Cell adhesion molecules neuronal. Medical search

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (ANTIGENS, CD56); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)

Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of neuronal cell adhesion molecules that is required for proper nervous system development. Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 consists of six Ig domains, five fibronectin domains, a transmembrane region and an intracellular domain. Two splicing variants are known: a neuronal form that contains a four-amino acid RSLE sequence in the cytoplasmic domain, and a non-neuronal form that lacks the RSLE sequence. Mutations in the L1 gene result in L1 disease. Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is predominantly expressed during development in neurons and Schwann cells; involved in cell adhesion, neuronal migration, axonal growth and pathfinding, and myelination.

A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

A member of the S-100 protein family that is present at high levels in the blood and interstitial fluid in several infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. It is a complex of a light chain (CALGRANULIN A) and a heavy chain (CALGRANULIN B). L1 binds calcium through an EF-hand motif, and has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM.

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.

The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.

A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

An integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11A ANTIGEN comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of T-CELLS; B-CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by NATURAL KILLER CELLS and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 has been defined as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A contactin subtype that plays a role in axon outgrowth, axon fasciculation, and neuronal migration.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A family of immunoglobulin-related cell adhesion molecules that are involved in NERVOUS SYSTEM patterning.

Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A family of membrane glycoproteins localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS that contain two extracellular Ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail of variable length.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules.

Venous vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the FETUS via the PLACENTA. In humans, there is normally one umbilical vein.

Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Transmembrane proteins consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that are homologous to complement regulatory proteins. They are important cell adhesion molecules which help LEUKOCYTES attach to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Members of the integrin family appearing late after T-cell activation. They are a family of proteins initially identified at the surface of stimulated T-cells, but now identified on a variety of cell types. At least six VLA antigens have been identified as heterodimeric adhesion receptors consisting of a single common beta-subunit and different alpha-subunits.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.

Movement of tethered, spherical LEUKOCYTES along the endothelial surface of the microvasculature. The tethering and rolling involves interaction with SELECTINS and other adhesion molecules in both the ENDOTHELIUM and leukocyte. The rolling leukocyte then becomes activated by CHEMOKINES, flattens out, and firmly adheres to the endothelial surface in preparation for transmigration through the interendothelial cell junction. (From Abbas, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 3rd ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein transiently expressed in many developing organs and often re-expressed in tumors. It is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in smooth muscle and tendons. (From Kreis & Vale, Guidebook to the Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Proteins, 1993, p93)

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to FOCAL ADHESIONS via its four LIM domains. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A complex blood group system having pairs of alternate antigens and amorphic genes, but also subject to a dominant independently segregating repressor.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Family of proteins associated with the capacity of LEUKOCYTES to adhere to each other and to certain substrata, e.g., the C3bi component of complement. Members of this family are the LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; (LFA-1), the MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; (Mac-1), and the INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2 or p150,95 leukocyte adhesion protein. They all share a common beta-subunit which is the CD18 antigen. All three of the above antigens are absent in inherited LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation, and wound healing as well as abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Specific cell surface receptors which bind to FIBRONECTINS. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These receptors include the traditional fibronectin receptor, also called INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1 and several other integrins.

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

Endothelial cells that line venous vessels of the UMBILICAL CORD.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A subclass of lipid-linked proteins that contain a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE which holds them to the CELL MEMBRANE.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

Receptors such as INTEGRIN ALPHAVBETA3 that bind VITRONECTIN with high affinity and play a role in cell migration. They also bind FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; osteopontin; and THROMBOSPONDINS.

Specialized areas at the CELL MEMBRANE where a cell attaches to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX or other substratum.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Engrailed negatively regulates the expression of cell adhesion molecules connectin and neuroglian in embryonic Drosophila nervous system. (1/1624)

Engrailed is expressed in subsets of interneurons that do not express Connectin or appreciable Neuroglian, whereas other neurons that are Engrailed negative strongly express these adhesion molecules. Connectin and Neuroglian expression are virtually eliminated in interneurons when engrailed expression is driven ubiquitously in neurons, and greatly increased when engrailed genes are lacking in mutant embryos. The data suggest that Engrailed is normally a negative regulator of Connectin and neuroglian. These are the first two "effector" genes identified in the nervous system of Drosophila as regulatory targets for Engrailed. We argue that differential Engrailed expression is crucial in determining the pattern of expression of cell adhesion molecules and thus constitutes an important determinant of neuronal shape and perhaps connectivity. (+info)

Molecular cloning and developmental expression of a zebrafish axonal glycoprotein similar to TAG-1. (2/1624)

TAG-1 is a mammalian cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed transiently by a subset of neurons and serves as a fertile substrate for neurite outgrowth in vitro (Furley, A.H., Morton, S.B., Manalo, D., Karagogeos, S., Dodd, H., Jessell, T.M., 1990 The axonal glycoprotein TAG-1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily member with neurite outgrowth promoting activity. Cell 61, 157-170). In order to examine the in vivo function of this molecule, we have cloned a zebrafish tag1-like cDNA and analyzed its expression patterns. tag1 Is expressed transiently by specific subsets of neurons when they are projecting their axons or when they are migrating. The specific and dynamic pattern of expression of zebrafish tag1 is consistent with its proposed role in axon guidance and cell migration. (+info)

Characterization of a novel rat brain glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (Kilon), a member of the IgLON cell adhesion molecule family. (3/1624)

In the central nervous system, many cell adhesion molecules are known to participate in the establishment and remodeling of the neural circuit. Some of the cell adhesion molecules are known to be anchored to the membrane by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) inserted to their C termini, and many GPI-anchored proteins are known to be localized in a Triton-insoluble membrane fraction of low density or so-called "raft." In this study, we surveyed the GPI-anchored proteins in the Triton-insoluble low density fraction from 2-week-old rat brain by solubilization with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. By Western blotting and partial peptide sequencing after the deglycosylation with peptide N-glycosidase F, the presence of Thy-1, F3/contactin, and T-cadherin was shown. In addition, one of the major proteins, having an apparent molecular mass of 36 kDa after the peptide N-glycosidase F digestion, was found to be a novel protein. The result of cDNA cloning showed that the protein is an immunoglobulin superfamily member with three C2 domains and has six putative glycosylation sites. Since this protein shows high sequence similarity to IgLON family members including LAMP, OBCAM, neurotrimin, CEPU-1, AvGP50, and GP55, we termed this protein Kilon (a kindred of IgLON). Kilon-specific monoclonal antibodies were produced, and Western blotting analysis showed that expression of Kilon is restricted to brain, and Kilon has an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in its expressed form. In brain, the expression of Kilon is already detected in E16 stage, and its level gradually increases during development. Kilon immunostaining was observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, in which the strongly stained puncta were observed on dendrites and soma of pyramidal neurons. (+info)

Cortical bitufted, horizontal, and Martinotti cells preferentially express and secrete reelin into perineuronal nets, nonsynaptically modulating gene expression. (4/1624)

Reelin (Reln) is a protein with some structural analogies with other extracellular matrix proteins that functions in the regulation of neuronal migration during the development of cortical laminated structures. In the cortex of adult animals, Reln is expressed primarily in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons and is secreted into perineuronal nets. However, only 50-60% of GABAergic interneurons express Reln. We have characterized this subpopulation of cortical GABAergic neurons that expresses Reln by using two strategies: (i) a double immunolabeling procedure to determine the colocalization of Reln with neuropeptides and Ca2+-binding proteins and (ii) a combination of Golgi staining and Reln immunolabeling to determine the morphology of the rat cortical cells that store Reln. Many interneurons that express Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or somatostatin (but none of those that express parvalbumin) are Reln-immunopositive. A small population of calbindin-positive interneurons and very few calretinin-positive cells express Reln immunopositivity. Golgi staining revealed that layer I horizontal cells, layer II-V bitufted neurons, and some deep cortical layer Martinotti cells express Reln. Basket and chandelier cells are often immunopositive to parvalbumin, but never to Reln. Although Reln is secreted by GABAergic neurons, its target are not the GABA receptors, but rather may be extrasynaptically located in perineuronal nets and concerned with the modulation of neuronal plasticity. Dab1, the target adapter protein that presumably mediates transcription regulation via the extrasynaptic actions of Reln, is expressed predominantly in pyramidal neurons, but it can also be detected in a small population of GABAergic neurons that are neither horizontal nor bitufted neurons. (+info)

Reelin-induced tyrosine [corrected] phosphorylation of disabled 1 during neuronal positioning. (5/1624)

The reelin (reln) and disabled 1 (dab1) genes both ensure correct neuronal positioning during brain development. We have found that the intracellular Dab1 protein receives a tyrosine phosphorylation signal from extracellular Reln protein. Genetic analysis shows that reln function depends on dab1, and vice versa, as expected if both genes are in the same pathway. Dab1 is expressed at a higher level, yet phosphorylated at a lower level, in reln mutant embryo brains. In primary neuronal cultures, Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation is stimulated by exogenous Reln. These results suggest that Reln regulates neuronal positioning by stimulating Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation. (+info)

Discs Lost, a novel multi-PDZ domain protein, establishes and maintains epithelial polarity. (6/1624)

Polarization of epithelial cells depends on a hierarchical process whereby specific membrane-associated proteins become targeted to specialized membrane domains. Here, we describe a novel Drosophila protein, Discs Lost (DLT), that plays a crucial role in the polarization of embryonic epithelia during cellular blastoderm formation. At subsequent stages of development, DLT interacts with the apical determinant Crumbs (CRB) and the laterally localized protein Neurexin IV (NRX IV). Mutations in dlt or double-stranded RNA interference lead to aberrant localization of CRB and NRX IV and cause a concomitant loss of epithelial cell polarity. Hence, DLT is required to establish and maintain cell polarity and participates in different molecular complexes that define apical and lateral membrane domains. (+info)

Neural development: The semantics of axon guidance. (7/1624)

Recent studies of the semaphorin family of axon guidance signals and their receptors have revealed a surprising versatility in the ways that they can be used solve problems in neural development, and provided new opportunities for understanding how guidance information is interpreted beneath the cell surface. (+info)

Watching a synapse grow: noninvasive confocal imaging of synaptic growth in Drosophila. (8/1624)

The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila adds new boutons and branches during larval development. We generated transgenic fruit flies that express a novel green fluorescent membrane protein at the postsynaptic specialization, allowing for repeated noninvasive confocal imaging of synapses in live, developing larvae. As synapses grow, existing synaptic boutons stretch apart and new boutons insert between them; in addition, new boutons are added at the ends of existing strings of boutons. Some boutons are added de novo, while others bud from existing boutons. New branches form as multiple boutons bud from existing boutons. Nascent boutons contain active zones, T bars, and synaptic vesicles; we observe no specialized growth structures. Some new boutons exhibit a lower level of Fasciclin II, suggesting that the levels of this synaptic cell adhesion molecule vary locally during synaptic growth. (+info)

Neuronal cell adhesion molecule is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRCAM gene. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are ... NRCAM neuronal cell adhesion molecule". Marui T, Funatogawa I, Koishi S, et al. (2008). "Association of the neuronal cell ... This gene encodes a neuronal cell adhesion molecule with multiple immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains and fibronectin type-III ... Grumet M (1997). "Nr-CAM: a cell adhesion molecule with ligand and receptor functions". Cell Tissue Res. 290 (2): 423-8. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRCAM

2000). "Neuronal adhesion molecule telencephalin induces rapid cell spreading of microglia". Brain Res. 849 (1-2): 58-66. doi: ... 2000). "Intercellular adhesion molecule-5 induces dendritic outgrowth by homophilic adhesion". J. Cell Biol. 150 (1): 243-52. ... Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... "Entrez Gene: ICAM5 intercellular adhesion molecule 5, telencephalin". Annaert, W G; Esselens C; Baert V; Boeve C; Snellings G; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM5

... cell-adhesion molecules are also essential to synaptogenesis. Often the binding of pre-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules with ... This brain region contains three main neuronal cell types- Purkinje cells, granule cells and mossy fiber cells. Wnt-3 ... These changes are thought to be mediated by neurotrophin and cell adhesion molecule release from muscle cells, thereby ... Indeed, a defect in genes encoding neuroligin, a cell-adhesion molecule found in the post-synaptic membrane, has been linked to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

August 2017). "Regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis by neuronal cell adhesion molecule 1". Nature Neuroscience. 20 ... 2003). "Implications of nectin-like molecule-2/IGSF4/RA175/SgIGSF/TSLC1/SynCAM1 in cell-cell adhesion and transmembrane protein ... Cell adhesion molecule 1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CADM1 gene. Model organisms have been used in the ... Cell adhesion molecule 1 has been shown to interact with EPB41L3. Genome-wide association studies identified an association ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule_1

"Cell-cell adhesion by homophilic interaction of the neuronal recognition molecule axonin-1". European Journal of Biochemistry. ... It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neuronal membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It ... "The human TAX1 gene encoding the axon-associated cell adhesion molecule TAG-1/axonin-1: genomic structure and basic promoter". ... "The gene for the axonal cell adhesion molecule TAX-1 is amplified and aberrantly expressed in malignant gliomas". Cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactin_2

There is very strong evidence SAMs also have a key role in neuronal morphogenesis. Cell adhesion molecules Fibronectin Laminin ... Substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) are proteins that attach cells to specific compounds in the extracellular matrix (a process ... 2001). "Cell Adhesion Molecules". Encyclopedic reference of cancer, Volume 1. Springer. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-540-66527-4. Barry, ... ISBN 978-0-387-25615-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Ulrich, Klaus (1994). "Cell-Adhesion Molecules ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_adhesion_molecules

An unusual glycoform variation is seen in neuronal cell adhesion molecule, NCAM involving polysialic acids, PSA. G-actin: ... the function of one isoform can promote cell survival, while another promotes cell death-or can have similar basic functions ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.029. PMC 4882190. PMID 26871637. Barre L, Fournel-Gigleux S, Finel M, Netter P, Magdalou J, Ouzzine ... Because the study was conducted on cells in vitro, it is not known if the isoforms in the expressed human proteome share these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_isoform

Mutations in human L1 cell adhesion molecules are reported to cause a number of neuronal disorders. In addition, recent ... "Endocytic pathways downregulate the L1-type cell adhesion molecule neuroglian to promote dendrite pruning in Drosophila". ... Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology. Vol. 190. pp. 1-65. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37107-6_ ... neuronal, glial, and other types of cells. Neuregulin 1 is thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity. It has been shown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuregulin_1

It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neuronal membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It ... Reid RA, Bronson DD, Young KM, Hemperly JJ (Jan 1994). "Identification and characterization of the human cell adhesion molecule ... domains in neuronal cell functions and identification of the domain interacting with the neuronal recognition molecule F3/11". ... "Signaling events following the interaction of the neuronal adhesion molecule F3 with the N-terminal domain of tenascin-R". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactin_1

It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neuronal membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It ... "Molecular genetic analysis of a cell adhesion molecule with homology to L1CAM, contactin 6, and contactin 4 candidate ... "cDNA cloning and chromosomal localization of neural adhesion molecule NB-3 in human". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 51 (3 ... Walsh FS, Doherty P (November 1991). "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored recognition molecules that function in axonal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactin_6

It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neuronal membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It ... 1997). "A novel splice variant of the cell adhesion molecule BIG-2 is expressed in the olfactory and vomeronasal neuroepithelia ... 2004). "Cloning and characterization of the human neural cell adhesion molecule, CNTN4 (alias BIG-2)". Cytogenet. Genome Res. ... "A novel splice variant of the cell adhesion molecule contactin 4 ( CNTN4) is mainly expressed in human brain". J Hum Genet. 47 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactin_4

... these cell adhesion molecule are not necessary for formation of neuronal connections during development. A triple knockout ... Rikitake Y, Mandai K, Takai Y (August 2012). "The role of nectins in different types of cell-cell adhesion". Journal of Cell ... cell-adhesion molecules in synaptic plasticity". Trends in Cell Biology. 10 (11): 473-82. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(00)01838-9. ... "Roles and modes of action of nectins in cell-cell adhesion". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 15 (6): 643-56. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_stabilization

Neuropilin (A5 antigen), a calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule that functions during the formation of certain neuronal ... gene in colorectal tumour cells". FEBS Letters. 581 (6): 1137-42. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.025. PMID 17335815. S2CID ... cell signalling, fertilisation, haemostasis, inflammation, neurotransmission, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and tumour ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUB_domain

The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM simultaneously combines with another N-CAM and a fibroblast growth factor receptor to ... A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or ... Berezin, Vladimir (2009-12-17). Structure and Function of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule NCAM. Springer Science & Business ... a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones". Cell. 75 (2): 217-227. doi:10.1016/0092- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurite

"Genes for the neuronal immunoglobulin domain cell adhesion molecules neurofascin and Nr-CAM map to mouse chromosomes 1 and 12 ... "FIGQY phosphorylation defines discrete populations of L1 cell adhesion molecules at sites of cell-cell contact and in migrating ... Hortsch M (October 1996). "The L1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules: old proteins performing new tricks". Neuron. 17 (4 ... Neurofascin is an L1 family immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule (see L1CAM) involved in axon subcellular targeting and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFASC

This protein, of 200-220 kDa, is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule with a strong implication in cell migration, adhesion, ... L1 has a static function as a cell adhesion molecule which connects different cells. It is involved in the adhesion between ... There are a wide variety of cells which express the protein L1, not only neuronal cells but also some non-neuronal ones. Cells ... where an adhesion molecule on one cell works as a receptor that connects with a different molecule on the other cell. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1_(protein)

PTPrho protein mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion, meaning that when it interacts with a like molecule on an adjacent cell ... PTPrho activity has also been demonstrated to be required for the development of neuronal dendrites. It was found to regulate ... 2009). "Synapse formation regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T through interaction with cell adhesion molecules ... PTPrho associates with members of the cadherin and catenin family of cell adhesion molecules as demonstrated by GST-fusion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRT

The IgLON proteins are a family of five cell-adhesion molecules IgLON 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5, which assist in neuronal growth and ... June 2019). "A Proteomic Screen of Neuronal Cell-Surface Molecules Reveals IgLONs as Structurally Conserved Interaction Modules ... IgLON5 refers to a cell surface protein involved in promoting connections among nerve cells. Prevalence of the HLA-DRB1*10:01 ... connections among nerve cells. and help in brain evolution and maturation to maintain integrity of the blood brain barrier. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-IgLON5_disease

"The neuronal chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan binds to the neural cell adhesion molecules Ng-CAM/L1/NILE and N-CAM, ... Retzler C, Göhring W, Rauch U (1996). "Analysis of neurocan structures interacting with the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM ... and inhibits neuronal adhesion and neurite outgrowth". J. Cell Biol. 125 (3): 669-80. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.3.669. PMC 2119998. ... It is thought to be involved in the modulation of cell adhesion and migration. Neurocan is a significant component of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocan

SynCAM is a cell adhesion molecule that is present in both pre- and post-synaptic membranes. The processes of neuronal ... where the principal neural stem cell is the radial glial cell. The first postmitotic cells must leave the stem cell niche and ... They do not resemble the cells migrating by locomotion or somal translocation. Instead these multipolar cells express neuronal ... In explant cultures (which allow direct cell-cell interactions) the same cells differentiate into epidermis. This is due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system

Receptors such as cell adhesion molecules of the cadherin and immunoglobulin super families, which mediate interactions between ... This neuronal self-recognition is attained through families of cell recognition molecules which work as individual barcodes, ... Neural development Neurogenesis Neuronal tiling Axon guidance Role of cell adhesions in neural development Dendrite ... Structure and function of primitive immunoglobulin superfamily neural cell adhesion molecules: a lesson from studies on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_self-avoidance

"Soluble forms of NCAM and F3 neuronal cell adhesion molecules promote Schwann cell migration: identification of protein ... Kawachi H, Fujikawa A, Maeda N, Noda M (2001). "Identification of GIT1/Cat-1 as a substrate molecule of protein tyrosine ... Expression of this gene is induced in gastric cancer cells, in the remyelinating oligodendrocytes of multiple sclerosis lesions ... Both the protein and transcript are overexpressed in glioblastoma cells, promoting their haptotactic migration. GRCh38: Ensembl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRZ1

For example, IQGAP1 expression is necessary for neuronal process outgrowth on the cell adhesion molecule PTPmu (PTPRM). ... with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and with several signaling molecules to regulate cell morphology and motility. ... weakening these junctions and thus decreasing cell-cell adhesion. IQGAP weakens cell adhesion by displacing a-catenin from the ... a negative regulator of cell-cell adhesion, is upregulated by gene amplification at 15q26 in gastric cancer cell lines HSC39 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQGAP1

Scaffold cell-dependent migration, in which neuronal cadherin (N-cadherin) adhesive molecules are tightly regulated, provides ... Cell-cell adhesions provide chemical and mechanical connections between adjacent cells. Of special importance to neuronal ... Murase, S (Oct 1999). "The role of cell adhesion molecules in synaptic plasticity and memory". Current Opinion in Cell Biology ... Cell migration is generally classified with four cell processes: Leading edge protrusion Adhesion formation Cell body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_cell_adhesions_in_neural_development

... caused by both hydrocephalus and poor neuronal development because of defects in the L1 cell adhesion molecule, results in ... The L1 cell adhesion molecule is a surface protein found on the surface of all neurons. It allows neurons to bind to one ... L1 cell adhesion molecule is essential for the structural development of the brain and contributes to the ability to think, ... the gene that provides the information that allows the body to produce L1 cell adhesion molecule (sometimes called the L1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1_syndrome

Cell aggregation assays show that cell adhesion molecules, such as DSCAM, belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily bind ... and proteins identified as homologs of Down syndrome adhesion molecule. Like many neuronal receptors, Dscam proteins have ... "Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule DSCAM mediates homophilic intercellular adhesion". Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 79 (1-2): 118- ... "Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule DSCAM mediates homophilic intercellular adhesion". Molecular Brain Research. 79 (1-2): 118 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSCAM

In: Structure and Function of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule NCAM, Series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, ... while the GPI-linked form is expressed by non-neuronal cells (mainly glial cells), where it functions as a substrate for growth ... related superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). It was first identified in the developing grasshopper embryo, seen ... having structural homology to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) found in vertebrates. Alternative splicing of fasII ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciclin_2

... of cell and surface adhesion molecules plays a key role in the migration and connectivity of neurons as they form neuronal ... Edelman's isolation of NCAM lead him to theorize on the role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and substrate adhesion molecules ... Edelman and his team went on to isolate the first neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM), one of the many molecules that hold ... Cell division - there are repeated rounds of cell division in the formation of neuronal populations Cell death - there is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

... and reported by several authors and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule ( ... NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM ... "Basal Steroidogenic Activity of Adrenocortical Cells is Increased 10-Fold by Coculture with Chromaffin Cells". Endocrinology. ... Its cells are ovoid and arranged in clusters or arches (glomus is Latin for "ball").[citation needed] In response to increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa

... and reported by several authors and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule ( ... by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct). Sodium retention is also a response of ... by principal cells) and hydrogen ions (by intercalated cells of the collecting duct). Sodium retention is also a response of ... NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex

Teneurins are homophilic adhesion molecules that bind specifically to other teneurin-family molecules on adjacent cells. The ... They are also expressed in some non-neuronal tissues that regulate pattern formation and sites of cell migration. Some Ten-m3 ... cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth using atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy". Nano Letters. 13 ... Rubin BP, Tucker RP, Martin D, Chiquet-Ehrismann R (December 1999). "Teneurins: A Novel Family of Neuronal Cell Surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENM3

... is also an important adhesion molecule and is required for T cells to enter lymph nodes. It is expressed on lymph node ... CD34- has been related to hair follicles' melanocyte regeneration and CD34+ with neuronal regeneration. Cluster of ... as a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of ... Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as haematopoietic cells, or in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

"Microtubule-induced focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion kinase". Nature Cell Biology. 7 (6): ... Chalfie M, Thomson JN (1979). "Organization of neuronal microtubules in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Journal of Cell ... In order to do this, dynein molecules bind organelle membranes via a protein complex that contains a number of elements ... Some cell types, such as plant cells, do not contain well defined MTOCs. In these cells, microtubules are nucleated from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

... neuronal cell adhesion molecule - neuropeptide - neuropeptide receptor - neuropeptide Y - neuropeptide Y receptor - ... cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle protein - cell membrane - cell membrane transport - cell nucleus - ... intercellular adhesion molecule-1 - interferon receptor - interferon type I - interferon type II - interferon-alpha - ... systems biology T cell - T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

1998). "Tumor necrosis factor-α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway". Proc. Natl. Acad ... Ceramide mediates many cell-stress responses, including the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell aging ( ... Schwarz, A.; Futerman, A. (1997). "Distinct roles for ceramide and glucosylceramide at different stages of neuronal growth". J ... whereby the cells differentiated into white blood cells called macrophages. Treatment of the same cells by exogenous Sph caused ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling

The ion channels are accompanied by a high number of cell adhesion molecules and scaffolding proteins that anchor them to the ... Cells called guidepost cells assist in the guidance of neuronal axon growth. These cells that help axon guidance, are typically ... Environments with high levels of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) create an ideal environment for axonal growth. This seems to ... Another set of molecules called extracellular matrix-adhesion molecules also provide a sticky substrate for axons to grow along ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon

... is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion (how cells stick to each other and their ... "Specific interactions of neuronal focal adhesion kinase isoforms with Src kinases and amphiphysin". Journal of Neurochemistry. ... "Insulin receptor substrate-1 as a signaling molecule for focal adhesion kinase pp125(FAK) and pp60(src)". The Journal of ... Haier J, Nicolson GL (February 2002). "PTEN regulates tumor cell adhesion of colon carcinoma cells under dynamic conditions of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTK2

Tikhmyanova N, Tulin AV, Roegiers F, Golemis EA (2010). "Dcas supports cell polarization and cell-cell adhesion complexes in ... Vogel T, Ahrens S, Büttner N, Krieglstein K (2010). "Transforming growth factor beta promotes neuronal cell fate of mouse ... Malherbe LP, Wang D (2012). "Tyrosine kinases EnAbling adaptor molecules for chemokine-induced Rap1 activation in T cells". Sci ... "Cell adhesion regulates Ser/Thr phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of HEF1". J. Cell Sci. 119 (Pt 1): 96-103. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD9

... a member of the IgLON cell adhesion molecule family". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (12): 8224-30. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.12.8224. PMID ... Neuronal growth regulator 1 also known as NEGR1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NEGR1 gene. Variants of the ... January 2009). "Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation". Nat. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEGR1

Mao Y, Lee AW (July 2005). "A novel role for Gab2 in bFGF-mediated cell survival during retinoic acid-induced neuronal ... to control the functional state within the cell. Mutagenesis and Binding assays have helped to identify which molecules and ... integrin signaling pathway-mediated hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration". Blood. 99 (7): 2351-9. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.7. ... GC-GAP is responsible for the proliferation of astroglioma cells. The interaction between GAB2 and Grb2 at the cell membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB2

B-cell migration/adhesion, cell-cell interactions in immune niches and the production and class-switching of immunoglobulins. ... miRNAs base-pair to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules, then gene silence said mRNA molecules by one or more of the ... such as reduced neuronal size and motor abnormalities when silenced in striatal neurons and neurodegeneration when silenced in ... cell adhesion, nervous system development and cell signaling. Altered miRNA levels were found in the medial prefrontal cortex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

In these cells, adhesion to matrigel, transwell migration, and cell growth were all increased following the reduction of PTPRK ... PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, ... "Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are expressed by cycling retinal progenitor cells and involved in neuronal development ... PTPkappa mediates homophilic cell-cell aggregation via its extracellular domain. PTPkappa only mediates binding between cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

Many of the molecules responsible for regulating cell polarity are conserved across cell types and throughout metazoan species ... At the rear of the cell, adhesions are disassembled and bundles of actin microfilaments, called stress fibers, contract and ... Rasband, Matthew N. (August 2010). "The axon initial segment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity". Nature Reviews ... Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_polarity

"Rapgef2 Connects GPCR-Mediated cAMP Signals to ERK Activation in Neuronal and Endocrine Cells". Sci Signal. 6 (281): ra51. doi: ... "Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras ... evidence of a role for focal adhesion kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (14): 12463-73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108504200. PMID 11799111. ... Cell Biol. 178 (5): 843-60. doi:10.1083/jcb.200610073. PMC 2064548. PMID 17724123. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 4, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPGEF2

Isolated IgA deficiency Isolated primary IgM deficiency Janus kinase 3 deficiency Leukocyte adhesion molecule deficiency LIG4 ... pale cell acanthoma) Clear cell squamous cell carcinoma (clear cell carcinoma of the skin) Chronic scar keratosis (chronic ... Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M (2006). "Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a ... Solitary trichoepithelioma Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (spindle cell carcinoma) Spiradenoma Squamous cell carcinoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

... and Cell and Molecular Biology at Northwestern University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Daniel G. Nocera, ... adhesion, solid propellant rockets; founder of International Journal of Fracture; member of National Academy of Engineering ... leading researcher in single-molecule biophysical imaging and study of molecular motors and assemblies involved in DNA, RNA, ... made major contributions to the understanding of neuronal activity through his targeted research on the cycle of excitation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_Institute_of_Technology_people

"Synapse formation regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T through interaction with cell adhesion molecules and Fyn ... Fyn is located downstream of several cell surface receptors, commonly associated with neuronal development and T-cell signaling ... interacts with nephrocystin and both proteins localize to cell-cell contacts of polarized epithelial cells". Exp. Cell Res. 256 ... Fyn's normal role in cell migration and adhesion enables it to utilize the normal cell biology of integrin and FAK for cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYN

... in tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation of expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells". ... 2000). "Polyglutamine expansion down-regulates specific neuronal genes before pathologic changes in SCA1". Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2 ... 2007). "Inhibition of ICMT induces endothelial cell apoptosis through GRP94". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 37 (1): 20-30. doi ... 2004). "Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase activity modulates endothelial cell apoptosis". Mol. Biol. Cell. 14 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMT

Cell. 151 (4): 709-23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.045. PMC 3500766. PMID 23141534. Tomoda T, Kim JH, Zhan C, Hatten ME (March ... Kim JH, Lee HK, Takamiya K, Huganir RL (February 2003). "The role of synaptic GTPase-activating protein in neuronal development ... Husi H, Ward MA, Choudhary JS, Blackstock WP, Grant SG (July 2000). "Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein ... "Distinct phosphotyrosines on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYNGAP1

PPy has been shown to support cell adhesion and growth of a number of different cell types including primary neurons which is ... "Surface immobilization of neural adhesion molecule L1 for improving the biocompatibility of chronic neural probes: In vitro ... Proteins like laminin that promotes neuronal outgrowth and L1 that promotes axonal outgrowth have shown great promise in ... The porous, high surface area of the conductive polymer coatings allows for target cell adhesion (increased cell and tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_neural_implants

The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a ... the interthalamic adhesion. The lateral part of the thalamus is the phylogenetically newest part of the thalamus (neothalamus ... the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH. In mice, ... is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus

... domains in neuronal cell functions and identification of the domain interacting with the neuronal recognition molecule F3/11". ... "Signaling events following the interaction of the neuronal adhesion molecule F3 with the N-terminal domain of tenascin-R". ... which promote attachment and neurite formation of tectal cells". The Journal of Cell Biology. 142 (4): 1083-93. doi:10.1083/jcb ... Woodworth A, Pesheva P, Fiete D, Baenziger JU (March 2004). "Neuronal-specific synthesis and glycosylation of tenascin-R". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenascin-R

... which are cell-cell adhesion molecules found in desmosomes). Underlying cancer or irreversible system impairment, seen in acute ... In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune ... "Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies". Lancet. 341 (8836): 21-22. doi: ... specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines) by tumor cells or by an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome

There is some evidence that SAP97 regulates cell-to-cell adhesion during cell death, and may interact with HPV. In the brain, ... The L27 domain is involved in SAP97 oligomerization with other SAP97 molecules, CASK, and other L27-domain-containing proteins ... a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (41): 26269-72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41 ... "E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion recruits SAP97 into the cortical cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Science. 111 (8): 1071-80. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG1

PrP has been reported to play important roles in cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling in vivo, and may therefore be ... Si K, Lindquist S, Kandel ER (December 2003). "A neuronal isoform of the aplysia CPEB has prion-like properties". Cell. 115 (7 ... This model assumed that a single PrPSc molecule binds to a single PrPC molecule and catalyzes its conversion into PrPSc. The ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.044. PMC 2683788. PMID 19345193. Aguzzi A (January 2008). "Unraveling prion strains with cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion

"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion ... "A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion ... 2001). "The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase". Genes Cells. 5 ( ... Cell. Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093-101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747. Suzuki T, Li W, Zhang JP, et al. (2005). "A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLGAP1

In addition to their role as chloride channels some CLCA proteins function as adhesion molecules and may also have roles as ... Knockdown of TMEM16A suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The reactions believed to be catalyzed by channels ... These eukaryotic proteins are "required for normal electrolyte and fluid secretion, olfactory perception, and neuronal and ... Kim KX, Fettiplace R (January 2013). "Developmental changes in the cochlear hair cell mechanotransducer channel and their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-dependent_chloride_channel

... of cultured cells expressed neuronal markers. Next, we examined the relative expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in ... of cultured cells expressed neuronal markers. Next, we examined the relative expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in ... Neurons in the retina have the advantage of being the most accessible cells of the CNS, and can serve as a reliable mirror to ... Neurons in the retina have the advantage of being the most accessible cells of the CNS, and can serve as a reliable mirror to ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.00983/full

The postsynaptic adhesion proteins Neuroligins (NLs) are essential for proper synapse function, and their alterations are ... Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / deficiency * Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / genetics* * Down-Regulation ... littermates by multi-electrode-array recordings of the output cells of retina, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs in the ... The postsynaptic adhesion proteins Neuroligins (NLs) are essential for proper synapse function, and their alterations are ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28708891/

... modulating cell-cell interactions through cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as cadherins, neural cell adhesion molecules ( ... and neuronal differentiation. Following that, we will discuss existing tissue engineering approaches that utilize CAMs and ... Modulation of cell-cell interactions for neural tissue engineering : potential therapeutic applications of cell adhesion ... Modulation of cell-cell interactions for neural tissue engineering : potential therapeutic applications of cell adhesion ...

https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/102634

... is a well-recognized transmembrane scaffolding protein that functions in synapse development and neuronal signal transduction. ... For instance, the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), an axonal glycoprotein involved in neuronal migration and differentiation ... Studies show that neural cell adhesion molecules that mediate signaling transduction in the nervous system are also associated ... Kiefel, H., et al., L1CAM A major driver for tumor cell invasion and motility. Cell Adhesion & Migration, 2012. 6(4): p. 374- ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-97329/v1

keywords = "Amino Acids, Animals, Axons, Cell Adhesion, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Exons, ...

https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/en/publications/generation-of-multiple-n-cam-polypeptides-from-a-single-gene

"Contactin 4 is a cell-adhesion molecule which is important in neuronal connectivity and is important in development and ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881351

... scaffolding and cell adhesion molecules (CAM). Protocadherin-10 (Pcdh10) is a synaptic CAM highly expressed in the CNS, both in ... The regulation of synaptic strength, spine architecture and density are key processes for the control of neuronal functions and ... Synapses are the basic functional units of the central nervous system (CNS) where the neuronal transmission takes place. ... In neurons, sumoylation plays a key role in controlling several neuronal functions including presynaptic release and dendritic ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/845466/reporting

Abnormalities in neuronal process extension, hippocampal development, and the ventricular system of L1 knockout mice ... The L1 cell adhesion molecule is induced in renal cancer cells and correlates with metastasis in clear cell carcinomas ... L1 cell adhesion molecule as a predictor for recurrence in pulmonary carcinoids and large-cell neuroendocrine tumors ... The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 potentiates integrin-dependent cell migration to extracellular matrix proteins ...

https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/15/23/7345/74407/L1-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule-Is-a-Novel-Independent

Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules 36% * Neurons 13% * Paralysis 20% * Photons 90% * Technology 13% ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neuroadhesive-l1-coating-attenuates-acute-microglial-attachment-t/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Evidence is strong that the muscular form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the neuronal cell adhesion molecule, and the ... The increased pathogenicity is caused by increased virus spread in vivo and faster internalization of the virus into cells (36 ... G is responsible for cell attachment and fusion and is the main viral protein responsible for the induction of neutralization ... internalization of the virus into cells after N194K substitution might suggest that this region has some role in host cell ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/5/13-1389

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to mediate interactions between innervating axons and their targets. However, such ... Molecular genetics of neuronal recognition in Drosophila: evolution and function of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion ... In vivo induction of postsynaptic molecular assembly by the cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin2 . J Cell Biol 17 December 2007; ... In vivo induction of postsynaptic molecular assembly by the cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin2 Hiroshi Kohsaka, Hiroshi Kohsaka ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/179/6/1289/54150/In-vivo-induction-of-postsynaptic-molecular

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/biosynthesis*. *Dose-Response Relationship, Drug. *Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects ... In a previous study utilizing developing zebrafish, the RELN ortholog was in a subset of genes associated with neuronal ... Expression was less spatially restricted early in development but became isolated to specific cell populations in the central ... Reelin (RELN) is a large glycoprotein that plays critical roles during and after neuronal development. ...

http://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-130610-55

Among these, Neuronal cell adhesion molecule (Nrcam) showed reduced transcription and reduced DNA methylation in a region ... Additive manufacturing of laminar flow cells for single-molecule experiments. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9(1). doi: ... This further alters cell-cycle progression and proliferation in JMS cells. Modeling of JMS neurodevelopment reveals majorly ... pericyte-like cells along intracerebral microvessels. These cells are strategically placed to monitor changes in blood-born ...

https://www.med.uio.no/klinmed/english/people/aca/magnarb/index.html

... pathogenic bacteria and on mammalian cells. As a posttranslational modification of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) ... polySia plays an important role in cellular motility, neuronal plasticity and has implications in tumor metastasis in mammals. ...

https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/130210.html

Our results demonstrate the requirement of neuronal synaptobrevin for regulation of cell adhesion molecules and development of ... Neuropil pattern formation and regulation of cell adhesion molecules in Drosophila optic lobe development depend on ... Neuropil pattern formation and regulation of cell adhesion molecules in Drosophila optic lobe development depend on ... Neuropil pattern formation and regulation of cell adhesion molecules in Drosophila optic lobe development depend on ...

https://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/biologie/arbeitsgruppen/neurobiologie/ag_hiesinger/publikationen/1999_hiesinger_neuropil/index.html

... cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin 186 (Nfasc), and neuronal scaffold protein Ankyrin-G (AnkG) in neurons, which facilitates ... Neuropeptides are a chemically diverse class of cell-to-cell signaling molecules that are widely expressed throughout the ... Profiling 26,000 Aplysia californica neurons by single cell mass spectrometry reveals neuronal populations with distinct ... While cell-to-cell differences in neuropeptides is expected, it is often unclear how exactly neuropeptide expression varies ...

https://www.jbc.org/Neurobiology

Neuropilin (A5 antigen), a calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule that function during the formation of certain neuronal ... Truncated RPTP mu is properly expressed at the cell surface but fails to promote cell-cell adhesion. Homophilic cell adhesion ... Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous ... Species diversity in the structure of zonadhesin, a sperm-specific membrane protein containing multiple cell adhesion molecule- ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=MAM&START=736&END=914&E_VALUE=1.38e-49&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=RQAGQQRWWEQEIKINGNIQKGELITYNLTELIKPEAYEVRLTPLTKFGEGDSTIRVIKYTGEFHCGFEDGNICLFTQDDTDNFDWTKQSTATRNTKYTPNTGPSADRSGSKEGFYMYIETSRPRLEGEKARLLSPVFSIAPKNPYGPTNSAYCFSFFYHMYGQHIGVLNVYLRLKGQT

... neuronal substrates, transporters, ion channels, and cell adhesion molecules. ... Nearly all aspects of biology, including: a) protein folding; b) cell adhesion and trafficking; c) cell signaling, ... Analytical and quantitative technologies to study glycans at the single cell level in cultured samples and tissue specimens ... stem cell differentiation/ proliferation as well as for studying the role of glycans associated with changes in blood vessel ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-RM-17-030.html

... including the X-linked L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) [82] . This recent study has shown that there may be increased genetic ... 101. Demyanenko, G.P., Tsai, A.Y. and Maness, P.F. (1999) Abnormalities in Neuronal Process Extension, Hippocampal Development ... including reduced cell proliferation, impaired cell cycling, and/or increased cell death and arrested migration of glial cells ... 13. Del Bigio, M.R., and Zhang, Y.W. (1998) Cell Death, Axonal Damage, and Cell Birth in the Immature Rat Brain Following ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/4-2080201_81347.htm

The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) protein is found primarily in the nervous system and is important in neuronal adhesion, ... Hirschsprungs disease (HSCR) is characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells in the distal gut, resulting in ... Hirschsprungs disease is an inherited disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal bowel. ... Neurocutaneous melanosis is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by proliferation of melanin-producing cells in the skin ...

https://www.jpedsurg.org/content/online_exclusive?startPage=&KeywordRaw=Hirschsprung

cell-cell adhesion involved in neural tube closure + cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in ... cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules + The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules ... calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules + calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via ... heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/view.html?acc_id=GO:0098742

Engrailed negatively regulates the expression of cell adhesion molecules connectin and neuroglian in embryonic Drosophila ... Clones of ptc-en- cells do not affect neuronal pathfinding. (A-C) Clones that lack ptc and en (marked with y and pwn) were ... Cells of the P compartment express en (blue), which also contributes, late, to a6 cell identity. Cells of the P compartment ... Cells of the P compartment express en (blue), which also contributes, late, to a6 cell identity. Cells of the P compartment ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/137/17/2885/43816/Mechanosensilla-in-the-adult-abdomen-of-Drosophila

Our own work implicated NEEP21 in correct trafficking of the axonal cell adhesion molecule L1/neuron-glia cell adhesion ... Transfection of neuronal cultures.. Neuronal cultures at 8-10 DIV were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 with 1 μg of DNA, 2 ... Downregulation of NEEP21 caused missorting of endocytosed L1/neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (NgCAM; Yap et al., 2008). In ... N = 21 cells (GFP), and N = 34 cells (DN-EEA1). Bar indicates the SEM. **p , 0.001 Students t test. One representative ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/44/14633

Immunostaining of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (Pecam1, a.k.a. Cd31) was used to visualize vasculature in the ... The term neuroinfammation often is used to infer the elaboration of proinfammatory mediators by microglia elicited by neuronal ... Bacterial cell wall endotoxins, i.e. lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are some of the original compounds shown to evoke the classic ... Cell signaling; Cellular reactions; Antibodies; Morphology; Histology; Exposure assessment; Cytokines; Pathogens; Author ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=32&RecNo=311&View=f&

The N Terminus of the Prion Protein Mediates Functional Interactions with the Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) ... Effect of neighboring cells on cell stiffness measured by optical tweezers indentation. J Biomed Opt. 2016 05 31; 21(5):57004. ... Prada I, Amin L, Furlan R, Legname G, Verderio C, Cojoc D. A new approach to follow a single extracellular vesicle-cell ... My PhD project aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the force generation in neuronal growth cones. To ...

https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/profile/ladan-amin/

... and a GWA study has shown that neuronal cell-adhesion molecules may be collectively associated with ASDs [9], it is plausible ... Since several neuronal cell-adhesion genes have been identified in rare ASD cases [80, 81] ... The microtubule destabilizer stathmin mediates the development of dendritic arbors in neuronal cells. J Cell Sci. 2007;120(Pt 8 ... The emerging role of synaptic cell-adhesion pathways in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32 ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-016-2475-y

The β subunits are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain family of cell-adhesion molecules. They modulate multiple aspects ... of Nav channel behaviour and play critical roles in controlling neuronal excitability. The recently published atomic resolution ... channels are intrinsic plasma membrane proteins that initiate the action potential in electrically excitable cells. They are a ... structures of the human β3 and β4 subunit Ig domains open a new chapter in the study of these molecules. In particular, the ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280463

... is a retrovirus that causes two diseases including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL cancer) and HTLV-1 Associated ... Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Th1 and Th2 cell ... NEPH3 intercedes the adhesion between the Ptf1a-progenitors, which is essential for maturation, neuronal migration, and ... KIRREL2 (NEPH3) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. NEPH3 is regulated by the cooperation of ...

https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-021-01643-8

... and cell adhesion molecules with a neurobiological interest.. The CAZymes govern the hydrolysis, conversion or recognition of ... Marine Macrocyclic Imines, Pinnatoxins A and G: Structural Determinants and Functional Properties to Distinguish Neuronal α7 ... and to cell-adhesion molecules structurally related to the cholinesterases or to other families of proteins and associated with ... Structural Analysis of the Synaptic Protein Neuroligin and Its β-Neurexin Complex: Determinants for Folding and Cell Adhesion. ...

http://www.afmb.univ-mrs.fr/en/team/structural-glycobiology-and-neurobiology/

Therefore, modulating cell-cell interactions through cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as cadherins, neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) and L1, may be a potential alternative to improve nerve regeneration. (ntu.edu.sg)
As a posttranslational modification of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polySia plays an important role in cellular motility, neuronal plasticity and has implications in tumor metastasis in mammals. (uni-goettingen.de)
Slapšak U, Salzano G, Amin L, Abskharon RN, Ilc G, Zupancic B, Biljan I, Plavec J, Giachin G, Legname G. The N Terminus of the Prion Protein Mediates Functional Interactions with the Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Fibronectin Domain. (bu.edu)
CD56 is a single transmembrane glycoprotein also known as NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), Leu-19, or NKH1. (biolegend.com)
Early in development, long chains of sialic acid polymers (polysialic acid) are also found on neuronal cell adhesion molecules (NCAM). (anthropogeny.org)

Expression of tetanus toxin light chain (which cleaves neuronal synaptobrevin) and genetic mosaics were used to analyze neuropil pattern formation and levels of selected neural adhesion molecules in the optic lobe. (fu-berlin.de)
These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES , now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue. (bvsalud.org)
Kenwrick S, Watkins A, De Angelis E. Neural cell recognition molecule L1: relating biological complexity to human disease mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
The male-specific Fruitless protein inhibits programmed cell death in a cluster of neurons, allowing them to form a neural circuit that directs males to court females and not males. (drosophila-images.org)
Polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule in brain plasticity: from synapses to integration of new neurons. (anthropogeny.org)
Alterations in neural cell adhesion molecules throughout enchancment of varied Omg Sex Cams areas of the nervous system. (annfieldcottage.com)
The mechanism of binding of neural cell adhesion molecules. (youngdisciples.org)
Alterations in neural cell adhesion molecules during growth of various regions of the nervous system. (youngdisciples.org)
Kinetics of homophilic binding by embryonic and adult types of the neural cell adhesion molecule. (youngdisciples.org)
During regular growth, the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM adjustments on the cell-surface from a sialic acid-rich embryonic, or E type, to several adult, or A forms that have less sialic acid (E-to-A conversion). (youngdisciples.org)
The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) inhibits proliferation in main cultures of rat astrocytes. (jshcsp.com)
During regular growth, the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM modifications at the cell-surface from a sialic acid-rich embryonic, or E kind, to several adult, or A types which have less sialic acid (E-to-A conversion). (jshcsp.com)
Super-complexes of adhesion GPCRs and neural guidance receptors. (mpg.de)
Regarding animal models in ASD, many studies focus on gene expression, cortical neuronal migration and cell maturation, and neural network deficits. (bvsalud.org)

In vitro study of adult neurons is a fundamental and indispensable tool for understanding the precise contribution of neuronal genes and proteins toward the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The postsynaptic adhesion proteins Neuroligins (NLs) are essential for proper synapse function, and their alterations are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. (nih.gov)
Synapse physiology and maturation is regulated by the orchestrated activity of plenty of proteins, including enzymes, receptors, scaffolding and cell adhesion molecules (CAM). (europa.eu)
Intriguingly, neurons express cell type-specific proteins that localize to endosomes, but little is known about how these neuronal proteins interface with canonical endosomes and ubiquitously expressed endosomal components, such as EEA1 (Early Endosomal Antigen 1). (jneurosci.org)
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels are intrinsic plasma membrane proteins that initiate the action potential in electrically excitable cells. (cam.ac.uk)
In particular we have accumulated expertise in the study of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, whose malfunctioning has been correlated with neurodegenerative diseases, and to cell-adhesion molecules structurally related to the cholinesterases or to other families of proteins and associated with developmental neuronal deficiencies. (univ-mrs.fr)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are (glyco)proteins expressed on the cell surface and play a critical role in a wide array of biologic processes that include hemostasis, the immune response, inflammation, embryogenesis, and development of neuronal tissue. (kegg.jp)
Membrane proteins that mediate immune cell-cell interactions fall into different categories, namely those involved in antigen recognition, costimulation and cellular adhesion. (kegg.jp)
This positioning allows the L1 protein to attach (bind) to other proteins, including other L1 proteins, on neighboring neurons to help these cells stick to one another (cell-cell adhesion). (medlineplus.gov)
Other mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the L1 protein, impairing the protein's ability to interact with other proteins at the cell surface or preventing the protein from reaching the cell surface where it is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Proper neuronal development, neuronal function and neuronal plasticity depend on the precise targeting of proteins to the right compartment. (biologists.com)
Thus, a central conundrum in Neuroscience remains: how are axonal and dendritic proteins differentially located to distinct compartments within the same cell? (biologists.com)
Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. (medchemexpress.com)
When coated with proteins, cells adhere to and grow on our soft surfaces. (grstiftung.ch)

Our own work implicated NEEP21 in correct trafficking of the axonal cell adhesion molecule L1/neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (NgCAM). (jneurosci.org)
Nerve growth issue enhances expression of neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule in PC12 cells. (annfieldcottage.com)

Here, we alter the amount of Engrailed protein and manipulate the Hedgehog signalling pathway in clones of cells to study their effects on nerve pathfinding within the peripheral nervous system. (biologists.com)
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating in the brain. (cdc.gov)
While there seems to be an overactivation of the neuronal interleukin-1 signaling pathway, the immune response is apparently compromised in FAP. (biomedcentral.com)
Evidence for Association of Cell Adhesion Molecules Pathway and NLGN1 Polymorphisms with Schizophrenia in Chinese Han Population. (cdc.gov)
To understand the mechanism responsible for axonal polarization of Nrxn1α the authors performed live-cell imaging experiments to monitor the transport of Nrxn1a throughout the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)

Neurons in the retina have the advantage of being the most accessible cells of the CNS, and can serve as a reliable mirror to the brain. (frontiersin.org)
Analysis of neurons cultured in isolation over time facilitates perturbation of neuron-specific signaling pathways by exposing them to chemical agents, and manipulation of neuronal genes using knock-down or overexpression studies. (frontiersin.org)
since adult tissue consists of mature neurons which do not undergo cell division. (frontiersin.org)
In neurons, sumoylation plays a key role in controlling several neuronal functions including presynaptic release and dendritic spine maturation. (europa.eu)
The function of endosomes is intricately linked to cellular function in all cell types, including neurons. (jneurosci.org)
However, diverting microglial interactions away from synaptic remodeling and other types of microglial interactions with neurons may have adverse effects on neuronal function. (cdc.gov)
During early development of the nervous system, neurons elongate their axons towards their targets and establish and maintain synapses through formation of cell-cell adhesions. (kegg.jp)
Cell-cell adhesions also underpin axon-axon contacts and link neurons with supporting schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. (kegg.jp)
The L1CAM gene provides instructions for producing the L1 cell adhesion molecule protein (shortened to L1 protein), which is found on the surface of nerve cells (neurons) throughout the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
The protein also plays a role in the formation of the protective sheath (myelin) that surrounds certain neurons and the formation of junctions between nerve cells (synapses), where cell-to-cell communication occurs. (medlineplus.gov)
Neurons are polarized cells with two distinct compartments: dendrites and axons. (biologists.com)
The bulk of protein synthesis in neurons occurs at the cell body. (biologists.com)

Interestingly, although GABAAα2-bearing receptors have been related to direction-selective circuits of the retina, features of direction selective-retinal ganglion cells recorded remained unperturbed in the NL3 KO. (nih.gov)
NEEP21 (Neuronal Early Endosomal Protein 21 kDa) localizes to somatodendritic endosomes, and downregulation of NEEP21 perturbs the correct trafficking of multiple receptors, including glutamate receptors (GluA2) during LTP and amyloidogenic processing of βAPP. (jneurosci.org)
Currently, my research project focuses on identifying the molecular mechanism by which amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates interact with cell surface receptors including cellular prion protein (PrPC). (bu.edu)
In this work, I am using a multi-disciplinary approach combining single molecule super-resolution microscopy, biochemical and biophysical assays, and cell-based neurotoxicity experiments to measure the dynamics and kinetics of Aβ interactions with its membrane receptors. (bu.edu)
There are three main receptors on the cells for HTLV-1 including neuropilin, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and heperan sulfate proteoglycan [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our research projects address the molecular architectures and functional mechanisms of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and of enzymes, receptors/channels, and cell adhesion molecules with a neurobiological interest. (univ-mrs.fr)
We also address the function, recognition properties and structure of receptors, enzymes and adhesion molecules involved in central and peripheral neurotransmission, with particular interest for their structure-function relationships, specificity of partner and ligand recognition, conformational dynamics and functional regulation. (univ-mrs.fr)
Expression of melatoninergic receptors in human placental choriocarcinoma cell lines. (medchemexpress.com)

The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) protein is found primarily in the nervous system and is important in neuronal adhesion, migration, neurite outgrowth, and myelination. (jpedsurg.org)
Contactin genes CNTN5 and CNTN6 code for neuronal cell adhesion molecules that promote neurite outgrowth in sensory-motor neuronal pathways. (pasteur.fr)

Given the crucial cargos affected by NEEP21, we set out to uncover how neuronal early endosomes containing the ubiquitously expressed EEA1 (Early Endosomal Antigen 1) and/or NEEP21 were dynamically organized, and whether EEA1 and/or NEEP21 affected L1-mediated axon outgrowth. (jneurosci.org)

The L1CAM gene mutations that cause this condition lead to an L1 protein that cannot facilitate cell-cell adhesion or participate in various neuronal functions. (medlineplus.gov)
It is likely that the L1CAM gene mutations that cause these features contribute to disruption of the normal migration and function of nerve cells in the brain and intestine, leading to hydrocephalus and Hirschsprung disease. (medlineplus.gov)

Neuropilin (A5 antigen), a calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule that function during the formation of certain neuronal circuits. (embl.de)
Figure depicting antigen presentation by the dendritic cell, with the lymphocyte and cytokine response leading to airway inflammation and asthma symptoms. (medscape.com)

Among these, Neuronal cell adhesion molecule (Nrcam) showed reduced transcription and reduced DNA methylation in a region corresponding to intron 1 in human NRCAM. (uio.no)
Association between neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM) single nucleotide polymorphisms and schizophrenia in a Korean population. (cdc.gov)

Majority of these approaches only focus on growth factors and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. (ntu.edu.sg)
As another important component in nerve tissues, the potential of modulating cell-cell interactions as a strategy to promote regeneration has been overlooked. (ntu.edu.sg)
Within the central nervous system, there are considerably more cell-cell communications as compared to cell-ECM interactions, since the ECM only contributes 10%-20% of the total tissue volume. (ntu.edu.sg)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are thought to mediate interactions between innervating axons and their targets. (rupress.org)
In receptor tyrosine phosphatase mu-like molecules the MAM domain is important for homophilic cell-cell interactions. (embl.de)

Synapses are the basic functional units of the central nervous system (CNS) where the neuronal transmission takes place. (europa.eu)

In a previous study utilizing developing zebrafish, the RELN ortholog was in a subset of genes associated with neuronal function that was altered following exposure to 100 ppb Pb at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). (zfin.org)
In the embryos of complex animals, including mammals and arthropods, the orderly deployment of selector genes determines cell identities and positions morphogen gradients. (biologists.com)
These results reinforce the hypothesis of abnormal neuronal connectivity in the pathophysiology of ASD and shed new light on the genes that increase risk for abnormal sensory perception in ASD. (pasteur.fr)
El objetivo de nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar y correlacionar genes involucrados en TEA y aque- llos relacionados con la comunicación ultrasónica en estudios con modelos animales de comportamiento social basado en el lenguaje en la base de datos PubMed. (bvsalud.org)

Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. (elsevier.com)
The multifunctional polymer coating adhered strongly to our soft substrates and enabled cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. (grstiftung.ch)

Regulation of cerebral cortex folding by controlling neuronal migration via FLRT adhesion molecules. (mpg.de)
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) migration throughout life is believed to be central to hematopoiesis under homeostasis. (stembook.org)
We suggest that mechanistic insight in HSC migration may serve as a template for other stem cells, particularly in cancer. (stembook.org)
Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. (idrblab.net)

Next, we examined the relative expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in adult goat brain and retina. (frontiersin.org)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in particular have long been proposed to have instrumental roles in triggering synaptic assembly for the following two reasons. (rupress.org)
First, CAMs may provide an adhesive link between pre- and postsynaptic cells by holding the synaptic contacts together. (rupress.org)

examined the role of the sorting receptor SorCS1 in the transcytosis-mediated axonal targeting of Neurexin (Nrxn), a presynaptic cell adhesion molecule essential for synaptogenesis and neuronal transmission 3 . (biologists.com)

Species diversity in the structure of zonadhesin, a sperm-specific membrane protein containing multiple cell adhesion molecule-like domains. (embl.de)
It is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neuronal membrane protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. (utsouthwestern.edu)

However, these cultures are of limited value in studying neurodegenerative disease which primarily affects mature and aged neuronal tissue. (frontiersin.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (1elisakits.com)
The wound is rapidly covered by skin cells within the first 24 hours after the injury, protecting the reconstructing tissue underneath. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Because tissue is generally soft and plastic is stiff, cells become stressed by the hard surface and lose their tissue character. (grstiftung.ch)
Tissue-soft culture allows to enhancing cell production by increasing both quantity and quality, two prerequisites necessary for novel therapeutic applications such as cell therapy. (grstiftung.ch)
To date, we have successfully developed silicone-based substrates with tissue-like stiffness for cell culture applications. (grstiftung.ch)

These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
CD56 plays a role in homophilic and heterophilic adhesion via binding to itself or heparan sulfate. (biolegend.com)

Axonal pathfinding and programmed cell death are not affected. (fu-berlin.de)
Alternatively, axonal cargo can be first inserted into the somatodendritic plasma membrane, and only then internalized from the cell surface and rerouted via endosomally derived carriers to the axon through a mechanism called transcytosis 2 . (biologists.com)
Indeed, when they monitored endocytosis, Nrxn1a was internalized from this membrane and further transcytosed, through the cell, from the dendritic surface to the axonal compartment. (biologists.com)

Expression was less spatially restricted early in development but became isolated to specific cell populations in the central nervous system by 48 hpf. (zfin.org)
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. (bvsalud.org)

The validity of the method was confirmed by the coinciding enrichment in endothelial markers claudin-5, ATP binding cassette protein B1 (ABCB1) (P-gp) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31) in the same vascular fractions, whereas neuronal nuclei (NeuN) staining was more prominent in microvessel-depleted fractions (Figure 1A), as shown in our previous work. (medscape.com)

Genetic, deletion, and photobleaching analyses suggest that Fas2-mediated trans-synaptic adhesion is important for the postsynaptic accumulation of both Fas2 itself and Dlg. (rupress.org)
We propose that Fas2 mediates trans-synaptic adhesion, which contributes to postsynaptic molecular assembly at the onset of synaptogenesis. (rupress.org)
To investigate a possible involvement of synaptic machinery in Drosophila visual system development, we studied the effects of a loss of function of neuronal synaptobrevin, a protein required for synaptic vesicle release. (fu-berlin.de)
Nephrin-like domains of IL2RG in enzymes lack NAD-dependent umbilical neuronal absence( X-SCID), which activates a distress of also regulated goal and NOTCH2 fuel( synaptic) receptor eNOS, but synthetic tethers of B substrates. (erik-mill.de)

The thick muscular layers of the uterus derive from mesenchymal cells, while the inner part (the junctional zone and endometrium) derives from the Müllerian duct. (edu.pl)

FLRT structure: Balancing repulsion and cell adhesion in cortical and vascular development. (mpg.de)
Con respecto a los modelos animales en TEA, muchos estudios se centran en la expresión génica, la migración y maduración neuronal cortical y los déficits de la red neuronal, pero muy pocos son los estudios que relacionen directamente la comunicación oral animal y la expresión génica en áreas corticales del lenguaje. (bvsalud.org)

sensory axons that are too near these cells are either deflected or fail to extend properly or at all. (biologists.com)
They start out small, initially causing few or no symptoms, but as they built up in the axons, they begin to destroy the cytoskeleton, the internal framework of the cells, increasingly interfering with the transmission of signals from the nerve cells. (salk.edu)
Eventually the affected axons die, followed by the death of the nerve cell itself. (salk.edu)

My PhD project aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the force generation in neuronal growth cones. (bu.edu)
Molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion in regular and remodeled cells. (jshcsp.com)
We examine and discuss recent findings that shed new light into the molecular connections that feed a complex network between stem cells and their microenvironment, implicating parallel mechanisms for non-hematopoietic stem cells. (stembook.org)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
The coating does not interfere with conventional biological techniques to retrieve cells for biochemical or molecular analysis. (grstiftung.ch)

The term neuroinfammation often is used to infer the elaboration of proinfammatory mediators by microglia elicited by neuronal targeted activity. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to an allergen or trigger causes a characteristic form of airway inflammation in susceptible individuals, exemplified by mast cell degranulation, release of inflammatory mediators, infiltration by eosinophils, and activated T lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Within minutes of exposure to an allergen, mast cell degranulation is observed along with the release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine, prostaglandin D2, and leukotriene C4. (medscape.com)
The release of inflammatory mediators primes adhesion molecules in the airway epithelium and capillary endothelium, which then allows inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils, to attach to the epithelium and endothelium and subsequently migrate into the tissues of the airway. (medscape.com)

The dendritic sorting receptor SorCS1 maintains cell compartment-specific protein composition. (biologists.com)

SUMO-PCDH10 (Physiological consequences of Protocadherin-10 sumoylation on neuronal function. (europa.eu)
Periodic Reporting for period 1 - SUMO-PCDH10 (Physiological consequences of Protocadherin-10 sumoylation on neuronal function. (europa.eu)
We show that CtsE is critically decreased in bone marrow-derived macrophages from a FAP mouse model, possibly contributing for cell function impairment. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, S255A mutant eliminated the E3 ligase activity while retained cell protective function of MG53. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, our mouse models potentially offer a unique and powerful model system to study the visual function of displaced retinal ganglion cells in mammals. (eneuro.org)

studied the prenatal development of uterine smooth muscle using light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from 10 human fetuses between 12- and 40-week gestation period in order to establish whether the smooth muscle of the fetal uterus develops into both smooth muscle cells and endometrial stromal cells in the mature uterus. (edu.pl)

No changes in brain morphology as assessed by measuring brain length and no significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain were observed at the highest exposure concentration. (zfin.org)
These data demonstrate that a decrease in reln expression occurs following Pb exposure at a concentration below one that results in changes in brain length or in the number of apoptotic cells in the zebrafish model system during a short window and is likely linked to concurrent developmental processes. (zfin.org)
Furthermore cell-cell adhesions are important for brain morphology and highly coordinated brain functions such as memory and learning. (kegg.jp)
The localization of INSRα on microvessels was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence where the signal of human INSRα antibody overlapped with claudin-5, a tight-junction protein of brain endothelial cells, but was almost absent in microvessel-depleted fractions containing NeuN-positive cells (Figure 1C and Supplementary Figure 3 ). (medscape.com)

RESULTS: We found that IPC triggered robust MG53 secretion in rodents in vivo, perfused hearts, and cultured cardiac myocytes without causing cell membrane leakage. (bvsalud.org)
These substances cause airway smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, mucus secretion, and activation of neuronal reflexes. (medscape.com)
72 hours) inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, forskolin-stimulated hCG-beta secretion in JEG-3 and BeWo cells but had no effect on basal human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG-beta) levels [4] . (medchemexpress.com)

Structurally encoded intraclass differences in EphA clusters drive distinct cell responses. (mpg.de)

Retinal activity was thereafter assessed in KO and wild-type (WT) littermates by multi-electrode-array recordings of the output cells of retina, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (nih.gov)
FLRT3 marks direction-selective retinal ganglion cells that project to the medial terminal nucleus. (mpg.de)
Interrestingly, we unexpectedly uncovered a unique role of GSK3s in controlling the genesis of retinal ganglion cells in the inner nuclear layer, which could correspond to a rare and poorly characterized retinal cell type. (eneuro.org)

In the control movie, normal programmed cell death was observed (red pseudo colored cells) as well as tertiary pigment cell morphogenesis (green pseudo colored cell). (drosophila-images.org)

This difference is produced by active elimination of neuronal precursor cells in females. (drosophila-images.org)

In genetic mosaics, patches of photoreceptors that lack neuronal synaptobrevin exhibit the same phenotypes observed after photoreceptor-specific toxin expression. (fu-berlin.de)

Reelin (RELN) is a large glycoprotein that plays critical roles during and after neuronal development. (zfin.org)
This cell surface glycoprotein contains a zinc-metalloprotease domain capable of degrading a variety of polypeptides. (embl.de)

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are also known as hepatic adenomas, telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) or, less commonly, liver cell adenomas. (medscape.com)

In this framework, sexual orientation can be understood in relation to an identified neuronal circuit and defined actions of a sex-determination gene. (drosophila-images.org)

Moreover, the experimental approaches I use open up the possibility of probing the mechanism of action of other agents that affect Aβ aggregation, such as small molecules, inhibitors and antibodies. (bu.edu)

Wikimedia Commons has cells removed to Lipid kinases. (erik-mill.de)

Study of hyperglycemia-associated neuronal damage in adult tissues isolated from higher mammals may provide clinically-relevant data applicable to adult-onset diabetes which currently affects nearly half a billion people worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Altogether, our data highlights the potential of CtsE as a novel FAP biomarker and a possible modulator for innate immune cell chemotaxis to the disease most affected tissues-the peripheral nerve and the gastrointestinal tract. (biomedcentral.com)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
We have designed novel biomimetic cell culture surfaces that imitate the softness of various tissues and organs, allowing the cells to «feel like home» even outside the body. (grstiftung.ch)

I am particularly excited about this opportunity, which complements my previous knowledge by introducing me to the field of Alzheimer's disease, and is helping me to learn new skills in protein chemistry and cell biology for which the Harris laboratory is known. (bu.edu)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.org)

They modulate multiple aspects of Nav channel behaviour and play critical roles in controlling neuronal excitability. (cam.ac.uk)

Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between the expression level of NLGN2 and the immunomodulatory molecules, as well as increased interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes. (researchsquare.com)

Through a bistable loop the growth regulator melted and the tumor suppressor warts specify opposite cell fates in the R8. (drosophila-images.org)

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes two diseases including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL cancer) and HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP, a neurodegenerative disease) after a long latency period as an asymptomatic carrier (AC). (biomedcentral.com)
The HTLV-1 infection may cause developing two major diseases including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL cancer) and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM) after elapsing an asymptomatic carrier (AC) state. (biomedcentral.com)
Hematopoiesis is sustained by a renewable pool of stem cells that interacts with distinct, sequential and specific microenvironments during normal development and throughout adult life. (stembook.org)

The Common Fund Program - Accelerating Translation of Glycoscience: Integration and Accessibility - aims to develop accessible and affordable new tools and technologies for studying carbohydrates that will allow biomedical researchers to significantly advance our understanding of the roles of these complex molecules in health and disease. (nih.gov)

We found slit to be expressed in the P compartment and, using genetic mosaics, present evidence that Slit is the responsible molecule. (biologists.com)

The first stage of growth after loss of a limb is the formation of a mass of stem cells at the end of the stump called a blastema, which is used to gradually reconstruct the lost body part. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Evidence exists that states that it can neutralise free radicals, prevent peroxidation of lipids and protects the cardiovascular system, hepatobiliary system, immune system, neuronal system and pulmonary system 4 . (randox.com)

Bacterial cell wall endotoxins, i.e. lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are some of the original compounds shown to evoke the classic signs of systemic infammation/innate immune response and neuroinfammation. (cdc.gov)

Neuropil pattern formation and regulation of cell adhesion molecules in Drosophila optic lobe development depend on synaptobrevin. (fu-berlin.de)
Our results demonstrate the requirement of neuronal synaptobrevin for regulation of cell adhesion molecules and development of the fine structure of the optic lobe. (fu-berlin.de)

BACKGROUND: As an integral component of cell membrane repair machinery, MG53 (mitsugumin 53) is important for cardioprotection induced by ischemia preconditioning and postconditioning. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy47

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Engrailed negatively regulates the expression of cell adhesion molecules connectin and neuroglian in embryonic Drosophila nervous system. (1/1624)

Molecular cloning and developmental expression of a zebrafish axonal glycoprotein similar to TAG-1. (2/1624)

Characterization of a novel rat brain glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (Kilon), a member of the IgLON cell adhesion molecule family. (3/1624)

Cortical bitufted, horizontal, and Martinotti cells preferentially express and secrete reelin into perineuronal nets, nonsynaptically modulating gene expression. (4/1624)

Reelin-induced tyrosine [corrected] phosphorylation of disabled 1 during neuronal positioning. (5/1624)

Discs Lost, a novel multi-PDZ domain protein, establishes and maintains epithelial polarity. (6/1624)

Neural development: The semantics of axon guidance. (7/1624)

Watching a synapse grow: noninvasive confocal imaging of synaptic growth in Drosophila. (8/1624)

Cell Adhesion Molecules

Cell Adhesion

Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1

E-Selectin

Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex

Cells, Cultured

Cadherins

Integrins

Endothelium, Vascular

Cell Movement

Molecular Sequence Data

Sialic Acids

Antigens, CD31

Antigens, CD

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia

Focal Adhesions

Tissue Adhesions

Cell Aggregation

P-Selectin

Integrin alpha4beta1

Neurons

Thermosensing

Antigens, CD146

Cell Line

Signal Transduction

Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1

Immunohistochemistry

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Contactin 2

Protein Binding

Contactins

Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing

Fibronectins

Leukocytes

Neurites

Antigens, Surface

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Endothelial Cells

Immunoglobulins

Focal Adhesion Kinase 1

Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Membrane Glycoproteins

Cell Communication

Antigens, CD18

Transfection

Junctional Adhesion Molecules

Base Sequence

Membrane Proteins

L-Selectin

Umbilical Veins

Antigens, CD29

Bacterial Adhesion

RNA, Messenger

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Integrin alpha4

Mice, Knockout

Chick Embryo

Axons

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Cell Differentiation

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Brain

Gene Expression Regulation

Flow Cytometry

Mucoproteins

Blotting, Western

Cell Membrane

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Up-Regulation

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Recombinant Proteins

Selectins

Time Factors

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Laminin

Monocytes