Cdc2 protein kinase. Medical search

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A subclass of dual specificity phosphatases that play a role in the progression of the CELL CYCLE. They dephosphorylate and activate CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.

Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type II-specific regulatory subunits.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Highly conserved protein-serine threonine kinases that phosphorylate and activate a group of AGC protein kinases, especially in response to the production of the SECOND MESSENGERS, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,-biphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

Benzo-indoles similar to CARBOLINES which are pyrido-indoles. In plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the INDOLE ALKALOIDS.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A family of calcium/calmodulin-dependent PROETIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. They are ubiquitously expressed in adult and embryonic mammalian tissues, and their functions are tightly related to the early stages of eukaryotic programmed cell death.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

Compounds of four rings containing a nitrogen. They are biosynthesized from reticuline via rearrangement of scoulerine. They are similar to BENZYLISOQUINOLINES. Members include chelerythrine and sanguinarine.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A regulatory calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 1; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 2; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 4; and PROTEIN KINASE B. It is a monomeric enzyme that is encoded by at least two different genes.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A structurally-diverse family of intracellular-signaling adaptor proteins that selectively tether specific protein kinase A subtypes to distinct subcellular sites. They play a role in focusing the PROTEIN KINASE A activity toward relevant substrates. Over fifty members of this family exist, most of which bind specifically to regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II such as CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA or CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for a subset of P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES that includes MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 12; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 13; and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 14.

A family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded DNA and possessing no envelope. The modes of transmission are not known.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 48 and 54 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A 38-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. It is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. The kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound SB 203580.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. Its expression is regulated by the action of CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. Several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Compounds or factors that act on a specific enzyme to increase its activity.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. The enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. Several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. A large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. Many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in neuronal tissues; T-LYMPHOCYTES and TESTIS. The activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIBETA SUBUNIT.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

A 110-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that is activated in response to cellular stress and by GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS-mediated pathways.

A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. (Thromb Res 1992;67(4):345-54 & Cancer Res 1993;53(2):239-41)

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and PHOSPHORYLASE B to ADP and PHOSPHORYLASE A.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

C-myc overexpression and p53 loss cooperate to promote genomic instability. (1/2147)

p53 monitors genomic integrity at the G1 and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Cells lacking p53 may show gene amplification as well as the polyploidy or aneuploidy typical of many tumors. The pathways through which this develops, however, are not well defined. We demonstrate here that the combination of p53 inactivation and c-myc overexpression in diploid cells markedly accelerates the spontaneous development of tetraploidy. This is not seen with either N-myc or L-myc. Tetraploidy is accompanied by significantly higher levels of cyclin B and its associated cdc2 kinase activity. Mitotic spindle poisons accelerate the appearance of tetraploidy in cells either lacking functional p53 or overexpressing c-myc whereas the combination is additive. Restoration of p53 function in cells overexpressing c-myc causing rapid apoptosis, indicating that cells yet to become tetraploid have nonetheless suffered irreversible genomic and/or mitotic spindle damage. In the face of normal p53 function, such damage would either be repaired or trigger apoptotis. We propose that loss of p53 and overexpression of c-myc permits the emergence and survival of cells with increasingly severe damage and the eventual development of tetraploidy. (+info)

Sequential PKC- and Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation events elicit zebrafish nuclear envelope disassembly. (2/2147)

Molecular markers of the zebrafish inner nuclear membrane (NEP55) and nuclear lamina (L68) were identified, partially characterized and used to demonstrate that disassembly of the zebrafish nuclear envelope requires sequential phosphorylation events by first PKC, then Cdc2 kinase. NEP55 and L68 are immunologically and functionally related to human LAP2beta and lamin B, respectively. Exposure of zebrafish nuclei to meiotic cytosol elicits rapid phosphorylation of NEP55 and L68, and disassembly of both proteins. L68 phosphorylation is completely inhibited by simultaneous inhibition of Cdc2 and PKC and only partially blocked by inhibition of either kinase. NEP55 phosphorylation is completely prevented by inhibition or immunodepletion of cytosolic Cdc2. Inhibition of cAMP-dependent kinase, MEK or CaM kinase II does not affect NEP55 or L68 phosphorylation. In vitro, nuclear envelope disassembly requires phosphorylation of NEP55 and L68 by both mammalian PKC and Cdc2. Inhibition of either kinase is sufficient to abolish NE disassembly. Furthermore, novel two-step phosphorylation assays in cytosol and in vitro indicate that PKC-mediated phosphorylation of L68 prior to Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation of L68 and NEP55 is essential to elicit nuclear envelope breakdown. Phosphorylation elicited by Cdc2 prior to PKC prevents nuclear envelope disassembly even though NEP55 is phosphorylated. The results indicate that sequential phosphorylation events elicited by PKC, followed by Cdc2, are required for zebrafish nuclear disassembly. They also argue that phosphorylation of inner nuclear membrane integral proteins is not sufficient to promote nuclear envelope breakdown, and suggest a multiple-level regulation of disassembly of nuclear envelope components during meiosis and at mitosis. (+info)

Involvement of p21 in the PKC-induced regulation of the G2/M cell cycle transition. (3/2147)

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibits cell cycle progression at the G1/S and G2/M transitions. We found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced upregulation of p21, not only in MCF-7 cells arrested in the G1 phase as previously shown, but also in cells delayed in the G2 phase. This increase in p21 in cells accumulated in the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle after PMA treatment was inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. This indicates that PKC activity is required for PMA-induced p21 upregulation and cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. To further assess the role of p21 in the PKC-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest independently of its G1 arrest, we used aphidicolin-synchronised MCF-7 cells. Our results show that, in parallel with the inhibition of cdc2 activity, PMA addition enhanced the associations between p21 and either cyclin B or cdc2. Furthermore, we found that after PMA treatment p21 was able to associate with the active Tyr-15 dephosphorylated form of cdc2, but this complex was devoid of kinase activity indicating that p21 may play a role in inhibition of cdc2 induced by PMA. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that p21 is involved in integrating the PKC signaling pathway to the cell cycle machinery at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. (+info)

p53 regulates a G2 checkpoint through cyclin B1. (4/2147)

The p53 tumor suppressor controls multiple cell cycle checkpoints regulating the mammalian response to DNA damage. To identify the mechanism by which p53 regulates G2, we have derived a human ovarian cell that undergoes p53-dependent G2 arrest at 32 degrees C. We have found that p53 prevents G2/M transition by decreasing intracellular levels of cyclin B1 protein and attenuating the activity of the cyclin B1 promoter. Cyclin B1 is the regulatory subunit of the cdc2 kinase and is a protein required for mitotic initiation. The ability of p53 to control mitotic initiation by regulating intracellular cyclin B1 levels suggests that the cyclin B-dependent G2 checkpoint has a role in preventing neoplastic transformation. (+info)

Mutations at phosphorylation sites of Xenopus microtubule-associated protein 4 affect its microtubule-binding ability and chromosome movement during mitosis. (5/2147)

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) bind to and stabilize microtubules (MTs) both in vitro and in vivo and are thought to regulate MT dynamics during the cell cycle. It is known that p220, a major MAP of Xenopus, is phosphorylated by p34(cdc2) kinase as well as MAP kinase in mitotic cells, and that the phosphorylated p220 loses its MT-binding and -stabilizing abilities in vitro. We cloned a full-length cDNA encoding p220, which identified p220 as a Xenopus homologue of MAP4 (XMAP4). To examine the physiological relevance of XMAP4 phosphorylation in vivo, Xenopus A6 cells were transfected with cDNAs encoding wild-type or various XMAP4 mutants fused with a green fluorescent protein. Mutations of serine and threonine residues at p34(cdc2) kinase-specific phosphorylation sites to alanine interfered with mitosis-associated reduction in MT affinity of XMAP4, and their overexpression affected chromosome movement during anaphase A. These findings indicated that phosphorylation of XMAP4 (probably by p34(cdc2) kinase) is responsible for the decrease in its MT-binding and -stabilizing abilities during mitosis, which are important for chromosome movement during anaphase A. (+info)

Antisense expression of the CK2 alpha-subunit gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on light-regulated gene expression and plant growth. (6/2147)

The protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is thought to be involved in light-regulated gene expression in plants because of its ability to phosphorylate transcription factors that bind to the promoter regions of light-regulated genes in vitro. To address this possibility in vivo and to learn more about the potential physiological roles of CK2 in plants, we transformed Arabidopsis with an antisense construct of the CK2 alpha-subunit gene and investigated both morphological and molecular phenotypes. Antisense transformants had a smaller adult leaf size and showed increased expression of chs in darkness and of cab and rbcS after red-light treatment. The latter molecular phenotype implied that CK2 might serve as one of several negative and quantitative effectors in light-regulated gene expression. The possible mechanism of CK2 action and its involvement in the phytochrome signal transduction pathway are discussed. (+info)

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation and activation of human Cdc25-C at the G2/M phase transition in HeLa cells. (7/2147)

The human tyrosine phosphatase (p54(cdc25-c)) is activated by phosphorylation at mitosis entry. The phosphorylated p54(cdc25-c) in turn activates the p34-cyclin B protein kinase and triggers mitosis. Although the active p34-cyclin B protein kinase can itself phosphorylate and activate p54(cdc25-c), we have investigated the possibility that other kinases may initially trigger the phosphorylation and activation of p54(cdc25-c). We have examined the effects of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase II) on p54(cdc25-c). Our in vitro experiments show that CaM kinase II can phosphorylate p54(cdc25-c) and increase its phosphatase activity by 2.5-3-fold. Treatment of a synchronous population of HeLa cells with KN-93 (a water-soluble inhibitor of CaM kinase II) or the microinjection of AC3-I (a specific peptide inhibitor of CaM kinase II) results in a cell cycle block in G2 phase. In the KN-93-arrested cells, p54(cdc25-c) is not phosphorylated, p34(cdc2) remains tyrosine phosphorylated, and there is no increase in histone H1 kinase activity. Our data suggest that a calcium-calmodulin-dependent step may be involved in the initial activation of p54(cdc25-c). (+info)

cdk1- and cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of MyoD Ser200 in growing C2 myoblasts: role in modulating MyoD half-life and myogenic activity. (8/2147)

We have examined the role of protein phosphorylation in the modulation of the key muscle-specific transcription factor MyoD. We show that MyoD is highly phosphorylated in growing myoblasts and undergoes substantial dephosphorylation during differentiation. MyoD can be efficiently phosphorylated in vitro by either purified cdk1-cyclin B or cdk1 and cdk2 immunoprecipitated from proliferative myoblasts. Comparative two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping combined with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that cdk1 and cdk2 phosphorylate MyoD on serine 200 in proliferative myoblasts. In addition, when the seven proline-directed sites in MyoD were individually mutated, only substitution of serine 200 to a nonphosphorylatable alanine (MyoD-Ala200) abolished the slower-migrating hyperphosphorylated form of MyoD, seen either in vitro after phosphorylation by cdk1-cyclin B or in vivo following overexpression in 10T1/2 cells. The MyoD-Ala200 mutant displayed activity threefold higher than that of wild-type MyoD in transactivation of an E-box-dependent reporter gene and promoted markedly enhanced myogenic conversion and fusion of 10T1/2 fibroblasts into muscle cells. In addition, the half-life of MyoD-Ala200 protein was longer than that of wild-type MyoD, substantiating a role of Ser200 phosphorylation in regulating MyoD turnover in proliferative myoblasts. Taken together, our data show that direct phosphorylation of MyoD Ser200 by cdk1 and cdk2 plays an integral role in compromising MyoD activity during myoblast proliferation. (+info)

"A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". The EMBO Journal. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC ... It is regulated by cyclins, more specifically by Cyclin D proteins and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. The protein ... This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex, important for the G1 phase progression and G1/S transition of ... "Chromosomal mapping of members of the cdc2 family of protein kinases, cdk3, cdk6, PISSLRE, and PITALRE, and a cdk inhibitor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6

1995). "Chromosomal mapping of members of the cdc2 family of protein kinases, cdk3, cdk6, PISSLRE, and PITALRE, and a cdk ... "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC 556772. ... Cell division protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK3 gene. CDK3 complements cdc28 mutants of ... Meikrantz W, Schlegel R (1996). "Suppression of apoptosis by dominant negative mutants of cyclin-dependent protein kinases". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_3

... PCTAIRE protein kinase 3". Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, et al. (1992). "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases ... two members of a novel cdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family". Oncogene. 7 (11): 2249-58. PMID 1437147. "Entrez Gene: ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCTAIRE-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCTK3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... Palmer KJ, Konkel JE, Stephens DJ (2005). "PCTAIRE protein kinases interact directly with the COPII complex and modulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTK3

... PCTAIRE protein kinase 2". Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, et al. (1992). "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cdc2/cdkx subfamily of the ser/thr family of protein kinases. It has similarity ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCTAIRE-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCTK2 gene. ... Hirose T, Tamaru T, Okumura N, Nagai K, Okada M (Dec 1997). "PCTAIRE 2, a Cdc2-related serine/threonine kinase, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTK2

This gene encodes a member of the CDC2-like (or LAMMER) family of dual specificity protein kinases. In the cell nucleus, the ... Johnson KW, Smith KA (1991). "Molecular cloning of a novel human cdc2/CDC28-like protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (6): 3402- ... Colwill K, Feng LL, Yeakley JM, Gish GD, Cáceres JF, Pawson T, Fu XD (1996). "SRPK1 and Clk/Sty protein kinases show distinct ... Dual specificity protein kinase CLK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLK1 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLK1

2006). "A Cdc2-related protein kinase hPFTAIRE1 from human brain interacting with 14-3-3 proteins". Cell Res. 16 (6): 539-47. ... Lazzaro MA, Albert PR, Julien JP (Jul 1997). "A novel cdc2-related protein kinase expressed in the nervous system". J Neurochem ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PFTAIRE-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PFTK1 gene. PFTK1 has been shown to ... "Entrez Gene: PFTK1 PFTAIRE protein kinase 1". Yang, Tao; Gao Yan-Kun; Chen Jiang-Ye (Jul 2002). "KIAA0202, a human septin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFTK1

"The Wee1 protein kinase regulates T14 phosphorylation of fission yeast Cdc2". Mol Biol Cell. 6 (4): 371-85. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.4 ... The corresponding proteins are Wee1-like protein kinase and Wee1-like protein kinase 2 which act on the human Cdk1 homologue ... Wee1-like protein kinase Cell cycle β-transducin repeat-containing protein 1/2 (β-TrCP1/2) F-box protein-containing SKP1/Cul1/F ... The M-phase kinases Polo-like kinase (Plk1) and Cdc2 phosphorylate two serine residues in Wee1A which are recognized by SCFβ- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee1

"A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases." The EMBO Journal 11.8 (1992): 2909. Whyte, Peter, Nicola M. Williamson, and E ... Meyerson, M (1992). "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11: 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360 ... Among Harlow's discoveries was the demonstration that the retinoblastoma protein interacts with viral transforming proteins, ... "The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle." Cell 58.6 (1989): 1097-1105. van den ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harlow

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cdc2/cdkx subfamily of the ser/thr family of protein kinases. It may play a ... "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC 556772. ... two members of a novel cdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family". Oncogene. 7 (11): 2249-58. PMID 1437147. "Entrez Gene: ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCTAIRE-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCTK1 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTK1

"Downregulation of the cdc2/cyclin B protein kinase activity by binding of p53 to p34(cdc2)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 283 ... Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, ... "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45". Oncogene. 18 (18 ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1

This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases. It accumulates primarily in ... "Entrez Gene: CDKL2 cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDC2-related kinase)". Human CDKL2 genome location and CDKL2 gene details ... Taglienti CA, Wysk M, Davis RJ (Feb 1997). "Molecular cloning of the epidermal growth factor-stimulated protein kinase p56 ... Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKL2 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKL2

Pathan NI, Geahlen RL, Harrison ML (Nov 1996). "The protein-tyrosine kinase Lck associates with and is phosphorylated by Cdc2 ... microtubule-associated protein kinase, GTPase-activating protein, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase". Molecular and Cellular ... Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYN gene. Lyn is a member of the Src family of ... "Activation of Src-like protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase upon B-cell antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYN

Ko TK, Kelly E, Pines J (Oct 2001). "CrkRS: a novel conserved Cdc2-related protein kinase that colocalises with SC35 speckles ... CDK12 cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the CDK12 gene. This enzyme is a member of ... 2007). "Proteomics analysis of protein kinases by target class-selective prefractionation and tandem mass spectrometry" (PDF). ... The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 5 (6): 355-64. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK12

"Mitotic reorganization of the intermediate filament protein nestin involves phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase". Journal of ... Nestin (protein) has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 5. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000132688 - ... Nestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NES gene. Nestin (acronym for neuroepithelial stem cell protein) is a type ... These intermediate filament proteins are expressed mostly in nerve cells where they are implicated in the radial growth of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestin_(protein)

This protein catalyzes the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDC2/cyclin B kinase, and appears to coordinate the ... This gene encodes a nuclear protein, which is a tyrosine kinase belonging to the Ser/Thr family of protein kinases. ... Wee1-like protein kinase has been shown to interact with YWHAB and PIN1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000166483 - Ensembl ... Booher RN, Holman PS, Fattaey A (1997). "Human Myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits Cdc2 but not Cdk2 activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee1-like_protein_kinase

... protein kinases CDC2 and CDC7. MCM2 has been shown to interact with: AKAP8, Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase, MCM3 ... "Protein kinase A-anchoring protein AKAP95 interacts with MCM2, a regulator of DNA replication". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (29): 26750- ... A role for cdc2 kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (27): 17095-101. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.17095. PMID 9642275. Jiang W, McDonald D, ... The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) and may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM2

... also known as MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPKAP-K1), and p70rsk, also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase. There ... an inhibitor of cdc2. RSK phosphorylation of SOS1 (Son of Sevenless) at Serines 1134 and 1161 creates 14-3-3 docking site. This ... Ribosomal+Protein+S6+Kinases,+90-kDa at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Ribosomal+Protein+ ... In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction. There are two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_s6_kinase

... pombe cdc2. It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. The ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is highly similar to the gene ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene ... 1995). "Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C". Proc. Natl. Acad. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4

This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases. It accumulates primarily in ... Cyclin dependent kinase like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDKL1 gene. ... "Entrez Gene: Cyclin dependent kinase like 1". Retrieved 2016-06-07. Rose JE, Behm FM, Drgon T, Johnson C, Uhl GR (2010). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_dependent_kinase_like_1

Agarwal-Mawal A, Paudel HK (June 2001). "Neuronal Cdc2-like protein kinase (Cdk5/p25) is associated with protein phosphatase 1 ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5R2 gene. The protein encoded by this ... It associates with CDK5 to form an active kinase. This protein and neuron-specific CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p39NCK5A both share ... cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activators p35 and p39 interact with the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2

1999). "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45". Oncogene. ... "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45". Oncogene. 18 (18 ... Vairapandi M, Balliet AG, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA (September 2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors ... 2000). "The GADD45 inhibition of Cdc2 kinase correlates with GADD45-mediated growth suppression". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (22): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADD45A

"Cdc2 kinase directly phosphorylates the cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130 and is required for Golgi fragmentation in mitosis". ... The golgins are a family of proteins, of which the protein encoded by this gene is a member, that are localized to the Golgi. ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ... This encoded protein has been postulated to play roles in the stacking of Golgi cisternae and in vesicular transport. Several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOLGA2

"The cdc2-related protein p40MO15 is the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that can activate p33cdk2 and p34cdc2". EMBO ... Nebreda, A.R.; Hunt, T. (1993). "The c-mos proto-oncogene protein kinase turns on and maintains the activity of MAP kinase, but ... He and others subsequently showed that cyclins bind and activate a family of protein kinases, now called the cyclin-dependent ... of protein synthesis is mediated by reversible phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 by two distinct protein kinases and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hunt

The phosphorylation of this protein by CDC2 kinase reduces the DNA helicase activity and chromatin binding of the MCM complex. ... A role for cdc2 kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (27): 17095-101. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.17095. PMID 9642275. You Z, Komamura Y, ... This gene is mapped to a region on the chromosome 8 head-to-head next to the PRKDC/DNA-PK, a DNA-activated protein kinase ... The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) and may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM4

... like the MAP kinase kinase kinase protein MOS, that are vital to the completion of meiosis in Xenopus Oocytes. Prior to the ... Myt1, in complex with RSK, is now unable to inhibit cdc2. As a consequence, cdc2 permits entry into meiosis. A similar Aurora A ... The human genome contains three members of the aurora kinase family: Aurora kinase A, Aurora kinase B and Aurora C kinase. The ... Aurora kinase A also known as serine/threonine-protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AURKA gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_kinase_A

"Phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase modulates DNA binding activity of high mobility group I nonhistone chromatin protein". The ... High-mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGA1 gene. This gene encodes a non- ... "Identification of sites on chromosomal protein HMG-I phosphorylated by casein kinase II". FEBS Letters. 257 (1): 101-4. doi: ... HMGB and HMGN proteins. HMGA1-GFP fusion proteins are highly dynamic in vivo (determined using FRAP analysis), but in contrast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA1

... s, when bound with the dependent kinases, such as the p34/cdc2/cdk1 protein, form the maturation-promoting factor. MPFs ... Protein cyclin A governs this process by keeping the process going until the errors are eliminated. In normal cells, persistent ... is a family of proteins that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase ( ... These phosphorylated proteins, in turn, are responsible for specific events during cycle division such as microtubule formation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin

"The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M ... Messenger MM, Saulnier RB, Gilchrist AD, Diamond P, Gorbsky GJ, Litchfield DW (Jun 2002). "Interactions between protein kinase ... "The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M ... The enzyme binds to a subset of proteins and thus plays a role as a post phosphorylation control in regulating protein function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIN1

In S. pombe, Rad proteins, S. pombe Mek1 (with FHA kinase domain), Cdc25, Cdc2 and unknown factor is thought to form a ... the cell synthesizes its vast array of proteins, including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1, ... The protein complex cohesin holds sister chromatids together from the time of their replication until anaphase. In mitosis, the ... there is a role of MeiRNA binding protein for entry to meiotic cell division. It has been suggested that Yeast CEP1 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis

"Architecture of high mobility group protein I-C.DNA complex and its perturbation upon phosphorylation by Cdc2 kinase". The ... This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group (HMG) protein family. HMG proteins ... ERCC1 protein expression is reduced or absent in 84% to 100% of human colorectal cancers. ERCC1 protein expression was also ... stress in part through the modulation of basal and DNA damage-dependent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA2

Booher RN, Holman PS, Fattaey A (1997). "Human Myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits Cdc2 but not Cdk2 activity ... 1994). "Activation of p34cdc2 protein kinase by microinjection of human cdc25C into mammalian cells. Requirement for prior ... The encoded protein is a tyrosine phosphatase and belongs to the Cdc25 phosphatase family. It directs dephosphorylation of ... Gould KL, Moreno S, Tonks NK, Nurse P (Feb 1991). "Complementation of the mitotic activator, p80cdc25, by a human protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC25C

2003). "Beacon interacts with cdc2/cdc28-like kinases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (1): 125-9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X( ... Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are thought to be reversible modulators of protein function rather than protein degraders like ... Ubiquitin-like protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBL5 gene. It has been shown that in C. elegans ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBL5

"A global protein kinase and phosphatase interaction network in yeast". Science. 328 (5981): 1043-1046. Bibcode:2010Sci... ... but promotes the inactivation of Cdc2 by down-regulating Cdc25 phosphatase. Cdc14 of Candida albicans is also involved in ... a well-studied cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Cdc14 antagonizes Cdk1 by stimulating proteolysis of its cyclin partner (cyclin ... "The structure of the cell cycle protein Cdc14 reveals a proline-directed protein phosphatase". EMBO J. 22 (14): 3524-3535. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdc14

CDK1 (also called CDC2) is considered the main mitotic kinase in mammalian cells and is activated by Cyclin B1. Aurora kinases ... with many of these proteins serving as Aurora and Polo-like kinase substrates. In a properly formed mitotic spindle, bi- ... Spindle assembly is largely regulated by phosphorylation events catalyzed by mitotic kinases. Cyclin dependent kinase complexes ... CLIP-associated proteins like CLASP1 in humans have also been shown to localize to plus-ends and the outer kinetochore as well ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatus

At this point, E2F 1-3 proteins bind to DNA and transcribe Cyclin A and Cdc 6. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B), ... The Plk1-Cdc2-cdc25 complex then initiates a positive feedback loop which serves to further activate Cdc2, and in conjunction ... The third pocket protein, Rb, binds to and represses E2F 1, E2F 2, and E2F 3, which are the E2F proteins with activating ... Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

"Peripheral Golgi protein GRASP65 is a target of mitotic polo-like kinase (Plk) and Cdc2". Proceedings of the National Academy ... Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) also known as Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 (GORASP1) is a protein ... The GRASP65 protein is a peripheral membrane protein anchored to the lipid bilayer through myristoylation of a glycine residue ... GRASP65 can form a complex with the Golgi matrix protein GM130, and this complex binds to the vesicle docking protein p115. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASP65

Booher RN, Holman PS, Fattaey A (1997). "Human Myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits Cdc2 but not Cdk2 activity ... "Protein kinase CK2 regulates CDC25B phosphatase activity". Oncogene. 22 (2): 220-32. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206107. ISSN 0950-9232 ... CDC25B activates the cyclin dependent kinase CDC2 by removing two phosphate groups and it is required for entry into mitosis. ... The protein is nuclear in the M and G1 phases of the cell cycle and moves to the cytoplasm during S and G2. CDC25B has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC25B

... cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.500 - cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.875 - cyclin- ... dependent kinase 5 MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.900 - cyclin-dependent kinase 9 MeSH D12.776.167.200.580.500 - cdc2 protein kinase ... RNA-binding protein EWS MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.250 - lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase p56(lck) MeSH D12.776. ... wnt1 protein MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.978 - wnt2 protein MeSH D12.776.624.776.355.100 - cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDK5RAP1 gene. Neuronal CDC2-like ... kinase, which is involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation, is composed of a catalytic subunit, CDK5, and an ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode: ... The protein encoded by this gene binds to p25NCK5A and therefore may be involved in neuronal differentiation. Multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5RAP1

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to block kinase activity, ... Most knowledge of CDK structure and function is based on CDKs of S. pombe (Cdc2), S. cerevisiae (CDC28), and vertebrates (CDC2 ... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell ... CDKs are relatively small proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 34 to 40 kDa, and contain little more than the kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase

The encoded protein, which may be a substrate of neuronal CDC2-like kinase, has also been found in vascular endothelial cells, ... CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDK5RAP3 gene. Neuronal CDC2-like ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ... The protein encoded by this gene binds to p25NCK5A and therefore may be involved in neuronal differentiation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5RAP3

These include INKS for inhibitors of kinase, KIPS for kinase inhibitors and CKIPS for cyclin dependent kinases inhibitors. ... Wee is a protein that operates at the G2 to metaphase checkpoint. Wee becomes active if errors occur in the DNA synthesis phase ... Cdc2, part of the metaphase entry checkpoint, is active depending on the pattern of phosphorylation. (Articles lacking sources ... Kinase inhibitors add another level of modulation. Kinase inhibitors are grouped into classes and are assigned not very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphorylation

... a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase. Towards the end of the ... Observations that myxobacteria are motile, can form multicellular complexes, and possess kinases and G proteins similar to ... The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins. Like all proteins, lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later ... Speckles are dynamic structures, and both their protein and RNA-protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

This activation is mediated via their proteins binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both ... Vairapandi M, Balliet AG, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA (Sep 2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a ... possible roles of Gadd45 and MyD118 proteins inferred from their homology to ribosomal proteins". Journal of Molecular Medicine ... Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta, also known as GADD45B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GADD45B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADD45B

"Amphiphysin 1 binds the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 5 regulatory subunit p35 and is phosphorylated by cdk5 and cdc2". The ... Amphiphysin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMPH gene. This gene encodes a protein associated with the ... Chen-Hwang MC, Chen HR, Elzinga M, Hwang YW (May 2002). "Dynamin is a minibrain kinase/dual specificity Yak1-related kinase 1A ... "Amphiphysin 1 binds the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 5 regulatory subunit p35 and is phosphorylated by cdk5 and cdc2". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphysin

Agarwal-Mawal A, Paudel HK (June 2001). "Neuronal Cdc2-like protein kinase (Cdk5/p25) is associated with protein phosphatase 1 ... Wang H, Brautigan DL (December 2002). "A novel transmembrane Ser/Thr kinase complexes with protein phosphatase-1 and inhibitor- ... October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. ... "Regulation of type 1 protein phosphatase/inhibitor-2 complex by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in intact cells". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1R2

In general, for n proteins, the dynamical system takes the following form where x is typically protein concentration: x 1 ˙ = d ... a cyclin-dependent kinase. In population ecology, the dynamics of food web interactions networks can exhibit Hopf bifurcations ... extracts of Xenopus laevis are driven in and out of mitosis irreversibly by positive feedback in the phosphorylation of Cdc2, ... However, with knowledge of network interactions and a set of parameters for the proteins and protein interactions (usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_applications_of_bifurcation_theory

Cyclin B was found to interact with this protein, which targets cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) kinase to microtubules. The ... Microtubule-associated protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP4 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... 1996). "Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and MAP4 by the protein kinase p110mark. Phosphorylation sites ... 1998). "MAP4 is the in vivo substrate for CDC2 kinase in HeLa cells: identification of an M-phase specific and a cell cycle- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP4

Working in fission yeast, Nurse identified the gene cdc2, which controls the transition from G1 to S, when the cell grows in ... These genes stop and start cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) by adding or removing phosphate groups. In 1984, Nurse joined the ... awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein ... In 1987, Nurse identified the homologous gene in human, Cdk1, which codes for a cyclin dependent kinase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse

The protein encoded by this gene is also known as p23 which functions as a chaperone which is required for proper functioning ... "The Hsp90 chaperone complex is both a facilitator and a repressor of the dsRNA-dependent kinase PKR". EMBO J. 20 (14): 3771- ... a p23 homologue that interacts with Wee1 and Cdc2 in the mitotic control of fission yeasts". Genetics. 153 (4): 1561-72. doi: ... McLaughlin SH, Smith HW, Jackson SE (2002). "Stimulation of the weak ATPase activity of human hsp90 by a client protein". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTGES3

This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ... Cheng A, Kaldis P, Solomon MJ (November 2000). "Dephosphorylation of human cyclin-dependent kinases by protein phosphatase type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2

The Pneumocystis carinii cdc2 cell division cycle homologue exhibits characteristic protein kinase acttvity. Chest. 1996 Oct 1; ... The Pneumocystis carinii cdc2 cell division cycle homologue exhibits characteristic protein kinase acttvity. In: Chest. 1996 ; ... The Pneumocystis carinii cdc2 cell division cycle homologue exhibits characteristic protein kinase acttvity. / Thomas, Charles ... The P. carinii cdc2 homologue possesses charactersitic protein kinase activity as demonstrated by the immunoprecipitates ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-pneumocystis-carinii-cdc2-cell-division-cycle-homologue-exhib

Fission yeast p13 blocks mitotic activation and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc2 protein kinase. (English) ... Fission yeast p13 blocks mitotic activation and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc2 protein kinase.. scientific ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46266285

The human Cdk-activating protein kinase (Cak1) is itself a Cdc2-related cyclin-dependent protein kinase that associates with ... The activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) is dependent upon site-specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation ... Immunoaffinity-purified Cak1 phosphorylated monomeric Cdc2 and Cdk2, but not Cdk4; the phosphorylation of both Cdc2 and Cdk2 ... Immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled human osteosarcoma cells revealed a number of Cak1-associated proteins, including ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Biochemical-Characterization-of-the-Human-Protein-Yee-Wu/38f78ad6da05dbe51ab7dc76766a699eee0c663c

Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.. Contains 1 protein kinase ... Proteins and Peptides. By product type. Proteomics tools. Agonists, activators, antagonists and inhibitors. Cell lines and ... Pal-Ghosh R et al. CDC2 Is an Important Driver of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via FOXM1 and PLK1 in Pulmonary ... Huang Z et al. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) is Co-Expressed with CDCA5: Their Functions in Gastric Cancer Cell Line MGC-803 ...

https://www.abcam.com/cdk1-antibody-ye324-ab32094.html

G. Draetta, D. Beach, "Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human... ... We showed that fos protein can shut off the transcription of its own promoter; therefore, the amounts of the fos protein are ... We showed that fos protein can. The Scientist Staff. Jan 7, 1990 , 3 min read. ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/hot-paper/hot-papers-61614

... disease associationa and an extensive database of protein kinase genes. ... a key class of regulatory proteins. Includes genomic and evolutionary analyses (kinomes), classification, ... CDC2-S2_a. S.moellendorffii. CMGC : CDK : CDC2-smoe2 CDC2-S2_a. ... CDC2-S2_b. CDC2-S2_c. S.moellendorffii. CMGC : CDK : CDC2-smoe2 ... CDC2-S2_d. S.moellendorffii. CMGC : CDK : CDC2-smoe2 CDC2-S2_d. ... CDC2-S2_e. CDC2-S2_f. S.moellendorffii. CMGC : CDK : CDC2-smoe2 ...

http://kinase.com/web/current/kinbase/genes/Subfamily/CDC2-smoe2/

Protein description. 326 amino acids; 36938 Da. It belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, CDC2/CDKX subfamily. It is ... Genes Involved and Proteins. Gene name. MECOM (Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 (EVI1) and Myelodysplastic Syndrome 1 (MDS1- ...

https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1287/t

Phosphorylation of BRCA1 by the DNA damage-response proteins ATM, ATR and hCds1/Chk2 changes in response to … ... encodes a protein with a BRCT domain-a motif that is found in many proteins that are implicated in DNA damage response and in ... an inhibitor of Cdc2/cyclin B kinase, and the 14-3-3 family of proteins that sequesters phosphorylated Cdc25C and Cdc2/cyclin B ... Thus, BRCA1 controls the expression, phosphorylation and cellular localization of Cdc25C and Cdc2/cyclin B kinase-proteins that ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11836499/

... extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 protein kinase in vanadate-induced cell growth arrest. Exposure of ... ROS activate ERK and p38, which in turn upregulate p21 and cdc2 and cause degradation of cdc25C, leading to cell growth arrest ... Vanadate stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family members, as determined by the phosphorylation of ERK and ... Protein-biochemistry; Proteins; Cell-biology; Cell-growth; Cellular-function; Cellular-reactions; Vanadium-compounds; Cancer; ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=hydrogen+peroxide&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=9&RecNo=83&View=f&

The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, thus functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). This cyclin ... This cyclin forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. ... and its kinase partner are components of TFIIH, as well as RNA polymerase II protein complexes. They participate in two ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic ...

https://www.abnova.com/products/products_detail.asp?catalog_id=MAB19940

It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.. Terms. Cyclin B Preferred Term Term UI T059380. ... It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.. Entry Term(s). Type B Cyclin Type B Cyclins ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] * Proteins [D12.776] * Cell Cycle Proteins [D12.776.167] * Cyclins [D12.776.167.218] ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] * Proteins [D12.776] * Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [D12.776.476] * ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D019926

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Binding Sites ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Phosphorylation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; CDC2- ... CDC28 Kinases ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Serine ... We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three ... We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three ...

https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/183151

Phosphorylation of replication protein A: A role for cdc2 kinase in G1/S regulation. Dutta, A., Din, S., Brill, S. J. & ... A hierarchy of SSB protomers in replication protein A. Philipova, D., Mullen, J. R., Maniar, H. S., Lu, J., Gu, C. & Brill, S. ... Structure and Function of the Conserved Core of Histone Deposition Protein Asf1. Daganzo, S. M., Erzberger, J. P., Lam, W. M., ... Roles of replication protein-A subunits 2 and 3 in DNA replication fork movement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maniar, H. S., ...

https://www.researchwithrutgers.com/en/persons/steven-brill/publications/

BRCA1 then regulates the Cdc2 kinase Cdc25C and WEE1, which are important cell cycle regulatory proteins that prevent ... It is understood to be a protein-protein interaction site to build a large protein complex of up to 3 MDa with other DNA repair ... The BRCA1 protein consists of 1863 amino acids [1,23]. The C-terminus contains what is known as the BRCT (BRCA1 C Terminus) ... WEE1 kinases are important regulators of the cell cycle, arresting a cell with DNA damage at the G2M checkpoint so the DNA ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2453

CDC2 Protein Kinase 100% * Cyclin B1 91% * Mitosis 68% * Phosphorylation 47% * DNA 38% ... SHP2: The protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Chang, C. J., Lin, C. F., Chen ... Serum protein oxidation by diesel exhaust particles: Effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in vitro. Chiang, L ... Sp1 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B1 represses its DNA-binding activity during mitosis in cancer cells. ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/zh/organisations/school-of-respiratory-therapy-2/publications/?page=9&ordering=type&descending=false

Regulation of microtubule dynamics by cdc2 protein kinase in cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. Nature. ... Regulation of microtubule dynamics by cdc2 protein kinase in cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. Nature. ... the Aurora B kinase complex, kinesin motor proteins, and, in yeast, the chromosomal passenger proteins Slk19 and separase Esp1 ... Separase, polo kinase, the kinetochore protein Slk19, and Spo12 function in a network that controls Cdc14 localization during ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/177/6/981/34651/Cdc14-regulated-midzone-assembly-controls-anaphase

Working in fission yeast, he showed that the cdc2 gene encodes a protein kinase, which ensures the cell is ready to copy its ...

https://royalsociety.org/people/paul-nurse-12012/

Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of mammalian protein phosphatase 1 by cdc2 kinase. Kwon, Y. G., Lee, S. Y., Choi, Y., ... Assignment of the human PTK6 gene encoding a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase to 20q13.3 by fluorescence in situ ... Assignment of PTK7 encoding a receptor protein tyrosine kinase-like molecule to human chromosome 6p21.1 → p12.2 by fluorescence ... A transcriptional mediator protein that is required for activation of many RNA polymerase II promoters and is conserved from ...

https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2017&publicationYear=2018&publicationYear=2019&publicationYear=2020&author=5bc18205-94c4-4e20-a3ca-06698abdc7bb&format=&nofollow=true&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&page=1650

2011) describes KH-CB19, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cdc2-like kinase that interacts with the ATP hinge region through a ... There is a growing recognition of the importance of protein kinases in the control of alternative splicing. To define the ... A major challenge for the discovery of protein kinase inhibitors is to identify potent, selective, and novel pharmacophores. In ... a potent and highly specific inhibitor of the CDC2-like kinase isoforms 1 and 4 (CLK1/CLK4). Cocrystal structures... ...

https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-7d11ddf7-d4bf-3687-9f0c-7df0a5ee9997/tab/jContent?q=sc

CDC2 Protein Kinase Medicine & Life Sciences 37% * Genome Medicine & Life Sciences 35% ... cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR ( ... cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR ( ... cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR ( ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/an-intrinsic-sgsub2sub-checkpoint-enforced-by-atr

CDC2 Protein Kinase Entry term(s). Cdk1 Protein Kinase Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 Protein Kinase, CDC2 ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1. Histone Kinase p34(cdc2). Protein Kinase, CDC2. Protein Kinase, Cdk1. Protein p34cdc2. cdc2+ Protein ... CDC2 Protein Kinase - Preferred Concept UI. M0024739. Scope note. Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in ... Protéine-kinase CDC2 Entry term(s):. Cdk1 Protein Kinase. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=29088

1 CDC2 Protein Kinase --genetics. *1 Cell Cycle. *1 Conserved Sequence. *1 Epitopes --genetics ... Cell cycle control protein p34cdc2 homologue and its phase specific accumulation in synchronized onion (Allium cepa L.) root ... Deduced amino acid sequence of 2S storage protein from Brassica species and their conserved structural features.. Dasgupta, J; ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/1364/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=dateIssued&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=%5B1990+TO+1999%5D&filter_field_2=subject&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=Amino+Acid+Sequence&etal=0&filtername=author&filterquery=Ghosh%2C+S&filtertype=equals

Eisenreich A, Bogdanov VY, Zakrzewicz A, Pries A, Antoniak S, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U: Cdc2-like kinases and DNA ... protein serine/threonine kinase activity / protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity / protein tyrosine kinase activity ... CDC-like kinase 2. Gene Name. CLK2. Organism. Humans. Amino acid sequence. ,lcl,BSEQ0051728,Dual specificity protein kinase ... The Clk2 and Clk3 dual-specificity protein kinases regulate the intranuclear distribution of SR proteins and influence pre-mRNA ...

https://go.drugbank.com/polypeptides/P49760

Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylates and Targets Inducible cAMP Early Repressor to Ubiquitin-mediated Destruction. ... Expression of inducible cAMP early repressor is coupled to the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in osteoblasts. Nervina ... Evidence for a regulatory role of inducible cAMP early repressor in protein kinase A-mediated enhancement of vitamin D receptor ... 2-Dioctanoyl-glycerol Increase the Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C in Cells. Molina, C. A. & Ashende, C. L., 1 Sep 1991, In ...

https://researchwith.montclair.edu/en/persons/carlos-molina/publications/

cdc2-related protein kinase 5. Location. Chromosome 6: 644,052-646,169 forward strand. ... Protein. Translation ID. Biotype. UniProt. RefSeq. Flags. -. CAG25393. 2118. 705aa. CAG25393. Gene/transcipt that contains an ...

http://protists.ensembl.org/Plasmodium_falciparum/Gene/Summary?g=PF3D7_0615500

... is a serine/threonine kinase which forms complexes with cyclins A and B which then phosphorylate a ... Cell Division Control Protein 2 Homolog; Cell Division Protein Kinase 1; P34 Protein Kinase; P34CDC2; CDC28A; CDC2; Cell Cycle ... Antigen/Gene or Protein Targets Cyclin Dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1, Cdc2) Synonyms Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1; Cell Division Cycle ... Cdk1 (Cdc2) is a serine/threonine kinase which forms complexes with cyclins A and B which then phosphorylate a variety of ...

https://ximbio.com/reagent/151049/anti-cdk1-3e11

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN MYT1 KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH Bosutinib isomer ... Membrane-associated tyrosine- and threonine-specific cdc2-inhibitory kinase. A. 311. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ... Purified recombinant full-length proteins and kinase domain constructs differed substantially in phosphorylation states and ... Purified recombinant full-length proteins and kinase domain constructs differed substantially in phosphorylation states and ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5VCZ

CDC2-related kinase); protein kinase p42 KKIALRE; serine/threonine protein kinase KKIALRE; serine/threonine-protein kinase ... Kinase. CDC2-related kinase 1; KKIALRE; P42; cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1; cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 ( ... This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases. It accumulates primarily in ... Alternative splice variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described, but their full-length nature has not been ...

https://www.genemedi.net/l/targets?id=1555

... directly inhibits immunoprecipitated Cdc2 kinase activity from G2/M synchronized MDA-MB ... Potent inhibition of CDC2 kinase activity by the flavonoid L86-8275.在哪里下载？这篇文献在哪里可以阅读？:L86-8275 [(-) cis-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(2- ... abstract：:The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate the response of renal glomerular mesangial cells to a variety of ... Purified sea-star Cdc2 kinase (IC50 = 0.5 microM) was inhibited with a similar potency to immunoprecipitated Cdc2 kinase from ...

https://www.shengsci.com/wenxian/2799475.html

The activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) is dependent upon site-specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions, as well as positive and negative regulatory subunits. (semanticscholar.org)
Phosphorylation of BRCA1 by the DNA damage-response proteins ATM, ATR and hCds1/Chk2 changes in response to DNA damage and at replication-block checkpoints. (nih.gov)
Thus, BRCA1 controls the expression, phosphorylation and cellular localization of Cdc25C and Cdc2/cyclin B kinase-proteins that are crucial for the G2/M transition. (nih.gov)
Vanadate stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family members, as determined by the phosphorylation of ERK and p38. (cdc.gov)
With the exception of Ser81, all of these sites are in Ser-Pro motifs, suggesting that proline-directed kinases are responsible for their phosphorylation. (unimi.it)
Phosphorylation of human progesterone receptor by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 on three sites that are authentic basal phosphorylation sites in vivo / Y. Zhang, C.A. Beck, A. Poletti, J.P. Clement, P. Prendergast, T.T. Yip, T.W. Hutchens, D.P. Edwards, N.L. Weigel. (unimi.it)
The modification of protein by arginine catalyzed by arginyltransferases (ATE1) described by the Kashina group in this issue shows that arginylation of protein occurs widely in biology and is being recognized as a key regulatory reaction such as phosphorylation of proteins (Wang et al. (infona.pl)
Here we show that cells transactivate the mitotic gene network as they exit the S phase through a CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. (elsevier.com)
Members of the Wee family of kinases negatively regulate the cell cycle via phosphorylation of CDK1 and are considered potential drug targets. (rcsb.org)
The results from this study suggest that Aβ phosphorylation by cdc2 could play a role in the brain pathology of AD. (leedstrinity.ac.uk)
Milton, NGN 2001, ' Phosphorylation of amyloid-β at the serine 26 residue by human cdc2 kinase ', NeuroReport , vol. 12, no. 17, pp. 3839-3844. (leedstrinity.ac.uk)
Much like Cdk2 and Cdc2, the activity of Cdk4 is regulated by association with its respective kinase and by phosphorylation of specific threonine residues. (bdbiosciences.com)
Therefore, other cellular factors may be necessary for stabilization of this protein complex in order to facilitate the phosphorylation of Cdk4. (bdbiosciences.com)
However, plk1 phosphorylation is inhibited after treatment with two specific p34(cdc2) inhibitors, roscovitine and butyrolactone, suggesting plk1 involvement in the MPF autoamplification loop. (unibas.ch)
Consistent with microarray analysis, western blotting revealed that CSN5 depletion increased phosphorylation of Smad 2/3, key mediators of TGFbeta1 signaling, decreased the protein levels of ITGB1, CDK6 and cyclin D1 and caused reduced expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, while elevating the levels of pro-apoptotic Bak. (grantome.com)
Under normal conditions, Wee1 kinase plays an important role in maintaining G2 arrest through the inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc2 on Tyr-15. (grantome.com)

We show that BRCA1 regulates the expression of both Wee1 kinase, an inhibitor of Cdc2/cyclin B kinase, and the 14-3-3 family of proteins that sequesters phosphorylated Cdc25C and Cdc2/cyclin B kinase in the cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, and SB202190, an inhibitor of p38, inhibited vanadate-induced cell growth arrest, upregulation of p21 and cdc2, and degradation of cdc25C. (cdc.gov)
2011) describes KH-CB19, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cdc2-like kinase that interacts with the ATP hinge region through a halogen-bonding motif. (infona.pl)
Here, we report the discovery and characterization of the dichloroindolyl enaminonitrile KH-CB19, a potent and highly specific inhibitor of the CDC2-like kinase isoforms 1 and 4 (CLK1/CLK4). (infona.pl)
Kinome profiling and cellular studies demonstrate that, in addition to Wee1 and Wee2, MK-1775 is an equally potent inhibitor of the polo-like kinase PLK1. (rcsb.org)
In NT-2 neurons the levels of pSAβ were increased in the presence of exogenous Aβ and this increase was prevented by a cdc2 protein kinase inhibitor, olomoucine, that also prevented Aβ cytotoxicity. (leedstrinity.ac.uk)
Here we have used a temperature-sensitive murine Cdc2 mutant cell line and Cdc2 inhibitor compounds to study the effect of inhibition of this protein kinase on apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging drugs. (ox.ac.uk)
An inhibitor of Cdk4 kinase activity, known as p16, has been identified and partially characterized. (bdbiosciences.com)
CHIR-99021 is a glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor that has antiproliferative activity in vitro and in vivo. (dcchemicals.com)
CHIR-99021 is a GSK-3α/β inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 and 6.7 nM，showing 500-fold selectivity over its closest homologs CDC2 and ERK2, as well as other protein kinases. (dcchemicals.com)
CHIR-98014 is a potent GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50 of 0.65 nM/0.58 nM, with the ability to distinguish GSK-3 from its closest homologs Cdc2 and ERK2. (dcchemicals.com)
Moreover, we found co-treatment with L. plantarum metabolites and chloroquine, a known autophagy inhibitor, had a synergistic effect on cytotoxicity and downregulation of autophagy-related protein expression. (bvsalud.org)

Cdk1 (Cdc2) is a serine/threonine kinase which forms complexes with cyclins A and B which then phosphorylate a variety of target substrates to enable cell cycle progression. (ximbio.com)

CDC2L1 is a member of the p34Cdc2 protein kinase family. (signalchem.com)
p34Cdc2 protein kinase family is known to be essential for eukaryotic cell cycle control. (signalchem.com)

The P. carinii cdc2 homologue possesses charactersitic protein kinase activity as demonstrated by the immunoprecipitate's ability to phosphorylate H1 histone when incubated with a mixture of 32 P-γATP and H1 histone. (elsevier.com)
The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, thus functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). (abnova.com)
We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three sites that are authentic basal sites in vivo. (unimi.it)
This protein kinase can interact with and phosphorylate the serine- and arginine-rich (SR) proteins, which are known to play an important role in the formation of spliceosomes, and thus may be involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. (fishersci.fi)
The cdk-activating kinase (CAK) is a regulator of cdk-cyclin activity by virtue of its ability to phosphorylate single threonine residues on Cdk2, Cdc2, and Cdk4. (bdbiosciences.com)
They are serine threonine kinases that sense DNA damage and phosphorylate quite a few proteins that regulate cell cycle progression and DNA repair pathways [2]. (adenosine-kinase.com)

We confirmed methylation of corresponding protein domains in vitro and in vivo with a high success rate for strongly methylated peptides and showed. (infona.pl)
The Aβ 1-42, 1-40 and 25-35 peptides were shown to be substrates for the cdc2 kinase and phosphorylated on the Serine 26 residue. (leedstrinity.ac.uk)
The biological peptides synthesised are an 11-residue peptide ATP binding site of the CDC2 kinase and a difficult sequence-a nine-residue peptide β 34-42 corresponding to a portion of the hydrophobic terminus of the β-amyloid protein β 1-42. (ias.ac.in)

Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. (abnova.com)
It involves a family of unstable proteins called "cyclins" that bind and activate a "cyclin dependent kinase" (CDK) called Cdc2. (stonybrookmedicine.edu)
The Cdk4 kinase is a cell cycle-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase that associates with cyclins D1, D2, and D3. (bdbiosciences.com)

Molecular cloning of CDK7-associated human MAT1, a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) assembly factor. (semanticscholar.org)

Fission yeast p13 blocks mitotic activation and tyrosine dephosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc2 protein kinase. (wikidata.org)
Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine and tyrosine-containing substrates. (drugbank.com)
The Nek family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)

G. Draetta, D. Beach, "Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human. (the-scientist.com)
A number of lines of evidence have suggested a possible involvement of the mitosis-promoting protein kinase Cdc2 in the process of apoptotic cell death, and one recent study concluded that premature activation of Cdc2 is required for apoptosis. (ox.ac.uk)
This form of Cdc2 appears to be active in G2-arrested cells and is therefore presumably distinct from the mitosis-promoting Cdc2-cyclin B heterodimer. (ox.ac.uk)
We herein describe the characterization of EmPlk1, encoded by the gene emplk1 , which displays significant homologies to members of the Plk1 sub-family of Polo-like kinases that regulate mitosis in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, Never In Mitosis gene A-related kinase 5. (umbc.edu)
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Never In Mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase 5 (Nek5) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)

Immunoblotting for cyclin D1, E, A, B, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and their counterpart protein kinases (CDK2, 4, and CDC2) showed significant overexpression in rats with severely cirrhotic livers. (ewha.ac.kr)

Based on this, we identified 91 new peptide substrates from human proteins, many of them better than known substrates. (infona.pl)
The down-regulation of CSN5 was sufficient to interfere with CSN function as evidenced by the accumulation of neddylated Cullin 1 and changes in the protein levels of CSN-controlled substrates SKP2, p53, p27 and nuclear factor-kappaB, albeit to a different degree depending on the HCC cell line, which could account for the CSN5 knockdown phenotype. (grantome.com)
STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. (umbc.edu)

Of these, the cdc2 gene encodes an essential serine-threonine kinase containing a conserved PSTAIR amino-acid motif. (elsevier.com)
Working in fission yeast, he showed that the cdc2 gene encodes a protein kinase, which ensures the cell is ready to copy its DNA and divide. (royalsociety.org)

Alternative splice variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. (genemedi.net)
2. Xiang, J. et.al: Molecular cloning and expression of alternatively spliced PITSLRE protein kinase isoforms. (signalchem.com)

Evidence by sequence comparison of a new family of mammalian protein kinases. (drugbank.com)
We conclude that, far from being required for cell death, a form of mammalian Cdc2 suppresses apoptosis induced by DNA damage. (ox.ac.uk)
Furthermore, CDDO-Me induced autophagy in both Ec109 and KYSE70 cells via suppression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway. (dovepress.com)
Mammalian LST8 is a functional component of mTOR signaling complex and interacts with all the kinase domain of mTOR to stabilize its interaction with raptor. (adenosine-kinase.com)

Potent inhibition of CDC2 kinase activity by the flavonoid L86-8275. (shengsci.com)
Inhibition of Cdc2 activity before or during exposure to DNA strand break-inducing drugs had the effect of increasing the level of subsequent apoptosis, as assessed by electron microscopy and flow cytometry. (ox.ac.uk)
no significant inhibition on 26 other kinases. (dcchemicals.com)
Schubert A, Koziol U, Cailliau K, Vanderstraete M, Dissous C, Brehm K (2014) Targeting Echinococcus multilocularis Stem Cells by Inhibition of the Polo-Like Kinase EmPlk1. (plos.org)

A major challenge for the discovery of protein kinase inhibitors is to identify potent, selective, and novel pharmacophores. (infona.pl)
Several previously unrecognized inhibitors of Wee kinases were discovered and characterized. (rcsb.org)
Combined, the data provide a comprehensive view on the catalytic and structural properties of Wee kinases and a framework for the rational design of novel inhibitors thereof. (rcsb.org)
These data suggest L86-8275 as a lead structure for the development of inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases. (shengsci.com)

In response to DNA damage, the protein kinase Chk1 is phosphorylated and inhibits mitotic entry by phosphorylating Wee1 and Cdc25 to prevent activation of Cdc2 [11].The spindle assembly checkpoint blocks chromosome segregation until all the chromosomes are attached for the mitotic spindle. (adenosine-kinase.com)
The activation of Mad2, a spindle assembly checkpoint protein prevents the association of APC with Slp1/Cdc20 and blocks the cells during metaphase until all of the chromosomes are adequately attached towards the mitotic spindle [12]. (adenosine-kinase.com)
Upon entry into the first mitotic M-phase at nuclear envelope breakdown plk1 is phosphorylated and there is an increase in its kinase activity. (unibas.ch)

The breast cancer tumor-suppressor gene, BRCA1, encodes a protein with a BRCT domain-a motif that is found in many proteins that are implicated in DNA damage response and in genome stability. (nih.gov)

It belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (reactome.org)

A carboxy-terminal fragment starting at methionine 85 of Xenopus laevis p34 cdc2. (ximbio.com)
We also show that EmPlk1 can induce germinal vesicle breakdown when heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, indicating that it is an active kinase. (plos.org)

Taken together, these results indicate that CSN5 has a pivotal role in HCC pathogenesis and maybe an attractive molecular target for systemic HCC therapy.Our most recent progress in this project include;and (2) Previously studies have shown that protein level and kinase activity of Wee1 are significantly elevated in HCC compared with surrounding cirrhotic tissues, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. (grantome.com)
Among the tested siRNA molecules, the Wee1-2siRNA was the most effective in inhibiting Huh7 and HepG2 cell growth (80% and 84%, respectively) which was paralleled by a similar decrease in the levels of target mRNA and protein. (grantome.com)
Western blotting showed that Wee1 silencing significantly increased the expression of p53 and p21 and decreased cyclin D1 protein levels in Wee1-deficient HepG2 cells, which could contribute to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. (grantome.com)

The cell cycle of eukaryotes is regulated by expression and activation of molecules known as cell division cycle (cdc) proteins. (elsevier.com)
Activation of CDK protein kinase drives cells into cell division. (stonybrookmedicine.edu)
Plk1 activation, therefore, takes place before GVBD and MAPK activation since plk1 kinase activity correlates with its slow migrating phosphorylated form. (unibas.ch)
Neks are involved in the regulation of downstream processes following the activation of Cdc2, and many of their functions are cell cycle-related. (umbc.edu)

Plk1 protein expression remains unchanged during maturation. (unibas.ch)

Inactivation of Cdc2 increases the level of apoptosis induced by DNA damage. (ox.ac.uk)
The protein kinase encoded by CDC2L1 can be cleaved by caspases and is demonstrated to play roles in cell apoptosis (2). (signalchem.com)
In conclusion, we showed the metabolites from the probiotic, L. plantarum, work synergistically with chloroquine in killing Caco-2 cells and downregulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins, suggesting the involvement of autophagy, rather than apoptosis, in their cytotoxic effect. (bvsalud.org)

Studies in the Israeli sand rat Psammomys obesus suggested that the ubiquitin-like 5 (UBL5/BEACON), a highly conserved ubiquitin-like protein, may interact with and regulate the activity of this kinase. (fishersci.fi)

With strong expertise in Gene&Biogitics discovery, artificial design, and State-of-the-Art Manufacturing, GeneMedi helps accelerate multiple modalities of Macro-Molecule Discovery & Development (M-M D&D), and scalable manufacturing including antibodies, recombinant protein, and multiple types of gene therapeutic vectors and delivery vehicles (AAV, VLP, etc. (genemedi.net)
Recombinant Protein with GST-tag at N-terminal 10μg Abnova™ Human CLK4 Partial ORF (NP_065717.1, 377 a.a. (fishersci.fi)

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals from outside of a cell through cell surface receptors to the inside of the cell. (medchemexpress.com)

Through a large-scale immunopurification of CDK7 complexes and protein microsequencing, a cDNA is isolated that encodes p35 and it is shown that it is the human homologue of Mat1 that is involved in the assembly of CAK, a characteristic feature shared among RING finger proteins. (semanticscholar.org)
It is shown that cyclin H and Cdk7 are present and during meiosis, form active complexes in testicular cells and are strong candidates for the activating kinase for cyclin A1-associated kinase. (semanticscholar.org)
This cyclin and its kinase partner are components of TFIIH, as well as RNA polymerase II protein complexes. (abnova.com)

Phosphorylates serine- and arginine-rich (SR) proteins of the spliceosomal complex. (drugbank.com)
ATR will be the main upstream kinase that phosphorylates and activates Chk1 [3]. (adenosine-kinase.com)
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-3 (MKK3) and -6 (MKK6), is a kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). (frontiersin.org)

We applied peptide array methylation to determine an optimized target sequence for the SET7/9 (KMT7) protein lysine methyltransferase. (infona.pl)
Using an antisense peptide approach a novel interaction between Aβ and the human cdc2 kinase was identified. (leedstrinity.ac.uk)

The transcriptomic analysis of CSN5 knockdown signature showed that the anti-proliferative effect was driven by a common subset of molecular alterations including down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and integrin beta1 (ITGB1), which were functionally interconnected with key oncogenic regulators MYC and TGFbeta1 involved in the control of proliferation, apoptotic cell death and HCC progression. (grantome.com)

Specific ROS affect different MAPK family members and cell growth regulatory proteins with different potencies. (cdc.gov)

L86-8275 [(-) cis-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-8[4-(3-hydroxy-1- methyl)-piperidinyl]-4H-benzopyran-4-one] directly inhibits immunoprecipitated Cdc2 kinase activity from G2/M synchronized MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cells and is at least 250-fold more potent than either quercetin or genistein. (shengsci.com)
CHIR 99021 is a small organic molecule that inhibits GSK3α and GSK3β by competing for their ATP-binding sites.In vitro kinase assays reveal that CHIR 99021 specifically inhibits GSK3β (IC50=~5 nM) and GSK3α (IC50=~10 nM), with little effect on other kinases[2]. (dcchemicals.com)

Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. (reactome.org)
Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. (reactome.org)
May be a constituent of a network of regulatory mechanisms that enable SR proteins to control RNA splicing and can cause redistribution of SR proteins from speckles to a diffuse nucleoplasmic distribution. (drugbank.com)
The WD40-repeat motif was identified initially within the bsubunit of heterotrimeric G proteins [15] and subsequently has been discovered within a wide spectrum of regulatory proteins, exactly where it functions in cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline supplier mediating protein-protein interactions. (adenosine-kinase.com)

Laduviglusib shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. (medchemexpress.com)

To demonstrate protein kinase activity, PC were dissolved in Triton X-100 and immunoprecipited with the anti-PSTAIR antibody. (elsevier.com)
Again, non-immune rabbit IgG or blocked anti-PSTAIR run as concurrent controls did not demonstrate kinase activity. (elsevier.com)
In addition, rat lung proteins prepared from uninfected rats using identical methods and immunoprecipited with anti-PSTAIR failed to show any significant kinase activity, verifying that the protein kinase activity was derived from the PC cdcZ homologue and was not a host cell contaminant. (elsevier.com)
Protein kinase activity appeared greater in the trophozoite population than in cysts when normalized for protein concentration. (elsevier.com)
Non-immune controls run concurrently failed to show any significant kinase activity in either population. (elsevier.com)
Conclusions: These studies document a functional cdc2 homologue in P. carinii which appears to exhibit greater kinase activity in PC trophozoites than cysts. (elsevier.com)
It is shown that hFBH1 exhibited DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA unwinding activities that displace duplex DNA in the 3′ to 5′ direction and is the first F-box protein that possesses intrinsic enzyme activity. (semanticscholar.org)
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE . (bvsalud.org)
The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. (bvsalud.org)
CDC2L1 activity is coordinately regulated with that of p34 (cdc2) during the cell cycle (1). (signalchem.com)
At the two-cell stage, the fast migrating form with weak kinase activity is present. (unibas.ch)

Here we show that BRCA1 is essential for activating the Chk1 kinase that regulates DNA damage-induced G2/M arrest. (nih.gov)
Chk1, an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase is an necessary element of your DNA harm checkpoint [80]. (adenosine-kinase.com)

The cyclin C/Cdk8 kinase. (semanticscholar.org)
Observations and the sequence similarity to the kinase/cyclin pair Srb10/Srb11 in S. cerevisiae suggest that cyclin C and Cdk8 control RNA polymerase II function. (semanticscholar.org)

Exposure of cells to vanadate led to cell growth arrest at the G2/M phase and caused upregulation of p21 and phospho-cdc2 and degradation of cdc25C in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (cdc.gov)
ROS activate ERK and p38, which in turn upregulate p21 and cdc2 and cause degradation of cdc25C, leading to cell growth arrest at the G2/M phase. (cdc.gov)

An important step leading to spindle midzone assembly is the dephosphorylation of Ase1 by the protein phosphatase Cdc14 at the beginning of anaphase. (rupress.org)

Using the human lung alveolar epithelial cancer cell line A549, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 protein kinase in vanadate-induced cell growth arrest. (cdc.gov)
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. (abnova.com)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Co-Ordinates Carbohydrate Metabolism and Cell Cycle in S. cerevisiae. (stonybrookmedicine.edu)
2018). The lab's research interests are varied, but the main two are the control of cell division, and mechanisms of protein translation. (stonybrookmedicine.edu)
All three Wnt signaling pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which passes the biological signal to the protein Dishevelled inside the cell. (medchemexpress.com)
1. Bunnell, B. et.al: Elevated expression of a p58 protein kinase leads to changes in the CHO cell cycle. (signalchem.com)
The budding yeast LST8 functions in the delivery of Gap1 protein, and possibly other amino acid permeases, from the Golgi for the cell surface [20]. (adenosine-kinase.com)
To analyze the aberrant expression of cell cycle-related proteins and their biological significance in relation to cirrhosis, we compared the cirrhotic patterns induced by two different types of cirrhotic agents, CCl 4 and thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. (ewha.ac.kr)
these proteins were increased in hepatocytes surrounding the cirrhotic lesions, suggesting that hepatocyte regeneration is correlated with cell cycle-related protein expression in cirrhotic liver. (ewha.ac.kr)
Our data suggest that liver cirrhosis induced by CCl 4 or TAA is associated with alterations in cell cycle-related proteins, and that the expression of these proteins is responsible for hepatocyte regeneration in the damaged liver and may be involved in liver carcinogenesis. (ewha.ac.kr)
Our results showed a 10% dilution of L. plantarum metabolites decreased cell viability and reduced the expression of autophagy-related proteins. (bvsalud.org)

Two presumptive terpene synthases of unknown biochemical function encoded by the sscg_02150 and sscg_03688 genes of Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27074 were individually expressed in Escherichia coli as N-terminal-His 6 -tag proteins, using codon-optimized synthetic genes. (infona.pl)
This domain occurred 401 times on human genes ( 915 proteins). (umbc.edu)

This cyclin forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. (abnova.com)

Hanes J, von der Kammer H, Klaudiny J, Scheit KH: Characterization by cDNA cloning of two new human protein kinases. (drugbank.com)

Interacts with CTNNB1, GLI3 and MAML1.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. (reactome.org)
It truly is assumed that one (or far more) WD repeat inside a provided protein specifically interacts with different partner proteins, as a result producing numerous protein rotein interactions [18]. (adenosine-kinase.com)

We show that a compound, BI 2536, originally designed to inhibit the human ortholog of EmPlk1, can also inhibit the parasite protein at low doses. (plos.org)

During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related) is activated by ETAA1 to block this switch until the S phase ends. (elsevier.com)

CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (reactome.org)
This gene product is a member of a large family of CDC2-related serine/threonine protein kinases. (genemedi.net)
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CDC2-like protein kinase (CLK) family. (fishersci.fi)
XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)

A database to provide information about the known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets, the targeted disease, pathway information and the corresponding drugs directed at each of these targets. (idrblab.net)

Upregulation of p21 WAF1 , a CDK inhibitory protein, was detected in TAA-treated rats, but not in CCl 4 -treated rats. (ewha.ac.kr)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein increased dramatically in the CCl 4 -treated group, while it was not detected in the livers of TAA-treated rats. (ewha.ac.kr)
In the TAA-treated rats, the expression of these proteins was increased both in hepatocytes and in ductule cells. (ewha.ac.kr)

Anatomy16

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs173

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes40

Information Science3

C-myc overexpression and p53 loss cooperate to promote genomic instability. (1/2147)

Sequential PKC- and Cdc2-mediated phosphorylation events elicit zebrafish nuclear envelope disassembly. (2/2147)

Involvement of p21 in the PKC-induced regulation of the G2/M cell cycle transition. (3/2147)

p53 regulates a G2 checkpoint through cyclin B1. (4/2147)

Mutations at phosphorylation sites of Xenopus microtubule-associated protein 4 affect its microtubule-binding ability and chromosome movement during mitosis. (5/2147)

Antisense expression of the CK2 alpha-subunit gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on light-regulated gene expression and plant growth. (6/2147)

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation and activation of human Cdc25-C at the G2/M phase transition in HeLa cells. (7/2147)

cdk1- and cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of MyoD Ser200 in growing C2 myoblasts: role in modulating MyoD half-life and myogenic activity. (8/2147)

Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Collagen Type I

Phosphorylation

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

MAP Kinase Signaling System

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

cdc25 Phosphatases

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Enzyme Activation

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Protein Kinase C-alpha

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Protein Kinase C-delta

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Signal Transduction

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

Cdc20 Proteins

Protein Kinase C-epsilon

Isoenzymes

Protein Kinase C beta

src-Family Kinases

Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Molecular Sequence Data

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Enzyme Inhibitors

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Hemostatics

Casein Kinase II

p21-Activated Kinases

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

Dietary Fiber

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2

Kinetics

Cell Cycle Proteins

eIF-2 Kinase

Protein Binding

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

MAP Kinase Kinase 1

Mutation

Serine

Transfection

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Blotting, Western

Calcium

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Phosphoproteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Casein Kinases

MAP Kinase Kinase 4

Substrate Specificity

Diglycerides

Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate

Base Sequence

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae

Staurosporine

Recombinant Proteins

Isoquinolines

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine

Phorbol Esters

Maleimides

RNA, Messenger

Binding Sites

Creatine Kinase

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

DNA-Activated Protein Kinase

Retracted Publication

Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

Indoles

Apoptosis