... in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells appear as a ... Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method. This dye may be ... Strober, W (May 2001). Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Current Protocols in Immunology. Appendix 3. pp. Appendix ...
"Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II". Cell. 121 (7): 1043-57. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05 ... mitochondrial inner membrane. • mitochondrion. • mitochondrial membrane. • respiratory chain complex II. Biological process. • ... "Cell-permeating alpha-ketoglutarate derivatives alleviate pseudohypoxia in succinate dehydrogenase-deficient cells". Mol. Cell ... membrane. • plasma membrane. • nucleoplasm. • mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, succinate dehydrogenase complex ( ...
... "cell membrane". The term sarcolemma refers specifically to the cell membrane of muscle cells and not to the membrane of ... By contrast, the terms "cell membrane" refers generically to the cell membrane of any kind of cells that could be targeted by ... Molecular and Cell BiologyWikipedia:WikiProject Molecular and Cell BiologyTemplate:WikiProject Molecular and Cell BiologyMCB ... a one cell animal commonly found in the human intestine) and mammalian cells originally obtained from the abdomen of small ...
6. Cell membrane. Macrophages[1] are white blood cells within tissues, produced by the differentiation of monocytes.[2] ... Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells. ... They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen, ... "Cell size of alveolar macrophages: an interspecies comparison". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 Suppl 5: 1261-3. doi:10.2307/ ...
The plasma membranes of cells contain phospholipids, which are composed of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic ... They activate phospholipidase to release AA from neuron cell membranes as a free fatty acid. During its short lifespan, free AA ... EPA inhibits phospholipase A2's release of AA from cell membrane. Other mechanisms involving the transport of EFAs may also ... D]ietary GLA increases the content of its elongase product, dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), within cell membranes without ...
... attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[19] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion ... Integral membrane proteins that stay embedded in the membrane as vesicles exit and bind to new membranes. Rab proteins are key ... but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell ... Levine T, Loewen C (August 2006). "Inter-organelle membrane contact sites: through a glass, darkly". Current Opinion in Cell ...
These changes are all brought about by the interaction of the microtubule/actin complex with the platelet cell membrane and ... Berridge, Michael J. (1 October 2014). "Module 11: Cell Stress, Inflammatory Responses and Cell Death". Cell Signalling Biology ... "Programmed anuclear cell death delimits platelet life span". Cell. 128 (6): 1173-86. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.037. PMID ... Endothelial cells are attached to the subendothelial collagen by von Willebrand factor (VWF) which these cells produce. VWF is ...
Cell membranes and wallsEdit. Biological cell membranes and cell walls are polyanionic surfaces. This has important ... and interacts with the negative charges associated with the cell walls and membranes. Mg2+ may be taken up into cells ... it is generally assumed that the ion stays in that cell for as long as the cell is active.[4] In vascular cells, this is not ... The concentration of Mg2+ in the root cells is probably buffered by storage in root cell vacuoles (3). Note that cells in the ...
Other organelles in a plasma cell include ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plasma membrane. ... Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete ... In humans, CD27 is a good marker for plasma cells, naive B cells are CD27-, memory B-cells are CD27+ and plasma cells are ... Germinal center B cells may differentiate into memory B cells or plasma cells. Most of these B cells will become plasmablasts ( ...
Both proteins are associated with cell membranes.[4] p41 (capsid protein)[edit]. The viral capsid protein CP, or p41, is a ... The p22 protein is a movement protein that is required for the virus to spread from cell to cell. P22 is an RNA-binding protein ... "Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Spread Is Regulated by Two Nested Genes That Function in Cell-to-Cell Movement and Host-Dependent ... Defective interfering RNA (DI) molecules are RNAs that are produced from the viral genome but are not competent to infect cells ...
Kozlov, M. M. ; Markin, V. S. / Model of red blood cell membrane skeleton : Electrical and mechanical properties. In: Journal ... Kozlov, M. M., & Markin, V. S. (1987). Model of red blood cell membrane skeleton: Electrical and mechanical properties. Journal ... Model of red blood cell membrane skeleton: Electrical and mechanical properties. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1987 Dec 21; ... The model is based on the structure of the membrane skeleton that is comprised of unit cells each containing an actin ...
utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com... plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900),[13] plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.[14][15] Some ... Intracellular membranes. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, ... The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement ... It was also inferred that cell membranes werent vital components to all cells. Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane ...
Cell - Membrane lipids | BritannicaCell - Membrane lipids: Membrane lipids are principally of two types, phospholipids and sterols (generally cholesterol). Both ... Some glycoproteins are involved in cell-to-cell recognition (see below The cell matrix and cell-to-cell communication). ... Membrane fluidity. One of the triumphs of cell biology during the decade from 1965 to 1975 was the recognition of the cell ... The cell matrix and cell-to-cell communication*The extracellular matrix*Matrix polysaccharides ...
Cell Membranes - YouTubeCell Membranes Paul Andersen explains how cells are selectively permeable with the help of their cell membrane. The main ... 015 - Cell Membranes. Paul Andersen explains how cells are selectively permeable with the help of their cell membrane. The main ... Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent - Ethan Perlstein - Duration: 3:50. TED-Ed 124,904 views ... The cell wall in plants, bacteria, and fungi is also discussed.. Intro Music Atribution. Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav. Artist: ...
Cell Membranes | Encyclopedia.comSource for information on Cell Membranes: Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health dictionary. ... also known as a plasma membrane) is a thin semifluid structure that separates the contents of a cell or organelle from its ... Cell Membranes. Definition. A cell membrane (also known as a plasma membrane) is a thin semifluid structure that separates the ... muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells). The glucose transporter GluT4 is normally present in the cell membrane in small ...
Glossary: Cell membraneThe cell membrane is a fine structure that envelops a cell, separating the content of the cell from its surroundings. ... It regulates the substances that can enter and leave the cell.. The membrane consists of a double layer of lipids in which ...
Construction of the Cell Membrane Worksheet2. Cell membranes consist of a double layer of what?. 3. Name the types of molecules in the cell membrane and the three ... What do animal membranes have that plant membranes do not?. Identify and build your own cell membrane using the website. ... Construction of the Cell Membrane Worksheet. Directions: Use the website Construction of the Cell Membrane (http://www.wisc- ... Construction of the Cell Membrane. Date last modified:. December 6, 2004. Created by:. Jill Sackett. License:. ...
Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Plasma Membrane... the membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Eukaryotic animal cells have only the membrane ... These membranes also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells. ... All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents. In prokaryotes, ... Plasma Membrane. All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves ...
Better fuel cell membranes | UDailyThis membrane work is a critical part of a larger overall effort at UD to make platinum-free fuel cells a commercial reality ... Better fuel cell membranes. Article by Diane Kukich Photo by Kathy F. Atkinson September 15, 2016 ... "Our goal is to develop a process to easily synthesize the polymer at scale, creating large area membranes for testing that are ... He and colleagues recently reported a breakthrough that promises to bring down the cost of hydrogen fuel cells by replacing ...
SparkNotes: Cell Membranes... the SparkNotes Cell Membranes Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. ...
ATPase Cytosol Peptide amino acid calcium channels development electron microscopy membrane transport metabolism microscopy ...
Phosphoinositides in cell regulation and membrane dynamics.. Di Paolo G1, De Camilli P. ... Their functions, besides classical signal transduction at the cell surface, include regulation of membrane traffic, the ... Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimers Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia ... Inositol phospholipids have long been known to have an important regulatory role in cell physiology. The repertoire of cellular ...
UCSD Researchers Create Artificial Cell Membrane - SlashdotThe cell membrane is one of the most important components of a cell because it separates the interior from the environment and ... controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. In a move that brings mankind another step closer to be... ... "The cell membrane is one of the most important components of a cell because it separates the interior from the environment and ... UCSD Researchers Create Artificial Cell Membrane 54 Posted by Unknown Lamer on Tuesday January 31, 2012 @04:11AM. from the sr- ...
... and they continue to strengthen our understanding of this essential aspect of cell structure and function. ... Membrane and organelle assembly has emerged as a dominant theme in cell biology of the twenty-first century. Current approaches ... Merging cultures in the study of membrane traffic. *Randy Schekman1. Nature Cell Biology volume 6, pages483-486(2004)Cite this ... Membrane and organelle assembly has emerged as a dominant theme in cell biology of the twenty-first century. Current approaches ...
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.054. Epub 2018 Nov 1. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt; ... doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.054. Epub 2018 Nov 1.. Cell Membranes Resist Flow.. Shi Z1, Graber ZT2, Baumgart T2, Stone HA3, ... B) Simple viscoelastic model of the cell membrane. Springs represent the elastic response of the membrane to stretch, and ... It is widely assumed that membrane flow transmits local changes in membrane tension across the cell in milliseconds, mediating ...
Articles, tagged with "cell membrane"They obstruct the development of bacterial cells by preventing bacteria from forming the cell ... Read ,. Author: Aaron Smith ... the tree-like antennae that are found on cell membrane in the body). However, the term glyconutrient is a term... Read ,. ...
Cell membrane - New World EncyclopediaThe cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is the thin outer layer of the cell that differentiates the cell from its environment. ... Cell membranes of nerve cells, muscle cells, and some eggs are excitable electrically. In nerve cells, for example, the plasma ... Other functions of cell membranes. *Organization. Some receptors on the external surface of the cell membrane participate in ... Transport across the cell membrane. As the cell membrane is semi-permeable, only some molecules can pass unhindered into or out ...
... plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900),[13] plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.[14][15] Some ... Intracellular membranes. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, ... It was also inferred that cell membranes werent vital components to all cells. Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane ... requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it. The membrane also maintains the cell potential. The cell membrane thus ...
... plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900),[14] plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.[15][16] Some ... Intracellular membranes. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, ... It was also inferred that cell membranes werent vital components to all cells. Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane ... side of the cell membrane acting as several kinds of enzymes shaping the cell , respectively.[3] The cell membrane controls the ...
Metabolic remodeling of the human red blood cell membrane | PNASMyosin IIA interacts with the spectrin-actin membrane skeleton to control red blood cell membrane curvature and deformability ... Enhanced Membrane Fluctuations in the Presence of ATP.. To probe dynamic membrane fluctuations, we analyzed the membrane ... Metabolic remodeling of the human red blood cell membrane. YongKeun Park, Catherine A. Best, Thorsten Auth, Nir S. Gov, Samuel ... Metabolic remodeling of the human red blood cell membrane. YongKeun Park, Catherine A. Best, Thorsten Auth, Nir S. Gov, Samuel ...
Cells membrane synonyms, Cells membrane pronunciation, Cells membrane translation, English dictionary definition of Cells ... n. The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Also called cytomembrane , plasmalemma , plasma membrane ... Related to Cells membrane: plasma membrane, fluid mosaic model. cell membrane. n.. The semipermeable membrane that encloses ... cell membrane - a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; proteins in the membrane control ...
Methods and compositions are provided for the persistent modification of cell membranes with exogenous proteins so as to alter ... the function of the cell to achieve effects similar to those of gene therapy, without the introduction of exogenous DNA. DNA ... "Cell surface" has its normal meaning in the art, comprising the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membranes and the molecules ... This invention relates to the persistent modification of cell membranes so as to alter the function of the cells. The ...
Several studies have indicated that the cell surface could play an important role in the control of cell cycle, growth, ... Sapora O., Parasassi T., Padovani L.M., Conti F. (1985) Membrane Fluorescence Anisotropy Behavior during Cell Cycle. In: Conti ... Several studies have indicated that the cell surface could play an important role in the control of cell cycle, growth, ... C. L. Mummery, J. Booustra, P. Van der Saag, and S. W. De Laat, J.Cell Physiol., 107: 1 (1981).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
Electron microscopy of cell membranes | The BMJElectron microscopy of cell membranes. Br Med J 1978; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6127.1621 (Published 17 June 1978) ...
Osteoporosis drugs appear to impede cell membrane repair | EurekAlert! Science NewsA class of drugs widely used to treat osteoporosis appears to impede a cells ability to repair a protective outer membrane ... Kidney epithelial cells and muscle cells used in this study are routinely used in cell membrane repair research, and cell ... Paul McNeil, an MCG cell biologist specializing in cell membrane repair, Lewis found that kidney epithelial cells from monkeys ... "The bottom line is it inhibits cell membrane repair in two distinct cell types," Lewis said. She is among five winners of the ...
ActinMoleculesIntegral proteinsFluidityLipids and ProteinsPhospholipid bilayerCytoskeletonCytoplasmBiologyResearchersPermeableOuter membraneFacilitated diffusionElectrolyteMimicsGlycoproteinsOrganizationTransportersLipid RaftsBiologicalBacteriaCytoplasmicCellular membranesCell's membraneEukaryoticOrganelleFattyYeastConstituentsStructureHydrophilicIntracellular membranesPeripheralBoundaryBlood cell membraneSubstancesDynamicsPlasma membranes containProton exchangeNicolsonFluid MembranesEpithelialVesiclePlasmalemmaGlycolipidsBilayer membraneProteins span the entire membraneTransmembrane proteinsSeparatesMorphology
- A theoretical membrane skeleton model of erythrocyte has been developed and successfully applied to interpret electrical and mechanical properties of the red blood cell spectrin-actin network. (elsevier.com)
- The model is based on the structure of the membrane skeleton that is comprised of unit cells each containing an actin protofilament and shooting forth a few spectrin heterodimers. (elsevier.com)
- This type of lipid bilayer, formed by the self-assembly of lipid molecules, is the basic structure of the cell membrane . (britannica.com)
- Outside the cell, water-soluble ions and molecules create a harsh and toxic environment. (encyclopedia.com)
- It acts as a gate, controlling the flow of molecules in and out of the cell. (encyclopedia.com)
- Plasma and organelle membranes are composed primarily of lipids (fatty acids, sterols, or other water-insoluble molecules) and proteins (chains of amino acids). (encyclopedia.com)
- Thus the membrane forms a stable yet flexible configuration with a certain amount of fluidity: individual phospholipids can move rapidly across the surface of the membrane, and part to allow molecules soluble in organic media (e.g., other lipids, dissolved gases, etc.) to enter the cell. (encyclopedia.com)
- Although some lipid-soluble molecules can permeate the cell membrane, many of the nutrients that a cell needs to function are too large to readily enter the cell. (encyclopedia.com)
- Transporters allow the cell to be selective in which molecules it allows into its cytoplasm. (encyclopedia.com)
- Examples of transporters are channels, which facilitate free movement of molecules across the membranes, and pumps, which require a certain amount of energy in order to transport molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
- The cell is constantly bombarded by ions and molecules of different type and size. (encyclopedia.com)
- While lipid-soluble molecules can pass readily through the membrane, water-soluble and larger particles require another mode of entry. (encyclopedia.com)
- Only lipid-soluble molecules and some small particles (e.g., biologically important gases such as oxygen and nitrogen) can readily permeate the cell membrane. (encyclopedia.com)
- Passive transport or facilitated diffusion occurs when water-soluble molecules and ions move through the membrane with the help of transporters (also called permeases). (encyclopedia.com)
- The student will study the structure of the cell membrane by constructing it using the correct molecules. (merlot.org)
- 3. Name the types of molecules in the cell membrane and the three examples of globular-shaped proteins. (merlot.org)
- 7. How do water molecules pass through the membrane? (merlot.org)
- The plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules, however, and allows nutrients and other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell. (fsu.edu)
- Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, are able to pass freely across the membrane, but the passage of larger molecules, such as amino acids and sugars, is carefully regulated. (fsu.edu)
- Others function as receptors, which bind information-providing molecules, such as hormones, and transmit corresponding signals based on the obtained information to the interior of the cell. (fsu.edu)
- Since the 1970s, the plasma membrane has been frequently described as a fluid mosaic , which is reflective of the discovery that oftentimes the lipid molecules in the bilayer can move about in the plane of the membrane. (fsu.edu)
- However, depending upon a number of factors, including the exact composition of the bilayer and temperature, plasma membranes can undergo phase transitions which render their molecules less dynamic and produce a more gel-like or nearly solid state. (fsu.edu)
- Cells are able to regulate the fluidity of their plasma membranes to meet their particular needs by synthesizing more of certain types of molecules, such as those with specific kinds of bonds that keep them fluid at lower temperatures. (fsu.edu)
- The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipid and protein molecules arranged in organized but flexible sheets. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The phospholipid components form a bilayer that contributes structural stability and creates the semi-permeable environment, while the proteins are responsible for most of the dynamic processes carried out by cell membranes, such as the transport of molecules into and out of the cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The three major types of lipids found in the cell membrane are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol molecules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- They are crucial in recognizing specific molecules or other cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- During the secretion process, a sac, or vesicle, containing a cargo of molecules inside a cell moves to the cell's membrane and fuses with it. (thefreedictionary.com)
- There is a pressing need to better understand the complex lipid bilayer that makes up this membrane, which limits the molecules that can leave or enter the cell. (eurekalert.org)
- Research into the plasma membrane structure and behavior can provide invaluable information about whether, and to what extent, small molecules such as sugars, hormones and drugs, can permeate. (eurekalert.org)
- Depending on their concentration, sterol molecules can enhance membrane fluidity or increase its rigidity. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers used molecular dynamics computer simulations to simulate the structure and dynamics of the complex lipid membrane, which used Newton's equations of motion to understand how molecules move in response to forces generated by atomic interactions. (eurekalert.org)
- It contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes, and also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the cell wall . (bionity.com)
- According to the fluid mosaic model of S. J. Singer and Garth Nicolson, the biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less freely . (bionity.com)
- Movement of molecules through membranes is a primary means of sending signals to and from cells. (ucsd.edu)
- A cell's membrane is a thin bilayer of lipid molecules among which reside other biomolecules such as proteins. (ornl.gov)
- The first was to develop an experiment in which neutrons scattered off of lipid molecules in the membrane without interacting with other components of the cell, such as proteins, RNA, DNA and carbohydrates. (ornl.gov)
- They then ensured that the lipid molecules within the membrane were made up entirely of two fatty acids containing specific proportions of deuterium and hydrogen. (ornl.gov)
- According to the results obtained by the researchers in Dortmund, many KRas molecules would still be lost on the available surface of the rest of the membrane systems in the cell, which is 200 times bigger than that of the cell membrane. (mpg.de)
- After seven minutes, half of all KRas molecules are internalized from the cell membrane to be subjected to the cycle and sent back to the cell membrane. (mpg.de)
- Interestingly, T cell activation is known to be accompanied by profound changes in the spatial organization of TCRs and downstream signaling molecules. (frontiersin.org)
- The proteins are found around the holes and help move molecules in and out of the cell. (biology4kids.com)
- The cell membrane is usually permeable to a number of substances, mostly small, nonpolar molecules. (reference.com)
- This protein, called clathrin, is known for its key role in the process of internalization of molecules from the extracellular space into the cell, called endocytosis. (news-medical.net)
- From our proton exchange membrane studies, it is clear that the interaction of polymer backbone with water molecules determines the nanophase-segregation, and such nanophase-segregation determines the internal structure of water phase as well as the distribution and dimension of the water phase. (aiche.org)
- The membrane then forms a pit around these bound molecules, which is squeezed into a pouch, or vesicle, that detaches from the rest of the cell membrane and carries its essential cargo into the cell. (newswise.com)
- Initially, most scientists believed that many dynamin molecules assembled long spirals on cell membranes, and that in the presence of GTP these spirals tightened, lopping off a vesicle. (newswise.com)
- Researchers knew that dynamin is found in cells as a group of four molecules, or a tetramer. (newswise.com)
- The majority of the membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules lined up side by side with their fatty acid "tails" facing inward. (jrank.org)
- Because of this dual chemical nature of the phospholipid bilayer, the entire membrane surface is permeable to gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide ), to small, uncharged polar molecules (such as water and ammonia ), and to nonpolar molecules (such as lipids). (jrank.org)
- However, the membrane is impermeable to charged molecules (such as ions and proteins ) and to larger, uncharged polar molecules. (jrank.org)
- Embedded within and spanning the phospholipid bilayer are various transport proteins that serve as "gates," selectively allowing charged molecules and ions and larger molecules to pass through the membrane. (jrank.org)
- The plasma membrane that forms the boundary of a cell has several other molecules in addition to the basic membrane structure. (jrank.org)
- Other carbohydrate molecules attached to the exterior of the plasma membrane act as "markers," identifying the cell as a particular type. (jrank.org)
- In this model, the cell membrane surface is modeled as a two-dimensional fluid-like lipid bilayer where the lipid molecules can move freely. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 2 ] It contains a wide variety of biological molecules , primarily proteins and lipids , which are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling. (thefullwiki.org)
- The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer prevent polar solutes (e.g. amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules. (thefullwiki.org)
- Nanowerk News ) Tiny structures made of lipid molecules and proteins have been believed to wander within the membrane of a cell, much like rafts on the water. (nanowerk.com)
- They can act as docking stations for substances from outside, or as channels transporting molecules into the cell. (nanowerk.com)
- On the one hand, we use super-resolution microscopy, which allows us to study single molecules, on the other hand, we can influence the cell membrane using micro- and nanostructured surfaces", says Eva Sevcsik. (nanowerk.com)
- Tiny amounts of fluorescent markers are attached to proteins or lipids, and then molecules can be filmed as they travel within the membrane. (nanowerk.com)
- Scientists at the University of Washington show for the first time that the complex distribution of molecules within a membrane of a living yeast cell arises through demixing. (nsf.gov)
- Biological cell membranes, which are made from thin sheets of fatty molecules called lipids, are at least ten times thinner than an iridescent soap bubble and yet allow cells to collectively form organisms as diverse at bacteria, trees and people. (kurzweilai.net)
- The team found that after putting the lipid-like peptoids into a liquid solution, the molecules spontaneously crystallized and formed "nanomembranes" - straight-edged sheets as thin as cell membranes - floating in the beaker. (kurzweilai.net)
- Both the outer and inner membranes are made of phospholipids, which are lipids containing a phosphate group in their molecules. (reference.com)
- Substances that need to pass into or out of the nucleus, such as proteins, ions or very small molecules, can only do so through nuclear pores, which are holes in the nuclear membrane. (reference.com)
- In order for larger molecules to cross the nuclear membrane, they must have appropriates tags that the proteins lining the pores are able to recognize. (reference.com)
- In case of low lateral density and inhomogeneous distribution of the target molecules in a cell membrane, fluorescence microscopy can help to guide the AFM tip to the membrane proteins of interest, which can subsequently be investigated by molecular recognition force microscopy. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The Role of Membranes in the Transport of Small Molecules 2. (routledge.com)
- With the aid of surface mass spectrometry, the researchers measured the molecules in the membrane and could show that the compounds behaved in a very similar way to natural cholesterol in living cells, too. (innovations-report.com)
- Other ions and molecules are transported through the membrane in protein channels and transporters. (sciencephoto.com)
- these intrinsic or integral proteins are difficult to remove without destroying the membrane itself. (encyclopedia.com)
- Peripheral proteins are present on only one side of the membrane, and integral proteins span the entire membrane. (thefullwiki.org)
- At reduced temperatures, some organisms may vary the type and relative amounts of lipids to maintain the fluidity of their membranes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The regulation of membrane fluidity is assisted by another lipid, cholesterol , which is primarily found in eukaryotes . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Explain why membranes are described as 'fluid' and how their 'fluidity' is measured. (southampton.ac.uk)
- It is all about the fluidity of the membrane. (biology-online.org)
- The generalized polarization (GP, characterizing a spectral shift which depends on the phase of membrane lipids ) as well as the effective fluorescence lifetime ( τ eff ) of the membrane marker laurdan were revealed to be appropriate parameters for membrane stiffness and fluidity. (rsc.org)
- Therefore, this study tests the hypothesis that the fast thermal gradient induced in a cell by infrared light exposure causes a change in the membrane fluidity. (spie.org)
- To test this hypothesis, we used the membrane fluidity dye, di-4-ANEPPDHQ, to investigate membrane fluidity changes following infrared light exposure. (spie.org)
- Results in CHO cells show increased membrane fluidity with infrared light pulse exposure and this increased fluidity scales with infrared irradiance. (spie.org)
- Full recovery of pre-infrared exposure membrane fluidity was observed. (spie.org)
- Altogether, these results demonstrate that infrared light induces a thermal gradient in cells that changes membrane fluidity. (spie.org)
- Biochemists and Biophysicists at the Cluster of Excellence in the group of Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Galla measured, among other things, how the new substances affected the phase transition temperature of model membranes, and how they changed the fluidity in the phospholipid layer at different temperatures. (innovations-report.com)
- In addition there may be other lipids and proteins in the membrane, the latter typically in the form of isolated rafts. (wikipedia.org)
- Within the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, many diverse proteins are embedded, while other proteins simply adhere to the surfaces of the bilayer. (fsu.edu)
- The remarkable deformability of the human red blood cell (RBC) results from the coupled dynamic response of the phospholipid bilayer and the spectrin molecular network. (pnas.org)
- The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane , plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") is a semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells . (bionity.com)
- While we talk about membranes all the time, you should remember they all use a basic phospholipid bilayer structure, but you will find many variations throughout the cell. (biology4kids.com)
- The phospholipid bilayer with its biochemical inclusions is known as the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. (jrank.org)
- The primary constituent of a membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms in a water-based environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the lipid head and the hydrophobic nature of the two tails. (wikipedia.org)
- The positioning of proteins along the plasma membrane is related in part to the organization of the filaments that comprise the cytoskeleton, which help anchor them in place. (fsu.edu)
- The failure of tension to propagate in cells is explained by a fluid dynamical model that incorporates the flow resistance from cytoskeleton-bound transmembrane proteins. (nih.gov)
- In addition, the cytoskeleton, which undergirds the cell membrane, provides anchoring points for integral membrane proteins. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix to help group cells together in the formation of tissues. (bionity.com)
- The cytoskeleton is found underlying the cell membrane in the cytoplasm and provides a scaffolding for membrane proteins to anchor to, as well as forming organelles that extend from the cell. (bionity.com)
- The cytoskeleton is able to form appendage-like organelles, such as cilia, which are covered by the cell membrane and project from the surface of the cell. (bionity.com)
- Zona occludens proteins ZO-1, -2, and -3 (also known as TJP1, 2, and 3) are peripheral membrane adaptor proteins that link junctional transmembrane proteins such as occludin and claudin to the actin cytoskeleton (reviewed in 2). (cellsignal.com)
- The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment point for the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the extracellular cell wall . (thefullwiki.org)
- The cytoskeleton lies directly below the cell membrane and provides stability. (nanowerk.com)
- Plasma membrane blebs are dynamic cytoskeleton-regulated cell protrusions that have been implicated in apoptosis, cytokinesis, and cell movement. (rupress.org)
- In response to intra- and extracellular cues, remodeling of the submembranous cytoskeleton constantly reorganizes the plasma membrane (PM) of eukaryotic cells. (rupress.org)
- The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and, in animal cells, physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment, thereby serving a function similar to that of skin . (bionity.com)
- Swimming in the cytoplasm, KRas can thus explore the cell. (mpg.de)
- Activation of PKC ε resulted in a dramatic coordinated translocation of PKC ε and RhoA from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. (hindawi.com)
- Stoichiometric FRET analysis revealed that the molecular interaction between PKC ε and RhoA is a biphasic event, an initial peak at the cytoplasm and a gradual prolonged increase at the cell membrane for the entire time-course (12.5 minutes). (hindawi.com)
- These results suggest that the PKC ε -RhoA complex is assembled in the cytoplasm and subsequently recruited to the cell membrane. (hindawi.com)
- Cell membranes or plasma membranes surround cells, separating the cytoplasm and organelles on the inside from the extracellular fluid on the outside. (jrank.org)
- The 3 polypeptides were detected by means of these antisera in the cytoplasm of murine mammary tumor cell lines Mm5mt/cl and C3HMT/cl11, as well as in the murine leukemia cell lines GRSL18 and L1210 by means of fixed cell immunofluorescence. (tudelft.nl)
- In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled . (wikipedia.org)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. (nih.gov)
- Membrane and organelle assembly has emerged as a dominant theme in cell biology of the twenty-first century. (nature.com)
- It has long been the goal of experimental biology and medicine to induce cells to behave in predictable ways and to alter the behavior of cells in ways that are beneficial to a subject. (google.com)
- After a ten-year effort, Prof. Dr. Michael Reth from the Institute of Biology III of the University of Freiburg and the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics has developed a method to investigate the cell surface's organization on a nanometer scale. (eurekalert.org)
- This course covers molecular biology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their viruses. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- This is an introductory survey of cell and developmental biology. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The lipid-bilayer membrane that encloses all cells and their internal organelles has due to its important role in biology and medicine been subject to intense investigations. (chalmers.se)
- According to cell theory , cells are the main unit of organization in biology. (biology4kids.com)
- Endocytosis is how cells communicate," says Sandra Schmid, chair of the Scripps Department of Cell Biology and senior author of the Nature article along with Fred Dyda at NIH. (newswise.com)
- In addition, this novel microscopy technique has important implications for researchers interested in membrane biology and dynamics, according to Catherine Best, co-author of the paper and instructor in the U. of I. College of Medicine. (innovations-report.com)
- In an attempt to accept or reject the hypothesis, researchers measured membrane thickness. (wikipedia.org)
- The researchers achieved the breakthrough by switching the operating environment from acidic to basic, which is enabled by the membranes like the one funded by this IONICS project. (udel.edu)
- AUGUSTA, Ga. -A class of drugs widely used to treat osteoporosis appears to impede a cell's ability to repair a protective outer membrane that helps determine what enters and exits, researchers report. (eurekalert.org)
- On the other hand, zoledronate-exposed cells quickly filled with a fluorescent dye the researchers placed in the petry dish. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers also demonstrated how the dissociation occurs: They deleted in B cells the gene encoding the signaling molecule Syk, a kinase that closely cooperates with the antigen receptor. (eurekalert.org)
- In order to elucidate the further details of the activation of B cells, the researchers introduced Syk and the antigen receptor components into fruit fly cells. (eurekalert.org)
- Researchers at the University of Maryland, in College Park, have developed a detailed computational model of the soybean plasma membrane that provides new structural insight at the molecular level. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers focused on the soybean plasma membrane because it is one of the most intensely studied plant membranes, which provided substantial experimental data to be used in validating the computational model. (eurekalert.org)
- Researchers have been uncertain about whether membrane lipids sometimes organize into groups called domains, also known as "rafts," or if they are randomly distributed in the membrane. (ornl.gov)
- In vitro experiments of this recent work have allowed the IDIBELL researchers to demonstrate that clathrin cell levels determine, via EGFR, the function of TGF-β. (news-medical.net)
- Researchers are in desperate need of single-cell analysis techniques and those that allow the isolation of high-value T-cells for research and development. (news-medical.net)
- His prediction was soon confirmed by the experiment Additionally, researchers obtained an analytical solution to (3) which explained the classical problem, the biconcave discoidal shape of normal red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The results showed the researchers that they are on the right path to making synthetic cell membrane-like materials. (kurzweilai.net)
- Many researchers have focused on bringing the cost of that hydrogen down by making better and thinner palladium membranes. (eurekalert.org)
- Every day all over the world, researchers work with artificial cell membranes. (phys.org)
- In an interdisciplinary collaboration, researchers at the University of Münster have developed a method of visualizing an important component of the cell membrane in living cells. (innovations-report.com)
- Studying mechanisms at such tiny dimensions presents researchers with enormous challenges - for example, when they want to find out how an important component of the membrane - cholesterol - behaves and is distributed. (innovations-report.com)
- And that sheath may even be mightier than the chunkier cell wall, the researchers discovered. (stanford.edu)
- However, when the researchers weakened the outer membrane, cells died quickly. (stanford.edu)
- Paul Andersen explains how cells are selectively permeable with the help of their cell membrane. (youtube.com)
- As a semi-permeable barrier, the cell membrane maintains an essential balance between individual distinctness and communal interaction: it functions to retain key components of the cell and to keep out toxic or unwanted substances, while selectively controlling the flow of nutrients and biochemical signals into the cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The barrier is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival. (bionity.com)
- Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water (lower concentration of solutes) to one of lower concentration of water Water can pass through plasma membrane in 2 ways: 3. (scribd.com)
- The cell membrane surrounds all cells and it is selectively-permeable , controlling the movement of substances in and out of cells. (thefullwiki.org)
- Working in the lab of Dr. Paul McNeil, an MCG cell biologist specializing in cell membrane repair, Lewis found that kidney epithelial cells from monkeys and muscle cells from mice both lost their ability to quickly repair their outer membrane after exposure to zoledronate, a commonly used bisphosphonate, Lewis said. (eurekalert.org)
- The outer membrane contains the mitochondrion parts. (biology4kids.com)
- The nuclear membrane features a double layer comprising a continuous outer membrane and an inner membrane separated by perinuclear space. (reference.com)
- They suddenly collapsed the pressure inside the bacteria, but instead of causing the cell wall to massively shrink, as prevailing assumptions would have predicted, they found that the outer membrane was strong enough to almost entirely maintain E. coli 's cucumber shape. (stanford.edu)
- The presence or absence of a strong outer membrane is the difference between life and death,' Huang said. (stanford.edu)
- If we can attack the outer membrane, infectious bacteria will be pre-weakened for targeting with antibiotic treatments that disrupt cells in other ways," Huang said. (stanford.edu)
- What Do Facilitated Diffusion Carrier Proteins and Cell Membranes Both Pump? (reference.com)
- Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to pump substances across the cell membrane that would not normally be able to cross the membrane on their own. (reference.com)
- Amino acids, glucose and other large membrane insoluble compounds move through the cell membrane through a process known as facilitated diffusion. (reference.com)
- Describe the main requirement for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)? (scribd.com)
- A membrane electrode assembly for use with a direct organic fuel cell containing a formic acid fuel includes a solid polymer electrolyte having first and second surfaces, an anode on the first surface and a cathode on the second surface and electrically linked to the anode. (google.com)
- Y. S. Kim and B. S. Pivovar, "Chapter four-polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cells," in Advances in Fuel Cells , K. D. K. T. S. Zhao and N. Trung Van, Eds. (hindawi.com)
- C. Cremers and D. Bayer, "Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) technique for direct alcohol fuel cell characterization," in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology , C. Hartnig and C. Roth, Eds. (hindawi.com)
- Y. S. Kim and P. Zelenay, "Direct methanol fuel cell durability," in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability , F. N. Büchi, M. Inaba, and T. J. Schmidt, Eds. (hindawi.com)
- We present what we have learned from our researches on polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell systems using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. (aiche.org)
- Among the different fuel cell types, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has shown great potential in mobile applications, due to its low operating temperature, solid-state electrolyte and compactness. (wiley.com)
- These assays involve different types of cell membrane mimics: from simplified artificial supported-lipid bilayers that contain one cell receptor of choice (1, 2) (Figure 1A), to more complex native-like membranes in which we incorporate membrane material extracted from relevant cell lines (3) (Figure 1B). (chalmers.se)
- In complement to the use of cell-membrane mimics, our group is developing and implementing experimental methods based on live cell microscopy to probe virus attachment to, diffusion on and uptake through the cell membrane on a single particle level. (chalmers.se)
- 9. Do glycoproteins span the entire membrane? (merlot.org)
- Some of these proteins, primarily those that are at least partially exposed on the external side of the membrane, have carbohydrates attached to their outer surfaces and are, therefore, referred to as glycoproteins . (fsu.edu)
- Carbohydrate components are linked to lipids (to form glycolipids ) or to proteins ( glycoproteins ) on the outside of the cell membrane. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Cell membranes assist in the organization of individual cells to form tissues. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Organization of lipids in distinct domains within the cell membrane is thought to enable functions such as signaling between cells. (ornl.gov)
- The structure and function of the red cell membrane and associated ion transporters play an important role in the pathology of red cell genetic defects. (els.net)
- Diagram of transporters present in the human red cell membrane. (els.net)
- Drew C, Ball V, Robinson H, Clive Ellory J and Gibson JS (2004) Oxygen sensitivity of red cell membrane transporters revisited. (els.net)
- This "raft hypothesis" has been widely accepted, but now scientists at TU Wien (Vienna) have shown that in living cells these lipid rafts do not exist. (nanowerk.com)
- Associations of different proteins in a section of compositionally distinct fatty membrane have been called "lipid rafts. (medgadget.com)
- The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma ) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). (wikipedia.org)
- They are also involved in biological communication: the binding of a specific substance to the exterior of the membrane can initiate, modify, or turn off a cell function. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane ( PM ) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma ) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) which protects the cell from its environment consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins . (wikipedia.org)
- The fluid mosaic model not only provided an accurate representation of membrane mechanics, it enhanced the study of hydrophobic forces, which would later develop into an essential descriptive limitation to describe biological macromolecules. (wikipedia.org)
- In: Conti F., Blumberg W.E., de Gier J., Pocchiari F. (eds) Physical Methods on Biological Membranes and Their Model Systems. (springer.com)
- Lipid domains are too small to be seen by optical microscopes that use light to probe samples such as biological cells. (ornl.gov)
- While a biological cell itself perceives little difference between normal hydrogen and deuterium, the two isotopes appear very different when looked at using neutron scattering. (ornl.gov)
- Corning BioCoat angiogenesis systems are composed of 3.0 μm inserts with biological coatings optimized for use in endothelial cell migration and invasion assays. (corning.com)
- The module will discuss the structure and function of biological membranes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Describe the basic features of the structure of biological membranes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The module will cover the structure and function of biological membranes. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma ) is one biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment . (thefullwiki.org)
- Materials scientists at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have created a new material that performs like a biological cell membrane - a material that has long been sought for applications like water purification and drug delivery. (kurzweilai.net)
- Single Molecule Force Microscopy on Cells and Biological Membrane. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Therefore, the AFM is optimally suited for investigation of biological membranes and cell surfaces, as exemplified by studies on bacterial S-layers, purple membranes and cultured living cells. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma ) is the biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment. (phys.org)
- The cell wall in plants, bacteria, and fungi is also discussed. (youtube.com)
- In animals , the cell membrane establishes this separation alone, whereas in yeast , bacteria and plants , an additional cell wall forms the outermost boundary, providing primarily mechanical support. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- These changes in membrane lipid components contribute to the survival of plants, bacteria, and hibernating animals during winter. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In fungi , bacteria , and plants an additional cell wall forms the outermost boundary, however, the cell wall plays mostly a mechanical support role rather than a role as a selective boundary. (wikidoc.org)
- These rafts may serve many functions such as reacting to stress, conferring immunity through antibody response, adhering to other cells and countering bacteria and toxins. (medgadget.com)
- Bacteria are well known to enter dormancy and form persister cells which is a subpopulation exhibiting high-level tolerance to antibiotics. (aiche.org)
- The soybean membrane is about as rigid as the yeast membrane, but twice as rigid as the sterol-deficient E. coli cytoplasmic membrane. (eurekalert.org)
- suggest that the Rh complex represents a major interaction site between the membrane lipid bilayer and the red cell skeleton: ankyrin‐R is capable of interacting directly with the C ‐terminal cytoplasmic domain of Rh and RhAG polypeptides. (els.net)
- i.e., containing both a lipid-soluble and a water-soluble region) is basic to the role of lipids as building blocks of cellular membranes. (britannica.com)
- Investigators from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Stanford and UC Davis, using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometer called NanoSIMS, are taking a close look at cellular membranes. (medgadget.com)
- Due to their structure, the newly synthesized substances fitted well into the cellular membranes. (innovations-report.com)
- The electroinsertion process involves exposing red blood cells to a pulsed electrical field, thereby enabling the CD4 to be incorporated into the red blood cell's membrane to form RBC-CD4 which acts as a sponge absorbing free-floating HIV and forming aggregates with HIV-infected cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to the outside environment. (fsu.edu)
- Eukaryotic animal cells are generally thought to have descended from prokaryotes that lost their cell walls. (fsu.edu)
- Eukaryotic cells are generally ten times larger than prokaryotic cells and have membranes enclosing interior components, the organelles. (fsu.edu)
- Membranes serve diverse functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (wikidoc.org)
- A cell membrane (also known as a plasma membrane) is a thin semifluid structure that separates the contents of a cell or organelle from its surroundings. (encyclopedia.com)
- Each organelle is surrounded by a separate membrane whose function is similar to that of plasma membranes, but with a slightly different composition that enables the organelle to perform specific tasks. (encyclopedia.com)
- Organelle membranes do not have the same chemical makeup as the cell membrane. (biology4kids.com)
- The membrane allows a cell or organelle to maintain a constant internal environment, usually one that is quite different from the medium surrounding it. (jrank.org)
- They interact extensively with the fatty acid chains of membrane lipids and can be released only by agents that compete for these non-polar interactions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Omega-3 fatty acids, often called essential fats, are necessary for the formation of healthy cell membranes. (articlealley.com)
- In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm, a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
- transport channels have been shown to exist in the organelles of yeast cells and are essential to cell viability. (encyclopedia.com)
- Most research on modeling plasma membranes has focused on single-celled microbes, such as E. coli or yeast, or on certain organs in model mammalian species. (eurekalert.org)
- The model demonstrated good agreement with experimental measurements of the membrane and revealed physical differences between soybean membrane and previous models of membranes found in yeast and E. coli . (eurekalert.org)
- The virtual cell permits the students to understand structure and function of yeast organelles. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- University of Groningen microbiologists have visualized tiny islands in the cell membrane of baker's yeast. (phys.org)
- The membrane acts as a boundary, holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering. (fsu.edu)
- To understand the dyanmics of membrane constituents together with the mechanisms of transport pathways. (worldcat.org)
- Structural and functional characterization of the many constituents of the red cell membrane, in conjunction with biophysical and physiologic studies, has led to detailed description of the way in which the remarkable mechanical properties and other important characteristics of the red cells arise, and of the manner in which they fail in disease states. (bloodjournal.org)
- This structure forms because of the physical properties of its constituents, which can move laterally and selectively within the membrane plane and associate with similar or different constituents, forming specific, functional domains. (aacrjournals.org)
- The lipid bilayer hypothesis, proposed in 1925 by Gorter and Grendel, created speculation to the description of the cell membrane bilayer structure based on crystallographic studies and soap bubble observations. (wikipedia.org)
- Later in the 1930s, the membrane structure model developed in general agreement to be the paucimolecular model of Davson and Danielli (1935). (wikipedia.org)
- The cell membrane is a fine structure that envelops a cell , separating the content of the cell from its surroundings. (greenfacts.org)
- The confluence of morphologic, genetic and biochemical approaches laid the foundations for study in this area, and they continue to strengthen our understanding of this essential aspect of cell structure and function. (nature.com)
- The dynamics of the RBC membrane is strongly related to the membrane structure and mechanical properties and has been explored extensively ( 2 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 6 ). (pnas.org)
- The RBC membrane is not a static but a metabolically regulated active structure. (pnas.org)
- The results of their large-scale simulations highlight unique properties of the soybean plasma membrane and demonstrate a microscale membrane structure in which similar lipids tend to cluster together. (eurekalert.org)
- The cell membrane is not a solid structure. (biology4kids.com)
- Some are only attached to the inner or outer layer of the membrane while the transmembrane proteins pass through the entire structure. (biology4kids.com)
- What Is the Structure and Function of the Respiratory Membrane? (reference.com)
- 3 Gorter and Grendel in 1925 provided the first insights into the structure of the membrane, and indeed biologic membranes generally, by the brilliant deduction that there are "bimolecular layers of lipids on the chromocytes of blood. (bloodjournal.org)
- 4 This model has continually evolved over the past 80 years, thanks to a succession of seminal contributions that included outlining of the fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes by Singer and Nicolson, 5 isolation of spectrin by Marchesi and Steers, 6 and the definition of the topology of red cell membrane proteins by Steck and colleagues. (bloodjournal.org)
- There will be a general introduction to membrane structure and a discussion of the biosynthesis of membrane proteins. (southampton.ac.uk)
- The structure and function of specific membrane proteins involved in electron transport, proton translocation and phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis will be described and discussed in terms of our present understanding of how oxidation reactions or light energy are coupled to the synthesis of ATP. (southampton.ac.uk)
- Through the process of building the molecular structure of an animated cell membrane, site visitors will learn "the makeup and the basis for cell membrane function. (curriki.org)
- In this animated activity, learners examine nanotechnology applications that are based on cell membrane structure and function. (wisc-online.com)
- However, all membranes do have the same basic structure. (jrank.org)
- In order to achieve high mechanical strength, the molecular structure should be such that the hydrated membrane contains narrow water channels, but these might decrease the proton conductivity. (mdpi.com)
- That way we can analyse the structure of the cell membrane in completely new ways. (nanowerk.com)
- First, surfaces were structured on a micrometer scale, so that cells which were grown on this surface could interact with the structure. (nanowerk.com)
- Membranes repair dings to their structure automatically and change thickness to pass signals from the outside environment to the cell's interior, where most of the action is. (kurzweilai.net)
- These nanomembranes maintained their structure in water or alcohol, at different temperatures, in solutions with high or low pH, or high concentrations of salts, a feat that few cell membranes could accomplish. (kurzweilai.net)
- The device includes a rotating structure mounted within the interior periphery and defining with the housing an annular gap within the interior periphery, an inlet fluid path for allowing a blood product to flow into the annular gap, and the rotating structure including an exterior surface that includes a filter membrane. (google.es)
- Although the fluid mosaic model has been modernized to detail contemporary discoveries, the basics have remained constant: the membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic exterior heads and a hydrophobic interior where proteins can interact with hydrophilic heads through polar interactions, but proteins that span the bilayer fully or partially have hydrophobic amino acids that interact with the non-polar lipid interior. (wikipedia.org)
- In each layer of a plasma membrane, the hydrophobic lipid tails are oriented inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate groups are aligned so they face outwards, either toward the aqueous cytosol of the cell or the outside environment. (fsu.edu)
- The arrangement of proteins also involves the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions found on the surfaces of the proteins: hydrophobic regions associate with the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane and hydrophilic regions extend past the surface of the membrane into either the inside of the cell or the outer environment. (fsu.edu)
- The cell membrane consists of a thin layer of amphipathic lipids which spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. (bionity.com)
- The outer edges of the membrane are hydrophilic (soluble in water ), while the interior area is hydrophobic (insoluble in water). (jrank.org)
- GP decreased with temperature, but increased during cell growth and was always higher for the plasma membrane than for intracellular membranes. (rsc.org)
- Extrinsic or peripheral proteins simply adhere to the membrane and are bound by polar interactions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Proteins that are only partially embedded in the bilayer are called peripheral membrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins in the cell membranes may be integral or peripheral . (thefullwiki.org)
- In prokaryotes and plants, the plasma membrane is an inner layer of protection since a rigid cell wall forms the outside boundary for their cells. (fsu.edu)
- The outer boundary of a cell. (thefreedictionary.com)
- however, the cell wall plays mostly a mechanical support role rather than a role as a selective boundary. (bionity.com)
- A cell membrane defines a boundary between the living cell and its environment. (wikipedia.org)
- The first order variation gives the shape equation and boundary conditions of the lipid membrane: where k n {\displaystyle k_{n}} , k g {\displaystyle k_{g}} , and τ g {\displaystyle \tau _{g}} are normal curvature, geodesic curvature, and geodesic torsion of the boundary curve, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- however, the cell wall plays mostly a mechanical support role rather than a role as a selective boundary [ citation needed ] . (thefullwiki.org)
- Water and gases across the red blood cell membrane. (worldcat.org)
- Cooke BM, Mohandas N and Coppel RL (2004) Malaria and the red blood cell membrane. (els.net)
- The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. (wikipedia.org)
- It regulates the substances that can enter and leave the cell. (greenfacts.org)
- According to the accepted current theory, known as the fluid mosaic model , the plasma membrane is composed of a double layer ( bilayer ) of lipids, oily substances found in all cells (see Figure 1). (fsu.edu)
- The cell membrane is one of the most important components of a cell because it separates the interior from the environment and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. (slashdot.org)
- This allows him to monitor how the antigen receptor, which B cells of the immune system use to recognize foreign substances, changes after activation. (eurekalert.org)
- The movement of substances across the membrane can be either passive , occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active , requiring the cell to expend energy in moving it. (bionity.com)
- But cells also need some substances to get inside. (newswise.com)
- This is accomplished by the semipermeable nature of the membrane that regulates the passage of all substances going through it. (jrank.org)
- The function of the nuclear membrane in an animal cell is to hold the DNA inside the nucleus in order to protect it from surrounding substances. (reference.com)
- The nuclear membrane also regulates which substances can enter or exit the nucleus. (reference.com)
- The nuclear membrane has the function of protecting the DNA inside the nucleus from surrounding exterior substances. (reference.com)
- The presence of cholesterol and glycolipids, which are found in most cell membranes, can also affect molecular dynamics and inhibit phase transitions. (fsu.edu)
- Phosphoinositides in cell regulation and membrane dynamics. (nih.gov)
- The characteristics of this metabolically driven dynamics are observed only in the convex regions of the RBC membrane, with a periodic spacing on the order of the spectrin molecular network length scale. (pnas.org)
- Adhesion dynamics in a migrating CHO K1 cell. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Non-radiative energy transfer was used to detect laurdan selectively in close proximity to a molecular acceptor (DiI) and may present a possibility for measuring membrane dynamics in specific microenvironments. (rsc.org)
- Our new approach offers enormous potential for imaging membrane dynamics in living cells," says Prof. Volker Gerke, one of the leaders of the study and Coordinator at the Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence. (innovations-report.com)
- These plasma membranes contain proteins that are involved in controlling what goes in and out of the cell, so to look at those proteins that reside in the membrane, we need to understand what the membrane is. (eurekalert.org)
- The paucimolecular model immediately became popular and it dominated cell membrane studies for the following 30 years, until it became rivaled by the fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson (1972). (wikipedia.org)
- Of the numerous models that have been developed to describe the deformation of cell membranes, a widely accepted model is the fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972. (wikipedia.org)
- H-K) Repetition of the experiment in (D-F) in H) NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, I) MDCK epithelial cells, J) mouse brain endothelial cells, and K) rat hippocampal neurons. (nih.gov)
- Kidney epithelial cells and muscle cells used in this study are routinely used in cell membrane repair research, and cell repair mechanisms tend to be consistent across cell types, even across different species, McNeil noted. (eurekalert.org)
- The membrane integrates safely into patient's eyes, with excellent and fast results for all types of dry eyes, neurotrophic keratitis, persistent corneal epithelial defects, Steven Johnson syndrome, recurrent corneal erosion, keratoplasty, eyelid fornix reconstruction along with additional corneal and conjunctival pathology. (prweb.com)
- Anchoring proteins restricts them to a particular cell surface - for example, the apical surface of epithelial cells that line the vertebrate gut - and limits how far they may diffuse within the bilayer. (bionity.com)
- The apical surfaces of the aforementioned epithelial cells are dense with finger-like projections, called microvilli , which increase cell surface area and thereby increase the absorption rate of nutrients. (bionity.com)
- During cycle 14 interphase, a wave of membrane formation encircles each nucleus inside its own plasma membrane, thereby generating an intact epithelial layer. (pnas.org)
- The respiratory membrane, also called the respiratory surface, is made of the alveolar epithelial cell and the pulmonary capillary endothelial cell, and th. (reference.com)
- Transmission electron micrograph of two frog epithelial cell cells showing the tight junction complex running horizontally in this image. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Electron micrograph of the junctional complex of intestinal epithelial cells of the rat shows the apical-most zonula occludens (tight junction), the zonula adherens (medium junction) and the macula ad. (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells labeled for clathrin-coated pits (green), focal adhesions (red) and nuclei (blue). (cellimagelibrary.org)
- For this purpose, they used cultures of human epithelial cells - HeLa cells - as well as cells from human blood vessels, HUVEC cells. (innovations-report.com)
- In primary endothelial cells, local increases in membrane tension lead only to local activation of mechanosensitive ion channels and to local vesicle fusion. (nih.gov)
- Nerve cells use this same vesicle-making mechanism, called endocytosis, to maintain signaling from one cell to another. (newswise.com)
- By watching vesicle transformation through a microscope, the scientists showed that dynamin proteins only form a short collar around the cell membrane. (newswise.com)
- For the Science study, Boxer and colleagues made a spherical lipid vesicle to model a cell membrane, placed it on a small silicon wafer to make the lipid bilayer flatten into two dimensions and organized the flat membrane with a pattern of chrome grids to provide "landmarks" on the surface. (medgadget.com)
- Also called cytomembrane , plasmalemma , plasma membrane . (thefreedictionary.com)
- For example, the carbohydrate unit of some glycolipids changes when a cell becomes cancerous , which may allow white blood cells to target cancer cells for destruction. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Specifically, they used the all-atom CHARRM36 lipid force field to predict how lipids self-assemble into a bilayer membrane, using seven or eight of the main phospholipid types and two primary sterols found in soybean seedling membranes. (eurekalert.org)
- 6. Do fibrous proteins span the entire membrane? (merlot.org)
- It separates the fluid inside the nucleus of a cell from the material outside. (reference.com)
- Cells in the body are enclosed in a kind of protective envelope - the plasma membrane, which separates the cell from its environment. (innovations-report.com)
- Here we present quantitative connections between spectrin morphology and membrane fluctuations of human RBCs by using dynamic full-field laser interferometry techniques. (pnas.org)
- Here, we present dynamic, full-field, and quantitative measurements of ATP effects on RBC membrane morphology and fluctuations. (pnas.org)
- Led by University of Illinois electrical and computer engineering professor Gabriel Popescu, the team developed a model that could lead to breakthroughs in screening and treatment of blood-cell-morphology diseases, such as malaria and sickle-cell disease. (innovations-report.com)
- The deformability of red blood cells is their most important property," said Popescu, also affiliated with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at U. of I. "What we wanted to find is, how does deformability relate to morphology? (innovations-report.com)