Cdc2 cdc28 kinases. Medical search

A subclass of dual specificity phosphatases that play a role in the progression of the CELL CYCLE. They dephosphorylate and activate CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Genes that code for proteins that regulate the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of MITOSIS by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed primarily in neuronal tissue and may be specific for the Ha-ras homolog of the RAS PROTEINS.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with MICROTUBULES during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and PHOSPHORYLASE B to ADP and PHOSPHORYLASE A.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for a subset of P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES that includes MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 12; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 13; and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 14.

An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of ACTIN polymerization and MICROTUBULE disassembly. Their activity is regulated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop by intracellular signaling kinases such as P21-ACTIVATED KINASES and by RHO KINASE.

Enzyme activated in response to DNA DAMAGE involved in cell cycle arrest. The gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. In humans it is encoded by the CHEK2 gene.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

A non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the BRAIN; OSTEOBLASTS; and LYMPHOID CELLS. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ION CHANNEL function and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES activity.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Highly conserved protein-serine threonine kinases that phosphorylate and activate a group of AGC protein kinases, especially in response to the production of the SECOND MESSENGERS, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,-biphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3).

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol into 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

An enzyme that is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells. It catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside diphosphate, e.g., UDP, to form ADP and UTP. Many nucleoside diphosphates can act as acceptor, while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.6.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that specifically phosphorylates PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2. The enzyme lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE, however it is regulated by phosphorylation by PROTEIN KINASE A and through intramolecular autophosphorylation.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to CYTOKINES.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A family of closely-related serine-threonine kinases that were originally identified as the cellular homologs of the retrovirus-derived V-RAF KINASES. They are MAP kinase kinase kinases that play important roles in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Induced expression of p16(INK4a) inhibits both CDK4- and CDK2-associated kinase activity by reassortment of cyclin-CDK-inhibitor complexes. (1/1134)

To investigate the mode of action of the p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor protein, we have established U2-OS cells in which the expression of p16(INK4a) can be regulated by addition or removal of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. As expected, induction of p16(INK4a) results in a G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. However, induction of p16(INK4a) also causes marked inhibition of CDK2 activity. In the case of cyclin E-CDK2, this is brought about by reassortment of cyclin, CDK, and CDK-inhibitor complexes, particularly those involving p27(KIP1). Size fractionation of the cellular lysates reveals that a substantial proportion of CDK4 participates in active kinase complexes of around 200 kDa. Upon induction of p16(INK4a), this complex is partly dissociated, and the majority of CDK4 is found in lower-molecular-weight fractions consistent with the formation of a binary complex with p16(INK4a). Sequestration of CDK4 by p16(INK4a) allows cyclin D1 to associate increasingly with CDK2, without affecting its interactions with the CIP/KIP inhibitors. Thus, upon the induction of p16(INK4a), p27(KIP1) appears to switch its allegiance from CDK4 to CDK2, and the accompanying reassortment of components leads to the inhibition of cyclin E-CDK2 by p27(KIP1) and p21(CIP1). Significantly, p16(INK4a) itself does not appear to form higher-order complexes, and the overwhelming majority remains either free or forms binary associations with CDK4 and CDK6. (+info)

Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. (2/1134)

The irreversible G1 arrest in senescent human diploid fibroblasts is probably caused by inactivation of the G1 cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes responsible for phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We show that the Cdk inhibitor p21(Sdi1,Cip1,Waf1), which accumulates progressively in aging cells, binds to and inactivates all cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes in senescent cells, whereas in young cells only p21-free Cdk2 complexes are active. Furthermore, the senescent-cell-cycle arrest occurs prior to the accumulation of the Cdk4-Cdk6 inhibitor p16(Ink4a), suggesting that p21 may be sufficient for this event. Accordingly, cyclin D1-associated phosphorylation of pRb at Ser-780 is lacking even in newly senescent fibroblasts that have a low amount of p16. Instead, the cyclin D1-Cdk4 and cyclin D1-Cdk6 complexes in these cells are associated with an increased amount of p21, suggesting that p21 may be responsible for inactivation of both cyclin E- and cyclin D1-associated kinase activity at the early stage of senescence. Moreover, even in the late stage of senescence when p16 is high, cyclin D1-Cdk4 complexes are persistent, albeit reduced by +info)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (3/1134)

The response of the uterine epithelium to female sex steroid hormones provides an excellent model to study cell proliferation in vivo since both stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation can be studied. Thus, when administered to ovariectomized adult mice 17beta-estradiol (E2) stimulates a synchronized wave of DNA synthesis and cell division in the epithelial cells, while pretreatment with progesterone (P4) completely inhibits this E2-induced cell proliferation. Using a simple method to isolate the uterine epithelium with high purity, we have shown that E2 treatment induces a relocalization of cyclin D1 and, to a lesser extent, cdk4 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and results in the orderly activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinases and hyperphosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 pretreatment did not alter overall levels of cyclin D1, cdk4, or cdk6 nor their associated kinase activities but instead inhibited the E2-induced nuclear localization of cyclin D1 to below the control level and, to a lesser extent, nuclear cdk4 levels, with a consequent inhibition of pRb and p107 phosphorylation. In addition, it abrogated E2-induced cyclin E-cdk2 activation by dephosphorylation of cdk2, followed by inhibition of cyclin A expression and consequently of cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activity and further inhibition of phosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 is used therapeutically to oppose the effect of E2 during hormone replacement therapy and in the treatment of uterine adenocarcinoma. This study showing a novel mechanism of cell cycle inhibition by P4 may provide the basis for the development of new antiestrogens. (+info)

Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its interactions with transcription factor E2F-1 and the Rb family of proteins. (4/1134)

Human cyclin A1, a newly discovered cyclin, is expressed in testis and is thought to function in the meiotic cell cycle. Here, we show that the expression of human cyclin A1 and cyclin A1-associated kinase activities was regulated during the mitotic cell cycle. In the osteosarcoma cell line MG63, cyclin A1 mRNA and protein were present at very low levels in cells at the G0 phase. They increased during the progression of the cell cycle and reached the highest levels in the S and G2/M phases. Furthermore, the cyclin A1-associated histone H1 kinase activity peaked at the G2/M phase. We report that cyclin A1 could bind to important cell cycle regulators: the Rb family of proteins, the transcription factor E2F-1, and the p21 family of proteins. The in vitro interaction of cyclin A1 with E2F-1 was greatly enhanced when cyclin A1 was complexed with CDK2. Associations of cyclin A1 with Rb and E2F-1 were observed in vivo in several cell lines. When cyclin A1 was coexpressed with CDK2 in sf9 insect cells, the CDK2-cyclin A1 complex had kinase activities for histone H1, E2F-1, and the Rb family of proteins. Our results suggest that the Rb family of proteins and E2F-1 may be important targets for phosphorylation by the cyclin A1-associated kinase. Cyclin A1 may function in the mitotic cell cycle in certain cells. (+info)

Heparin inhibits proliferation of myometrial and leiomyomal smooth muscle cells through the induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin, calponin h1 and p27. (5/1134)

Mast cells are widely distributed in human tissues, including the human uterus. However, the function of mast cells in uterine smooth muscle has not been clearly established. Mast cells possess secretory granules containing such substances as heparin, serotonin, histamine and many cytokines. To help establish the role of mast cells in the human myometrium, the action of heparin was investigated using smooth muscle cells (SMC) from normal myometrium and from leiomyoma. The proliferation of cultured myometrial and leiomyomal SMC was inhibited by heparin treatment. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the population in the G1 phase of the cell cycle increased under heparin treatment. Western blotting analysis showed that markers of SMC differentiation such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), calponin h1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 were induced by heparin, whereas cell-cycle-related gene products from the G1 phase of the cell cycle, such as cyclin E and cdk2, were not changed. Taken together, these results indicate that heparin inhibits the proliferation of myometrial and leiomyomal SMC through the induction of alpha-SMA, calponin h1 and p27. We suggest that heparin from mast cells may induce differentiation in uterine SMC and may influence tissue remodelling and reconstruction during physiological and pathophysiological events. (+info)

Impact of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells. (6/1134)

Following exposure to 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (an inhibitor of the cellular DNA polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon), human erythroleukemia K562, human T-lymphoid CEM and murine leukemia L1210 cells markedly accumulated in the S phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to DNA replication, RNA synthesis (transcription) and protein synthesis (mRNA translation) were not affected by 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-adenine. The ribonucleoside triphosphate pools were slightly elevated, while the intracellular levels of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were 1.5-4-fold increased in 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine-treated K562, CEM and L1210 cells. The effect of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on de novo (thymidylate synthase-mediated) and salvage (thymidine kinase-mediated) dTTP synthesis was investigated using radio-labelled nucleoside precursors. The amount of thymidylate synthase-derived dTTP in the acid soluble pool was 2-4-fold higher in PMEA-treated than in untreated K562 cells, which is in accord with the 3-4-fold expansion of the global dTTP level in the presence of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Strikingly, 2-derived dTTP accumulated to a much higher extent (i.e. 16-40-fold) in the soluble dTTP pool upon 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine treatment. In keeping with this finding, a markedly increased thymidine kinase activity could be demonstrated in extracts of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine-treated K562 cell cultures. Also, in the presence of 200 microM 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, 14-fold less thymidylate synthase-derived but only 3-fold less thymidine kinase-derived dTTP was incorporated into the DNA of the K562 cells. These data show that thymidine incorporation may be inappropriate as a cell proliferation marker in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibitors such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Our findings indicate that 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine causes a peculiar pattern of (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism deregulation in drug-treated tumor cells, as a result of the metabolic block imposed by the drug on the S phase of the cell cycle. (+info)

A new pathway for mitogen-dependent cdk2 regulation uncovered in p27(Kip1)-deficient cells. (7/1134)

BACKGROUND: The ability of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to promote cell proliferation is opposed by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), proteins that bind tightly to cyclin-CDK complexes and block the phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. Mice with targeted CKI gene deletions have only subtle proliferative abnormalities, however, and cells prepared from these mice seem remarkably normal when grown in vitro. One explanation may be the operation of compensatory pathways that control CDK activity and cell proliferation when normal pathways are inactivated. We have used mice lacking the CKIs p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) to investigate this issue, specifically with respect to CDK regulation by mitogens. RESULTS: We show that p27 is the major inhibitor of Cdk2 activity in mitogen-starved wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Nevertheless, inactivation of the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex in response to mitogen starvation occurs normally in MEFs that have a homozygous deletion of the p27 gene. Moreover, CDK regulation by mitogens is also not affected by the absence of both p27 and p21. A titratable Cdk2 inhibitor compensates for the absence of both CKIs, and we identify this inhibitor as p130, a protein related to the retinoblastoma gene product Rb. Thus, cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase activity cannot be inhibited by mitogen starvation of MEFs that lack both p27 and p130. In addition, cell types that naturally express low amounts of p130, such as T lymphocytes, are completely dependent on p27 for regulation of the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex by mitogens. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of Cdk2 activity in mitogen-starved fibroblasts is usually performed by the CKI p27, and to a minor extent by p21. Remarkably p130, a protein in the Rb family that is not related to either p21 or p27, will directly substitute for the CKIs and restore normal CDK regulation by mitogens in cells lacking both p27 and p21. This compensatory pathway may be important in settings in which CKIs are not expressed at standard levels, as is the case in many human tumors. (+info)

Modulation of apoptosis by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). (8/1134)

Proliferation and apoptosis are increased in many types of inflammatory diseases. A role for the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) in limiting proliferation has been shown. In this study, we show that p27(-/-) mesangial cells and fibroblasts have strikingly elevated rates of apoptosis, not proliferation, when deprived of growth factors. Apoptosis was rescued by restoration of p27 expression. Cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity, but not cyclin E-CDK2 activity, was increased in serum-starved p27(-/-) cells, and decreasing CDK2 activity, either pharmacologically (Roscovitine) or by a dominant-negative mutant, inhibited apoptosis. Our results show that a new biological function for the CDK inhibitor p27 is protection of cells from apoptosis by constraining CDK2 activity. These results suggest that CDK inhibitors are necessary for coordinating the cell cycle and cell-death programs so that cell viability is maintained during exit from the cell cycle. (+info)

Johnson KW, Smith KA (1991). "Molecular cloning of a novel human cdc2/CDC28-like protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (6): 3402- ... "Beacon interacts with cdc2/cdc28-like kinases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (1): 125-9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00549- ... This gene encodes a member of the CDC2-like (or LAMMER) family of dual specificity protein kinases. In the cell nucleus, the ... "Entrez Gene: CLK1 CDC-like kinase 1". Colwill K, Feng LL, Yeakley JM, Gish GD, Cáceres JF, Pawson T, Fu XD (Oct 1996). "SRPK1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLK1

"Beacon interacts with cdc2/cdc28-like kinases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (1): 125-9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00549- ... Mao H, Li F, Ruchalski K, Mosser DD, Schwartz JH, Wang Y, Borkan SC (2003). "hsp72 inhibits focal adhesion kinase degradation ... Park KJ, Gaynor RB, Kwak YT (2003). "Heat shock protein 27 association with the I kappa B kinase complex regulates tumor ... Deak M, Clifton AD, Lucocq LM, Alessi DR (1998). "Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPB2

2003). "Beacon interacts with cdc2/cdc28-like kinases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (1): 125-9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBL5

... two members of a novel cdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family". Oncogene. 7 (11): 2249-58. PMID 1437147. "Entrez Gene: ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cdc2/cdkx subfamily of the ser/thr family of protein kinases. It may play a ... "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC 556772. ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCTAIRE-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCTK1 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTK1

... two members of a novel cdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family". Oncogene. 7 (11): 2249-58. PMID 1437147. "Entrez Gene: ... PCTK3 PCTAIRE protein kinase 3". Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, et al. (1992). "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PCTAIRE-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCTK3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... Palmer KJ, Konkel JE, Stephens DJ (2005). "PCTAIRE protein kinases interact directly with the COPII complex and modulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTK3

"Entrez Gene: CKS1B CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B". Harper, J.W. 2001. Protein destruction: Adapting roles for Cks ... "Human cDNAs encoding homologs of the small p34Cdc28/Cdc2-associated protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces ... Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CKS1B gene. The CKS1B protein binds ... Bhatt KV, Hu R, Spofford LS, Aplin AE (2007). "Mutant B-RAF signaling and cyclin D1 regulate Cks1/S-phase kinase-associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKS1B

The M-phase kinases Polo-like kinase (Plk1) and Cdc2 phosphorylate two serine residues in Wee1A which are recognized by SCFβ- ... polo kinase homologue) phosphorylate Swe1 at different stages of the cell cycle. Swe1 is also phosphorylated by Clb2-Cdc28 ... Wee1 is a nuclear kinase belonging to the Ser/Thr family of protein kinases in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. ... Wu L, Russell P (June 1993). "Nim1 kinase promotes mitosis by inactivating Wee1 tyrosine kinase". Nature. 363 (6431): 738-41. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee1

... cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D12.776.476.250.067.500 - cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae MeSH D12.776.476.250.067.875 - cyclin- ... dependent kinase 5 MeSH D12.776.476.250.067.900 - cyclin-dependent kinase 9 MeSH D12.776.476.250.580.500 - cdc2 protein kinase ... casein kinase ialpha MeSH D12.776.476.150.300.200 - casein kinase idelta MeSH D12.776.476.150.300.300 - casein kinase iepsilon ... mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 MeSH D12.776.476.450.169.750 - mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 MeSH D12.776.476.450. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.476)

... cdc2-cdc28 kinases MeSH D12.644.360.250.067.249 - cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D12.644.360.250.067.500 - cdc28 protein kinase, s ... map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D12.644.360.400.200 - map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D12.644.360.400.300 - map kinase kinase ... kinase 3 MeSH D12.644.360.400.400 - map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D12.644.360.400.500 - map kinase kinase kinase 5 MeSH ... map kinase kinase 1 MeSH D12.644.360.440.200 - map kinase kinase 2 MeSH D12.644.360.440.300 - map kinase kinase 3 MeSH D12.644. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.644)

... cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.500 - cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.875 - cyclin- ... dependent kinase 5 MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.900 - cyclin-dependent kinase 9 MeSH D12.776.167.200.580.500 - cdc2 protein kinase ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 MeSH D12.776.624.776.355.700 - cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 See List of MeSH ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15 MeSH D12.776.624.776.355.200 - cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 MeSH D12.776.624.776 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

... cdc2-cdc28 kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.067.249 - cdc2 protein kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200. ... map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.200 - map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... map kinase kinase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.400 - map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... cdc2-cdc28 kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500.500 - cyclin-dependent kinase 5 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, and known as important ... "Entrez Gene: CDK9 cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDC2-related kinase)". MacLachlan TK, Sang N, De Luca A, Puri PL, Levrero M, ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 or CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase associated with P-TEFb. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... This kinase was found to be a component of the multiprotein complex TAK/P-TEFb, which is an elongation factor for RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_9

Most knowledge of CDK structure and function is based on CDKs of S. pombe (Cdc2), S. cerevisiae (CDC28), and vertebrates (CDC2 ... One of the kinases that place the tyrosine phosphate is Wee1, a kinase conserved in all eukaryotes. Fission yeast also contains ... A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to block kinase activity, ... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase

... where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a ... Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, ... "Downregulation of the cdc2/cyclin B protein kinase activity by binding of p53 to p34(cdc2)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 283 ... "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45". Oncogene. 18 (18 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1

The CDK subfamily members are highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, and are known to ... "Entrez Gene: CDK10 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC2-like) 10". Kasten M, Giordano A (Apr 2001). "Cdk10, a Cdc2-related kinase, ... Graña X, Claudio PP, De Luca A, Sang N, Giordano A (Jul 1994). "PISSLRE, a human novel CDC2-related protein kinase". Oncogene. ... Li S, MacLachlan TK, De Luca A, Claudio PP, Condorelli G, Giordano A (1995). "The cdc-2-related kinase, PISSLRE, is essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_10

"A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". The EMBO Journal. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC ... CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ... This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex, important for the G1 phase progression and G1/S transition of ... "Entrez Gene: CDK6 cyclin-dependent kinase 6". Meyerson, M; Harlow, E (1994). "Identification of G1 Kinase Activity for cdk6, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6

This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is structured in two lobes. The lobe beginning at the N-terminus (N-lobe) contains many beta sheets, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2

... and purification of a Cdc2-activating threonine-161 protein kinase from human cells". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. ... CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene. The ... Drapkin R, Le Roy G, Cho H, Akoulitchev S, Reinberg D (June 1996). "Human cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase exists in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_7

This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. It is a catalytic subunit of the ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene ... This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). Ser/Thr-kinase component ... Kato JY; Matsuoka M; Strom DK; Sherr CJ (1994). "Regulation of cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by cdk4-activating kinase". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4

Cell division protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK3 gene. CDK3 complements cdc28 mutants of ... 1995). "Chromosomal mapping of members of the cdc2 family of protein kinases, cdk3, cdk6, PISSLRE, and PITALRE, and a cdk ... "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11 (8): 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. PMC 556772. ... 2002). "ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3)". Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (23): 6076-82. doi:10.1046/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_3

For example, in S. pombe, Cdc2 associates with Cdk13 to form the Cdk13-Cdc2 complex. In S. cerevisiae, the association of Cdc28 ... Once in the S phase, Cln1 and Cln2 dissociates with Cdc28 and complexes between Cdc28 and Clb5 or Clb6 are formed. In G2 phase ... Cyclin Cyclin-dependent kinase Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2005 Nov;30(11 ... Cdc2 and Cdc28 respectively, which complexes with several different cyclins. Depending on the cyclin, various portions of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_complex

Cdk1 is also known as Cdc2 in fission yeast and Cdc28 in budding yeast) is activated by Cdc25, a protein phosphatase. As ... Many factors including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), ubiquitin ligases, inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases, and ... there are two cell cycle kinases that help to control the checkpoint: cell cycle kinases CDK4/6-cyclin D and CDK2-cyclin E. The ... For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_switches_in_the_cell_cycle

"Entrez Gene: CKS2 CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2". Human CKS2 genome location and CKS2 gene details page in the UCSC ... "Human cDNAs encoding homologs of the small p34Cdc28/Cdc2-associated protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces ... Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CKS2 gene. CKS2 protein binds to ... 2007). "Gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase subunit Cks2 is repressed by the tumor suppressor p53 but not by the related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKS2

G2: Fission yeast expressing some mutant forms of CDC2 unable to arrest in G2 in response to DNA damage, indicating the gene ... Driving this conversion is Cdc7 and S-phase cyclin-dependent kinases, which are both upregulated after the G1/S transition. ... Examples include: G1: Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast expressing dominant mutant alleles of CDC28 arrest in G1, which indicates ... The suspected mechanism is dependent on p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. p27Kip1 protein levels are elevated in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_cell_cycle_arrest

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by the binding to a cyclin and mediate the progression through the cell cycle. ... CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ... cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression. This protein forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H ... CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle ...

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/CDK7

FT210 cells are found to arrest specifically in G2 phase and unlike many alleles of cdc2 and c ... The mouse FT210 cell line is a temperature-sensitive cdc2 mutant. ... FT210 cells are found to arrest specifically in G2 phase and unlike many alleles of cdc2 and cdc28 mutants of yeasts, loss of ... Requirement for p34cdc2 kinase is restricted to mitosis in the mammalian cdc2 mutant FT210 JR Hamaguchi, JR Hamaguchi ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article-standard/117/5/1041/14395/Requirement-for-p34cdc2-kinase-is-restricted-to

CDC2 Protein Kinase. *CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae. *cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/224616/Network/ResearchAreas

CDC2-CDC28Caffeine,Calcineurin,Calcium-BindingCardiac,Cardiomyopathy,CarrierCellCells,Centrifugation,Chains,Chambers,Channel ... KinaseKinases,Knockout,LipidMacromolecularMagnesiumMembraneMice,Microsomes,Microtubule-AssociatedMovement,Muscle,Myocardial ...

https://www.bibsonomy.org/user/hake/Cyclin-Dependent

A cyclin B homolog in S. cerevisiae: chronic activation of the Cdc28 protein kinase by cyclin prevents exit from mitosis. ... Single intraluminal delivery of antisense cdc2 kinase and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides results in ... The receptor kinase family: primary structure of rhodopsin kinase reveals similarities to the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. ... Molecular structure of a protein-tyrosine/threonine kinase activating p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase: MAP kinase ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/meshD016133

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Serine ... We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three ... We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three ... With the exception of Ser81, all of these sites are in Ser-Pro motifs, suggesting that proline-directed kinases are responsible ...

https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/183151

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLK1

https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/183151

... which encodes a dual-specificity protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates the Cdc2 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK; Cdc28 in S. ... It would also be nice if a poly phosphorylated version could be used but if the kinase or a fraction containing the kinase is ... It would also be nice if a poly phosphorylated version could be used but if the kinase or a fraction containing the kinase is ... this hypothesis was further tested by deleting the gene encoding the Swe1 kinase that phosphorylates Cdc28/CDK to inhibit its ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/24126

Beacon interacts with cdc2/cdc28-like kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Apr 25;304(1):125-9. [Article] ... Eisenreich A, Bogdanov VY, Zakrzewicz A, Pries A, Antoniak S, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U: Cdc2-like kinases and DNA ... CDC-like kinase 2. Gene Name. CLK2. Organism. Humans. Amino acid sequence. ,lcl,BSEQ0051728,Dual specificity protein kinase ... ATP binding / identical protein binding / protein serine/threonine kinase activity / protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase ...

https://go.drugbank.com/polypeptides/P49760

... cdc2/CDC28)-containing CTD kinase. Phosphorylated serine (or threonine) is located at positions 2 and 5 in the repetative ... cdc2/CDC28)-containing CTD kinase. Phosphorylated serine (or threonine) is located at positions 2 and 5 in the repetative ... cdc2/CDC28)-containing CTD kinase. Phosphorylated serine (or threonine) is located at positions 2 and 5 in the repetative ... cdc2/CDC28)-containing CTD kinase. Phosphorylated serine (or threonine) is located at positions 2 and 5 in the repetative ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/phosphorylation-causes-a-conformational-change-in-the-carboxyl-te-3

https://rupress.org/jcb/article-standard/117/5/1041/14395/Requirement-for-p34cdc2-kinase-is-restricted-to

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases, Crystallization, Crystallography, X-Ray, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Cytochrome c ... Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, Ribonuclease, Pancreatic, Salmonella typhimurium, Software, Water ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/1166295

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases. Cell Aging. Cell Cycle. Cell Line. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ... Both the 44- and 42-kDa forms of the MAP-kinase protein were expressed at similar levels in young and senescent cells. ...

https://isharonline.org/tags/humans_page_2/

CDC2 Protein Kinase. *CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae. *cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/224616/Network/ResearchAreas

Human cdc2 protein kinase is a major cell-cycle regulated tyrosine kinase substrate. Nature, 336 (6201). pp. 738-44. ISSN 0028- ... Marshak, D. R., Russo, G. L., Sutton, A. (April 1994) Mutation of the Casein Kinase-Ii Phosphorylation Site in Cdc28 Causes ... Gu, L., Zheng, H. W., Murray, S. A., Ying, H. Q., Xiao, Z. X. J. (March 2003) Deregulation of Cdc2 kinase induces caspase-3 ... Booher, R. N., Alfa, C. E., Hyams, J. S., Beach, D. H. (August 1989) The fission yeast cdc2/cdc13/suc1 protein kinase: ...

http://repository.cshl.edu/view/subjects/cell=5Fcycle.html

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/CDK7

NM_001827.1 CDC28 protein kinase 2 (CKS2) -1.1 -4.6 -6.5 NC 1.6 -1.6 -1.2 -3.5 -5.7 ... D88357.1 mRNA for CDC2 delta T -1.1 -6.1 -14.9 NC -2.8 -1.6 -1.1 -4.3 -13.0 ... NM_003158.1 serinethreonine kinase 6 (STK6) -1.7 -11.3 -9.8 1.1 1.2 -1.7 -1.3 -8.6 -26 ... NM_003600.1 serinethreonine kinase 15 (STK15) -1.2 -3.7 -8.6 NC NC -1.6 -1.3 -4 -6.1 ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-5-7/tables/3

CDC28 and black CDK1 and CDK2, which find the displayed computer deck in the JavaScript Ensuring precaution. In theory to this ... Please support the Ray man( which is at the side of this narrative evacuation). fresh cdc2-related developments. molecular und ... and has very describe or add any pages on its kinase. ...

http://parts-test.renault.ua/logs/book/download-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%81-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8-1991/

https://www.bibsonomy.org/user/hake/Cyclin-Dependent

CDC28 and usual CDK1 and CDK2, which run the submitted deficiency unit in the screenplay gripping radar. In page to this old ... If cdc2, Previously the standing in its intellectual line. Your tea replied a history that this audioceiver could above be. ... Nonetheless, we can search the download the and kinase of prisoner Making the using voice request; textbook; If you have ...

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CDC28 and lucky CDK1 and CDK2, which are the punctured Democracy evacuation in the length fasting bottom. In web to this ... The simple gift of links in this helper is heard below: order optimization struggling 202-Theory Computer Vision kinases: ... Boże Narodzenie w malarstwie - konkurs plastyczny. He thought the download заболевания осетровых рыб при искусственном cdc2- ...

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https://scholars.duke.edu/display/meshD016133

cdc2 is a special sort of protein kinase called a cyclin-dependent kinase. It turned out that this particular one controls when ... Cdc28. The fission yeast work started quite early, in 1975. It still continues, but the basic story was in place by 1990, so it ... My laboratory then went on, in yeast, to establish what cdc2 did: it encodes something called a protein kinase, an enzyme that ... The cyclin-dependent kinase, the core engine, has to activate S-phase and mitosis when the cell is ready to do that. If there ...

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/interview-with-a-new-nobe/

We have isolated and characterised a novel human protein kinase, Cdc2-related kinase with an arginine/serine-rich (RS) domain ( ... FT210 cells are found to arrest specifically in G2 phase and unlike many alleles of cdc2 and cdc28 mutants of yeasts, loss of ... The protein kinase domain of CrkRS is 89% identical to the 46 kDa CHED protein kinase, but outside the kinase domains the two ... Requirement for p34cdc2 kinase is restricted to mitosis in the mammalian cdc2 mutant FT210. Journal of cell biology, Vol.117. ( ...

https://www.icr.ac.uk/our-research/researchers-and-teams/professor-jonathon-pines/publications

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases. *Cell Cycle Proteins. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (EC 2.7.11.22) (Cell division protein kinase 6) (Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLSTIRE) [CDKN6] ... GPCR kinases (GRKs) belong to a family of serine/threonine kinases. Although their role in homologous desensitization of ... Whilst CDK2 and cdc2 may be pivotal in the withdrawal of cardiac myocytes from the cell cycle, CDK4 and CDK6 may be critical ...

http://transhumanist.ru/CDK6

This proteinis highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. It is a catalyticsubunit of the ... Theactivity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatorysubunits D-type cyclins and ... Size pubs: by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) induces early era of neurons (Calegari and Huttner, 2003), while ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. ...

https://lefiestus16.com/2020/12/

Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6) prices,Anti-CDK6 (Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6) sales from Green Stone. ... Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6)?We can get Anti-CDK6 ( ... and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be ... CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, ... This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S ...

https://www.elisaassaykits.com/Antibodys/Anti-CDK6-%28Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase-6%29-/

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500]. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646. ... Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700]. *Proline-Directed Protein Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21. ...

https://researchers.childrensmercy.org/display/26075

CDC2 Protein Kinase. *CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae. *Cell Adhesion. *Cell Culture Techniques ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/133064/Network/ResearchAreas

Most knowledge of CDK structure and function is based on CDKs of S. pombe (Cdc2), S. cerevisiae (CDC28), and vertebrates (CDC2 ... One of the kinases that place the tyrosine phosphate is Wee1, a kinase conserved in all eukaryotes. [1] Fission yeast also ... A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to block kinase activity, ... CDK-activating kinases phoshporylate CDKs and increase the kinase activity. In contrast, Wee1 phosphorylates CDKs in the ATP- ...

https://gb.dualjuridik.org/10728-names-of-different-cyclins.html

CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 protein kinase domain. This protein can be a ... KIN28, a yeast split gene coding for a putative protein kinase homologous to CDC28. Simon M, Seraphin B, Faye G EMBO J Oct. 1, ... Homology to human cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase and IIH subunits. Feaver WJ, Henry NL, Wang Z, Wu X, Svejstrup JQ, ... The kin28 protein kinase is associated with a cyclin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Valay JG, Simon M, Faye G J Mol Biol Nov. 20 ...

https://repairtoire.genesilico.pl/proteins/878/

CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, and known as important ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. ...

https://www.bidscientific.com/products/30212

... is considered to require the proteins kinase Ime2 early for DNA replication as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 late ... and inhibiting cdc2 phosphorylation 51. A stage ii study shown pharmacodynamic (pd) activity: post-treatment biopsies ... Outcomes Cdc28 is necessary for meiotic S stage To re-examine whether Cdc28 is essential for meiotic DNA replication, we ... coincident with another maximum in Ime2 kinase activity reliant on Cdc28 and Ndt80. The M-phase requirement of Ime2 could be ...

http://www.sciencepop.org/2018/08/

CDC28 and major CDK1 and CDK2, which contain the been download Friday Night Lights Mass Market TV Tie in 2006 script in the ... When they turned the download Friday Night, Miles had them to have and keep their business before giving the cdc2 right up the ... Each painter or other map of supporters includes removed by an recent ear translated by an Other pressure in the kinase which ...

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Dual specificity kinase acting on both serine/threonine and tyrosine-containing substrates. (drugbank.com)
Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. (nih.gov)

With the exception of Ser81, all of these sites are in Ser-Pro motifs, suggesting that proline-directed kinases are responsible for their phosphorylation. (unimi.it)
Phosphorylation of human progesterone receptor by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 on three sites that are authentic basal phosphorylation sites in vivo / Y. Zhang, C.A. Beck, A. Poletti, J.P. Clement, P. Prendergast, T.T. Yip, T.W. Hutchens, D.P. Edwards, N.L. Weigel. (unimi.it)
At the maximum level of phosphorylation by CTD kinase in vitro, there are 15-20 phosphates evenly distributed among the 52 heptapeptide repeats that comprise the mouse CTD. (elsevier.com)
H1 kinase activities in chromatography fractions were identified using a synthetic peptide substrate containing the consensus phosphorylation site of histone H1 and the kinase subunit compositions were determined immunochemically with antisera prepared against the "PSTAIR" peptide, the COOH-terminus of mammalian p34cdc2 and the human cyclins A and B1. (rupress.org)
CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)

Dual specificity protein kinase CLK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLK1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a member of the CDC2-like (or LAMMER) family of dual specificity protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
Characterization by cDNA cloning of two new human protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
Hanes J, von der Kammer H, Klaudiny J, Scheit KH: Characterization by cDNA cloning of two new human protein kinases. (drugbank.com)
Both the 44- and 42-kDa forms of the MAP-kinase protein were expressed at similar levels in young and senescent cells. (isharonline.org)
The ProKinO is a protein kinase-specific ontology, which provides a controlled vocabulary of terms, their hierarchy, and relationships unifying sequence, structure, function, mutation and pathway information on kinases. (nih.gov)

We now report that cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complexes phosphorylate hPR-B in vitro with a high stoichiometry on three sites that are authentic basal sites in vivo. (unimi.it)
A third H1 kinase with stable activity at the nonpermissive temperature is comprised of cyclin A and a cdc2-like 34-kD subunit, which is immunoreactive with anti-"PSTAIR" antiserum but is not recognized with antiserum specific for the COOH-terminus of p34cdc2. (rupress.org)
The cyclin A-associated kinases are active during S and G2 phases and earlier in the division cycle than the p34cdc2-cyclin B1 kinase. (rupress.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by the binding to a cyclin and mediate the progression through the cell cycle. (nih.gov)

CDC28 and usual CDK1 and CDK2, which run the submitted deficiency unit in the screenplay gripping radar. (bmkpietka.com)

The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II can be phosphorylated by a p34(cdc2/CDC28)-containing CTD kinase. (elsevier.com)
CDK7 is the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. (nih.gov)

We show that mouse cells possess at least two cdc2-related gene products which form cell cycle regulated histone H1 kinases and we propose that the murine homolog of yeast p34cdc/CDC28 is essential only during the G2-to-M transition in FT210 cells. (rupress.org)

FT210 cells and the parent wild-type FM3A cell line each possess at least three distinct histone H1 kinases. (rupress.org)

The mouse FT210 cell line is a temperature-sensitive cdc2 mutant. (rupress.org)
FT210 cells are found to arrest specifically in G2 phase and unlike many alleles of cdc2 and cdc28 mutants of yeasts, loss of p34cdc2 at the nonpermissive temperature has no apparent effect on cell cycle progression through the G1 and S phases of the division cycle. (rupress.org)

error: EBOOKEE is a subject software of heuristics on the Bahasa( Converted Mediafire Rapidshare) and has very describe or add any pages on its kinase. (renault.ua)

If cdc2, Previously the standing in its intellectual line. (bmkpietka.com)

Saturated Fatty Acids Promote Hepatocytic Senecence through Regulation of miR-34a/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6. (transhumanist.ru)
Western blotting analysis shows that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1, also known as p21) is upregulated, while cyclin-dependent kinase 6 ( CDK6 ) is downregulated. (transhumanist.ru)
Furthermore, HSYA significantly decreased the mRNA and protein level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, followed by increasing CDK4 /6 protein expression and decreasing the phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (pRb) which up-regulated the expression of downstream genes CCNE1 , CCNA2 , P107 and MCM4 . (transhumanist.ru)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
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Homology to human cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase and IIH subunits. (genesilico.pl)
Meiosis is considered to require the proteins kinase Ime2 early for DNA replication as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 late for chromosome segregation. (sciencepop.org)

Here, we apply fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy to study the dynamics of the cell cycle machinery, beginning with Cyclin B1 and its binding to its partner kinase Cdk1 that together form the major mitotic kinase. (icr.ac.uk)
Lately, the mitotic functions of Cdc28 have already been studied utilizing a new sort of conditional mutant that's engineered to become sensitive to chemical substance inhibition. (sciencepop.org)
Substitution of an individual conserved amino acidity produces an analog-sensitive (cells from initiating DNA replication or chromosome segregation, with regards to the quantity of inhibitor added, hence confirming prior conclusions that 145525-41-3 Cdc28 is necessary for both S and M stages in the mitotic cell routine (Bishop et al. (sciencepop.org)

CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression. (elisaassaykits.com)

Kin28, the TFIIH-associated carboxy-terminal domain kinase, facilitates the recruitment of mRNA processing machinery to RNA polymerase II. (genesilico.pl)

2002). Ndt80 stimulates transcription of 150 middle genes, including its gene and genes necessary for meiotic nuclear divisions (e.g., arrest in the pachytene stage of meiotic G2 like cells depleted of Cdc28 activity (Xu et al. (sciencepop.org)

The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (elisaassaykits.com)
Thr-162 phosphorylation does not vary through the cell cycle and is necessary for full kinase activity. (genesilico.pl)
is usually partly described by its activation of the main element 145525-41-3 meiotic transcription element Ndt80, which is necessary subsequently for high Cdc28 activity. (sciencepop.org)
Relative to a late part for Ime2, we noticed a rise in its activity during M stage that depended on Cdc28 and Ndt80. (sciencepop.org)
Another hint that Cdc28 may are likely involved in meiotic S stage may be the activity of the CDK inhibitor Sic1 in avoiding meiotic S stage (Dirick et al. (sciencepop.org)
Ime2 is necessary for access into and development through meiotic M stage, coincident with another maximum in Ime2 kinase activity reliant on Cdc28 and Ndt80. (sciencepop.org)

Stuart and Wittenberg 1998) shows that Cdc28 could be necessary for S stage in meiosis, since it is within mitosis. (sciencepop.org)

Although Cdc28 is vital for the G1CS and G2CM transitions in vegetative cells, its part in meiotic development has been much less clear. (sciencepop.org)

Our research show that Ime2 and Cdc28 function to govern initial the G1CS changeover and the G2CM changeover and development through M. Our proof provides immediate support for the proposal that Cdc28 is vital for meiotic S stage, although it has no 145525-41-3 function in Sic1 degradation. (sciencepop.org)

In contrast, in TNFR1-/- mice, which exhibit exaggerated acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, hepatocyte proliferation, and expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin A, as well as the cyclin dependent kinases, Cdk4 and Cdk2, were reduced. (nih.gov)
Crystal structure of the p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex. (nih.gov)
Cdk2 contains an important alpha helix located in the C lobe of the kinase, called the C-helix or the PSTAIRE-helix. (wikipedia.org)

Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression. (lookformedical.com)
A casein kinase I isoenzyme with specificity for proteins involved the regulation of the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. (lookformedical.com)
It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle , where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Helped by other researchers, they found that cyclin proteins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) carry cells from a phase in the cell cycle into the next phase. (healthbeautyidea.com)
In conjunction with work in several other labs, these mutants brought the Src-homology (SH) domains 2 and 3 to widespread attention, providing new opportunites for identifying the proteins that are crucial modifiers and targets for Sre-like kinases. (nih.gov)

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. (lookformedical.com)

It had become clear by then that the clock in cell cycle involved the cyclin-dependent kinases or CDKs, the cdc2 gene of S pombe , the fission yeast and the CDC28 gene in S cerevisiae , the budding yeast. (medscape.com)
CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression. (biomol.com)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was also induced in the liver following acetaminophen administration. (nih.gov)
The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (empiregenomics.com)

We have shown that the polo-box motif, which resides in the C-terminal noncata-lytic domain, is essential for the localization of both budding yeast polo kinase Cdc5 and mammalian Plk1 to specific subcellular structures. (nih.gov)
One of the critical events that budding yeast polo kinase Cdc5 mediates is mitotic entry, a process that requires activation of Cdc28 (homolog of mammalian Cdc2). (nih.gov)

These changes activate the kinase by realigning active site residues and relieving the steric blockade at the entrance of the catalytic cleft. (nih.gov)
The significance of this movement is that it brings the side chain of Glu 51, which belongs to a triad of catalytic site residues conserved in all eukaryotic kinases, into the catalytic site. (wikipedia.org)

The study of precursor mRNA processing ( prp ) mutants in fission yeast identified Prp4 as the first kinase being involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in fungi and mammals. (intechopen.com)

Ras regulation of cyclin-dependent immunoprecipitation kinase assays. (jefferson.edu)

Studies have shown that Swe1 (ortholog of mammalian Wee1) inhibits mitotic entry by negatively regulating Cdc28. (nih.gov)

We found that Cdc5 directly phosphorylates and downregulates Swe1, thus permitting the activation of Cdc28 and thereby mitotic entry. (nih.gov)

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. (lookformedical.com)

Cyclin-dependent kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor ETS2 (in vitro) and positively controls its proteasomal degradation (in cells) (PubMed:24218572). (nih.gov)

Reciprocal activation by cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 7 is directed by substrate specificity determinants outside the T loop. (nih.gov)
Here we review the discovery of Prp4 kinase, its genetic interactions and biochemical properties, its substrate specificity in vitro and in vivo , as well as the molecular consequences of these interactions. (intechopen.com)

3. Kakusho,N., Taniyama,C. and Masai,H. (2008) Identification of stimulators and inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase in vitro. (dnareplication.net)

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)

The abrogation of the S/G2 checkpoint may be due to inhibition of Chk1 kinase by UCN-01. (nih.gov)

Another one of these essential kinases is Prp4. (intechopen.com)

Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. (lookformedical.com)

To investigate mechanisms mediating the reduced hepatic proliferative response of TNFR1-/- mice, we analyzed phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) signaling. (nih.gov)

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. (lookformedical.com)

Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)

Multiple isoforms of casein kinase I alpha exist and are due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. (lookformedical.com)

This graph shows the total number of publications written about "CDC2-CDC28 Kinases" by people in this website by year, and whether "CDC2-CDC28 Kinases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "CDC2-CDC28 Kinases" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)

Anatomy13

Organisms5

Chemicals and Drugs171

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes49

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Induced expression of p16(INK4a) inhibits both CDK4- and CDK2-associated kinase activity by reassortment of cyclin-CDK-inhibitor complexes. (1/1134)

Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. (2/1134)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (3/1134)

Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its interactions with transcription factor E2F-1 and the Rb family of proteins. (4/1134)

Heparin inhibits proliferation of myometrial and leiomyomal smooth muscle cells through the induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin, calponin h1 and p27. (5/1134)

Impact of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells. (6/1134)

A new pathway for mitogen-dependent cdk2 regulation uncovered in p27(Kip1)-deficient cells. (7/1134)

Modulation of apoptosis by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). (8/1134)

cdc25 Phosphatases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Cdc20 Proteins

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Protein Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Cell Cycle Proteins

src-Family Kinases

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae

p21-Activated Kinases

Protein Kinase C

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Phosphorylation

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

Mitosis

Molecular Sequence Data

Creatine Kinase

Cell Cycle

Genes, cdc

Casein Kinase II

Mutation

Protein Binding

Casein Kinases

eIF-2 Kinase

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Signal Transduction

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Pyruvate Kinase

Amino Acid Sequence

Cyclin B

MAP Kinase Kinase 1

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

MAP Kinase Kinase 4

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Thymidine Kinase

Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Enzyme Activation

Fungal Proteins

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase

Aurora Kinases

rho-Associated Kinases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

Base Sequence

Schizosaccharomyces

I-kappa B Kinase

Isoenzymes

Transfection

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

Kinetics

Protein Kinase C-alpha

Blotting, Western

Protein Kinase C-delta

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins

Cell Line

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Phosphoproteins

Substrate Specificity

Diacylglycerol Kinase

Recombinant Proteins

Tyrosine

Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes