Cdc42 gtp binding protein saccharomyces cerevisiae. Medical search

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The GTP bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent GTPase activity, which is controlled by an array of GTPase activators, GDP dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A subclass of dual specificity phosphatases that play a role in the progression of the CELL CYCLE. They dephosphorylate and activate CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Proteins that bind to the 3' polyadenylated region of MRNA. When complexed with RNA the proteins serve an array of functions such as stabilizing the 3' end of RNA, promoting poly(A) synthesis and stimulating mRNA translation.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A set of nuclear proteins in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE that are required for the transcriptional repression of the silent mating type loci. They mediate the formation of silenced CHROMATIN and repress both transcription and recombination at other loci as well. They are comprised of 4 non-homologous, interacting proteins, Sir1p, Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p. Sir2p, an NAD-dependent HISTONE DEACETYLASE, is the founding member of the family of SIRTUINS.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Fungal genes that mostly encode TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In some FUNGI they also encode PHEROMONES and PHEROMONE RECEPTORS. The transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. Opposite mating type identities are required for mating.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

An ascomycetous yeast of the fungal family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Protein factors released from one species of YEAST that are selectively toxic to another species of yeast.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CYTOPLASM. It is a multifunctional enzyme that contains a NAD-dependent deacetylase activity that is specific for HISTONES and a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Organisms whose GENOME has been changed by a GENETIC ENGINEERING technique.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. The group includes EC 2.4.1.32, EC 2.4.1.48, EC 2.4.1.54, and EC 2.4.1.57.

The study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.

The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.

Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES isolated from exuded tree sap.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A DNA-binding protein that mediates DNA REPAIR of double strand breaks, and HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

A urea hydantoin that is found in URINE and PLANTS and is used in dermatological preparations.

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

A family of immunophilin proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs TACROLIMUS (also known as FK506) and SIROLIMUS. EC 5.2.1.-

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

(GTP cyclohydrolase I) or GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (pyrophosphate-forming) (GTP cyclohydrolase II). An enzyme group that hydrolyzes the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing carbon-8 as formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized. This is the first step in the synthesis of folic acid from GTP. EC 3.5.4.16 (GTP cyclohydrolase I) and EC 3.5.4.25 (GTP cyclohydrolase II).

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE. It is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, found especially in INSECTS and FUNGI. When deacetylated it is called CHITOSAN.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed primarily in neuronal tissue and may be specific for the Ha-ras homolog of the RAS PROTEINS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Cdc42: An essential Rho-type GTPase controlling eukaryotic cell polarity. (1/193)

Cdc42p is an essential GTPase that belongs to the Rho/Rac subfamily of Ras-like GTPases. These proteins act as molecular switches by responding to exogenous and/or endogenous signals and relaying those signals to activate downstream components of a biological pathway. The 11 current members of the Cdc42p family display between 75 and 100% amino acid identity and are functional as well as structural homologs. Cdc42p transduces signals to the actin cytoskeleton to initiate and maintain polarized gorwth and to mitogen-activated protein morphogenesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc42p plays an important role in multiple actin-dependent morphogenetic events such as bud emergence, mating-projection formation, and pseudohyphal growth. In mammalian cells, Cdc42p regulates a variety of actin-dependent events and induces the JNK/SAPK protein kinase cascade, which leads to the activation of transcription factors within the nucleus. Cdc42p mediates these processes through interactions with a myriad of downstream effectors, whose number and regulation we are just starting to understand. In addition, Cdc42p has been implicated in a number of human diseases through interactions with its regulators and downstream effectors. While much is known about Cdc42p structure and functional interactions, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which it transduces signals within the cell. Future research should focus on this question as well as on the detailed analysis of the interactions of Cdc42p with its regulators and downstream effectors. (+info)

Multisite autophosphorylation of p21-activated protein kinase gamma-PAK as a function of activation. (2/193)

p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) is a family of serine/threonine kinases whose activity is stimulated by binding to small G-proteins such as Cdc42 and subsequent autophosphorylation. Focusing on the ubiquitous gamma-isoform of PAK in this study, baculovirus-infected insect cells were used to obtain recombinant gamma-PAK, while native gamma-PAK was isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of gamma-PAK followed by immunoblot analysis revealed a similar profile for native and recombinant gamma-PAK, both consisting of multiple protein spots. Following Cdc42-stimulated autophosphorylation, the two-dimensional profiles of native and recombinant gamma-PAK were characterized by a similar acidic shift, suggesting a common response to Cdc42. To understand the effect of differential phosphorylation on its activation status, gamma-PAK autophosphorylation was conducted in the presence or absence of activators such as Cdc42 and histone II-AS, followed by tryptic digestion and comparative two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping. The major phosphopeptides were subjected to a combination of manual and automated amino acid sequencing. Overall, eight autophosphorylation sites were identified in Cdc42-activated gamma-PAK, six of which are in common with those previously reported in alpha-PAK, while Ser-19 and Ser-165 appear to be uniquely phosphorylated in the gamma-form. Further, the phosphorylation of Ser-141, Ser-165, and Thr-402 was found to correlate with gamma-PAK activation. (+info)

Inducible recruitment of Cdc42 or WASP to a cell-surface receptor triggers actin polymerization and filopodium formation. (3/193)

BACKGROUND: Cdc42, a GTP-binding protein of the Rho family, controls actin cytoskeletal organization and helps to generate actin-based protruding structures, such as filopodia. In vitro, Cdc42 regulates actin polymerization by facilitating the creation of free barbed ends - the more rapidly growing ends of actin filaments - and subsequent elongation at these ends. The Wiskott- Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, which has a pleckstrin-homology domain and a Cdc42/Rac-binding motif, has been implicated in cell signaling and cytoskeleton reorganization. We have investigated the consequences of local recruitment of activated Cdc42 or WASP to the plasma membrane. RESULTS: We used an activated Cdc42 protein that could be recruited to an engineered membrane receptor by adding rapamycin as a bridge, and added antibody-coupled beads to aggregate these receptors. Inducible recruitment of Cdc42 to clusters of receptors stimulated actin polymerization, resulting in the formation of membrane protrusions. Cdc42-induced protrusions were enriched in the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein VASP and the focal-adhesion-associated proteins zyxin and ezrin. The Cdc42 effector WASP could also induce the formation of protrusions, albeit of different morphology. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration that the local recruitment of activated Cdc42 or its downstream effector, WASP, to a membrane receptor in whole cells is sufficient to trigger actin polymerization that results in the formation of membrane protrusions. Our data suggest that Cdc42-induced actin-based protrusions result from the local and serial recruitment of cytoskeletal proteins including zyxin, VASP, and ezrin. (+info)

Crosstalk between the Ras2p-controlled mitogen-activated protein kinase and cAMP pathways during invasive growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/193)

The two highly conserved RAS genes of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are redundant for viability. Here we show that haploid invasive growth development depends on RAS2 but not RAS1. Ras1p is not sufficiently expressed to induce invasive growth. Ras2p activates invasive growth using either of two downstream signaling pathways, the filamentation MAPK (Cdc42p/Ste20p/MAPK) cascade or the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (Cyr1p/cAMP/PKA) pathway. This signal branch point can be uncoupled in cells expressing Ras2p mutant proteins that carry amino acid substitutions in the adenylyl cyclase interaction domain and therefore activate invasive growth solely dependent on the MAPK cascade. Both Ras2p-controlled signaling pathways stimulate expression of the filamentation response element-driven reporter gene depending on the transcription factors Ste12p and Tec1p, indicating a crosstalk between the MAPK and the cAMP signaling pathways in haploid cells during invasive growth. (+info)

The Cdc42p GTPase is involved in a G2/M morphogenetic checkpoint regulating the apical-isotropic switch and nuclear division in yeast. (5/193)

The Cdc42p GTPase is involved in the signal transduction cascades controlling bud emergence and polarized cell growth in S. cerevisiae. Cells expressing the cdc42(V44A) effector domain mutant allele displayed morphological defects of highly elongated and multielongated budded cells indicative of a defect in the apical-isotropic switch in bud growth. In addition, these cells contained one, two, or multiple nuclei indicative of a G2/M delay in nuclear division and also a defect in cytokinesis and/or cell separation. Actin and chitin were delocalized, and septin ring structure was aberrant and partially delocalized to the tips of elongated cdc42(V44A) cells; however, Cdc42(V44A)p localization was normal. Two-hybrid protein analyses showed that the V44A mutation interfered with Cdc42p's interactions with Cla4p, a p21(Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase (PAK)-like kinase, and the novel effectors Gic1p and Gic2p, but not with the Ste20p or Skm1p PAK-like kinases, the Bni1p formin, or the Iqg1p IQGAP homolog. Furthermore, the cdc42(V44A) morphological defects were suppressed by deletion of the Swe1p cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory kinase and by overexpression of Cla4p, Ste20p, the Cdc12 septin protein, or the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24p. In sum, these results suggest that proper Cdc42p function is essential for timely progression through the apical-isotropic switch and G2/M transition and that Cdc42(V44A)p differentially interacts with a number of effectors and regulators. (+info)

Rho family GTPases control entry of Shigella flexneri into epithelial cells but not intracellular motility. (6/193)

Shigella flexneri, an invasive bacterial pathogen, promotes formation of two cytoskeletal structures: the entry focus that mediates bacterial uptake into epithelial cells and the actin-comet tail that enables the bacteria to spread intracellularly. During the entry step, secretion of bacterial invasins causes a massive burst of subcortical actin polymerization leading the formation of localised membrane projections. Fusion of these membrane ruffles leads to bacterial internalization. Inside the cytoplasm, polar expression of the IcsA protein on the bacterial surface allows polymerization of actin filaments and their organization into an actin-comet tail leading to bacterial spread. The Rho family of small GTPases plays an essential role in the organization and regulation of cellular cytoskeletal structures (i.e. filopodia, lamellipodia, adherence plaques and intercellular junctions). We show here that induction of Shigella entry foci is controlled by the Cdc42, Rac and Rho GTPases, but not by RhoG. In contrast, actin-driven intracellular motility of Shigella does not require Rho GTPases. Therefore, Shigella appears to manipulate the epithelial cell cytoskeleton both by Rho GTPase-dependent and -independent processes. (+info)

Identification of the stef gene that encodes a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor specific for Rac1. (7/193)

The Rho family GTPases are involved in a variety of cellular events by changing the organization of actin cytoskeletal networks in response to extracellular signals. However, it is not clearly known how their activities are spatially and temporally regulated. Here we report the identification of a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, STEF, which is related in overall amino acid sequence and modular structure to mouse Tiam1 and Drosophila SIF proteins. STEF protein contains two pleckstrin homology domains, a PDZ domain and a Dbl homology domain. The in vitro assay showed that STEF protein specifically enhanced the dissociation of GDP from Rac1 but not that from either RhoA or Cdc42. Expression of a truncated STEF protein in culture cells induced membrane ruffling with altered actin localization, which implies that this protein also activates Rac1 in vivo. The stef transcript was observed in restricted parts of mice, including cartilaginous tissues and the cortical plate of the central nervous system during embryogenesis. These findings suggested that STEF protein participates in the control of cellular events in several developing tissues, possibly changing the actin cytoskeletal network by activating Rac1. (+info)

Activation of Ste20 by Nef from human immunodeficiency virus induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and downstream effector functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/193)

The negative factor (Nef) from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses is important for the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Among other targets, it activates the Nef-associated kinase, which is related to the p21-activated kinase. In this study, we demonstrate that Nef activates Ste20, the homolog of p21-activated kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nef binds to the adaptor proteins Bem1 and Ste20 via its proline-rich (PXXP) and diarginine (RR) motifs, respectively. These interactions induce the mitogen-activated protein kinase and increase the rates of budding, sizes of cells, and patterns of mating projections. These effects of Nef depend on the small GTPase Cdc42 and guanine nucleotide exchange factor Cdc24. Thus, studies in S. cerevisiae identified specific interactions between Nef and cellular proteins and their associated signaling cascade. (+info)

Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

There are several types of genomic instability, including:

1. Chromosomal instability (CIN): This refers to changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (having an abnormal number of chromosomes) or translocations (the movement of genetic material between chromosomes).
2. Point mutations: These are changes in a single base pair in the DNA sequence.
3. Insertions and deletions: These are changes in the number of base pairs in the DNA sequence, resulting in the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
4. Genomic rearrangements: These are changes in the structure of the genome, such as chromosomal breaks and reunions, or the movement of genetic material between chromosomes.

Genomic instability can arise from a variety of sources, including environmental factors, errors during DNA replication and repair, and genetic mutations. It is often associated with cancer, as cancer cells have high levels of genomic instability, which can lead to the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Research into genomic instability has led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer and other diseases, and has also spurred the development of new therapeutic strategies, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies.

In summary, genomic instability is a key feature of cancer cells and is associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. It can arise from a variety of sources and is the subject of ongoing research in the field of molecular biology.

... cdc42 gtp-binding protein MeSH D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.700.060 - cdc42 gtp-binding protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH ... gtp-binding protein alpha subunits MeSH D08.811.277.040.330.300.200.100.100 - gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, g12-g13 MeSH ... gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gi-go MeSH D08.811.277.040.330.300.200.100.200.500 - gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi2 ... gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gq-g11 MeSH D08.811.277.040.330.300.200.100.400 - gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

... cdc42 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.776.476.525.700.050.500 - cdc42 gtp-binding protein in saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH D12.776 ... rab2 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.776.476.525.400.100 - rab3 gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.776.476.525.400.100.100 - rab3a gtp- ... rac gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.776.476.525.700.100.100 - rac1 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.776.476.525.700.200 - rhoa gtp- ... rab4 gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.776.476.525.400.200 - rab5 gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.776.476.525.475.100 - rap1 gtp- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.476)

This gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to the CDC10 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein also shares ... Each of these similar proteins, including the yeast CDC10, contains a GTP-binding motif. The yeast CDC10 protein is a ... "Borg proteins control septin organization and are negatively regulated by Cdc42". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (10): 861-6. doi: ... "Functional analysis of a human homologue of the Drosophila actin binding protein anillin suggests a role in cytokinesis". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPT7

eIF-2b regenerates the GTP-bound form of eIF-2 for an additional cycle in protein synthesis initiation, i.e., its binding to ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Dbl-like RhoGEFs were present at the origin of eukaryotes and evolved as highly adaptive cell ... There are 11 identified DOCK family members divided into subfamilies based on their activation of Rac and Cdc42. DOCK family ... GTP generally binds in its place, as the cytosolic ratio of GTP is much higher than GDP at 10:1. The binding of GTP to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine_nucleotide_exchange_factor

... cdc42 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.776.157.325.515.700.050.500 - cdc42 gtp-binding protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH ... ral gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.776.157.325.515.462 - ran gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.776.157.325.515.475 - rap gtp-binding ... gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, g12-g13 MeSH D12.776.157.325.332.100.200 - gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gi-go MeSH ... gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi2 MeSH D12.776.157.325.332.100.300 - gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gq-g11 MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.157)

... cdc42 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.644.360.525.700.050.500 - cdc42 gtp-binding protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH D12.644. ... ral gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.644.360.525.462 - ran gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.644.360.525.475 - rap gtp-binding proteins ... rab2 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.644.360.525.400.100 - rab3 gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.644.360.525.400.100.100 - rab3a gtp- ... rac gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.644.360.525.700.100.100 - rac1 gtp-binding protein MeSH D12.644.360.525.700.200 - rhoa gtp- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.644)

The cooperative binding of CDC42 and PIP2 is thermodynamically favored; binding of one enhances binding of the other. CDC42 and ... Rajmohan R, Meng L, Yu S, Thanabalu T (April 2006). "WASP suppresses the growth defect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae las17Delta ... WASp and N-WASP are analogs, they contain an N-terminal EVH1 domain, a C-terminal VCA domain and central B and GBD (GTP binding ... "Cdc42-interacting protein 4 mediates binding of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein to microtubules". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott–Aldrich_syndrome_protein

... and their state of phosphorylation determines which proteins can bind. While many of the key polarity proteins are well ... The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a model system for eukaryotic biology in which many of the fundamental elements ... For polarity sites to form, Cdc42 must be present and capable of cycling GTP, a process regulated by its guanine nucleotide ... Examples include the PAR complex (Cdc42, PAR3/ASIP, PAR6, atypical protein kinase C), Crumbs complex (Crb, PALS, PATJ, Lin7), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_polarity

Saccharomyces cerevisiae*cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. *cdc42 GTP Binding Protein, Saccharomyces ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D12.776.157.325.515.700.050]. *cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D12.776.157.325. ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D12.644.360.525.700.050]. *cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D12.644.360.525. ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D12.776.476.525.700.050]. *cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D12.776.476.525. ...

https://profiles.wakehealth.edu/display/99719

The disease arises from mutations in the gene encoding the WAS protein. T lymphocytes of affected males with WAS exhibit a ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Structure of Cdc42 in complex with the GTPase-binding domain of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Abdul-Manan N, ... The Cdc42/Rac interactive binding region motif of the Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is necessary but not sufficient ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8643625

Categories: cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=cdc42+GTP-Binding+Protein,+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae&parentid=39473&catid=37797

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.700.050] * cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D08.811. ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D12.776.157.325.515.700.050] * cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D12.776.157.325. ... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [D12.776.476.338.400.700.050] * cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [D12.776.476.338. ... G-Proteins (1996-1999). Public MeSH Note. 2002; CDC42 PROTEIN, FUNGAL (now CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020846

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020846

CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, YEAST. CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. DNA TOPOISOMERASE. DNA TOPOISOMERASES, ... D12 - AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS. BAND 3 PROTEIN. ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE. ... PROTEIN-GLUTAMINE GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE. TRANSGLUTAMINASES. D11 - GROWTH SUBSTANCES, PIGMENTS, AND VITAMINS. FIBROBLAST ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2002.htm

S cerevisiae N0000170578 cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein N0000170579 cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae N0000168245 ... GTP-Binding Proteins N0000170569 rab1 GTP-Binding Proteins N0000170574 rab2 GTP-Binding Protein N0000170571 rab3 GTP-Binding ... Proteins N0000170572 rab3A GTP-Binding Protein N0000170573 rab4 GTP-Binding Proteins N0000170570 rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins ... Gs N0000170553 GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits N0000170551 GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits N0000170501 GTP-Binding Protein ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/FDA/ndfrt/Archive/StructuralClass%202007-10-09.txt

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae * Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 Explore ... Large-scale prediction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene function using overlapping transcriptional clusters. Nat Genet. 2002 ... Genome-scale identification of nucleosome positions in S. cerevisiae. Science. 2005 Jul 22; 309(5734):626-30. Yuan GC, Liu YJ, ... Examining Crosstalk among Transforming Growth Factor β, Bone Morphogenetic Protein, and Wnt Pathways. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jan 06 ...

https://profiles.ucsf.edu/lani.f.wu

Mutational analysis of CDC42Sc, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene that encodes a putative GTP-binding protein involved in the ... identification of this GTP-binding protein as the human homolog of the yeast cell-division-cycle protein CDC42.. Shinjo K; ... Shk1, a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ste20 and mammalian p65PAK protein kinases, is a component of a Ras/Cdc42 ... Biochemical comparisons of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bem2 and Bem3 proteins. Delineation of a limit Cdc42 GTPase-activating ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=2124704&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

... cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Yeast [P] MH NEW = cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae MH OLD = Chi [P] MH NEW = Qi ... Complement 4-Binding Protein MH OLD = Antineoplastic Agents, Combined [P] MH NEW = Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ... Band 3 Protein [P] MH NEW = Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte MH OLD = Baths, Finnish # [P] MH NEW = Steam Bath MH OLD = ... Soy Proteins # [N] MH NEW = Soybean Proteins MH OLD = STLV [] MH NEW = Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 MH OLD = Swine Infertility ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/1999-2010/newterms/replace2002.txt

Yeast cdc42 Protein use cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Infection, Vaginal use Candidiasis, ... Y Box Binding Protein YB 1 use Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 ... Y-Box Protein-1 use Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 Y-Box-Binding ... Y Box Binding Protein 1 use Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 ... Y-Box Binding Protein YB-1 use Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 ... Yeast, Baker use Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast, Bakers use Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast, Bakers use Saccharomyces ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2018_Alfab-Y.htm

CDC42 Antibody - N-terminal region (AVARP01017_P050), Catalog AVARP01017_P050. Tested in WB, IHC applications. Reacts with Dog ... This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc 42, and is able to complement the yeast cdc42-1 mutant. The ... GTP-dependent protein binding. 20. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding. 52. ... This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc 42, and is able to complement the yeast cdc42-1 mutant. The ...

https://www.avivasysbio.com/cdc42-antibody-n-terminal-region-avarp01017-p050.html

To reach the active GTP-bound state, Ras proteins must first release bound GDP. This rate-limiting step in GTP binding is ... seems to be the human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-division-cycle protein, CDC42Sc. A second S. cerevisiae ... The ABR GAP domain expressed as an Escherichia coli fusion protein was active against Rac1 and Cdc42 of the rho subfamily. The ... the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. Activation of Rho proteins ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=RhoGEF&START=515&END=690&E_VALUE=2.83e-63&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=VMNELLDTERAYVEELLCVLEGYAAEMDNPLMAHLISTGLQNKKNILFGNMEEIYHFHNRIFLRELESCIDCPELVGRCFLERMEEFQIYEKYCQNKPRSESLWRQCSDCPFFQECQKKLDHKLSLDSYLLKPVQRITKYQLLLKEMLKYSKHCEGAEDLQEALSSILGILKAVND

Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteína cdc42 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae de Ligação ao GTP/genética , ... a marker of the active GTP-bound form of the Rho GTPase, Cdc42. Further, our results indicate that tip-localized Cdc42 clusters ... ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae bud-site selection protein Rax2, in C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis. Rax2-YFP ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/ ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/?lang=pt&q=au:Gale,+Cheryl+A

This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc 42, and is able to complement the yeast cdc42-1 mutant. The ... This protein could regulate actin polymerization through its direct binding to Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP ... In active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. Involved in epithelial cell ... The protein encoded by this gene is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily, which regulates signaling pathways that control ...

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/CDC42

... as the GDP-bound inactive form and translocates the GDP-bound form from the membranes to the cytosol after the GTP-bound form ... The monomeric G-proteins Rac1 and/or Cdc42 are required for the inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium current by bradykinin. ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c. SPAC6F12.06. Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. arhgdia. Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. Homology ... An ERM dominant-negative mutant blocked the distal accumulation of CD43 and another known ERM binding protein, Rho-GDI [4]. ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/192662.html

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdh1 Proteins ... CCAAT-Binding Factor CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein- ... ADAMTS Proteins ADAMTS1 Protein ADAMTS13 Protein ADAMTS4 Protein ADAMTS5 Protein ADAMTS7 Protein ADAMTS9 Protein Adansonia ... Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/.newterms/mshd2017.txt

The GTP-bound active form of the small GTPase is inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which promote hydrolysis of ... Rho3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which regulates the actin cytoskeleton and exocytosis, is a GTPase which interacts with Myo2 ... The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst is an effector for both Cdc42 and Rho3 function in polarized exocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 21, ... and other small GTPases typically bind to GTP and then interact with effector proteins, thereby stimulating relevant signaling ...

https://d.docksci.com/emerging-roles-of-small-gtpases-in-secondary-cell-wall-development_5a93b6e4d64ab2ab8febcd64.html

Biochemical and genetic analysis of the functional relationship between RIT1 and its regulatory protein, LZTR1, across various ... Upon GTP binding, RAS proteins undergo a conformational change, which promotes the interaction with different protein effectors ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae). (b) Pull-down assays using GST-tagged KRAS and RIT1 or their mouse, zebrafish, or fruit fly ... 2018) RIT1 controls actin dynamics via complex formation with RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1 PLOS Genetics 14:e1007370. ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/76495

Molecular characterization of CDC42, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene involved in the development of cell polarity ... The multidomain protein Trio binds the LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, contains a protein kinase domain, and has ... Because both the activating and null alleles of mig-2 cause similar phenotypes in the Q cells, GDP-GTP cycling of MIG-2 may be ... The sequence of dpy-19 defines a novel protein with 13 hydrophobic domains, suggesting that it is a transmembrane protein that ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/127/21/4655/41030/Establishment-of-left-right-asymmetry-in

Match: sp,P38692,KIC1_YEAST (Serine/threonine-protein kinase KIC1 OS=Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) OX= ... p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 2a [Sourc... [more]. pak2a. 6.805e-29. 31.01. p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase ... GTP+YM+PEL+ + Y+ K DIW++G V ++ + R + NP K +I K +E+D Q +SK++ + + C + D ++RPT +DLL + R W+++ +R Sbjct: 39 ... protein kinase activity. GO:0005524. ATP binding. Vocabulary: biological process Term. Definition. ...

https://planosphere.stowers.org/feature/Schmitea/mediterranea-sexual/transcript/SMED30028687

Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl.de)
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. (nih.gov)

We show here that WAS protein interacts with a member of the Rho family of GTPases, Cdc42. (nih.gov)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases Also called Dbl-homologous (DH) domain. (embl.de)
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac and CDC42 regulate a diverse array of cellular processes. (embl.de)
It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl.de)
RAS GTPases are highly conserved proteins involved in the regulation of mitogenic signaling. (elifesciences.org)
Ras GTPases exhibit high affinity toward guanine nucleotides and act as molecular switches by mediating GTP hydrolysis. (elifesciences.org)
Although GAPs and GEFs can rapidly affect the nucleotide cycling of RAS proteins, and hence their activity, other accessory proteins can modulate downstream signaling by regulating the stability and/or activity of RAS GTPases. (elifesciences.org)

15. The fission yeast cell wall stress sensor-like proteins Mtl2 and Wsc1 act by turning on the GTPase Rho1p but act independently of the cell wall integrity pathway. (nih.gov)
This protein is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc 42, and is able to complement the yeast cdc42-1 mutant. (avivasysbio.com)

Gene prediction and annotation identified six protein-coding genes in the delimited Sptm1 region, and the gene encoding a putative cold-responsive protein kinase was selected as a strong candidate. (bvsalud.org)

T lymphocytes of affected males with WAS exhibit a severe disturbance of the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that the WAS protein could regulate its organization. (nih.gov)
This protein could regulate actin polymerization through its direct binding to Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex. (avivasysbio.com)
In active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. (nih.gov)

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, a novel effector for the GTPase CDC42Hs, is implicated in actin polymerization. (nih.gov)
Tagging of a fungal effector with a fluorescent protein and tracking its localization in cells of its natural host provides insight into its putative in planta localization and helps to narrow down the location of putative host interactors. (bvsalud.org)

Upon GTP binding, RAS proteins undergo a conformational change, which promotes the interaction with different protein effectors that activate downstream signaling pathways, including Raf/MEK/ERK mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. (elifesciences.org)

Taken together these data suggest that the WAS protein might function as a signal transduction adaptor downstream of Cdc42, and in affected males, the cytoskeletal abnormalities may result from a defect in Cdc42 signaling. (nih.gov)
We have previously described a novel Cullin 3 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex formed by the substrate adaptor protein LZTR1 that binds, ubiquitinates, and promotes proteasomal degradation of the RAS GTPase RIT1. (elifesciences.org)
Using elegant cross-species biochemistry and genetic approaches, this paper describes the role of the ubiquitin adaptor protein LZTR1 in regulation of the RAS-related GTPase RIT1 as its principal substrate involved in the RASopathy, Noonan syndrome. (elifesciences.org)

It was also found that different mutant WAS proteins from three affected males retained their ability to interact with Cdc42 and that the level of expression of the WAS protein in these mutants was only 2-5% of normal. (nih.gov)
10. A Cdc42 mutant specifically activated by intersectin. (nih.gov)

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)

The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl.de)

Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl.de)
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl.de)
In differentiating xylem cells, a speciﬁc GTPase-activating protein (GAP)/guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) pair facilitates local activation of ROP11 to establish de novo plasma membrane domains. (docksci.com)

14. Rga5p is a specific Rho1p GTPase-activating protein that regulates cell integrity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (nih.gov)
17. Schizosaccharomyces pombe rho2p GTPase regulates cell wall alpha-glucan biosynthesis through the protein kinase pck2p. (nih.gov)
CDC42 is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily, which regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. (avivasysbio.com)
Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.The protein encoded by this gene is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily, which regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. (avivasysbio.com)

We subsequently surveyed the physical region at the 5HL locus for across the barley pan genome variation in the presence of known resistance gene candidates and identified a rich source of high confidence protein kinase and antifungal genes in the QTL region. (bvsalud.org)

This interaction, which is guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent, was detected in cell lysates, in transient transfections and with purified recombinant proteins. (nih.gov)
A weaker interaction was also detected with Rac1 using WAS protein from cell lysates. (nih.gov)

11. Rom1p and Rom2p are GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs) for the Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (nih.gov)

Mediates CDC42-dependent cell migration. (nih.gov)

The disease arises from mutations in the gene encoding the WAS protein. (nih.gov)

Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)

The proteins encoded by members of the Dbl family share a common domain, presented in this entry, of about 200 residues (designated the Dbl homology or DH domain) that has been shown to encode a GEF activity specific for a number of Rho family members. (embl.de)

Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl.de)

The product of oncogene Dbl was reported to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from this protein. (avivasysbio.com)

Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits. (embl.de)

There are 39736 RhoGEF domains in 38458 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl.de)

Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing RhoGEF domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)

Anatomy21

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes78

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care3

Cdc42: An essential Rho-type GTPase controlling eukaryotic cell polarity. (1/193)

Multisite autophosphorylation of p21-activated protein kinase gamma-PAK as a function of activation. (2/193)

Inducible recruitment of Cdc42 or WASP to a cell-surface receptor triggers actin polymerization and filopodium formation. (3/193)

Crosstalk between the Ras2p-controlled mitogen-activated protein kinase and cAMP pathways during invasive growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/193)

The Cdc42p GTPase is involved in a G2/M morphogenetic checkpoint regulating the apical-isotropic switch and nuclear division in yeast. (5/193)

Rho family GTPases control entry of Shigella flexneri into epithelial cells but not intracellular motility. (6/193)

Identification of the stef gene that encodes a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor specific for Rac1. (7/193)

Activation of Ste20 by Nef from human immunodeficiency virus induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and downstream effector functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/193)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

GTP-Binding Proteins

Fungal Proteins

Guanosine Triphosphate

Molecular Sequence Data

Genes, Fungal

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Amino Acid Sequence

Mutation

Saccharomyces

Base Sequence

Cloning, Molecular

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

GTP Phosphohydrolases

RNA, Fungal

Protein Binding

DNA, Fungal

Plasmids

Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins

Chromosomes, Fungal

Guanosine Diphosphate

Genome, Fungal

Kinetics

Genetic Complementation Test

rab GTP-Binding Proteins

DNA-Binding Proteins

Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)

Gene Deletion

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Transcription, Genetic

Phenotype

cdc25 Phosphatases

Carrier Proteins

ADP-Ribosylation Factors

Transcription Factors

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

Suppression, Genetic

Binding Sites

Cell Cycle Proteins

Spores, Fungal

GTPase-Activating Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Signal Transduction

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Pertussis Toxin

Restriction Mapping

Mutagenesis

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

Sequence Alignment

Virulence Factors, Bordetella

Cell Membrane

beta-Fructofuranosidase

ras Proteins

Nuclear Proteins

Recombinant Proteins

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Genes, Suppressor

Escherichia coli

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae

ADP Ribose Transferases

Botulinum Toxins

RNA, Messenger

Membrane Proteins

Haploidy

Vacuoles

Temperature

Schizosaccharomyces

Transformation, Genetic

Thionucleotides

Recombination, Genetic

Fermentation

Cdc20 Proteins

DNA Primers

Poly(A)-Binding Proteins

Diploidy

Mitochondria

Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cell Cycle