Asymmetric Cell Division: Unequal cell division that results in daughter cells of different sizes.Juvenile Hormones: Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Cell Lineage: The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.Ganglia, Invertebrate: Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Cell Polarity: Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Mothers: Female parents, human or animal.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Spindle Apparatus: A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.Nerve Tissue ProteinsCaenorhabditis elegans Proteins: Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.Caenorhabditis elegans: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.Sense Organs: Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Spores, Bacterial: Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.Miosis: Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Mitosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Receptors, Notch: A family of conserved cell surface receptors that contain EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR repeats in their extracellular domain and ANKYRIN repeats in their cytoplasmic domains. The cytoplasmic domain of notch receptors is released upon ligand binding and translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it acts as transcription factor.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Plant Stomata: Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Body Patterning: The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Retinal Ganglion Cells: Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Centrosome: The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins: A broad category of nuclear proteins that are components of or participate in the formation of the NUCLEAR MATRIX.Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.Bacillus subtilis: A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Helminth Proteins: Proteins found in any species of helminth.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Genes, Helminth: The functional hereditary units of HELMINTHS.Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors: Protein factors that inhibit the dissociation of GDP from GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Ganglia, Sympathetic: Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Ganglia, Autonomic: Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Caulobacter crescentus: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.Trigeminal Ganglion: The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Chromosome Segregation: The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Frizzled Receptors: A family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface proteins that combines with LOW DENSITY LIPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN-5 or LOW DENSITY LIPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN-5 to form receptors for WNT PROTEINS. Frizzled receptors often couple with HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS and regulate the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Zygote: The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.Ganglia, Parasympathetic: Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Meiosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Wnt Proteins: Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Ganglia, Sensory: Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.Insect Proteins: Proteins found in any species of insect.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Morphogenesis: The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Cytokinesis: The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits: The GTPase-containing subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. When dissociated from the heterotrimeric complex these subunits interact with a variety of second messenger systems. Hydrolysis of GTP by the inherent GTPase activity of the subunit causes it to revert to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. The GTP-Binding protein alpha subunits are grouped into families according to the type of action they have on second messenger systems.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Dyneins: A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Embryonic Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.Gametogenesis, Plant: The process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial PLANT GERM CELLS to the mature haploid PLANT GAMETES.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Two-Hybrid System Techniques: Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Tumor Suppressor Proteins: Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.Nodose Ganglion: The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.beta Catenin: A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Pollen: The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Vulva: The external genitalia of the female. It includes the CLITORIS, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Superior Cervical Ganglion: The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Protein Kinase C: An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Microscopy, Phase-Contrast: A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.DNA Replication: The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.Myosin Type V: A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Mother-Child Relations: Interaction between a mother and child.Indoleacetic Acids: Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Cell Nucleus Division: The process by which the CELL NUCLEUS is divided.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Chromosomes, Bacterial: Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.Cell Size: The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.Genes, Insect: The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.Meristem: A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Picolinic AcidsCytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors: A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase: An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.Geniculate Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Epidermis: The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Blastomeres: Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Anaphase: The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.Zebrafish Proteins: Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Receptor, Notch1: A notch receptor that interacts with a variety of ligands and regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS for multiple cellular processes. It is widely expressed during EMBRYOGENESIS and is essential for EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.Cell Compartmentation: A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Mice, Inbred C57BLEmbryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.Plant Infertility: The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Eye: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria: Bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS; CLOSTRIDIUM; MICROMONOSPORA; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA; and STREPTOMYCES.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.Sirtuin 2: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CYTOPLASM. It is a multifunctional enzyme that contains a NAD-dependent deacetylase activity that is specific for HISTONES and a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.Spores, Fungal: Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Apomixis: Asexual reproduction resulting in the formation of viable seeds from FLOWERS without fertlization (i.e. use of POLLEN). Progeny plants produced from apomictic seeds are perfect clones of the parent.Embryonic Induction: The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.Time-Lapse Imaging: Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Plant Epidermis: A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Cell Enlargement: Growth processes that result in an increase in CELL SIZE.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Chromosomes, Plant: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the breast.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
NUMB (gene)Numb protein signaling plays a key role in binary cell fate decisions following asymmetric cell divisions. One daughter cell, ... A ganglion mother cell (GMC) is the cell derived from the division of a neuroblast in the Drosophila central nervous system. ... This asymmetric division allows a daughter cell containing Numb to acquire a different fate than the other daughter cell. The ... while the pIIb cell divides to produce a neuron and a glial cell. The asymmetric division of the SOP into daughter cells with ...
At a certain point, a neuroblast will undergo asymmetric cell division giving rise to a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell. ... The daughter cells of a neuroblast have two decidedly different neural fates. This is accomplished by neural fate determinants ... Ganglion mother cells (GMCs) are cells involved in neurogenesis that divide only once to give rise to two neurons, or one ... a model system for studying programmed cell death, Notch/Numb signaling, and sequential specification of ganglion mother cell ...
... and one cell that becomes the Ganglion Mother Cell (GMC), which goes on to divide into 4 differentiated cells (neurons or glia ... This also results in asymmetric division, where Prospero localizes in only one out of the two daughter cells. After division, ... Neuroblasts differentiate from neural stem cells and are committed to the neuronal fate. The main difference between a ... A neuroblast, a daughter cell of a transit amplifying cell, is initially a neural stem cell that has reached the "point of no ...
Neuroblasts are the progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to give rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell ... An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell ... or siRNA-TCF4 resulted in high suppression of asymmetric cell division. Another mutation in asymmetric cell divisions which are ... The single cell is now set up to undergo an asymmetric cell division, however the orientation in which the division occurs is ...
The fertilized egg cell is known as the zygote. Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is ... their cells have different fates. Before gastrulation, the cells of the trophoblast become differentiated into two strata: The ... this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the ... The egg cell is generally asymmetric, having an "animal pole" (future ectoderm and mesoderm) and a "vegetal pole" (future ...
... their cells have different fates. In the mouse, primordial germ cells arise from a layer of cells in the inner cell mass of the ... Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called ... this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the ... The egg cell is generally asymmetric, having an "animal pole" (future ectoderm and mesoderm) and a "vegetal pole" (future ...
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem ...
... s (JHs) are a group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that regulate many aspects of insect physiology. JHs regulate development, reproduction, diapause, and polyphenisms. In insects, JH (formerly called neotenin) refers to a group of hormones, which ensure growth of the larva, while preventing metamorphosis. Because of their rigid exoskeleton, insects grow in their development by successively shedding their exoskeleton (a process known as molting). Juvenile hormones are secreted by a pair of endocrine glands behind the brain called the corpora allata. JHs are also important for the production of eggs in female insects. JH was discovered in 1965 and the first molecular structure of a final six was solved in 1967. Most insect species contain only juvenile growth hormone (JH) III. To date JH 0, JH I, and JH II have been identified only in the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). The form JHB3 (JH III bisepoxide) appears to be the most important JH in the Diptera, or flies. Certain species ...
... , historically known as the paper factor, is the methyl ester of todomatuic acid, both of which are sesquiterpenes (C15) found in the wood of true firs of the genus Abies. They occur naturally as part of a mixture of sesquiterpenes based upon the bisabolane scaffold. Sesquiterpenes of this family are known as insect juvenile hormone analogues (IJHA) because of their ability to mimic juvenile activity in order to stifle insect reproduction and growth. These compounds play important roles in conifers as the second line of defense against insect induced trauma and fungal pathogens. In 1965, Karel Sláma and Carroll Williams made a surprising discovery: paper towels made from the wood of the balsam fir (Abies balsamea, Fig. 1) released vapors that elicited a potent effect on hemipteran bugs of the Pyrrhocoridae family. They named this substance "the paper factor." It was thought to contain a mixture of JH-mimicking sesquiterpenes, but it wasn't until 1966 that (+)-juvabione was first ...
... (GHBP) is a soluble carrier protein for growth hormone (GH). The function of GHBP is still unknown. Current research suggests that the protein is associated with regulation of the GH supply in the circulatory system as well as GH receptor function. In humans, GHBP is formed by post-translational modification after the complete transcription and translation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene into the cell-surface receptor protein. The gene that codes for GHR (and inherently GHBP) is on Chromosome 5. A precursor messenger RNA (mRNA) from the complete gene first is transcribed and then spliced to encode the full receptor protein. This mature mRNA is composed of exons. Exons are peptide encoding regions of DNA genes that remain in the transcript after splicing and during the maturation of mRNA. The mRNA transcript encodes for a receptor protein that is made up of three distinct parts: an ...
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem ...
Starting in 2014, pyriproxifen was put into Brazilian water supplies to fight the proliferation of mosquito larvae.[14] This is in line with the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) for larvicides.[15] In January 2016, the Brazilian Association for Collective Health (Abrasco; Portuguese: Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva) criticized the introduction of pyriproxyfen in Brazil. Abrasco demanded the "immediate suspension of [use of] pyriproxyfen and all growth inhibitors ... in drinking water." The organization is opposed to the use of growth inhibitors in the context of an ongoing outbreak of fetal malformation.[16]. On February 3, the rumor that pyriproxyfen, not the Zika virus, is the cause of the 2015-2016 microcephaly outbreak in Brazil was raised in a report of the Argentinean organization Physicians in the Crop-Sprayed Villages (PCST).[17] It attracted wide media coverage.[18][19] The statement from Abrasco was cited in the PCST report; ...
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem ...
... is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis).[2] Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells ...
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. For cancer to develop, genes regulating cell growth and differentiation must be altered; these mutations are then maintained through subsequent cell divisions and are thus present in all cancerous cells. Gene expression profiling is a technique used in molecular biology to query the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. In the context of cancer, gene expression profiling has been used to more accurately classify tumors. The information derived from gene expression profiling often helps in predicting the patient's clinical outcome. Oncogenesis is the process by which normal cells acquire the properties of cancer ...
A synchronous or synchronized culture is a microbiological culture or a cell culture that contains cells that are all in the same growth stage. As numerous factors influence the cell cycle (some of them stochastic) normal cultures have cells in all stages of the cell cycle. Obtaining a culture with a unified cell-cycle stage is useful for biological research where a particular stage in the cell cycle is desired (such as the culturing of parasitized cells). Since cells are too small for certain research techniques, a synchronous culture can be treated as a ...
A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that has grouped together to form a sac (not unlike the manner in which water molecules group together, forming a bubble); however, the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the "shell" of such a sac are distinctly abnormal (in both appearance and behaviour) when compared with all surrounding cells for that given location. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, sometimes a cyst may resolve on its own. When a cyst fails to resolve, it may need to be removed surgically, but that would depend upon its type and location. Cancer-related cysts are formed as a defense mechanism for the body, following the development of mutations that lead ...
DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer.[9][10] More than 60,000 new naturally occurring DNA damages arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)). Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents. As one example of an exogenous carcinogeneic agent, tobacco smoke causes increased DNA damage, and these DNA damages likely cause the increase of lung cancer due to smoking.[11] In other examples, UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma,[12] helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer,[13] and the Aspergillus metabolite, aflatoxin, is a DNA damaging agent that is causative in liver cancer.[14] DNA damages can also be caused by endogenous (naturally occurring) agents. ...
Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; Beer, Frikkie de; Hoffman, Jakobus W.; Franklin, Ryan D.; Berger, Lee R.; Sciences, School of Anatomical; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Institute, Evolutionary Studies; Geosciences, School of; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Sciences, School of Anatomical; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Institute, Evolutionary Studies; Geosciences, School of; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Sciences, School of Forensic and Applied; Lancashire, University of Central; Kingdom, United; Sciences, School of Anatomical; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Institute, Evolutionary Studies; Geosciences, School of; Witwatersrand, University of the; Africa, South; Medicine, De Busk College of Osteopathic; University, Lincoln Memorial; Institute, Evolutionary Studies; Geosciences, School of; ...
Numb is Required for the Production of Terminal Asymmetric Cell Divisions in the Developing Mouse Retina | Journal of...Olig2 RPCs are highly reminiscent of Drosophila ganglion mother cells, where asymmetric inheritance of fate determinants ... The process of asymmetric cell division, in which a dividing mother cell segregates cell-fate determinants asymmetrically into ... 2002) Asymmetric Numb distribution is critical for asymmetric cell division of mouse cerebral cortical stem cells and ... such terminal divisions can be asymmetric if the two daughter cells adopt different neuronal fates (Dx/Dy divisions) (Cayouette ...
Signaling in stem cell niches: lessons from the Drosophila germline | Journal of Cell Science... asymmetric partitioning of cell fate determinants in the mother cell can give rise to daughter cells that adopt different cell ... undergo asymmetric cell division, giving rise to one daughter cell that will retain stem cell identity and one daughter cell, a ... generating another neuroblast and a smaller ganglion mother cell (GMC) that will produce mature neurons. Cell fate determinants ... The role of cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Cell adhesion between niche cells and stem cells has ...
Drosophila Atypical Protein Kinase C Associates with Bazooka and Controls Polarity of Epithelia and Neuroblasts | JCB... generating a ganglion mother cell and another neuroblast in each division. Before division, the mitotic spindle rotates by 90° ... 1995). In these cells, Par-3 controls spindle orientation and asymmetric localization of cell fate determinants (Etemad- ... directed cell migration, and asymmetric cell division. Epithelial cells, for example, possess apical and basolateral plasma ... asymmetric cell division. Introduction. Polarity is a common feature of many different cell types and is the prerequisite for ...
A tale of two cell fates | MicroscopeIn neuroblasts, asymmetric cell division produces a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell, which goes on to differentiate into ... A cell undergoing asymmetric division gives rise to two daughter cells with differing cell fates, size and contents. ... Dysfunction of asymmetric cell division may lead to cell overgrowth, which has been associated with tumorigenesis and cancer. ... Wangs lab has uncovered the essential role arl2 plays in asymmetric cell division. Neuroblasts with loss of arl2 function show ...
... in which all divisions are asymmetric, generating another neuroblast progenitor and a ganglion mother cell. Neuroblast ACD ... symmetric cell division, SCD) resulting in two daughter cells with similar fate, or asymmetrically (asymmetric cell division, ... Regulation of cell fate and stem cell behavior in the epidermis. Cell division not only generates daughter cells, but through ... Another important remaining question is whether asymmetric divisions regulate cell fate decisions of stem or progenitor cell ...
1 C): the NB and its ganglion mother cell (GMC) daughters. NBs divide asymmetrically, and the NB daughter retains stem cell ... Patterns of cell division and expression of asymmetric cell fate determinants in postembryonic neuroblast lineages of ... Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric cell division: recent advances and implications for stem cell biology. Neuron. 51:13-20. ... Our data reveal two new aspects of asymmetric division in this stem cell model. First, cells can adjust the canonical ...
Numb protein signaling plays a key role in binary cell fate decisions following asymmetric cell divisions. One daughter cell, ... A ganglion mother cell (GMC) is the cell derived from the division of a neuroblast in the Drosophila central nervous system. ... This asymmetric division allows a daughter cell containing Numb to acquire a different fate than the other daughter cell. The ... while the pIIb cell divides to produce a neuron and a glial cell. The asymmetric division of the SOP into daughter cells with ...
Selleck Chemicals Blog-Notch signaling acts as a key regulator in generation of neurons from neural precursor cells... some of the ganglion mother cells (GMC-1) which are intermediate neural precursor cells, typically undergo asymmetric division ... signaling plays a central role before asymmetric division and in the fate of Drosophila melanogaster neural precursor cells. It ... In this process, Numb only locates in one daughter cell, as it inhibits Notch signaling, causes a different fate between Numb- ... results offer a noticeable progress in understanding the mechanism of asymmetric cleavage and different fate of daughter cells ...
Get PDF - Miranda directs Prospero to a daughter cell during Drosophila asymmetric divisionsMiranda directs Prospero to a daughter cell during Drosophila asymmetric divisions ... neural stem cells called neuroblasts divide asymmetrically to produce another multipotent neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell ... Intrinsic mechanisms like the asymmetric transmission of cell-fate determinants during cell division, and extrinsic cell- ... The C. elegans MELK ortholog PIG-1 regulates cell size asymmetry and daughter cell fate in asymmetric neuroblast divisions. ...
Interactive Fly, Drosophila... that are segregated into the ganglion mother cell (GMC) following divisions. Apical proteins and their regulators also control ... Asymmetric division of neuroblasts generates a self-renewing neuroblast and a different daughter cell that undergoes ... Currently, several cell fate determinants such as Brat, Numb and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex with its cofactors ... In plants and yeasts, TBCB is essential for cell division. In flies, dTBCB is expressed throughout cell cycle, and during ...
... where Prospero protein acts as a determinant of ganglion mother cell fate (Irion, 2006). To be localized, an mRNA must contain ... Localized mRNAs can also function as determinants during asymmetric cell divisions. For example, the asymmetric inheritance of ... side of Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts and is inherited by only the smaller daughter cell of this asymmetric cell division, ... Asymmetric localization of mRNAs is a common mechanism for targeting proteins to the regions of the cell where they are ...
Ubiquitylation-independent activation of Notch signalling by Delta | eLifeWe had shown earlier that two such developmental processes are (a) the asymmetric cell division of ganglion mother cells (GMCs ... The clone includes a proneural cluster (arrow). Many cells have adopted the SOP fate in the absence of Dl and Ser function ( ... During GMC asymmetric division the daughter cells rely on Dl/Notch signalling to turn on Hey expression in one of the two ... Unequal segregation of neuralized biases notch activation during asymmetric cell division * R Le Borgne ...
Temporal patterning in neural progenitors: from Drosophila development to childhood cancers | Disease Models & MechanismsType I NBs (most NBs in the Drosophila CNS), generate daughter cells known as ganglion mother cells (GMCs). GMCs usually divide ... Temporal regulation of daughter cell divisions or apoptosis. Notch signaling in GMCs gives rise to binary cell fate decisions ... 2005). Induction of tumor growth by altered stem-cell asymmetric division in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Genet. 37, 1125-1129 ... ganglion, horizontal and amacrine cells) and mid-late (rod, bipolar cells) cell types, respectively (Elliott et al., 2008; ...
At a certain point, a neuroblast will undergo asymmetric cell division giving rise to a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell. ... The daughter cells of a neuroblast have two decidedly different neural fates. This is accomplished by neural fate determinants ... Ganglion mother cells (GMCs) are cells involved in neurogenesis that divide only once to give rise to two neurons, or one ... a model system for studying programmed cell death, Notch/Numb signaling, and sequential specification of ganglion mother cell ...
The Drosophila Hem/Kette/Nap1 protein regulates asymmetric division of neural precursor cells by regulating localization of...... mis-migration of neurons and symmetric division of ganglion mother cells (GMC) of the RP2/sib lineage. We also show that the ... which then prevents Notch signaling from specifying a sib fate. This causes both cells to adopt an RP2 fate. Furthermore, loss ... In this paper, we report that Hem regulates the asymmetric division of neural precursor cells. We find that a well-studied Hem/ ... basis for the loss of asymmetric division is due to non-localization of Inscuteable and Numb in GMC-1. A non-asymmetric Numb ...
Binary sibling neuronal cell fate decisions in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system are nonstochastic and require...... embryonic central nervous system are nonstochastic and require inscuteable-mediated asymmetry of ganglion mother cells ... Binary sibling neuronal cell fate decisions in the Drosophila ... Asymmetric cell division in developing tissues takes place ... pros and insc RNAs during the NB cell cycle in order to establish whether the asymmetric NB cell divisions include asymmetric ... They must have inscuteable-mediated asymmetry for ganglion mother cells.. Author: Yang, Xiaohang, Chia, William, Tear, Guy, ...
Drosophila optic lobe neuroblasts triggered by a wave of proneural gene expression that is negatively regulated by JAK/STAT |...Ceron, J., Gonzalez, C. and Tejedor, F. J. (2001). Patterns of cell division and expression of asymmetric cell fate ... ganglion mother cells (GMCs, yellow), medulla neurons (orange), lamina furrow and R axons (R1-6 terminate in the lamina, while ... These cells undergo asymmetric cell division in which one cell is maintained as a multipotent progenitor cell, while the other ... NE cells of the OOA proliferate by symmetric cell division. NE cells differentiate into medulla NBs and lamina precursor cells ...
IMP: Integrative Multi-species Predictionasymmetric neuroblast division resulting in ganglion mother cell formation. GO:0055060. 2. 0.014. ... cell cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment. GO:0045168. 210. 0.094. ... negative regulation of terminal cell fate specification open tracheal system. GO:0035155. 2. 0.023. ... regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation. GO:2000040. 2. 0.022. ...
Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts | ProtocolThis protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live ... NBs undergo repeated rounds of asymmetric cell division (ACD) to produce two unequally fated cells: a self-renewing stem cell ... Doe, C. Q. Molecular markers for identified neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in the Drosophila central nervous system. ... Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic ...
Each asymmetric neuroblast division generates a smaller progenitor, termed a ganglion mother cell (GMC), which usually divides ... Progression from extrinsic to intrinsic signaling in cell fate specification: a view from the nervous system. Cell 96,211 -224. ... Doe, C. Q. and Bowerman, B. (2001). Asymmetric cell division: fly neuroblast meets worm zygote. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13,68 - ... Jan, Y. N. and Jan, L. Y. (2001). Asymmetric cell division in the Drosophila nervous system.. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2,772 -779. ...
Mechanisms regulating stem cell polarity and the specification of asymmetric divisions | StemBook... mother cell lead to the differential segregation of cell fate determinants to give two distinct daughters upon division. In ... basally located ganglion mother cell (GMC) that will differentiate into neurons or glia. The apical-basal polarity of the ... Asymmetric division is a property of stem cells that leads to the generation of two cells that can adopt different fates. One ... Ultimately, asymmetric divisions are regulated directly by genes that control the process of asymmetric cell division itself or ...
A Transient Expression of Prospero Promotes Cell Cycle Exit of Drosophila Postembryonic Neurons through the Regulation of...... divide asymmetrically to generate a new NB and an intermediate progenitor called ganglion mother cell (GMC) which divides only ... During the asymmetric division of NBs, the homeodomain transcription factor PROSPERO is segregated into the GMC where it plays ... in addition to its known role as cell fate determinant in GMCs, provides a transient signal to ensure a precise timing for cell ... once to generate two postmitotic cells called ganglion cells (GCs) that subsequently differentiate into neurons. ...
Regulation of spindle orientation and neural stem cell fate in the Drosophila optic lobe | Neural Development | Full TextUnregulated symmetric division promotes tumor formation, whereas inappropriate asymmetric division affects organ morphogenesis ... In some tissues cell fate appears to dictate the type of cell division, whereas in other tissues it is thought that stochastic ... We use genetically marked single cell clones to show that neuroepithelial cells give rise to neuroblasts. To determine if a ... and that regulation of spindle orientation and division symmetry is a consequence of cell type specification, rather than a ...
With each division, the NB renews itself and generates a GMC, which divides via asymmetric cell division to generate two ... called a ganglion mother cell (GMC) (Figure 1A). Each GMC, in turn, divides terminally to form two neurons, each of which ... The fate of the CNS midline progenitors in Drosophila as revealed by a new method for single cell labelling ... Each NB divides repeatedly via asymmetric cell division to renew itself and to generate a secondary precursor cell, ...
Linking neuronal lineage and wiring specificity | Springer for Research & DevelopmentEstablishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper... ... one neuroblast repeatedly undergoes asymmetric division, giving rise to a new neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell, which ... Below we review how cell-cell interactions and stochastic mechanisms specify R7 and R8 cell fates, as these cells have the best ... Current models suggest that cell fate specification of Drosophila photoreceptor cells involves a series of cell-cell ...
DrosophilaNeuronsNeuroblastsDeterminantsNeuronalDifferentiationApicalNeuronNeurogenesisProliferationProcess of asymmetric cell divSegregationProgenitor cellAsymmetryMechanismsRetinalDevelopmentalAssume different fatesNumbPrecursor cellsProteinsPostembryonicGenesEmbryoGenerateSpecificationRegulateProsperoLarvalSelf-renewalAsymmetricallyStem cell divisionsCortexAdoptTranscription factorMorphogenesisSymmetric cellNotchLineageGermline stemEmbryonic developmentDifferentiatesTissues
- Studies using the Drosophila germline as a model system have demonstrated that signaling from the stem cell niche plays a crucial role in controlling stem cell behavior. (biologists.org)
- Recent results describing stem cell niches in other adult stem cells, including hematopoietic and neural stem cells, have demonstrated that the features characteristic of stem cell niches in Drosophila gonads might be conserved. (biologists.org)
- Here, we review the cellular mechanisms that function within the stem cell niche to influence stem cell behavior in Drosophila . (biologists.org)
- In Drosophila , the multi-PDZ domain protein Bazooka (Baz) is required for establishment of apico-basal polarity in epithelia and in neuroblasts, the stem cells of the central nervous system. (rupress.org)
- Klein and Mlodzik, 2005 ), as seen, for example, in the positioning of actin-based hair in Drosophila wing cells ( Fig. 2A ). (biologists.org)
- Drosophila melanogaster central brain neuroblasts are excellent models for stem cell asymmetric division. (rupress.org)
- Recently, an article reported Notch signaling plays a central role before asymmetric division and in the fate of Drosophila melanogaster neural precursor cells. (selleckchem.com)
- In Drosophila melanogaster , some of the ganglion mother cells (GMC-1) which are intermediate neural precursor cells, typically undergo asymmetric division. (selleckchem.com)
- During embryonic development of the Drosophila central nervous system, neural stem cells called neuroblasts divide asymmetrically to produce another multipotent neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC) of more restricted developmental potential. (eurekamag.com)
- In addition, in Drosophila , temporal patterning delineates early windows of cancer susceptibility and is aberrantly regulated in developmental tumors to govern cellular hierarchy as well as the metabolic and proliferative heterogeneity of tumor cells. (biologists.org)
- Cell division genes promote asymmetric interaction between Numb and Notch in the Drosophila CNS. (semanticscholar.org)
- Binary sibling neuronal cell fate decisions in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system are nonstochastic and require inscuteable-mediated asymmetry of ganglion mother cells. (semanticscholar.org)
- Ancestry-independent fate specification and plasticity in the developmental timing of a typical Drosophila neuronal lineage. (semanticscholar.org)
- The gene has a novel role in Drosophila asymmetric division. (readabstracts.com)
- Neural stem cells called neuroblasts (NBs) generate a variety of neuronal and glial cells in the central nervous system of the Drosophila embryo. (biologists.org)
- By contrast, we find and describe here, that the development of Drosophila medulla neurons is a process that can be precisely described because the transition from neuroepithelial (NE) cells to NBs progresses in a synchronized and ordered manner. (biologists.org)
- The Drosophila central nervous system is generated by stem-cell-like progenitors called neuroblasts. (biologists.org)
- Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. (jove.com)
- Neuroblasts (NBs) are the widely studied neural stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system ( Figure 1A ) that first form during embryonic stages 1 , 2 . (jove.com)
- Studies of the underlying mechanisms regulating asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) have contributed to the establishment of paradigms and identification of molecular components that control asymmetric division in more complex stem cell systems (Reviewed in Chia et al. (stembook.org)
- Most Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) divide asymmetrically to generate a new NB and an intermediate progenitor called ganglion mother cell (GMC) which divides only once to generate two postmitotic cells called ganglion cells (GCs) that subsequently differentiate into neurons. (unibas.ch)
- Despite the recent advances in understanding stem cell self-renewal and spindle orientation in both mammalian and Drosophila systems [ 6 ], however, very little is known about the relationship between spindle orientation and cell type specification. (biomedcentral.com)
- In Drosophila , the central nervous system is derived from neural stem cells called neuroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
- In Drosophila , some external sensory organs found in the anterior region of larvae are composed of many neurons and support cells that seem to represent an aggregation of several sensory units. (biomedcentral.com)
- C) Spindle orientation in symmetric versus asymmetric divisions is regulated by centrosomal protein and spindle orientation complexes in vertical and oblique divisions of vertebrate NPCs (left and middle) and horizontal neuroblast divisions in Drosophila . (embopress.org)
- In the Drosophila optic lobe, neuroepithelial cells first divide symmetrically to expand the stem cell population and then transform into asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts, which generate medulla neurons. (jneurosci.org)
- In contrast to vertebrate epithelial cells, neurons do not possess TJs, but nonetheless establish and maintain separate axonal and somatodendritic plasma membrane domains. (rupress.org)
- Two different neurons are generated from one precursor cell. (selleckchem.com)
- Ganglion mother cells (GMCs) are cells involved in neurogenesis that divide only once to give rise to two neurons, or one neuron and one glial cell or two glial cells, and are present only in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- While each ganglion mother cell necessarily gives rise to two neurons, a neuroblast can asymmetrically divide multiple times. (wikipedia.org)
- The GMC forms two ganglion cells which then develop into neurons or glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
- While the weaker class exhibits weak axon guidance defect and the mis-migration of neurons, the stronger class causes severe axon guidance defects, mis-migration of neurons and symmetric division of ganglion mother cells (GMC) of the RP2/sib lineage. (semanticscholar.org)
- Through interaction of Notch (N) signaling and Numb, the intrinsic fate determinant, binary fate decision of two pairs of sibling neurons is achieved. (readabstracts.com)
- In the optic lobe of the third instar larva, all NE cells of the outer optic anlage (OOA) develop into either NBs that generate the medulla neurons or lamina neuron precursors of the adult visual system. (biologists.org)
- In order to populate the central nervous system (CNS) with the appropriate number of neurons and glia, both the proliferation of neural precursor cells and timing of neural differentiation must be controlled. (biologists.org)
- Each asymmetric neuroblast division generates a smaller progenitor, termed a ganglion mother cell (GMC), which usually divides only once to produce two neurons or glia. (biologists.org)
- Each GMC undergoes a single terminal division to generate two neurons or glia ( Figure 1B ). (jove.com)
- 2006 ). NBs are neural stem/progenitor cells that are specified during embryogenesis and divide to generate the larval neurons. (stembook.org)
- During larval and pupal stages, NB divisions resume to generate adult neurons. (stembook.org)
- In the embryo, NBs divide perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelium to generate another (apical) NB and a smaller, basally located ganglion mother cell (GMC) that will differentiate into neurons or glia. (stembook.org)
- These findings imply that PROSPERO, in addition to its known role as cell fate determinant in GMCs, provides a transient signal to ensure a precise timing for cell cycle exit of prospective neurons, and hence may link the mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis and those that control cell cycle progression in postembryonic brain development. (unibas.ch)
- With each division, the NB renews itself and generates a GMC, which divides via asymmetric cell division to generate two neurons. (elifesciences.org)
- One of these neurons receives Notch ( N ) signaling and adopts 'A' fate (green), and the other neuron does not receive Notch signaling and adopts the 'B' fate (magenta). (elifesciences.org)
- Neurons born in late embryonic and postembryonic stages adopt similar fates within a hemilineage whereas early embryonic divisions generate diverse neuronal types (asterisks). (elifesciences.org)
- Progenitors undergo a series of cell proliferation and differentiation events in the process of generating postmitotic neurons. (springer.com)
- Here, we use the term lineage to refer to the last few rounds of cell divisions that generate postmitotic neurons from a proximal progenitor. (springer.com)
- One of these tissues, the central nervous system, contains many types of neurons and glial cells that were born during the period of embryonic and post‐natal neuro‐ and gliogenesis. (embopress.org)
- At the onset of neurogenesis, these cells switch their identity and turn into RGCs that will generate, directly or indirectly, all neurons and later in development, glial cells (Fig 1 ). (embopress.org)
- They then transit to become radial glial cells that undergo asymmetric, neurogenic divisions to generate the neurons and glial cells in the brain ( Götz and Huttner, 2005 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Research is needed to determine the most viable stem cell lines and reliable ways to promote the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into specific cell types (neurons, muscle cells, etc. (jci.org)
- Eventually a stem cell becomes known as a "progenitor" or "precursor" cell, committed to producing one or a few terminally differentiated cells such as neurons or muscle cells. (jci.org)
- In transgenic Molgula embryos electroporated with Dmbx reporter plasmids, we were also able to characterize the morphology of the lone pair of descending decussating neurons (ddNs) in Molgula, revealing the same unique contralateral projection seen in Ciona ddNs and their putative vertebrate homologs the Mauthner cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- The retinal projection neurons, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), can be categorized into distinct morphological and functional subtypes and by the laterality of their projections. (eneuro.org)
- Ch cells exclusively target the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal (Pyr) neurons, and a single Ch cell forms synapses on hundreds of Pyr cells, indicating a possible role in maintaining electrical balance. (ventricular.org)
- 3 , 4 Early RPCs are multipotent cells that are known to shift in their competence to produce different neurons over time. (arvojournals.org)
- In crayfish, these neurons are the descendants of precursor cells residing in a neurogenic niche. (biomedcentral.com)
- the ganglion mother cell divides once more to give rise to neurons or glial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fuentealba P and Begum R (2008) Ivy Cells: A Population of Nitric-Oxide-Producing, Slow-Spiking GABAergic Neurons and Their Involvement in Hippocampal Network Activity. (utexas.edu)
- In neuroblasts, asymmetric cell division produces a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell, which goes on to differentiate into different neuronal cell types. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- Asymmetric cell division ensures self-renewal of neuroblasts, while also allowing for the production of the different neuronal cell types that make up the fruit fly's nervous system. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- Neuroblasts with loss of arl2 function show loss of protein localization at the cell membrane, and shortened mitotic spindles that are randomly oriented. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- This results in the symmetric cell division of neuroblasts, and its subsequent overgrowth. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- In neuroblasts, both complexes are localized to the apical cortex, causing apical/basal cell division and daughter cells exhibiting strong size asymmetry. (wikipedia.org)
- However, not all is well: these animals have defects in divisions of larval neural stem/progenitor cells, the central brain neuroblasts (NBs). (rupress.org)
- Intrinsic mechanisms promote asymmetric division of neuroblasts: for example, the transcription factor Prospero localizes to the basal cell cortex of mitotic neuroblasts and then segregates exclusively into the GMC, which buds off from the basal side of the neuroblast. (eurekamag.com)
- Here we report the identification of a gene, miranda, which encodes a new protein that co-localizes with Prospero in mitotic neuroblasts, tethers Prospero to the basal cortex of mitotic neuroblasts, directing Prospero into the GMC, and releases Prospero from the cell cortex within GMCs. (eurekamag.com)
- Early in development, neuroblasts switch through a temporal series of transcription factors modulating neuronal fate according to the time of birth. (biologists.org)
- At later stages, it is known that neuroblasts switch on expression of Grainyhead (Grh) and maintain it through many subsequent divisions. (biologists.org)
- We use molecular markers and live imaging to show that there are two populations of progenitors in the optic lobe: symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells and asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
- We use genetically marked single cell clones to show that neuroepithelial cells give rise to neuroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
- We show that symmetrically dividing neuroepithelial cells give rise to asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts in the optic lobe, and that regulation of spindle orientation and division symmetry is a consequence of cell type specification, rather than a mechanism for generating cell type diversity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Embryonic neuroblasts delaminate as single cells from a polarized epithelium called the ventral neuroectoderm. (biomedcentral.com)
- Whereas neuroectodermal cells divide symmetrically with a horizontal mitotic spindle (in the plane of the neuroectoderm), neuroblasts rotate their spindles to a vertical plane (perpendicular to the neuroectoderm) and divide asymmetrically to generate a large apical neuroblast and a smaller basal GMC. (biomedcentral.com)
- Larval central brain/thoracic neuroblasts derive from embryonic neuroblasts and undergo a similar asymmetric cell division along their apical/basal axis of polarity. (biomedcentral.com)
- We find that loss of function in replication protein A (RPA), which consists of three highly conserved protein subunits and functions in DNA replication, leads to disintegration of the optic lobe neuroepithelium and premature differentiation of neuroepithelial cells into medulla neuroblasts. (jneurosci.org)
- Clonal analyses of RPA loss-of-function alleles indicate that RPA is required to prevent neuroepithelial cells from differentiating into medulla neuroblasts. (jneurosci.org)
- Thus, we have shown that the transition from neuroepithelial cells to neuroblasts is directly regulated by cell cycle regulators and propose a model in which the inhibition of neuroepithelial cell cycle progression downregulates Notch signaling activity through Numb, which leads to the onset of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
- For example, dAPC2 has a striking asymmetric distribution in neuroblasts, and dAPC2 colocalizes with assembling actin filaments at the base of developing larval denticles. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Alternatively, asymmetric partitioning of cell fate determinants in the mother cell can give rise to daughter cells that adopt different cell fates ( Watt and Hogan, 2000 ). (biologists.org)
- In the latter, Baz anchors Inscuteable in the apical cytocortex, which is essential for asymmetric localization of cell fate determinants and for proper orientation of the mitotic spindle. (rupress.org)
- Intrinsic mechanisms like the asymmetric transmission of cell-fate determinants during cell division, and extrinsic cell-interaction mechanisms, can mediate asymmetric divisions. (eurekamag.com)
- This is accomplished by neural fate determinants, important proteins that segregate asymmetrically. (wikipedia.org)
- Upon cleavage of the dividing NB, apical fate determinants that specify the stem cell fate, and basal fate determinants that specify differentiation, are segregated into the unequal daughter cells. (jove.com)
- Asymmetric localization of cell-cell junctions and/or intrinsic cell fate determinants and position within specific environment ("niche") are examples of mechanisms used to specify cell polarity and direct asymmetric divisions. (stembook.org)
- In some cases, factors within the dividing mother cell lead to the differential segregation of cell fate determinants to give two distinct daughters upon division. (stembook.org)
- 1. Cell fate determinants are segregated to the basal cortex of the dividing NB, resulting in a disruption of the symmetry of the mother cell prior to division. (stembook.org)
- 2. The mitotic spindle is aligned along the apical-basal axis to ensure accurate segregation of these cell fate determinants to the appropriate daughter cell. (stembook.org)
- however, some studies suggest that extrinsic signals from the overlying epithelium also facilitate proper spatio-temporal localization of cell fate determinants (Lee et al. (stembook.org)
- These data indicate that embryonic NBs respond to signals from the adjacent epithelium to specify correct spindle orientation and localization of cortical cell fate determinants. (stembook.org)
- Segregation of cell fate determinants to the daughter GMC is regulated by the reciprocal localization of four protein complexes: two complexes are localized to the apical cortex and two to the basal cortex (see Figure 1 ). (stembook.org)
- The basal complexes, which will segregate to the GMC, asymmetrically localize three major cell fate determinants: Prospero, Brat, and Numb, which inhibit self-renewal and promote differentiation (Bowman et al. (stembook.org)
- The establishment and maintenance of polarity is of fundamental importance for the function of epithelial and neuronal cells. (rupress.org)
- Together, these data provide strong evidence for the existence of an evolutionary conserved mechanism that controls apico-basal polarity in epithelia and neuronal stem cells. (rupress.org)
- One daughter cell, generally that receiving the Numb, is able to adopt a neuronal fate and innervate the developing nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Cell proliferation, specification and terminal differentiation must be precisely coordinated during brain development to ensure the correct production of different neuronal populations. (unibas.ch)
- we classify such lineage-related processes, which specify neuronal cell fate and wiring, as intrinsic mechanisms. (springer.com)
- In other neuronal systems, cell fate and consequent wiring patterns have been demonstrated to independent on lineage. (springer.com)
- Our earlier reports on larval AMC did not argue in favour of a role of pros in cell fate decision, but strongly suggested that pros could be involved in the control of other aspect of neuronal development. (biomedcentral.com)
- 1 , 2 This produces a functional adult retina with six neuronal subtypes including rod photoreceptors, cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells, and one glial cell type, Müller glia. (arvojournals.org)
- Stem cells are cells that, upon division, can produce new stem cells as well as daughter cells that initiate differentiation along a specific lineage. (biologists.org)
- Surrounding support cells secrete growth factors that activate signaling within adjacent stem cells to specify stem cell self-renewal and block differentiation. (biologists.org)
- The ability of stem cells to contribute to these processes depends on their ability to divide and generate both new stem cells (self-renewal) and specialized cell types (differentiation). (biologists.org)
- The crucial decision between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation must be tightly controlled. (biologists.org)
- Understanding how the choice between stem cell self-renewal and the onset of differentiation is made might facilitate the expansion of adult stem cells in culture while maintaining essential stem cell characteristics - a crucial first step in the use of adult stem cells for tissue replacement and gene therapy. (biologists.org)
- Ultimately, stem cell number, division, self-renewal and differentiation are likely to be regulated by the integration of intrinsic factors with extrinsic cues provided by the surrounding microenvironment. (biologists.org)
- Numb's primary function in cell differentiation is as an inhibitor of Notch signaling which is essential for maintaining self-renewal potential in stem and progenitor cells. (wikipedia.org)
- These four proteins act to inhibit self-renewal (the cell cycle) and promote differentiation (especially Prospero), which is why GMCs divide into their differentiated progeny instead of more GMCs. (wikipedia.org)
- Neuroectodermal cells divide symmetrically in the plane of the neuroectoderm to generate identical daughter cells, but, upon differentiation into NBs, their axis of division rotates to a vertical plane (perpendicular to the neuroectoderm). (biologists.org)
- Stem cells maintain a balance of differentiation and self-renewal to generate cellular diversity during early development and replace damaged cells in adult tissues. (jove.com)
- Thus, PROSPERO is thought to function in the GMC by repressing genes required for cell-cycle progression and activating genes involved in terminal differentiation. (unibas.ch)
- Exercises that increase cardiac function such as chloramphenicol uk or gentamicin are given for every mmol la with a ventricular response ratemin should be provided by the glomerulus suggesting that the differentiation of intercalated cells of cell life and longevity. (nationalnewstoday.com)
- The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage ) and cellular differentiation , leading to development of a multicellular embryo. (wikipedia.org)
- Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation must be carefully controlled during development and tissue homeostasis. (jneurosci.org)
- Based on the presented data, we suggest that the tightly regulated developmental expression of Hsp23 is not actively involved in cell differentiation and central nervous system development per se but rather reflects a putative role in preventive "pre-stress" neuroprotection or in non-vital process(es) common to the identified cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
- Their peculiar cell-specific pattern of expression has lead to the hypothesis that sHsp may be implicated in differentiation mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- Advancing our understanding of mechanisms that control stem cell behavior - in particular their two hallmark properties of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells - will enable these cells to be increasingly harnessed to repair tissues damaged by disease or injury. (thermofisher.com)
- Soma-germline interactions play conserved essential roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, patterning, and homeostasis in the gonad. (ubc.ca)
- When gap junctions between the soma and germline are disrupted, germline differentiation is blocked and germline stem cells are not maintained. (ubc.ca)
- Moreover, I show that stem cell maintenance and differentiation in the testis are directed by gap junction-derived cues. (ubc.ca)
- During this process, multiple signaling pathways are activated to direct cell proliferation and differentiation, which render the uterus receptive to the implanting blastocysts. (scicrunch.org)
- We demonstrate that SOXF factors regulate satellite cell quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation. (scicrunch.org)
- aPKC (an apical protein in red), Mira (a basal protein in green) and DNA (in blue) were labeled in wild-type neural stem cells. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- At these stages, BCD mRNA also shows a perinuclear or apical distribution in nurse cells, and accumulates at the anterior cortex of the oocyte. (sdbonline.org)
- The apical-basal polarity of the mother NB is inherited from its placement within the neuroepithelium and is coupled to differential distribution of cellular components. (stembook.org)
- To determine if a change in spindle orientation can trigger a neuroepithelial to neuroblast transition, we force neuroepithelial cells to divide along their apical/basal axis by misexpressing Inscuteable. (biomedcentral.com)
- Embryonic neuroblast divisions are molecularly and physically asymmetric: the neuroblast inherits apical proteins (for example, atypical Protein kinase C (aPKC) and Inscuteable (Insc)) and the GMC inherits basal proteins (for example, Miranda (Mira), Prospero (Pros), Numb, and Partner of Numb (Pon)) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cell division in the retina occurs such that the S-phase of the cell cycle occurs at the basal end of the outer neuroblastic layer (ONBL), followed by the interkinetic movement of the nucleus toward the apical end where the M-phase of the cell cycle occurs. (arvojournals.org)
- 9 , 10 Furthermore, the plane of cell division at the apical end has been reported to regulate whether an RPC undergoes symmetric versus asymmetric cell division. (arvojournals.org)
- K. M. Bhat, from University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, found genetic inhibition of Notch signaling leads to a generation of two same cells from GMC-1, indicating the decisive role of Notch in neuron cell size and fate. (selleckchem.com)
- Binary sibling neuron cell fate determinations in Drosophila's embryonic central nervous system are nonstochastic. (readabstracts.com)
- These cells undergo asymmetric cell division in which one cell is maintained as a multipotent progenitor cell, while the other is fated to differentiate into a neuron or glia within a few rounds of cell division. (biologists.org)
- During development, the time at which a neuron or glial cell is born has an important influence on its fate. (biologists.org)
- For example, it has been proposed that mammalian neuroepithelial cells first expand via symmetric divisions, followed by a burst of neuron production resulting from asymmetric divisions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- At the onset of neurogenesis, RGCs switch from symmetric to asymmetric divisions, giving rise to an RGC daughter cell and a differentiating cell (Fig 2 A, B). This latter cell constitutes a neuron, or in certain areas of the brain such as the neocortex, a more fate‐restricted type of progenitor that is called IP and is one of the types of BPs. (embopress.org)
- Glossary: Pyramidal cell:The main excitatory neuron in the mammalian prefrontal cortex Chandelier cell: A fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneuron Cartridge: Chandelier cell axonal structure containing synaptic terminal boutons Axon initial segment: Proximal segment of the pyramidal cell axon and the site of chandelier cell synapses. (ventricular.org)
- During neurogenesis, Numb localizes to one side of the mother cell such that it is distributed selectively to one daughter cell. (wikipedia.org)
- The numb gene protein product controls binary cell fate decisions in the peripheral and central nervous systems of both invertebrates and mammals during neurogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- The results offer a noticeable progress in understanding the mechanism of asymmetric cleavage and different fate of daughter cells during neurogenesis. (selleckchem.com)
- These results define another role for Hem/Kette/Nap1 in a neural precursor cell during neurogenesis. (semanticscholar.org)
- POU-III transcription factors (Brn1, Brn2, and Oct6) influence neurogenesis, molecular identity, and migratory destination of upper-layer cells of the cerebral cortex. (springer.com)
- As to neurogenesis, neural progenitors initially divide symmetrically to expand their pool and switch to asymmetric neurogenic divisions at the onset of neurogenesis. (embopress.org)
- These observations suggest a tight link between the rate of cell cycle progression and the switch of NE cell proliferation to neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
- During retinal development, the balance between self-renewal of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) versus neurogenesis allows for simultaneous RPC amplification and neurogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
- 8 Together, this suggests a dynamic regulation of RPC cell division that interprets intrinsic and extrinsic cues to regulate neurogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
- Post-embryonic neurogenesis in a decapod crustacean was first shown in the spider crab Hyas araneus (Decapoda, Brachyura) by labeling with the S-phase cell cycle marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Further, neurogenesis was traced from early embryonic stages through larval, juvenile and adult stages of the American lobster, Homarus americanus , and the long-term survival of the newborn cells was documented using pulse-chase experiments with BrdU [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell to fill the lost role of the parent cell and maintain proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- To ensure that appropriate numbers of each neural cell type are produced, the temporal modulation of cell fates must somehow be coordinated with cell proliferation. (biologists.org)
- These findings imply that labial is required in two specific neuroblast lineages of the wildtype brain for the appropriate termination of proliferation through programmed cell death. (biologists.org)
- Ultimately, asymmetric divisions are regulated directly by genes that control the process of asymmetric cell division itself or determine the distinct cell fates of the two daughter cells. (stembook.org)
- miranda thus creates intrinsic differences between sibling cells by mediating the asymmetric segregation of a transcription factor into only one daughter cell during neural stem-cell division. (eurekamag.com)
- During cell division, Numb is asymmetrically localized to one end of the progenitor cell and subsequently segregates to only one daughter cell where it intrinsically determines cell fate. (wikipedia.org)
- Asymmetric cell division is a general process used in many developmental contexts to create two differently fated cells from a single progenitor cell. (eurekamag.com)
- At present, the identity of factors controlling the number of progenitor cell divisions, and their relationship to those regulating the changing potential of neural progenitors with time, are far from clear. (biologists.org)
- Polarity is defined as the unequal distribution of molecules (RNAs, lipids, proteins) within a cell to produce asymmetry in its structure and function at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. (biologists.org)
- In cell polarity, asymmetry is achieved in individual cells, such as for instance the leading and trailing edge of a migrating cell or apicobasal polarity ( Fig. 1A ). (biologists.org)
- Furthermore, loss of function for Abelson tyrosine kinase also causes loss of asymmetric localization of Inscuteable and Numb and symmetric division of GMC-1, the loss of function for WAVE has a very weakly penetrant loss of asymmetry defect. (semanticscholar.org)
- They must have inscuteable-mediated asymmetry for ganglion mother cells. (readabstracts.com)
- Stomach curvature is generated by left-right asymmetric gut morphogenesis "Left-right (LR) asymmetry is a fundamental feature of internal anatomy, yet the emergence of morphological asymmetry remains one of the least understood phases of organogenesis. (edu.au)
- Asymmetric rotation of the intestine is directed by forces outside the gut, but the morphogenetic events that generate anatomical asymmetry in other regions of the digestive tract remain unknown. (edu.au)
- While much work has recently focused on the mechanisms controlling self-renewing asymmetric divisions producing a differentiating daughter and a progenitor, little is known about mechanisms regulating how distinct differentiating cell types are produced at terminal divisions. (jneurosci.org)
- Two classic mechanisms can ensure an asymmetric outcome following cell division. (biologists.org)
- The mechanisms leading to the generation of cell polarity are just beginning to emerge. (rupress.org)
- Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked. (jove.com)
- Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. (jove.com)
- Here we will discuss multiple factors and mechanisms that imbue cells with polarity to facilitate an asymmetric outcome to stem cell divisions, assuring self-renewal and maintenance of the stem cell pool. (stembook.org)
- In reviewing findings from each system, we first describe the established relationships between cell lineage or birth timing and wiring specificity, and then summarize potential mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels underlying such regulation. (springer.com)
- Topics include mechanisms of (a)symmetric cell division, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and signaling pathways, using mostly examples from the developing mammalian neocortex. (embopress.org)
- The mechanisms underlying this cell fate transition are not well understood. (jneurosci.org)
- This acute divergence in the molecular mechanisms that underlie otherwise functionally conserved cis -regulatory DNAs supports the recently proposed idea that the extreme genetic plasticity observed in tunicates may be attributed to the extreme rigidity of the spatial organization of their embryonic cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using clonal numb inactivation in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), we show that Numb is required for normal cell-cycle progression at early stages, but is dispensable for the production of self-renewing asymmetric cell divisions. (jneurosci.org)
- Using live imaging in retinal explants, we show that a Numb fusion protein is asymmetrically inherited by the daughter cells of some late RPC divisions. (jneurosci.org)
- This study presents a new method for isolating ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via retrograde labeling and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. (eneuro.org)
- To understand how loss of citron kinase ( CitK ) affects retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the developing rat retina. (arvojournals.org)
- It is here that the regulators of cytokinesis can influence symmetric versus asymmetric cell division and in turn regulate retinal development. (arvojournals.org)
- De novo genesis of retinal ganglion cells by targeted expression of Klf4 in vivo. (mpi-cbg.de)
- This cell contains a different set of genetic instructions (resulting in an alternative pattern of gene expression) and is characterized by a reduced proliferative capacity and more restricted developmental potential than its parent. (jci.org)
- Zebrafish DeltaNp63 is a Direct Target of Bmp Signaling and Encodes a Transcriptional Repressor Blocking Neural Specification in the Ventral Ectoderm Developmental Cell. (jove.com)
- We suggest using genome editing to mark homologous neural cells in the fly D. melanogaster , the beetle Tribolium castaneum , and the Mediterranean field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus to investigate developmental differences leading to brain diversification. (springer.com)
- However, the precise identity of cell(s) expressing these proteins and the functional contribution of small heat shock proteins in such developmental context remain to be determined. (biomedcentral.com)
- In collaboration with colleagues at Stanford, I am working to develop induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of genetic disorders associated with developmental disability. (stanford.edu)
- From spiral cleavage to bilateral symmetry: the developmental cell lineage of the annelid brain. (mpi-cbg.de)
- By differentiating iPSCs to different cell types and stages, we can gain insights into developmental and disease driving molecular networks. (thermofisher.com)
- Asymmetric cell division to generate daughter cells that assume different fates is used throughout development to generate and maintain hundreds of specialized cell types. (biologists.org)
- 3 . Asymmetric positioning of the anaphase spindle results in daughter cells that will not only assume different fates but also differ in size. (stembook.org)
- At late stages, however, Numb is no longer required for cell-cycle progression, but is critical for the production of terminal asymmetric cell divisions. (jneurosci.org)
- In the absence of Numb, asymmetric terminal divisions that generate a photoreceptor and a non-photoreceptor cell are decreased in favor of symmetric terminal divisions generating two photoreceptors. (jneurosci.org)
- Together with our finding that Numb antagonizes Notch signaling in late-stage RPCs, and that blocking Notch signaling in late RPCs almost completely abolishes the generation of terminal asymmetric divisions, these results suggest a model in which asymmetric inheritance of Numb in sister cells of terminal divisions might create unequal Notch activity, which in turn drives the production of terminal asymmetric divisions. (jneurosci.org)
- Numb plays a crucial role in asymmetrical cell division during development, allowing for differential cell fate specification in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wikipedia.org)
- This asymmetric division allows a daughter cell containing Numb to acquire a different fate than the other daughter cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Numb protein signaling plays a key role in binary cell fate decisions following asymmetric cell divisions. (wikipedia.org)
- In both invertebrates and mammals, Numb is localized using the Pins/GαI complex and the PAR complex of Bazooka (Par3 in mammals), Par6, and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C). In the sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell, the PAR proteins localize to the posterior pole of the cell, and the Pins/GαI complex is localized to the anterior pole of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- It states that a complex phosphorylation cascade enables aPKC to phosphorylate Numb in the pre-mitotic cell, decreasing its affinity for the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- This establishes the asymmetric distribution of Numb, with the Numb/Pon crescent on one side of the mother cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Numb exerts its functional role on cell fate decisions by antagonizing Notch signaling activities. (wikipedia.org)
- In this process, Numb only locates in one daughter cell, as it inhibits Notch signaling, causes a different fate between Numb-positive and Numb-negative daughter cells. (selleckchem.com)
- Also, he found inactivation of Notch at different time points of cell cleavage altered the degree of unbalanced distribution of Numb. (selleckchem.com)
- Notch signaling acts as a critical factor in Numb distribution in neural precursor cells before cleavage. (selleckchem.com)
- We also show that the basis for the loss of asymmetric division is due to non-localization of Inscuteable and Numb in GMC-1. (semanticscholar.org)
- A non-asymmetric Numb segregates to both daughter cells of GMC-1, which then prevents Notch signaling from specifying a sib fate. (semanticscholar.org)
- Neuralized mediates asymmetric division of neural precursors by two distinct and sequential events: promoting asymmetric localization of Numb and enhancing activation of Notch-signaling. (semanticscholar.org)
- We further find that RPA or E2F1 inactivation in the neuroepithelial cells correlates with downregulation of Notch signaling activity, which appears to result from Numb mislocalization. (jneurosci.org)
- In this paper, we report that Hem regulates the asymmetric division of neural precursor cells. (semanticscholar.org)
- Furthermore, a combination of localized signaling and autonomously acting proteins might polarize stem cells in such a way as to ensure asymmetric stem cell divisions. (biologists.org)
- Two essential events that direct asymmetric cell division are the orientation of the mitotic spindles, and the localization of the proteins to different parts of the cell membrane. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- Next, Wang plans to investigate the other proteins that regulate microtubule growth and their role in asymmetric cell division. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- Several recent papers have identified crucial roles for mammalian polarity proteins in a range of in vivo processes, including stem cell behavior, cell fate determination, junction formation and maintenance and organ development. (biologists.org)
- In fruit flies, signal proteins known as Delta and Serrate activate the Notch pathway by binding to receptors on the outside of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
- The temporal regulation of neuroblast asymmetric division is controlled by proteins Hunchback (Hb) and sevenup (svp). (wikipedia.org)
- Sox proteins encompass an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors with critical roles in animal development and stem cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
- Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) are best known for transducing a wide array of extracellular signals received from heptahelical (7TM) cell-surface receptors, such as those initiated by hormones in the bloodstream, neurotransmitters across the synapse, and photons striking the retina. (ijbs.com)
- These aPL connect to a number of haemostasis proteins and a variety of focus on cells including monocytes, endothelial cells (EC) and trophoblasts, resulting in the recruitment of cell surface area receptors and perturbation of intracellular signalling pathways . (researchensemble.com)
- Our analysis of labial function reveals a novel cell autonomous role of this Hox gene in shaping the lineage architecture of the brain during postembryonic development. (biologists.org)
- In this biobytes podcast, Duke-NUS' very own Assoc Prof Wang Hongyan discusses her recent publication in Journal of Cell Biology that reports the role of ADP ribosylation factor like 2 ( arl2 ) and mini spindles ( msps ) genes in asymmetric cell division. (duke-nus.edu.sg)
- In cells of a colon polyp, loss of APC function disables the destruction complex, leading to βcat accumulation, formation of βcat-TCF complexes, and activation of Wnt target genes such as the oncogene c-myc. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Through microarray analysis, we uncovered the distinct molecular signatures that define and distinguish ipsilateral and contralateral RGCs during the critical period of axonal outgrowth and decussation, with more than 300 genes differentially expressed within these two cell populations. (eneuro.org)
- Overexpression of multiple narcotic resistance genes in endothelial cells from patients with refractory epilepsy. (kavalerist.ru)
- Together, our findings identify a key regulatory function of SoxF genes in muscle stem cells via direct transcriptional control and interaction with canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (scicrunch.org)
- The genetic analysis of the alpha Tub67C gene demonstrates that it is required for nuclear division in the oocyte and early embryo. (sdbonline.org)
- During early development of the vertebrate embryo, neural fate is induced in the ectoderm by the underlying notochord. (embopress.org)
- In amniotes, the cells of the morula are at first closely aggregated, but soon they become arranged into an outer or peripheral layer, the trophoblast , which does not contribute to the formation of the embryo proper, and an inner cell mass , from which the embryo is developed. (wikipedia.org)
- In the developing nervous system, cell diversification depends on the ability of neural progenitor cells to divide asymmetrically to generate daughter cells that acquire different identities. (jneurosci.org)
- Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. (jove.com)
- Conversely, one way to generate differentiating cell types, while maintaining a constant stem/progenitor population, is to undergo asymmetric cell division where one daughter differentiates and the other remains a stem cell [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Do stochastic changes in spindle orientation generate cell diversity during normal development, or does spindle orientation always respond to cell type specification? (biomedcentral.com)
- Each NB divides repeatedly via asymmetric cell division to renew itself and to generate a secondary precursor cell, called a ganglion mother cell (GMC) ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
- B ) Repeated NB divisions generate two hemilineages: The Notch ON 'A' hemilineage and the Notch OFF 'B' hemilineage. (elifesciences.org)
- Establishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper matching between pre- and post-synaptic partners. (springer.com)
- The increasing availability of transcriptomic technologies within the last decade has facilitated high-throughput identification of gene expression differences that define distinct cell types as well as the molecular pathways that drive their specification. (eneuro.org)
- Understanding genetic control of satellite cell formation, maintenance, and acquisition of their stem cell properties is on-going, and we have identified SOXF (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) transcriptional factors as being induced during satellite cell specification. (scicrunch.org)
- The molecular pathways that regulate cell and tissue polarity have been extensively studied in lower organisms as well as in mammalian cell culture. (biologists.org)
- Interestingly, there is also evidence that two members of the temporal transcription factor series may regulate the overall number of divisions that a neuroblast undergoes. (biologists.org)
- SOXF factors regulate murine satellite cell self-renewal and function through inhibition of β-catenin activity. (scicrunch.org)
- In the GMC, Prospero translocates to the nucleus, where it establishes differential gene expression between sibling cells. (eurekamag.com)
- Once the GMC has been created, Miranda releases Prospero, which evenly distributes throughout the new cell, and Miranda degrades. (wikipedia.org)
- Cell cycle progression is inhibited by Prospero because it activates cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor (CKI). (wikipedia.org)
- In the GMC Prospero down-regulates svp, inhibiting the temporal trigger of cellular division. (wikipedia.org)
- During the asymmetric division of NBs, the homeodomain transcription factor PROSPERO is segregated into the GMC where it plays a key role as cell fate determinant. (unibas.ch)
- Moreover, we provide evidence that this expression of PROSPERO in GCs inhibits their cell cycle progression by activating the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) DACAPO. (unibas.ch)
- Both embryonic and larval NBs are polarized cells exhibiting strict division patterns crucial for their roles as stem cells. (rupress.org)
- and soon after larval hatching, its cells start to proliferate and separate into an outer optic anlagen (OOA) and an inner optic anlagen (IOA) ( Hofbauer and Campos-Ortega, 1990 ). (biologists.org)
- This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. (jove.com)
- About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. (jove.com)
- In the larval central brain, two types of NBs may be distinguished by their number, position, transcription factor expression, and cell lineage ( Figure 1A ) 4-6 . (jove.com)
- Early reports revealing live NB cell divisions involve some degree of manual dissociation of the larval brain. (jove.com)
- In addition, cell-cell adhesion between stem cells and surrounding support cells is important for holding stem cells close to self-renewal signals. (biologists.org)
- Alternatively, unchecked stem cell self-renewal could expand the number of proliferative, partially differentiated cells in which secondary mutations could arise, contributing to tumorigenesis. (biologists.org)
- Loss of cell polarity, and consequently the potential for asymmetric divisions, is often linked to excessive stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. (stembook.org)
- To maintain a sufficient number and the correct ratio of stem cells and differentiating progeny, stem cells in many tissues have the potential to divide asymmetrically, giving rise to one daughter cell that retains stem cell characteristics and one that differentiates. (biologists.org)
- NBs divide asymmetrically, and the NB daughter retains stem cell character, whereas the GMC daughter goes on to differentiate. (rupress.org)
- The ability of cells to divide asymmetrically to produce two different cell types provides the cellular diversity found in every multicellular organism. (stembook.org)
- The choice of a stem cell to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically has profound consequences for development and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. (jove.com)
- During mammalian cerebral cortex development, neuroepithelial (NE) cells first undergo symmetric divisions to expand the pool of proliferating progenitor cells. (jneurosci.org)
- In cultured mammalian cells, APC localizes to the cell cortex near the ends of microtubules. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- During this presentation, I will outline the history of this particular EM technique and describe different methodologies and key applications in cell biology with a particular emphasis on visualization of actin filament networks at the cell cortex. (u-psud.fr)
- GABAARα2 is decreased in the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells in specific areas of the prefrontal cortex in autism. (ventricular.org)
- Through human postmortem tissue analysis, we previously found a significant decrease in the number of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneuron subtype, the chandelier (Ch) cell, in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with autism. (ventricular.org)
- Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against the GABAA receptor subunit α2 (GABAARα2) - the subunit most prevalent in the Pyr cell AIS - revealed a significantly decreased percent area of GABAARα2 protein labeling in the Pyr cell AIS in supragranular layers of prefrontal cortex areas BA9 and BA47 in autism. (ventricular.org)
- Downregulated GABAARα2 protein in the Pyr cell AIS may result from decreased GABA synthesis in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with autism, and thereby contribute to an excitation/inhibition imbalance. (ventricular.org)
- This causes both cells to adopt an RP2 fate. (semanticscholar.org)
- Asymmetric division is a property of stem cells that leads to the generation of two cells that can adopt different fates. (stembook.org)
- Ikaros, an early lymphoid-specific transcription factor and a putative mediator for T cell commitment. (springer.com)
- Using the epidermis of the skin as a model system, this Commentary aims to discuss the in vivo significance of cell and tissue polarity in the regulation of mammalian tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease. (biologists.org)
- Unregulated symmetric division promotes tumor formation, whereas inappropriate asymmetric division affects organ morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- During first and second instar stages, NE cells of the OOA proliferate by symmetric cell division. (biologists.org)
- One way to expand the pool of stem or progenitor cells during development is to undergo symmetric cell division. (biomedcentral.com)
- RO4929097 is a γ secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM in a cell-free assay, inhibiting cellular processing of Aβ40 and Notch with EC50 of 14 nM and 5 nM, respectively. (selleckchem.com)
- Our analysis suggests that one important role of DSL protein ubi by Mib1 is their release from cis-inhibitory interactions with Notch, enabling them to trans-activate Notch on adjacent cells. (elifesciences.org)
- During signalling, the ligands must be endocytosed in the signal-sending cell to activate Notch in the signal-receiving one. (elifesciences.org)
- Suppressing Notch signaling allows the daughter cells to react to the same signal in different ways, allowing them to have different neural fates. (wikipedia.org)
- E, F) Examples of asymmetries between daughter cells that were introduced by asymmetric inheritance of differently aged centrioles and ciliary membrane (E), and Par3 and Notch signaling components (F). (embopress.org)
- Cell lineage denotes this series of events for an individual cell or cell type. (springer.com)
- In particular, we focus on how orientation within a niche can promote an asymmetric germline stem cell (GSC) division in the testis and the ovary. (biologists.org)
- Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we present a method for purifying the sparse population of ipsilaterally projecting RGCs in mouse retina from their contralaterally projecting counterparts during embryonic development through rapid retrograde labeling followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. (eneuro.org)
- In each division, the daughters differ in fate: one retains stem cell character and the other differentiates. (rupress.org)
- Stem cells are the building blocks of development and allow the maintenance and regeneration of tissues throughout the lifetime of an individual. (biologists.org)
- Thus, adult stem cell populations are essential for both normal tissue homeostasis and repair of tissues after wounding or environmental insult. (biologists.org)
- Asymmetric cell division in developing tissues takes place often and produces cell diversity. (readabstracts.com)
- This ensures that tissues and organ systems develop to the correct size and contain the correct cell types for proper function. (biomedcentral.com)
- During vertebrate development, a wide variety of cell types and tissues emerge from a single fertilized oocyte. (embopress.org)
- Few subjects in biomedical science have captured the imagination of both the scientific community and the public as has the use of stem cells for the repair of damaged tissues. (jci.org)
- The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult easily accessible somatic tissues was introduced ten years ago. (thermofisher.com)
- Stem cells play critical roles in the development of organisms, as well as in the maintenance and repair of organs and tissues throughout adulthood. (thermofisher.com)