Meningitis: Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)Meningitis, Bacterial: Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.Meningitis, Pneumococcal: An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)Meningitis, Aseptic: A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Meningitis, Viral: Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)Meningitis, Fungal: Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.Meningitis, Haemophilus: Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.Meningitis, Meningococcal: A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)Meningitis, Cryptococcal: Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)Tuberculosis, Meningeal: A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Meningitis, Listeria: Inflammation of the meninges caused by LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, altered mentation, HEADACHE, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and SEIZURES. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)Meningitis, Escherichia coli: A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS in association with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to ANOREXIA; VOMITING; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features FEVER; SEIZURES; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)Bacteria, AnaerobicRNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Spinal Puncture: Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.Echovirus Infections: Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.Streptococcus pneumoniae: A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.Bacteria, AerobicPhylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Neisseria meningitidis: A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.DNA, Ribosomal: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.Colony Count, Microbial: Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins: Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.Haemophilus influenzae: A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.Niger: A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey.Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria: A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.Bacterial Physiological Phenomena: Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.Microbial Sensitivity Tests: Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A: Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 20th century. They continue to be a major cause of disease in Asia and Africa, and especially localized epidemics in Sub-Sahara Africa.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria: A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.Streptococcus agalactiae: A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Bacterial Typing Techniques: Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.Serotyping: Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Genes, rRNA: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Bacteriological Techniques: Techniques used in studying bacteria.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Enterovirus InfectionsStreptococcus suis: A species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from pigs. It is a pathogen of swine but rarely occurs in humans.Cryptococcus neoformans: A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Biodegradation, Environmental: Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.Haemophilus influenzae type b: A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.Enterovirus B, Human: A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.Echovirus 9: A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC).Meningeal Carcinomatosis: Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.Strongylida Infections: Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.Fresh Water: Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.Biofilms: Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.Subarachnoid Space: The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Gammaproteobacteria: A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.Listeria monocytogenes: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.Escherichia coli Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Pneumococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)Proteobacteria: A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.Bacteroides: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.Microbial Viability: Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Drug Resistance, Bacterial: The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Coccidioidomycosis: Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.Haemophilus Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Drug Resistance, Microbial: The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).Enterovirus: A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Betaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.Meningococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections: Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Meningeal Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.Vibrio: A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.Penicillins: A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)Burkina Faso: A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.Bacterial Capsules: An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Togo: A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.Cytophaga: A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Virulence Factors: Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)Penicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.Flavobacterium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.Meningococcal Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135: Strains of Neisseria meningitidis found mostly in Africa.Blood: The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.Cronobacter sakazakii: A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CHRONOBACTER, found in the environment and in foods.Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Bacillus: A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.Phagocytosis: The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Bacterial Load: Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.Salmonella typhimurium: A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Chloramphenicol: An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)Streptococcus bovis: A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.Arachnoiditis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Brain Abscess: A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)Enterobacteriaceae Infections: Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.Antibiosis: A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Fimbriae, Bacterial: Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Haemophilus Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.Eubacterium: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.Pneumococcal Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Nervous system infections caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP. The disease may affect elements of the central or peripheral nervous system in isolation or in combination. Common clinical manifestations include a lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy (most often a facial neuropathy), POLYRADICULOPATHY, and a mild loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Less often more extensive inflammation involving the central nervous system (encephalomyelitis) may occur. In the peripheral nervous system, B. burgdorferi infection is associated with mononeuritis multiplex and polyradiculoneuritis. (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):182-91)Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Meningocele: A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.PhenazinesGene Transfer, Horizontal: The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).Bacillus subtilis: A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Blood Bactericidal Activity: The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.Tuberculosis, Miliary: An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Seasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.Bacterial Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Actinobacteria: Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
Meningeal syphilisThe bacterium is the main cause of the onset of meningeal syphilis and other treponemal diseases, and it consists of a ... Meningeal syphilis (as known as syphilitic aseptic meningitis or meningeal neurosyphilis) is a chronic form of syphilis ... Bacterial meningitis is normally caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bloodstream and enters the blood-brain barrier ... Treponema pallidum, which is a spirochate bacterium, is the main cause of syphilis, which spreads drastically throughout the ...
In serious cases, kidney or liver failure, aseptic meningitis, and fatal pulmonary hemorrhages have occurred in humans. As it ... Leptospira noguchii is another pathogenic bacteria that causes Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be transferred in a multitude ... Some complications are Weil's syndrome which is a multi-system organ complication causing jaundice, meningitis, pulmonary ... L noguchii is famous for causing the febrile illness in Fort Bragg, NC during World War II. There was 40 cases of this fever ...
... may cause aseptic meningitis. Aseptic meningitis may also result from infection with spirochetes, a type of bacteria that ... it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied ... It may identify bacteria in bacterial meningitis and may assist in distinguishing the various causes of viral meningitis ( ... It may also result from various non-infectious causes. The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no ...
... can result from non-infectious causes as well. it can be a relatively infrequent side effect of medications ... The absence of bacteria found in the spinal fluid upon spinal tap, either through microscopic examination or by culture, ... Terms such as viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis, fungal meningitis, neoplastic meningitis and drug-induced aseptic ... Viral meningitis Drug-induced aseptic meningitis Neoplastic meningitis Lyme disease Mumps meningoencephalitis Neurosarcoidosis ...
Viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses (common ... although viral meningitis typically follows a more benign clinical course. Viral meningitis has no evidence of bacteria present ... people infected with viruses that may cause meningitis do not actually develop meningitis. Viruses that can cause meningitis ... Viral meningitis, also known as aseptic meningitis, is a type of meningitis due to a viral infection. It results in ...
Viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis.[2] Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses (common ... although viral meningitis typically follows a more benign clinical course. Viral meningitis has no evidence of bacteria present ... Viral meningitis, also known as aseptic meningitis, is a type of meningitis due to a viral infection. It results in ... CausesEdit. The most common causes of viral meningitis in the United States are non-polio enteroviruses. The viruses that cause ...
... and meningitis in all patients. Complications associated with CAUTI cause discomfort to the patient, prolonged hospital stay, ... Bacteria and yeast, including those naturally occurring as part of the human microbiome, can travel along urinary catheters and ... Urinary catheters should be inserted using aseptic technique and sterile equipment (including sterile gloves, drape, sponges, ... cause an infection in the bladder, kidneys, and other organs connected to the urinary tract. CAUTI can lead to complications ...
Neurological involvements range from aseptic meningitis to vascular thrombosis such as dural sinus thrombosis and organic brain ... The primary cause is not well known. In fact, no one knows yet why the immune system starts to behave this way in Behçet's ... Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are present in some bacteria and serve as a "danger signal" to the immune system. However, some HSPs ... The cause is unknown. It is believed to be partly genetic. Behçet's is not contagious. Diagnosis is based on at least three ...
The non-invasive infections caused by GAS tend to be less severe and more common. They occur when the bacteria colonizes the ... Note that meningitis, sinusitis and pneumonia can all be caused by Group A Strep, but are much more commonly associated with ... Further endocarditis can develop with aseptic vegetations along the valve closure lines, in particular the mitral valve. ... These occurs when the bacterium is able to infect areas where bacteria are not usually found, such as blood and organs. The ...
Neurological involvements range from aseptic meningitis to vascular thrombosis such as dural sinus thrombosis and organic brain ... Cause[edit]. The cause is not well-defined, but it is primarily characterized by auto-inflammation of the blood vessels. ... However, some HSPs share a similarity in bacteria and humans.[13] The anti-HSP60 and anti-HSP65 antibodies that target HSPs ... The cause is unknown.[2] It is believed to be partly genetic.[1] Behçet's is not contagious.[2] Diagnosis is based on at least ...
Cause. Pathogenic viruses. Pathogenic bacteria Pathophysiology[edit]. There is a general chain of events that applies to ... In addition, locations of inflammation where infection is the most common cause include pneumonia, meningitis and salpingitis. ... Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of ... and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis ...
More rare manifestations are acute confusional state, Guillain-Barré syndrome, aseptic meningitis, autonomic disorder, ... which can cause a false positive test for syphilis.[citation needed] SLE may cause pericarditis - inflammation of the outer ... Thus triggers may include viruses, bacteria, allergens (IgE and other hypersensitivity), and can be aggravated by environmental ... The cause of SLE is not clear. It is thought to involve genetics together with environmental factors. Among identical twins, if ...
... s are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroids, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms ... locations of inflammation where infection is the most common cause include pneumonia, meningitis and salpingitis. The symptoms ... Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of ... and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis ...
Cause. Pathogenic viruses. Pathogenic bacteria ৰোগ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া[সম্পাদনা কৰক]. There is a general chain of events that applies to ... In addition, locations of inflammation where infection is the most common cause include pneumonia, meningitis and salpingitis. ... Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of ... and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis ...
The most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria or fungi may rarely be the cause.[2] Risk factors ... using aseptic technique for insertion, and maintaining unobstructed closed drainage of the catheter.[33][34][35] ... Cause. Uropathogenic E. coli from the gut is the cause of 80-85% of community-acquired urinary tract infections,[22] with ... The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra. However, infection may also occur ...
Viral Meningitis (Aseptic Meningitis) - EpidemiologyViral meningitis is usually less serious than meningitis that is caused by bacteria or fungi. ... Meningitis means inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Viral meningitis can be caused by several ... How is viral meningitis diagnosed? If meningitis is suspected, doctors will take samples of blood and/or fluid near the spinal ... The laboratory will run tests on the samples to confirm that a virus is causing the meningitis. Doctors may also order tests to ...
Aseptic meningitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment... a form of meningitis not caused by bacteria. We look at what causes it, the symptoms, and treatment options. ... However, unlike bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis is not usually life-threatening.. While still rare, aseptic meningitis ... Causes. Aseptic meningitis can be caused by a range of viruses. High fever may be one symptom. ... Aseptic meningitis is when something other than a bacterial infection causes meningitis. Most often, it is the result of a ...
Causes and Symptoms of Aseptic MeningitisAseptic meningitis is a disease involving inflammation in the area between the middle and inner tissue layers covering the ... Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid. Aseptic meningitis is brought on by infection from other ... can cause infection resulting in aseptic meningitis. If you think you have any symptoms of aseptic meningitis, see your doctor ... Viruses causing encephalitis can also cause aseptic meningitis though this is relatively rare. ...
Polio | Encyclopedia.com... "aseptic meningitis." The term "aseptic" is used to differentiate this type of meningitis from those caused by bacteria. The ... The term aseptic is used to differentiate this type of meningitis from those caused by bacteria. The patient usually recovers ... When poliovirus causes only the minor illness or simple aseptic meningitis, the patient can be expected to recover completely. ... When poliovirus causes only the minor illness or simple aseptic meningitis, the patient can be expected to recover completely. ...
Evidence Concerning Pertussis Vaccines and Central Nervous System Disorders, Including Infantile Spasms, Hypsarrhythmia,...A variety of factors have been identified as causes of aseptic meningitis, including viruses, such as entero-, mumps, herpes ... and an absence of bacteria on examination and culture (Berkow, 1987). Others consider the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis to ... ASEPTIC MENINGITIS. Clinical Description. Aseptic meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges characterized by ... Thus, many cases reported as meningitis" may, in fact, be cases of aseptic meningitis. Case reports of meningitis in ...
Pathology Flashcards by Jonathan Chen | BrainscapeWhich three other bacteria also cause meningitis in children under 3 months? ... Most cases of meningitis occur in _______, but there is higher ______ in older individual. The case fatality is 47%, and those ... When the brain is not immobilised at the time of injury, so the sudden change of momentum freely moves the brain, causing ... a small haemorrhage not large enough to cause significant tissue destruction, which resolves slowly and form a slit-like scar ...
Aseptic Meningitis | Medical City DallasLearn more about Aseptic Meningitis at Medical City Dallas DefinitionCausesRisk ... Mycoplasma, an usual bacteria that can cause pneumonia. * Partially treated bacterial meningitis ... Causes. The most common causes of aseptic meningitis are:. * Viral infections: * Enteroviruses (most common), such as Coxsackie ... Aseptic meningitis occurs when there are signs of meningitis without an identifiable disease-causing agent. ...
Is aseptic meningitis caused by bacteria? No. Causes: viruses, funghi, TB, infections near the CNS ... Viral infections of the CNS cause meningitis, encephalitis, or both, and have many common symptoms. What is a distinguishing ... Mental status remains normal in meningitis;. Intracerebral hemorrhage can happen in encephalitis but not meningitis. Symptoms ... Sign of meningitis. Neck is so stiff that knees flex when neck is flexed ...
Virology by Christian - IssuuAseptic meningitis is an older term referring to meningitis not caused by easily cultured bacteria. The term has become ... Pneumonia in adults can be caused by influenza virus, VZV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and RSV. B. Viral Meningitis 1. Caused by ... Polio is caused by a picornavirus, and 2. CMV can be identified with a high level of rabies is caused by the rhabdovirus. ... b. Coxsackie B viruses cause about one-third of all cases of myocarditis. They are also associated with meningitis. ...
Meningitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications... meningitis; see the image below) and those primarily confined to the parenchyma (encephalitis).{file37574}Meningitis is a ... Table 1. Infectious Agents Causing Aseptic Meningitis Category. Agent. Bacteria. Partially treated bacterial meningitis ... Aseptic meningitis. In contrast to patients with bacterial meningitis, patients with aseptic meningitis syndrome usually appear ... See Aseptic Meningitis.) In many cases, a cause for meningitis is not apparent after initial evaluation, and the condition is ...
Nurse / Communicable DiseasesIt can be caused by viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria. Viral (aseptic) meningitis is common; most people recover fully. ... There are two common types of bacteria that cause meningitis:. *Strep pneumoniae causes pneumococcal meningitis; there are over ... How is bacterial meningitis spread?. Fortunately, none of the bacteria that cause meningitis are as contagious as diseases like ... The bacteria rarely overcomes the bodys immune system and causes meningitis or another serious illness. ...
Meningitis, aseptic | definition of Meningitis, aseptic by Medical dictionaryWhat is Meningitis, aseptic? Meaning of Meningitis, aseptic medical term. What does Meningitis, aseptic mean? ... aseptic in the Medical Dictionary? Meningitis, aseptic explanation free. ... see viral meningitis.. bacterial meningitis meningitis caused by bacteria; common pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, ... See also aseptic meningitis.. aseptic meningitis. an inflammation of the meninges that is caused by one of a number of viruses ...
Meningitis Fact Sheet: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments | Nervous System Disorders and Diseases slideshows | Body & Health...This set of slides will discuss the signs, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of meningitis. ... Meningitis is a potentially fatal disease that can be bacterial or viral. ... Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. It is also called aseptic meningitis. Another form of meningitis is ... Infectious meningitis is caused by a variety of organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Bacterial meningitis is a ...
aseptic meningitis any of several mild types of meningitis, most of which are caused by viruses; see viral meningitis. ... bacterial meningitis meningitis caused by bacteria; common pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, ... Enteroviruses are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis.. Bacterial Meningitis. This form occurs when pathogenic ... meningitis. [men″in-ji´tis] (pl. meningi´tides) inflammation of the meninges, usually by either a bacterium (bacterial m.) or a ...
Buying Flagyl with no prescription ~ Brand Flagyl for sale > Stellenangebote | HWK...Skin AND skin structure infections caused by Bacteroides species including the. Aseptic Meningitis Cases of aseptic meningitis ... These drugs are made to kill and overcome bacteria in human body. And the flagyl refusal to give me Ponzuril in place of with ... Aseptic meningitis Cases of aseptic meningitis have been reported with metronidazole. Risk of Hepatotoxicity and Death in ... Diarrhoea may be caused by antibiotics and this is with a buying clear sign of a new infection especially if diarrhoea is ...
Meningitis Definition Meningitis is a potentially fatal inflammation of the meninges, the thin, membranous covering of the ... cause about 90 percent of cases of aseptic meningitis. Two types of bacteria that are most likely to cause septic meningitis ... most often with viruses or bacteria. Meningitis caused by bacteria is known as septic meningitis. Meningitis caused by other ... Viral meningitis -Meningitis caused by a virus. Also called aseptic meningitis.. Vaccines are available for both meningococcal ...
... may cause aseptic meningitis. Aseptic meningitis may also result from infection with spirochetes, a group of bacteria that ... it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied ... Meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (known as "meningococcal meningitis") can be differentiated from ... It may identify bacteria in bacterial meningitis and may assist in distinguishing the various causes of viral meningitis ( ...
Meningitis - RightDiagnosis.com... drug side effect causes. Diagnostic checklist, medical tests, doctor questions, and related signs or symptoms for Meningitis. ... List of 160 disease causes of Meningitis, patient stories, diagnostic guides, ... Meningitis can also be caused by infections with several types of bacteria or fungi. (Source: excerpt from Viral (Aseptic) ... Meningitis and Pain (96 causes) *Meningitis and Sensory symptoms (96 causes) *Meningitis and Sensations (93 causes) *Meningitis ...
Recommended vaccines for students | Student Health Service - McGill UniversityThe most serious form of meningitis is bacterial meningitis. Several bacteria have been implicated as a cause of meningitis, ... The meningitis caused by viruses is called aseptic meningitis because the cerebrospinal fluid when tested does not contain any ... Meningitis may result from a variety of causes including viruses, bacteria, chemicals or drugs, and tumors. The latter two are ... The bacterium which causes the most cases of meningitis in the university age population is Neisseria Meningitidis. There are ...
The bacteria which causes Tetanus is called Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is everywhere and usually grows in a wound to ... More details Cause/transmission The infection is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. It is transmitted from ... More details Cause and symptoms Hepatitis A is one of the many viruses that cause an infection of the liver. It is transmitted ... Cause/Transmission Yellow Fever is caused by an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus (similar to the West Nile and Dengue fever ...
Communicable Diseases and School Attendance - College Station ISDMeningitis, viral (Aseptic meningitis): Rarely serious. Usually caused by common viruses such as herpes simplex, adenovirus, or ... Meningitis, bacterial: Readmit after a physicians certificate or health permit is obtained. Depending on which bacteria are ... causing the illness, prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for family members. Occasionally, close contacts at a school ...
Bacterial Meningitis After Intrapartum Spinal Anesthesia --- New York and Ohio, 2008--2009... caused by normal mouth flora after spinal injection procedures performed by a common provider suggests a breach in aseptic ... Four of the cases were confirmed to be infections with S. salivarius, a bacterium that is part of the normal mouth flora. ... Two small clusters of bacterial meningitis caused by S. salivarius after spinal anesthesia occurred during 2008--2009, despite ... The cause of death was determined by autopsy to be suppurative meningoencephalitis caused by Streptococcus salivarius. CSF was ...
... notwithstanding the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. Besides encephalitis and death, other complications (such as aseptic ... Tests for bacteria, Dengue virus, Rotavirus, and Plasmodium spp. were negative; however, HEV71 was isolated from his throat and ... Aseptic meningitis manifested by headache and terminal neck stiffness developed in an 8-year-old girl with characteristic ... The other clinical presentations of the non-HFMD patients included aseptic meningitis, herpangina, and Guillain-Barré syndrome ...
The bacterium is the main cause of the onset of meningeal syphilis and other treponemal diseases, and it consists of a ... Meningeal syphilis (as known as syphilitic aseptic meningitis or meningeal neurosyphilis) is a chronic form of syphilis ... Bacterial meningitis is normally caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bloodstream and enters the blood-brain barrier ... Treponema pallidum, which is a spirochate bacterium, is the main cause of syphilis, which spreads drastically throughout the ...
Meningitis - Causes, Symptoms and TreatmentMedical treatment for bacterial/vital meningitis in children, teenagers, adults includes a combination of antibiotics and ... Spinal meningitis causes could include viruses, as well as bacteria. Viral spinal meningitis, also known as aseptic meningitis ... Acute bacterial meningitis causes include the entry of certain bacteria into the bloodstream. These bacteria then migrate to ... Meningitis Causes. There are several different microorganisms that could lead to meningitis, such as bacteria, viruses and ...
ViralStreptococcusMeningococcalFungiEnterovirusesTypes of bacteriaCerebrospinalAcuteMumpsPneumococcalFungal meningitisAdultsOccursListeriaVaccinesTuberculosisAntibioticsPathogensDiagnosis of meningitisViruses that cause meningitisBrainInfectiousParasitesComplicationsDevelop meningitisInflammation of the membranesIllnessLumbar punctureForm of meningitisEnterovirusAntibioticMeningealSubarachnoidPneumoniaeMembranesCommonlyBenignSpinal meningitisSymptoms of asepticCasesSensitivityInfantsCommonNewborns
- These viruses are by far the most common cause of viral meningitis, as well as other, milder illnesses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Adults with aseptic meningitis may confuse their symptoms with a cold or another viral illness, whereas infants may become much sicker. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Aseptic meningitis often makes its appearance after or during an ailment like a mild flu or viral infection. (empowher.com)
- Viral meningitis requires no treatment, but it should still be prevented for it not to cause further problem. (empowher.com)
- There are three known types of polioviruses (called 1,2, and 3), each causing a different strain of the disease and all are members of the viral family of enteroviruses (viruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract). (encyclopedia.com)
- What is viral meningitis? (virginia.gov)
- Viral meningitis can be caused by several different viruses. (virginia.gov)
- Viral meningitis is usually less serious than meningitis that is caused by bacteria or fungi. (virginia.gov)
- Who gets viral meningitis? (virginia.gov)
- Viral meningitis can affect anyone. (virginia.gov)
- How is viral meningitis spread? (virginia.gov)
- Enteroviruses, the most common cause of viral meningitis, are most often spread through the stool of an infected person (such as when changing a diaper or not washing hands properly after using the bathroom). (virginia.gov)
- What are the symptoms of viral meningitis? (virginia.gov)
- How is viral meningitis diagnosed? (virginia.gov)
- What is the treatment for viral meningitis? (virginia.gov)
- There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis. (virginia.gov)
- How can viral meningitis be prevented? (virginia.gov)
- Vaccinations included in the childhood vaccination schedule can protect children against some diseases that can lead to viral meningitis. (virginia.gov)
- How can I get more information about viral meningitis? (virginia.gov)
- 1) If you have concerns about viral meningitis, contact your healthcare provider. (virginia.gov)
- 3) Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html . (virginia.gov)
- B. Viral Meningitis 1. (issuu.com)
- Viral meningitis is often less severe than bacterial meningitis. (issuu.com)
- The term has become synonymous with viral meningitis. (issuu.com)
- [ 12 ] In contrast, patients with subacute bacterial meningitis and most patients with viral meningitis present with neurologic symptoms developing over 1-7 days. (medscape.com)
- Patients with viral meningitis may have a history of preceding systemic symptoms (eg, myalgias, fatigue, or anorexia). (medscape.com)
- It may point to the presence of epidemic disease, such as viral or meningococcal meningitis. (medscape.com)
- Medical management of viral meningitis consists of supportive treatment and there is usually no indication for the use of antibiotics. (lisd.net)
- Viral meningitis is more common but it usually leads to a complete recovery and the mortality rate is very low. (steadyhealth.com)
- Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. (steadyhealth.com)
- These include bacterial meningitis , acute bacterial meningitis , viral meningitis , aseptic meningitis and chronic meningitis . (rightdiagnosis.com)
- In contrast chronic meningitis takes weeks or months to develop and can be the result of side effects of certain drugs, such a chemotherapy, a viral infection or a bacterial infection as well. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Viral meningitis is caused by a virus and can be acute or chronic. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Aseptic meningitis is often caused by a viral infection , but can also be cause by a bacterial infection , certain drugs, or reactions to a vaccine. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- The most common form on meningitis is a viral one, but a person could also suffer from meningitis caused by bacterial or fungal infections. (diethealthclub.com)
- Viral meningitis is the highly contagious meningitis, as it spreads easily from one person to the other, especially in case of children. (diethealthclub.com)
- Viral meningitis is the airborne meningitis, as the virus could enter an uninfected person's respiratory system, through an unguarded cough or sneeze. (diethealthclub.com)
- Bacterial meningitis is also a lot more serious, as compared to the viral one. (diethealthclub.com)
- Viral meningitis symptoms are usually a bit milder, as compared to bacterial meningitis signs. (diethealthclub.com)
- People suffering from viral meningitis usually suffer only headaches, fever and lethargy. (diethealthclub.com)
- In many cases, the symptoms of viral meningitis begin to show an improvement after a couple of days, even without medical treatment being administered. (diethealthclub.com)
- Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis ) is more common than bacterial meningitis and usually less serious. (kidshealth.org)
- Most cases of viral meningitis end within 7 to 10 days. (kidshealth.org)
- Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. (pkids.org)
- Viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without specific treatment, while bacterial meningitis can be quite severe and may result in brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disability. (pkids.org)
- Viral or 'aseptic' meningitis, which is the most common type, is caused by an infection with one of several types of viruses. (pkids.org)
- In the United States, there are between 25,000 and 50,000 hospitalizations due to viral meningitis each year. (pkids.org)
- Viral meningitis , also known as aseptic meningitis , is a type of meningitis due to a viral infection . (wikipedia.org)
- Viral meningitis causes inflammation of the meninges. (wikipedia.org)
- Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses (common stomach viruses). (wikipedia.org)
- Based on clinical symptoms, viral meningitis cannot be reliably differentiated from bacterial meningitis , although viral meningitis typically follows a more benign clinical course. (wikipedia.org)
- Viral meningitis has no evidence of bacteria present in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). (wikipedia.org)
- A few viral causes, such as HSV , have specific treatments. (wikipedia.org)
- In the United States, viral meningitis is the cause of more than half of all cases of meningitis . (wikipedia.org)
- Viral meningitis characteristically presents with fever , headache and neck stiffness . (wikipedia.org)
- Increased cranial pressure from viral meningitis stimulates the area postrema , which causes nausea and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
- Babies with viral meningitis may only appear irritable, sleepy or have trouble eating. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common causes of viral meningitis in the United States are non-polio enteroviruses . (wikipedia.org)
- Viral Meningitis is mostly caused by an infectious agent that has colonized somewhere in its host . (wikipedia.org)
- Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is caused by many different viruses. (health-cares.net)
- Most viral meningitis is associated with enteroviruses. (health-cares.net)
- Viral meningitis is sometimes also referred to as aseptic meningitis. (headacheupdates.com)
- It is the viral meningitis which is more common than bacterial meningitis but the latter is more dangerous as it can cause potentially life-threatening symptoms. (headacheupdates.com)
- The symptoms of viral meningitis are often confused with those of the common flu. (headacheupdates.com)
- Also people who have weak immune systems or who haven't received proper immunization for common bacterial and viral infections are more at risk of developing meningitis. (headacheupdates.com)
- Encephalitis can be caused due to a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. (headacheupdates.com)
- Viral meningitis, sometimes referred to as nonbacterial or aseptic meningitis, is milder and more common than bacterial forms. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Viral meningitis is usually seen only in individual cases rather than in outbreaks. (thefreedictionary.com)
- causes AIDS La Crosse virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Measles Mumps St. Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus Viral Meningitis is mostly caused by an infectious agent that has colonized somewhere in its host. (wikipedia.org)
- Viral, or aseptic, meningitis is usually caused by enteroviruses-common viruses that enter the body through the mouth and travel to the brain and surrounding tissues where they multiply. (nih.gov)
- In older babies and children, viral meningitis - which is more common than bacterial meningitis - is typically milder and usually goes away on its own within 10 days. (babycenter.com)
- Other viral infections, such as mumps , herpes simplex viruses (responsible for cold sores ), and influenza can also cause meningitis. (babycenter.com)
- Only a doctor can tell you how serious it is, as the symptoms for viral and bacterial meningitis are very similar. (babycenter.com)
- If it's viral meningitis, your child's immune system is probably strong enough to take care of it. (babycenter.com)
- Viral and aseptic meningitis are terms used interchangeably as, not only viruses are a major cause, other noninfective causes are equally attributable to the development of meningitis. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- Worldwide causes of viral meningitis include enterovirus, herpes, mumps, measles and HIV, with enterovirus being the most common cause of viral meningitis. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- Neurological and neuropsychological deficits have also been reported in adults following cryptococcal, tuberculous, and viral meningitis [ 4 , 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
- How is viral meningitis treated? (healthtap.com)
- It is typically caused by a viral (most common) or bacterial infection, the latter of which is significantly more serious and can be fatal if untreated. (verywellhealth.com)
- The term aseptic meningitis describes meningitis that is caused by something other than bacteria and is often used to describe viral meningitis. (verywellhealth.com)
- Meningitis is usually the result of a viral or bacterial infection. (healthofchildren.com)
- Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is generally less severe and often disappears without specific treatment, while bacterial meningitis can be quite serious and may result in brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities in children. (healthofchildren.com)
- Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses (viruses that typically cause stomach flu). (healthofchildren.com)
- Viral meningitis often remains undiagnosed because its symptoms are similar to those of the common flu. (healthofchildren.com)
- The CSF lactate is used mainly to help differentiate bacterial and fungal meningitis, which cause increased lactate, from viral meningitis, which does not. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
- Viral meningitis, the most common form of meningitis, is less severe than bacterial meningitis. (ukessays.com)
- Bacterial meningitis is usually more serious than viral meningitis and is sometimes fatal, particularly in infants and the elderly. (ukessays.com)
- Viral meningitis is the most common and mildest form of the disease, and most people fully recover from it without complications. (humanillnesses.com)
- Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is the most common type. (health-cares.net)
- Viral meningitis is milder and occurs more often than bacterial meningitis. (health-cares.net)
- Most viral meningitis is associated with enteroviruses, which are viruses that commonly cause stomach flu. (health-cares.net)
- for example, viral meningitis may occur as a complication in people with genital herpes. (health-cares.net)
- Occasionally, viral meningitis will develop following the mumps or chicken pox. (health-cares.net)
- Viral pharyngitis is a sore throat caused by a virus, and causes throat pain and cold-like symptoms. (webmd.com)
- Viral meningitis is a fairly common condition throughout many areas of the world. (ihealthdirectory.com)
- Meningitis is usually of multiple etiology-bacterial, fungal or viral yet bacteria remain the common etiological agent (Reid & Fallon, 1992). (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Viral meningitis is generally less severe and clears up without specific treatment. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Viral ('aseptic') meningitis is serious but rarely fatal in people with normal immune systems. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Often, in early phases of viral meningitis and bacterial meningitis, the symptoms are almost similar (Carbonnelle, 2009). (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Unit 14: Meningitis (bacterial And Fungal)You have learnt the different between bacterial and viral meningitis, their mode of transmission, causes, signs and symptoms, management and prevention. (amazonaws.com)
- Video: Symptoms And Treatment Of MeningitisMeningitis caused by viral infections usually resolves without treatment. (amazonaws.com)
- Encephalitis And Meningitis Information Page From About …The brain and spinal cord and are caused by bacterial or viral spinal cord and are caused by bacterial or viral infections. (amazonaws.com)
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings In Aseptic Versus Bacterial …Symptoms included fever, headache, irritability, lethargy, nasal congestion, cough, vomiting, diarrhea, or change in feeding pat- overlap for both bacterial and viral cases and could not be used as a diagnostic tool. (amazonaws.com)
- Common Viral Infections: Influenzaviruses And HerpesvirusesAgainst new virus Causes major flu pandemics (such as in 1918) Influenza Epidemiology Occurs Nov. Although the vast majority of sinus infections are caused by viruses, IDSA recommends prescribing antibiotics for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. (amazonaws.com)
- Viral meningitis is sometimes called aseptic meningitis to indicate it is not the result of bacterial infection and cannot be treated with antibiotics. (amazonaws.com)
- Aseptic meningitis (also known as viral meningitis) is an illness similar to bacterial meningitis. (bogbit.com)
- When a doctor suspects meningitis, they recommend the patient stay in the hospital until it is known whether the illness is bacterial or viral. (bogbit.com)
- Tissue culture - Some viral pathogens are more difficult to grow than bacteria, so non culture methods are used for their identification. (slideserve.com)
- Is viral meningitis a serious disease? (thejerseycape.com)
- Often, the symptoms of viral meningitis and bacterial meningitis are the same. (thejerseycape.com)
- About 90% of cases of viral meningitis are caused by members of a group of viruses known as enteroviruses, such as coxsackieviruses and echoviruses. (thejerseycape.com)
- Herpesviruses and the mumps virus can also cause viral meningitis. (thejerseycape.com)
- How is viral meningitis treated?No specific treatment for viral meningitis exists at this time. (thejerseycape.com)
- Enteroviruses, the most common cause of viral meningitis, are most often spread through direct contact with respiratory secretions (e.g., saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) of an infected person. (thejerseycape.com)
- Can I get viral meningitis if I'm around someone who has it? (thejerseycape.com)
- The viruses that cause viral meningitis are contagious. (thejerseycape.com)
- Therefore, if you are around someone who has viral meningitis, you have a moderate chance of becoming infected, but a very small chance of developing meningitis. (thejerseycape.com)
- If you are in contact with someone who has viral meningitis, however, the most effective method of prevention is to wash your hands thoroughly and often. (thejerseycape.com)
- Should a person with viral meningitis be isolated? (thejerseycape.com)
- Since most cases are due to enteroviruses that may be passed in the stool and possibly through respiratory secretions, people diagnosed with viral meningitis should be instructed to thoroughly wash their hands after using the toilet or blowing their noses. (thejerseycape.com)
- Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is the most common form of meningitis in the United States. (columbianeurology.org)
- Viral meningitis may also include inflammation of the brain itself. (columbianeurology.org)
- Viral meningitis is usually caused by enteroviruses. (columbianeurology.org)
- Most viral meningitis is a seasonal illness. (columbianeurology.org)
- Viral meningitis cannot be treated with antibiotics, which are only effective against bacteria. (columbianeurology.org)
- For a mild case of viral meningitis, the best treatment is usually extra fluids, rest in a darkened room, and medication for pain and fever. (columbianeurology.org)
- A more severe case of viral meningitis may be treated in the hospital. (columbianeurology.org)
- Some types of viral meningitis can be treated with antiviral medications. (columbianeurology.org)
- Viral meningitis: Meningitis caused by many viruses is usually contagious. (medicinenet.com)
- In short, most bacterial meningitis infections are mildly to moderately contagious person to person, while some viral meningitis are contagious but other types are not. (medicinenet.com)
- Viral caused meningitis may be contagious from three days after infection starts to about 10 days after the symptoms develop. (medicinenet.com)
- For viral meningitis, the incubation period can range widely from only a few days to a few weeks. (medicinenet.com)
- The clinical presentation and laboratory findings were typical of viral meningitis. (health.gov.au)
- 5 An average of 4 cases of viral meningitis are seen per year at Bowral Hospital (Figure 1). (health.gov.au)
- The medical superintendent of Bowral Hospital notified SWSPHU of persons who presented to the hospital's emergency department and were diagnosed as having viral/aseptic meningitis during the period 4 October to 28 November 1994, the dates of the first and last notifications. (health.gov.au)
- Clinical diagnosis of viral meningitis without virological confirmation. (health.gov.au)
- Viral meningitis is more common and usually more benign than bacterial meningitis but all cases of suspected meningitis should be managed as though having bacterial meningitis, until proven otherwise. (51digg.info)
- Viral meningitis is the most common cause. (51digg.info)
- [ 4 ] 3,000 cases of viral meningitis were reported between 2009-2010 but the actual incidence is likely to be far higher. (51digg.info)
- Most people who contract viral meningitis are said to make a full recovery and fungal meningitis generally occurs in people with an impaired immune system ("What is Meningitis? (brightkite.com)
- The agent, in the case of meningitis, can be viral or bacterial. (brightkite.com)
- 916 words - 4 pages Meningitis, also known as spinal meningitis, is a viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the membranes, called meninges. (brightkite.com)
- viral and bacterial infection with differences in effects depending on what form of meningitis it is. (brightkite.com)
- VIRAL MENINGITIS is usually relatively mild. (informationng.com)
- Viral Meningitis, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment/Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges covering the brain. (rxharun.com)
- Bacterial or viral meningitis is confirmed by the detection of a pathogen in the CSF. (rxharun.com)
- People with normal immune systems who get viral meningitis usually get better on their own. (rxharun.com)
- There are vaccines to prevent some kinds of viral meningitis. (rxharun.com)
- The seasonal flu is a common viral infection that causes fever, body ache, headache, and congestion. (webmd.com)
- Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is relatively common and far less serious. (blogspot.com)
- Viral meningitis, often referred to as aseptic meningitis, is generally a self-limiting illness. (apic.org)
- Antibiotics are not effective for viral meningitis although antiviral treatment is available for herpes viruses. (apic.org)
- It can be difficult to distinguish the cause of meningitis based on symptoms, although the presentation of viral meningitis tends to be less severe than bacterial cases. (apic.org)
- If the patient has not had any antibiotics, the gram stain in bacterial meningitis will be positive, whereas it will be negative for viral meningitis. (apic.org)
- Four were confirmed to have Streptococcus salivarius meningitis, and one woman subsequently died. (cdc.gov)
- Major bacteria that cause meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus and meningococcus. (health-cares.net)
- Community acquired cases of meningitis are usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, seen in elderly patients. (health-cares.net)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, also referred to as pneumococcus, is another cause of serious meningitis cases. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Other bacterial causes of meningitis include group B streptococcus streptococcus , any of a group of gram-positive bacteria, genus Streptococcus, some of which cause disease. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The disease is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which also causes pneumonia, blood poisoning (septicemia), and ear and sinus infections. (nih.gov)
- Similarly, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is also called pneumococcal meningitis. (healthofchildren.com)
- Meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is called PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS. (informationng.com)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae- A causative bacteria of meningitis. (rxharun.com)
- They are a sign of blood poisoning (septicemia), which sometimes happens with meningitis, particularly the meningococcal strain. (lisd.net)
- The prognosis is generally good, especially for meningococcal meningitis in which residual neurologic deficits and persistent convulsive seizures are rare. (thefreedictionary.com)
- for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash. (wikipedia.org)
- Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal , mumps , pneumococcal , and Hib vaccines . (wikipedia.org)
- Meningococcal meningitis affects people of all ages and tends to occur in epidemics, especially among those who live in crowded conditions. (thefreedictionary.com)
- If meningococcal meningitis is diagnosed, people in close contact with an infected individual should be given preventative antibiotics. (nih.gov)
- However, the highest risk group for the most serious form of the disease, meningococcal meningitis, is highest among children 2 to 18 years old. (henrietta-isd.net)
- These four groups cause the majority of meningococcal cases in the United States. (henrietta-isd.net)
- Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae and related strains (A, B C, Y, and W135) is also called meningococcal meningitis. (healthofchildren.com)
- Meningococcal meningitis is common in minors ages two to 18. (healthofchildren.com)
- Although anyone can get meningitis, pre-teens and adolescents, college freshmen who live in dormitories and travelers to countries where meningitis is always present are at an increased risk for meningococcal disease. (ukessays.com)
- Bacterial meningitis, especially meningococcal meningitis, sometimes occurs in epidemics * in underdeveloped parts of the world, but epidemics are less common in the United States. (humanillnesses.com)
- However, because it can be so serious, doctors now recommend that all teens get vaccinated against meningococcal meningitis. (akronchildrens.org)
- These include meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae , and pneumococcal meningitis. (columbianeurology.org)
- Immunization against meningococcal meningitis is recommended for middle and high school students and college freshmen living in dormitories. (columbianeurology.org)
- Meningococcal disease is the leading infectious cause of death in early childhood. (51digg.info)
- Crowding (eg, military recruits and college students) increases the risk of outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis. (51digg.info)
- Meningococcal meningitis is endemic in parts of Africa, India and other developing nations. (51digg.info)
- Antibiotic prophylaxis is only indicated for close contacts of persons with Haemophilus influenzae or meningococcal meningitis. (apic.org)
- Healthcare workers do not have a high risk of catching meningococcal meningitis and prophylaxis is indicated only for persons directly exposed to the patient's oral secretions (e.g., mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, endotracheal intubation, or endotracheal tube management). (apic.org)
- Fungi and mycobacteria may also be causes though these are not commonly found. (empowher.com)
- Chronic symptoms lasting longer than 1 week suggest the presence of meningitis caused by certain viruses or by tuberculosis, syphilis, fungi (especially cryptococci), or carcinomatosis. (medscape.com)
- The most common organisms that cause meningitis are viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. (steadyhealth.com)
- Infectious meningitis is caused by a variety of organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. (steadyhealth.com)
- Meningitis can also be caused by infections with several types of bacteria or fungi. (pkids.org)
- It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms, usually introduced via the bloodstream from infections elsewhere in the body. (thefreedictionary.com)
- however fungi and parasites can also cause meningitis, especially in immunocompromised patients [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Viruses, bacteria, and fungi may all result in the condition. (verywellhealth.com)
- Most cases are due to infection with viruses, with bacteria, fungi, and parasites being the next most common causes. (ukessays.com)
- Infectious meningitis may be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. (thejerseycape.com)
- Fungi and parasites also can cause meningitis. (columbianeurology.org)
- Meningitis caused by fungi is rare, but people can get it by inhaling fungal spores from the environment. (rxharun.com)
- Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and even helminths can cause infection of the central nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
- About 50 % of aseptic meningitis cases will stem from two enteroviruses, coxsackie and echovirus. (empowher.com)
- Most cases in the United States are caused by enteroviruses. (virginia.gov)
- HFMD is caused by a few serotypes of enteroviruses, most frequently coxsackie virus A16 (CAV16) and human enterovirus 71 (HEV71). (cdc.gov)
- It can be caused by any of a number of viruses, including enteroviruses, the mumps virus, herpesviruses, HIV HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Many viruses that cause meningitis in children are from the group known as enteroviruses - for example, coxsackie, the virus behind hand, foot, and mouth disease , is an enterovirus that can lead to meningitis. (babycenter.com)
- Meningitis caused by enteroviruses is most common between June and October. (verywellhealth.com)
- Enteroviruses, a group of viruses that includes several strains of coxsackieviruses (kok-SAH-kee-vy-ruh-sez) and echoviruses, cause about 90 percent of cases of aseptic meningitis. (humanillnesses.com)
- Many different types of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis. (kidshealth.org)
- A number of types of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis. (health-cares.net)
- 2010). Types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary by age group. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary according to the infected individual's age group. (rxharun.com)
- Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid. (empowher.com)
- The organisms gain access to the ventriculosubarachnoid spaces and the cerebrospinal fluid where they cause irritation of the tissues bathed by the fluid. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is verified by isolation of the organism from a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A lumbar puncture , in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), can diagnose or exclude meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that encases and bathes the brain and spinal cord. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was suggestive of bacterial meningitis and she made a full recovery. (scirp.org)
- Cerebrospinal fluid protein was raised at 2.4g/L. No bacteria were seen on gram stain or culture. (scirp.org)
- Chemical meningitis can develop after neurosurgical procedures and can be differentiated from bacterial meningitis by Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose levels and CSF White Blood Cell (WBC) values. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- When a doctor suspects aseptic meningitis, a spinal tap is done to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. (bogbit.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, case definition for aseptic meningitis is a syndrome characterised by the acute onset of meningeal symptoms, fever, and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, in the presence of bacteriologically sterile cultures. (health.gov.au)
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the leptomeninges and underlying subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (51digg.info)
- Bacterial meningitis mainly occurs within the pia mater and arachnoid, subarachnoid space, the ventricular system of the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid (textbook). (brightkite.com)
- Meningitis is the inflammation of the piamater,the arachnoid and the cerebrospinal fluid filled subarachnoid space. (blogspot.com)
- Out of 250 patients, 227 were included and 64 (28.2%) had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes compatible with meningitis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs . (wikipedia.org)
- If none of the three signs are present, acute meningitis is extremely unlikely. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute meningitis caused by a bacteria is called acute bacterial meningitis and develops very quickly in a matter of hours or days. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Acute bacterial meningitis is generally the most serious type of meningitis . (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Serious complications can occur, especially with acute bacterial meningitis . (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Treatment of acute bacterial meningitis includes hospitalization, generally in an intensive care setting, and intravenous administration of antibiotics. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Early symptomatic neurosyphillis (or acute syphilitic meningitis or neurorecurrence) is the onset of meningeal syphilis. (wikipedia.org)
- The types of neurosyphilis include asymptomatic, acute syphilitic meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, parenchymatous syphilis (which includes general paresis and tabes dorsalis), and optic atrophy. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute bacterial meningitis is a true medical emergency. (health-cares.net)
- Noninfectious meningitis is a type of aseptic meningitis (meningitis caused by something other than the bacteria that typically cause acute meningitis). (merckmanuals.com)
- The review found that [Pomalyst (pomalidomide)] can also cause serious hepatotoxicity, mainly acute hepatitis. (drug-injury.com)
- July 2003-August 2005 and selected patients with acute the clinical features and outcomes associated with differ- onset of brain dysfunction with fever or hypothermia and ent causes. (cdc.gov)
- Depending on the duration of symptoms, meningitis may be classified as acute or chronic. (ukessays.com)
- Acute meningitis denotes the evolution of symptoms within hours to several days, while chronic meningitis has an onset and duration of weeks to months. (ukessays.com)
- Meningitis can be acute, with a quick onset of symptoms, or chronic, lasting a month or more, or can be mild or aseptic, but the emphasis should be on identification of cause so that appropriate interventions can be applied. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Acute meningitis is a medical emergency and its accurate diagnosis could help physicians to accelerate treatment and reduce the mortality and morbidity of patients. (biomedcentral.com)
- We aimed to assess the "Jolt maneuver" in diagnosis of suspected acute meningitis patients admitted to the emergency ward of Imam-Khomeini Hospital Complex in Tehran, Iran. (biomedcentral.com)
- Acute sinusitis, an inflammation of the sinuses, causes sinus pain and tenderness, facial redness and more. (webmd.com)
- The Hib , measles, mumps, polio , and pneumococcal vaccines can protect against meningitis caused by those germs. (kidshealth.org)
- Other viruses that cause meningitis include varicella zoster (the virus that causes chicken pox and can appear decades later as shingles), influenza, mumps, HIV, and herpes simplex type 2 (genital herpes). (nih.gov)
- less commonly type 1), varicella zoster virus (known for causing chickenpox and shingles), mumps virus, HIV, and LCMV. (rxharun.com)
- Pneumococcal meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is the most serious form of bacterial meningitis. (nih.gov)
- Some 6,000 cases of pneumococcal meningitis are reported in the United States each year. (nih.gov)
- Immunizations are available for certain strains of the pneumococcal bacteria. (nih.gov)
- Changes in the Molecular Epidemiology of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in Senegal After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction. (bioportfolio.com)
- According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), some 6,000 cases of pneumococcal meningitis are reported in the United States each year. (healthofchildren.com)
- There are immunizations available for certain strains of the Pneumococcal bacteria. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Medical News Today: What is pneumococcal meningitis? (e-haldex.net)
- The introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine has lowered rates of pneumococcal meningitis in both children and adults. (rxharun.com)
- Fungal meningitis is treated with anti-fungal medicine. (empowher.com)
- Parasitic and fungal meningitis are very rare. (lisd.net)
- Another form of meningitis is fungal meningitis. (steadyhealth.com)
- A glucose level below 40 mg/dL is significant and occurs in bacterial and fungal meningitis and in malignancy. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
- High levels are seen in many conditions including bacterial and fungal meningitis, multiple sclerosis, tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic tap. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
- This enzyme is elevated in bacterial and fungal meningitis, malignancy, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
- The most common form of fungal meningitis is caused by the fungus cryptococcus neoformans (found mainly in dirt and bird droppings). (clevelandclinic.org)
- Although treatable, fungal meningitis often recurs in nearly half of affected persons. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Fungal meningitis is rare, but can be life threatening. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Although anyone can get fungal meningitis, people at higher risk are those who have AIDS, leukemia, or other forms of immunodeficiency. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- The most common cause of fungal meningitis in HIV, is Cryptococcus spp. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Fungal meningitis (for example, Cryptococcus meningitis ) is not considered to be contagious. (medicinenet.com)
- There are a number of risk factors for fungal meningitis, including the use of immunosuppressants (such as after organ transplantation), HIV/AIDS, and the loss of immunity associated with aging. (rxharun.com)
- Adults who work with young children in these settings are also at increased risk of developing aseptic meningitis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Aseptic meningitis affects children and teens more than adults. (medicalcityhospital.com)
- 4. Pneumonia in adults can be caused by influenza virus, VZV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and RSV. (issuu.com)
- In both children and adults, there may be a rash of tiny, red-purple spots or bruises caused by bleeding under the skin. (lisd.net)
- Nuchal rigidity occurs in 70% of bacterial meningitis in adults. (wikipedia.org)
- Although anyone can suffer from this affliction, it is more common to see meningitis in children, than in adults. (diethealthclub.com)
- Although there are several meningitis symptoms in adults and children, it is easy to mistake the condition for the flu, as many of the signs are common. (diethealthclub.com)
- The meningitis signs in infants and toddlers may be a bit different from the meningitis symptoms in teenagers and adults. (diethealthclub.com)
- It is the most common cause of meningitis in adults. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 1,000 adults and children in the United States come down with meningitis each year. (babycenter.com)
- On August 12, 2010 the FDA announced that Lamictal (lamotrigine), a medication commonly used for seizures in children two years and older as well as for bipolar disorder in adults, can cause aseptic meningitis. (drug-injury.com)
- 8 The present study was carried out to assess the causes, clinical profile and outcome in adults diagnosed with meningoencephalitis in a tertiary care hospital. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- Long term sequelae of bacterial meningitis in adults include hearing and visual loss, seizures, and cognitive impairment [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In Lesotho as in other countries with a high HIV burden, meningitis is a major cause of hospital admission among HIV-infected adults [ 8 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Meningitis is more common in children, although adults and teenagers can develop meningitis as well. (verywellhealth.com)
- Now, as a result of the protection offered by current childhood vaccines, bacterial meningitis is more commonly diagnosed among pre-teens and young adults. (ukessays.com)
- MeningitisASEPTIC VS BACTERIAL MENINGITIS Pediatric Decision Rules pathogens of bacterial meningitis in adults in devel-oped countries. (amazonaws.com)
- Seizures in adults withS pneumonia meningitis as a result of irritation in the brain. (blogspot.com)
- Aseptic meningitis occurs when there are signs of meningitis without an identifiable disease-causing agent. (medicalcityhospital.com)
- This form occurs when pathogenic bacteria enter the subarachnoid space and cause a pyogenic inflammatory response . (thefreedictionary.com)
- This type of meningitis usually occurs in immuno-compromised patients. (steadyhealth.com)
- A positive Brudzinski's sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip. (wikipedia.org)
- The highest incidence of meningitis occurs in babies under a month old, with an increased risk of meningitis continuing through about two years of age. (encyclopedia.com)
- Disorders that most commonly cause noninfectious meningitis include disorders that cause inflammation, such as the inflammation that occurs when the body's immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues (autoimmune disorders). (merckmanuals.com)
- Cryptococcal meningitis mostly occurs in immunocompromised individuals such as in AIDS patients but can also occur in healthy people Some of these cases can be indolent and smolder for weeks. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Meningitis occurs in people of all age groups but infants, young children and the elderly are more predisposed to meningitis. (51digg.info)
- 8. Meningitis occurs and CSF studies demonstrates decreased glucose,increased protein levels and increased white blood cell count. (blogspot.com)
- nerves in the basal ganglia degenerate, occurs later in life, caused by definiency of dopamine made by basal ganglia cells. (cram.com)
- In newborns, the most common agents of meningitis are those that are contracted from the newborn's mother, including Group B streptococci (becoming an increasingly common infecting organism in the newborn period), Escherichia coli , and Listeria monocytogenes . (encyclopedia.com)
- In newborns, the most common causes are group B strep , E. coli , and less commonly, Listeria monocytogenes . (kidshealth.org)
- Other forms of bacterial meningitis include Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Listeria monocytogenes (serotype IVb) is transmitted by the mother before birth and may cause meningitis in the newborn. (rxharun.com)
- Vaccines for many of the viruses that cause aseptic meningitis exist. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Are there vaccines against meningitis? (pkids.org)
- Vaccines to protect against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b (Hib) are available and have dramatically reduced the number of meningitis cases. (health-cares.net)
- The prevention for meningitis includes taking all the vaccines and protecting yourself from bacteria and viruses as much as possible by maintaining hygiene. (headacheupdates.com)
- Before the availability of effective vaccines, bacterial meningitis was most commonly diagnosed in young children. (ukessays.com)
- Many colleges actually require their students to get meningitis vaccines. (akronchildrens.org)
- Vaccines are available to help protect against some kinds of bacterial meningitis. (rxharun.com)
- Conclusion Tuberculosis was the most common cause of meningoencephalitis in the studied population, often with subacute presentation, and outcome was good with early institution of antituberculous therapy. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is another major cause, especially in developing countries. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- 2010) Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), is common in those from countries where tuberculosis is common, and is also encountered in those with immune problems, such as AIDS. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Tuberculous meningitis - which is meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , is more common in people from countries in which tuberculosis is endemic, but is also encountered in persons with immune problems, such as AIDS. (rxharun.com)
- Because the illness is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not useful for treatment and will not make the patient feel better. (virginia.gov)
- Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful. (wikipedia.org)
- Depending on which bacteria are causing the illness, prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for family members. (csisd.org)
- If bacterial meningitis is diagnosed - or even suspected - doctors will start intravenous (IV) antibiotics as soon as possible. (kidshealth.org)
- For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people. (pkids.org)
- Identification of the type of bacteria responsible is important for selection of correct antibiotics. (pkids.org)
- Bacterial meningitis can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. (pkids.org)
- People who qualify as close contacts of a person with meningitis caused by N. meningitidis should receive antibiotics to prevent them from getting the disease. (pkids.org)
- Drugs that can cause noninfectious meningitis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics. (merckmanuals.com)
- If a diagnosis of meningitis is made, it is prudent to start the patient on empirical antibiotics until the cultures and other results are awaited. (rcpe.ac.uk)
- This paper's objective is to report a case of post spinal anesthesia bacterial meningitis with curative treatment through antibiotics therapy. (scirp.org)
- 1. Gram stain Gram + Purple Gram - Red Gram Stain - allows identification of four basic groups of bacteria, and provide early suggestion of empiric antibiotics to use and possible initiation of isolation precautions. (slideserve.com)
- Intrapartum prophylactic antibiotics in pregnant mothers who carry, or who are at risk of colonising, group B streptococci, have been effective in reducing the risk of neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis. (51digg.info)
- The pathogens that can cause many forms of meningitis are carried by humans in the nose and throat and are spread into the air by coughing and/or sneezing. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- PCR multiplex for simultaneous and rapid identification of 14 pathogens, including 6 bacteria, 7 viruses, and Cryptococcus. (bioportfolio.com)
- pathogens (PAH-tho-jens) are microorganisms that can cause disease in another living organism. (humanillnesses.com)
- These pathogens are also associated with meningitis in people with an impaired immune system. (rxharun.com)
- Making a diagnosis of meningitis begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physical examination. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- The aim of this study was to study the clinical presentation, aetiology, and outcomes of meningitis among adult patients admitted to Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital in Maseru, Lesotho, with a diagnosis of meningitis. (hindawi.com)
- Viruses that cause meningitis can also be spread through the respiratory secretions of an infected person, such as by inhaling or touching droplets created when the infected person coughs or sneezes. (virginia.gov)
- Many of the viruses that cause meningitis are common, such as those that cause colds , diarrhea , cold sores , and the flu . (kidshealth.org)
- The viruses that cause meningitis are typically acquired from sick contacts. (wikipedia.org)
- Meningitis' means inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. (virginia.gov)
- Meningitis is defined as the inflammation of the protective layers covering the brain and spinal cord. (steadyhealth.com)
- Meningitis can also be caused by some drugs, brain surgery, and an injury to the head. (steadyhealth.com)
- It may also be caused by head injuries and brain surgery. (steadyhealth.com)
- In order to learn about meningitis, it is important to have a basic understanding of the anatomy of the brain. (encyclopedia.com)
- Furthermore, swelling on the right side of the brain will not only cause pressure and damage to that side of the brain, but by taking up precious space within the tight confines of the skull, the left side of the brain will also be pushed up against the hard surface of the skull, causing damage to the left side of the brain, as well. (encyclopedia.com)
- The bacterium is the main cause of the onset of meningeal syphilis and other treponemal diseases, and it consists of a cytoplasmic and outer membrane that can cause a diverse array of diseases in the central nervous system and brain . (wikipedia.org)
- Meningitis inflames and breaks down any protective membrane and cells surrounding the brain , spinal cord , and other parts of the nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
- Meningitis is an illness in which there is inflammation of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. (pkids.org)
- Meningitis results in swelling of the brain tissue and in some cases the spinal tissue (spinal meningitis). (health-cares.net)
- Bacterial meningitis can cause stroke, hearing loss, and permanent brain damage. (nih.gov)
- Between 10 and 15 percent of cases are fatal, with another 10-15 percent causing brain damage and other serious side effects. (nih.gov)
- Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. (merckmanuals.com)
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the outer coating of the brain. (healthtap.com)
- The term 'aseptic' refers to the absence of bacteria, while meningitis means inflammation of the connective tissue lining the spinal cord and brain. (livestrong.com)
- The disease can cause stroke, hearing loss, and permanent brain damage. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Spinal meningitis is a disease that develops when the protective membrane covering the brain become inflamed because of bacteria or viruses. (ihealthdirectory.com)
- The causes of non-infectious meningitis include cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus, drug induced, head trauma, brain surgery etc. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- The results of this MRI showed that Nakivia had a substantial brain tumor that was causing the optic nerve damage and hemorrhaging. (optomap.com)
- With bacterial meningitis, delaying treatment increases the risk for permanent brain damage or death. (columbianeurology.org)
- Causes of noninfectious meningitis include cancers in and around the brain or spinal cord, drugs , head injury , and autoimmune disease (such as lupus or Behçet's disease ). (medicinenet.com)
- 2008). The blood brain barrier is another form of protection that the meningeal bacterium breaks through. (brightkite.com)
- The replication and the breaking down of the bacteria within the subarachnoid space of the brain is what leads to the release of the bacterial virulence components, causing an inflammatory response (Nudelman & Tunkel, 2009). (brightkite.com)
- Advanced bacterial meningitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and death. (informationng.com)
- ICP increases resulting in decreased level of consciousness and focal motor deficits If ICP is not controlled the uncus of the temporal lobe may herniated through the tentorium,causing pressure on the brain stem.Brain stem herniation is a life threatening complication that causes cranial nerve dysfunction and depresses the centres of vital function such as medulla. (blogspot.com)
- Among the central nervous system diseases, meningitis is a potentially dangerous and debilitating disease caused by inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are both infectious and non-infectious strains of meningitis. (steadyhealth.com)
- Non-infectious meningitis is when the illness does not spread from person to person. (steadyhealth.com)
- Different types of WBCs increase in number in characteristic ways during an infectious process, such as in infectious meningitis . (rightdiagnosis.com)
- The most common infectious causes of meningitis vary according to an individual's age, habits, living environment, and health status. (encyclopedia.com)
- An infectious agent can enter the central nervous system and cause meningeal disease via invading the bloodstream, a retrograde neuronal pathway, or by direct contiguous spread. (wikipedia.org)
- There are also non-infectious causes such as autoimmune/rheumatological diseases and certain medications. (nih.gov)
- Meningitis is one of the major lethal infectious diseases especially for the children in developing countries .It is not always possible and often very difficult to distinguish between bac. (bioportfolio.com)
- Meningitis, especially bacterial meningitis, is not common in the United States, largely as a result of routine immunization against the most common infectious causes. (verywellhealth.com)
- It may also result from various non-infectious causes. (ukessays.com)
- This depends upon which infectious agents are causing the meningitis. (medicinenet.com)
- It can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. (apic.org)
- Acid-fast stain - The cells of some bacteria and parasites are impervious to crystal violet and other dyes, so heat or detergents are used to force dye into this type of cell. (slideserve.com)
- Despite this, anyone who thinks they or their child may have aseptic meningitis should seek medical care as soon as possible to avoid complications and receive treatment if necessary. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Meningitis is a serious disease that can be life-threatening and result in permanent complications, such as coma , shock , and death. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- For more information on symptoms and complications, refer to symptoms of meningitis . (rightdiagnosis.com)
- Complications of bacterial meningitis might need extra treatment. (kidshealth.org)
- Bacterial meningitis may be fatal or cause serious long-term complications. (health-cares.net)
- What're the complications of meningitis? (health-cares.net)
- The majority of children with bacterial meningitis recover with no long-term complications, but bacterial meningitis can cause deafness, blindness, developmental delays , speech loss , muscle problems, kidney and adrenal gland failure, seizures , and even death. (babycenter.com)
- Complications of bacterial meningitis might require further treatment. (teenshealth.org)
- Bacterial meningitis, if not diagnosed early, can cause serious and sometimes fatal complications. (humanillnesses.com)
- Whether complications occur depends on a person's age, his or her immunity, the type of bacteria, virus, or other pathogen involved, and how quickly treatment is started. (columbianeurology.org)
- What complications can result from bacterial meningitis? (informationng.com)
- However, bacterial meningitis sometimes has complications even with treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most people who contract one of these viruses do not develop meningitis, however. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Men are more likely to develop meningitis than women. (steadyhealth.com)
- However, in most cases, people infected with viruses that may cause meningitis do not actually develop meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Only a small fraction of people who come in contact with these bacteria and viruses will actually develop meningitis. (humanillnesses.com)
- Typically, less than 1 of every 1,000 persons infected actually develop meningitis. (thejerseycape.com)
- This inflammation of the membranes causes meningitis . (wikipedia.org)
- Contact with an infected person may increase your chance of becoming infected with the virus that made them sick, but your chance of developing meningitis as a complication of the illness is small. (virginia.gov)
- The bacteria rarely overcomes the body's immune system and causes meningitis or another serious illness. (lisd.net)
- So it's important to get routine vaccinations, know the signs of meningitis, and get medical care right away if you think that your child has the illness. (kidshealth.org)
- Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or bacterium is important because the severity of illness and the treatment differ. (pkids.org)
- Those caused illness in 458 people. (aappublications.org)
- Early diagnosis and accurate identification of the cause is important because management of the illness is directed by the symptom severity and the cause of the illness. (verywellhealth.com)
- Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or bacterium is important because the severity of illness and the treatment differ depending on the cause. (ukessays.com)
- whatever caused the illness is what doctors treat. (bogbit.com)
- The FDA now argues that those diagnosed with the illness should stop taking the medication if it is deemed that there is no other cause for the illness. (bogbit.com)
- It is important to rule out the possibility of injuries, disease, or illness that could cause similar symptoms to ensure proper treatment is provided. (critterconnection.cc)
- A lumbar puncture can diagnose or exclude meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
- If meningitis is suspected, the doctor will order tests, probably including a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect a sample of spinal fluid. (kidshealth.org)
- The most important test used to diagnose meningitis is the lumbar puncture. (health-cares.net)
- If the doctor suspects meningitis, he'll do a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap. (babycenter.com)
- Bacterial meningitis is the most dangerous form of meningitis and is usually considered a medical emergency. (steadyhealth.com)
- Learn all about aseptic meningitis, a form of meningitis not caused by bacteria. (e-haldex.net)
- Echoviruses (enteric cytopathogenic human orphan viruses) are a type of enterovirus, small RNA viruses responsible for many diseases including aseptic meningitis. (health.gov.au)
- This will cause a new dll to be created for each control/page in the site, real brand flagyl antibiotic Flagyl online. (hwk-hamburg.de)
- Appropriate antibiotic treatment of most common types of bacterial meningitis should reduce the risk of dying from meningitis to below 15%, although the risk is higher among the elderly. (pkids.org)
- Antibiotic medications are the most important element of treatment against bacterial agents of meningitis. (health-cares.net)
- Both entities of bacterial or aseptic meningitis may be hard to be differentiated as antibiotic is usually given prior to procedure. (scirp.org)
- Broad-pectrum antibiotic cover must be started for bacteria, although true aseptic meningitis cannot be caused by pyogenic bacteria, as the cost of misdiagnosing bacterial meningitis are terrible, and quite by far passed up. (medigest.uk)
- Antibiotic therapy was changed to intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g twice daily) for a further 7 days to ensure treatment of possible meningitis. (mja.com.au)
- 2006). Trauma to the skull gives bacteria the potential to enter the meningeal space. (aspergillus.org.uk)
- Recent skull trauma potentially - allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space. (rxharun.com)
- This reduces the chances of a falsely elevated white cell count caused by a traumatic tap (bleeding into the subarachnoid space at the puncture site), and contamination of the bacterial culture by skin germs or flora. (surgeryencyclopedia.com)
- There are multiple routes at which bacteria could migrate into the subarachnoid space. (scirp.org)
- Approximately 25% of patients have concomitant sinusitis or otitis that could predispose to S pneumoniae meningitis. (medscape.com)
- Hospital-acquired and post-traumatic meningitis (may often be multidrug-resistant), Klebsiella pneumoniae , E.coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus . (51digg.info)
- When these membranes become inflamed it is known as Meningitis. (ihealthdirectory.com)
- What are commonly referred to as "symptomatic cases" are those in whom a presumed cause can be identified. (nih.gov)
- Other signs commonly associated with meningitis include photophobia (intolerance to bright light) and phonophobia (intolerance to loud noises). (wikipedia.org)
- Although Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign are both commonly used to screen for meningitis, the sensitivity of these tests is limited. (wikipedia.org)
- Patients with disoid lupus, commonly developed scarred alopecia causing permanent skin loss (following discoid rash over the scalp). (explainmedicine.com)
- Although it is commonly accepted that swimming pools can cause certain illnesses it can be difficult to directly link an outbreak with pool water as the evidence is largely circumstantial. (holidayaccidentclaims.com)
- A history of recurrent bouts of benign aseptic meningitis suggests Mollaret syndrome, which is caused by HSV. (medscape.com)
- People sometimes refer to it as spinal meningitis. (pkids.org)
- Sometimes meningitis is called spinal meningitis. (babycenter.com)
- Perhaps you have heard the horror stories about spinal meningitis. (ihealthdirectory.com)
- Symptoms of aseptic meningitis vary according to what is causing the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In very young children and infants, the symptoms of aseptic meningitis may present differently. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- While many symptoms of aseptic meningitis are similar to those that come with bacterial meningitis, those with aseptic meningitis don't get as severely ill. (empowher.com)
- If you think you have any symptoms of aseptic meningitis, see your doctor immediately. (empowher.com)
- If you believe that you are suffering from any of the symptoms of Aseptic meningitis it is important that you obtain an accurate diagnosis from a medical professional to ensure that you obtain the correct medication or treatment for your condition. (medigest.uk)
- Most cases of aseptic meningitis resolve within 2 weeks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most investigators divide infantile spasms cases into two categories which are defined on the basis of the presence or absence of a presumed cause and the child's developmental status prior to the onset of spasms. (nih.gov)
- Idiopathic cases are defined as infants with no identifiable causes for their spasms. (nih.gov)
- 10 percent of all cases) and doubtful (those for whom there is no known cause of infantile spasms but whose development prior to the onset of spasms may have been delayed). (nih.gov)
- Among symptomatic cases, presumed causes are frequently grouped according to the timing of the suspected insult as occurring pre-, peri-, or postnatally. (nih.gov)
- Most cases of aseptic meningitis improve with time. (medicalcityhospital.com)
- The risk of getting bacterial meningitis in all age groups is about 2.4 cases per 100,000 population per year. (lisd.net)
- however, all three features are present in only 44-46% of bacterial meningitis cases. (wikipedia.org)
- Three bacterial agents are responsible for about 80% of all bacterial meningitis cases. (encyclopedia.com)
- To determine whether other cases of health-care--associated bacterial meningitis had occurred, the hospital conducted a 6-month retrospective review among postpartum patients who received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. (cdc.gov)
- Fortunately, most cases of meningitis can be treated, using medication. (diethealthclub.com)
- In some cases, patients could also suffer from instances of recurring meningitis. (diethealthclub.com)
- Most cases are caused by bacteria or viruses , but some can be due to certain medicines or illnesses. (kidshealth.org)
- Among positive cases for bacteria, 60 % were positive only with FilmArray. (bioportfolio.com)
- however the review could not determine if [Pomalyst (pomalidomide)] caused the liver failure in these cases. (drug-injury.com)
- Because of vaccinations (vak-sih-NAY-shunz) against some of the bacteria that can cause meningitis, the overall number of cases of septic meningitis has steadily declined since 1990. (humanillnesses.com)
- So far, only forty cases of Lamictal patients being diagnosed with aseptic meningitis have been reported. (bogbit.com)
- An outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30 occurred in the Wingecarribee Shire, NSW, during October to November 1994, with 30 cases fitting the clinical case definition. (health.gov.au)
- There are several reports of large outbreaks of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30, 4 including one involving 47 cases in Western Australia. (health.gov.au)
- Nine cases presented between 2 November and 10 November 1994, prompting notification of an outbreak of aseptic meningitis to the South Western Sydney Public Health Unit (SWSPHU). (health.gov.au)
- It presents as bacterial meningitis (15% of cases), septicaemia (25% of cases), or as a combination of the two presentations (60% of cases). (51digg.info)
- In these cases, the persons are more likely to be infected with Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and other Gram-negative bacteria. (rxharun.com)
- Raynaud's phenomenon--this causes reduced blood flow to the fingers, toes, nose, and ears, resulting in numbness, sensitivity, and loss of color in the afflicted areas. (infobarrel.com)
- Conventional methods for bacterial meningitis lack sensitivity or take too long for a final result. (bioportfolio.com)
- These findings suggest that FilmArray may increase the diagnostic sensitivity for bacterial meningitis. (bioportfolio.com)
- Infants with meningitis might have different symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
- Newborns and infants with meningitis don't have the same classic symptoms of meningitis. (verywellhealth.com)
- Vaccinated infants and young children are much less likely to contract bacterial meningitis. (humanillnesses.com)
- Anyone can get bacterial meningitis, but it is most common in infants and children. (informationng.com)
- Viruses carried by mosquitoes like West Nile are also a common cause. (empowher.com)
- Many other viruses can bring on aseptic meningitis though these are less common infecting agents than West Nile. (empowher.com)
- What is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis? (brainscape.com)
- Such people include people who have not been vaccinated, who have a genetic tendency to inherit the disease, and who are travelling to areas where meningitis is common. (steadyhealth.com)
- While nonbacterial types of meningitis are more common, bacterial meningitis is more potentially life-threatening. (encyclopedia.com)
- The common meningitis symptoms in children could take anywhere between a few hours and 3 days to develop. (diethealthclub.com)
- that cause meningitis are fairly common and cause other routine illnesses. (kidshealth.org)
- Because impaired hearing is a common complication, those who've had bacterial meningitis should have a hearing test after they recover. (kidshealth.org)
- Pulmonary hypertension, which causes high blood pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs is another symptom and it's the most common cause of death in MCTD patients. (infobarrel.com)
- Bacterial meningitis is most common in the winter and spring. (ukessays.com)
- How Common Is Meningitis? (humanillnesses.com)
- A jammed finger is a common injury that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the finger. (e-haldex.net)
- In premature babies and newborns up to three months old - common causes are group B streptococci (subtypes III which normally inhabit the vagina and are mainly a cause during the first week of life) and bacteria that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli (carrying the K1 antigen). (rxharun.com)
- In fact, bacterial meningitis can affect teenagers, college students and also newborns. (headacheupdates.com)