Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

MF59

Virology

Rino Rappuoli

1968 flu pandemic

Immunosignature

Nasal administration

Global spread of H5N1 in 2006

Wistar Institute

Antigenic variation

Frank Macfarlane Burnet

Flu season

Microgen

Virus-like particle

Antigenic shift

Gyrfalcon

Herd immunity

Maurice Hilleman

Recombinant virus

Fujian flu

Antigenic drift

Childhood immunizations in the United States

Pandemrix

Griffith's experiment

Social history of viruses

Kennel cough

Antiviral drug

Original antigenic sin

H1N12

• Since 1979, the vaccines are trivalent, using strains of influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)
• The outbreak was traced to swine-type influenza A (H1N1). (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)

Vaccination5

• Most people receive the influenza vaccination to reduce the risks associated with the flu. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)
• The first known association between GBS and the flu shot became apparent during a mass vaccination program in the United States with a swine influenza vaccine in 1976-1977. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)
• In reaction to the outbreak and the danger from an epidemic from swine influenza, the United States Department of Health and Human Services instituted a mass vaccination of the US population. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)
• According to the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) , there was an increase in GBS reports in 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 associated with the influenza vaccine, with data suggesting an increased risk within six (6) weeks following influenza vaccination. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)
• If you have incurred GBS following influenza or hepatitis vaccination, immediately contact a GBS injury attorney , who can handle cases nationwide and is qualified to files cases in the Court of Claims. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)

Swine1

• Other studies have confirmed a causal relationship between the 1976 swine influenza vaccine and GBS onset in the adult population. (sanantonioinjuryattorneyblog.com)

Viruses85

• The majority of influenza B infections were caused by B/Yamagata lineage viruses. (medscape.com)
• Influenza (flu) viruses change continuously, therefore also the parts of viruses used in influenza vaccines can vary from year to year. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• We analyzed the 2 most frequently drifting influenza types, A(H3N2) and B, in Hong Kong during 1996-2012 to examine matching between vaccine strains and circulating field viruses to document the challenges faced in this region. (cdc.gov)
• We conducted a retrospective molecular epidemiologic study to analyze the HA sequences of influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses that circulated during a 17-year period (1996-2012) in Hong Kong, a subtropical city in East Asia (22°17′7.87′′N, 114°9′27.68′′E) with a high population density of 57,250 persons/km 2 in the most densely populated district, Kwun Tong ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
• The same strategy might aid efforts to design vaccines against other viruses, researchers said. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Influenza particularly pandemic strains that emerge periodically as flu viruses mix and form novel strains remains a global health threat. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (bioportfolio.com)
• Fluarix Quadrivalent is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by influenza A subtype viruses and type B viruses contained in the vaccine. (gsk.com)
• Panelists pointed out, however, that determining which B strain to select, a Victoria or Yamagata lineage B strain virus, is always challenging and said that this illustrated the utility of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine that contains B/Victoria lineage and B/Yamagata lineage viruses. (mdedge.com)
• Distribution of fold-reduction in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres relative to the 2012-13 egg-passaged H3N2 strain by nature and location of additional amino acid (AA) mutations present in HA1 antigenic sites of circulating viruses. (plos.org)
• Using this technique, the researchers showed that the flu vaccine is capable of eliciting antibodies that protect against a broad range of flu viruses, at least in some people. (scitechdaily.com)
• The findings, published Aug. 31 in the journal Nature , could aid efforts to design an improved flu vaccine that provides protection not only against old influenza viruses but also new ones. (scitechdaily.com)
• The fifth wave differed from the previous four waves in that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses with multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site were detected in humans, poultry and environmental samples. (flu.org.cn)
• Our previous work suggested that a mutation at position 144 in the hemagglutinin of Florida sublineage clade 2 viruses reduces the cross-neutralizing activity of antiserum against a former vaccine strain. (flu.org.cn)
• Antibody titers against the mutated viruses were one-tenth to one-sixteenth of those against the former vaccine strain. (flu.org.cn)
• Moderna, Inc., (Nasdaq: MRNA) a clinical stage biotechnology company pioneering messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics and vaccines to create a new generation of transformative medicines for patients, today announced the publication of results from two Phase 1 clinical studies showing that mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses were well-tolerated and elicited robust immune responses. (advfn.com)
• A link to the publication, mRNA Vaccines Against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses of Pandemic Potential are Immunogenic and Well Tolerated in Healthy Adults in Phase 1 Randomized Clinical Trials, can be found here. (advfn.com)
• Influenza A viruses are perpetuated in nature by wild birds, predominantly waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
• That virus was identified as the product of atree way reassortment, between avian, swine, and human influenza viruses. (medindia.net)
• In their current study, the researchers looked at the compatibility of the 2009 pandemic pH1N1 virus-which has some genetic characteristics that may allow it to reassort more easily than other influenza viruses - with an influenza strain known as H9N2. (medindia.net)
• Evolution of influenza A viruses can occur through antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (ppd.com)
• This year's influenza vaccines will protect against either 3 (trivalent vaccines) or 4 (quadrivalent vaccines) influenza viruses that research indicates will be most common during the influenza season. (bccdc.ca)
• New research has taken a step towards understanding how highly pathogenic influenza viruses such as deadly bird flu infect humans. (news-medical.net)
• Few influenza viruses are as widespread and adaptable as avian influenza viruses, and scientists are not entirely sure why. (news-medical.net)
• Influenza Other Respir Viruses. (cdc.gov)
• Vietnam is currently developing domestic capability to manufacture influenza vaccines but information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of locally circulating seasonal influenza viruses is limited. (cdc.gov)
• To assess the relevance of WHO recommended vaccine strains to the situation in Vietnam, we analyzed the genetic relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of seasonal influenza A viruses circulating in Vietnam from 2001 to 2009 to WHO recommended vaccine strains over the same period. (cdc.gov)
• We found some genetic differences between seasonal influenza H3N2 viruses and three WHO influenza vaccine strains recommended for use in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for the 2001-2004 and 2007-2008 seasons and close genetic identity of circulating H3N2 strains with the recommended WHO Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for 2004 and 2009 seasons. (cdc.gov)
• Circulation of influenza viruses in National influenza sentinel surveillance in Vietnam, 2006-2009. (cdc.gov)
• Rapid diagnostic testing and virus nucleotide sequencing revealed that the Japanese and Australian viruses are subtype H3N8, which is the same subtype as all other equine influenza viruses currently circulating (see Figure 1 ). (thehorse.com)
• The viruses are related to other recent equine influenza viruses and are not unique. (thehorse.com)
• Vigilance against the spread of influenza viruses on contaminated materials or unwashed hands is an essential part of quarantine. (thehorse.com)
• Influenza is a moving target--the viruses mutate and gradually change so that the vaccinated horse's immune system no longer recognizes them. (thehorse.com)
• Therefore, both reassortant viruses are potential candidate vaccine viruses, which could contribute to pandemic preparedness. (bvsalud.org)
• Spanish researchers analyzed 220 circulating pH1N1 viruses from Spanish Influenza Surveillance System labs. (umn.edu)
• About half of the H3N2 viruses circulating are different from those included in this season's vaccine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported. (denverpost.com)
• State laboratory surveillance shows that almost all influenza viruses currently circulating in Colorado are the H3N2 virus, the health department reports. (denverpost.com)
• Current surveillance activities include: reporting of hospitalizations due to influenza, reporting of influenza-like illness visits by selected sites, reporting of influenza testing activity by sentinel hospital labs, monitoring circulating influenza viruses through molecular typing at the state public health laboratory, outbreaks of influenza in long-term care facilities (LTCF), and reporting of pediatric deaths due to influenza. (denverpost.com)
• Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 ( A/H3N2 ) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). (wikipedia.org)
• Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia , then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
• Pigs can harbor influenza viruses adapted to humans and others that are adapted to birds, allowing the viruses to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
• Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
• Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment ) with H5N1 , passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
• Today, influenza vaccine is made from highly purified egg-grown viruses that have been rendered non-infectious. (latimes.com)
• The vaccine contains three virus strains (two Type A and one Type B) representing influenza viruses predicted to be in the United States this winter. (latimes.com)
• The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) categorically states, "Because influenza vaccine contains only non-infectious viruses, it cannot cause influenza. (latimes.com)
• Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells, replicate, mutate, evolve into new strains and induce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
• Vaccines have been established as the most effective method of preventing flu since the early 20th century, however, much has changed in the past century to improve effectiveness, administration and adherence in the face of flu viruses' constant mutation. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• Commonly known as flu, influenza is a contagious respiratory condition caused by viruses. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• However, as the influenza viruses causing seasonal flu epidemics, Type A and Type B, are constantly genetically mutating, antibodies created due to flu vaccination will not necessarily protect those who received the vaccine the following year. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• Instead new vaccines have to be developed annually based on predictive modelling of how the viruses will antigenically change. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• As scientists have uncovered more and more about the peculiarities of flu viruses and flu vaccination has become more widespread, vaccines to prevent flu have evolved and improved significantly both in terms of better viral coverage and more patient-friendly administration methods. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• It became clear that not only were there two different strains of influenza, but the viruses were constantly evolving and mutating through what became known as antigenic drift. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• Split virus vaccines are those disrupted by a detergent and in sub-unit vaccines the HA and NA surface antigens of the viruses are isolated, meaning less of the actual virus is actually introduced through vaccination. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)
• Influenza vaccine component recommendations are based on numerous factors, including global influenza virologic and epidemiologic surveillance, genetic and antigenic characterization, antiviral susceptibility, and the availability of candidate vaccine viruses for production. (medscape.com)
• But the drug companies don't have enough eggs to make vaccines for 20 distinct viruses, let alone thousands. (slate.com)
• Influenza A viruses are further divided into different subtypes based on two proteins found on the surface of the virus - hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (healthline.com)
• The combinations of the different subtypes of HA and NA are used to classify influenza A viruses. (healthline.com)
• Let's take a closer look at H3N2 influenza viruses. (healthline.com)
• The symptoms of flu caused by H3N2 are similar to other seasonal influenza viruses. (healthline.com)
• First, while all flu viruses mutate from year to year, H3N2 viruses tend to accrue more changes that are different from the H3N2 component of the flu vaccine. (healthline.com)
• It is caused by various strains of influenza viruses. (rochester.edu)
• Co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and seasonal influenza viruses among humans and animals could lead to co-infections, reassortment, and emergence of novel viruses with pandemic potential. (vetscite.org)
• The viruses and bacteria that cause vaccine-preventable diseases and death still exist and can cause disease in people who are not protected by vaccines. (fda.gov)
• Vaccines work by preparing the body's immune system for future exposure to disease-causing viruses or bacteria. (fda.gov)
• Vaccines contain antigens, which are weakened bacteria or viruses, or parts of bacteria or viruses, which mimic the disease-causing agents. (fda.gov)
• Because the variations of seasonal influenza viruses can be unpredictable, current vaccines may not provide effective protection against them," said senior author Ren Sun, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). (hindustantimes.com)
• Currently, influenza vaccines must be changed every year because the viruses are constantly evolving. (hindustantimes.com)
• detect any emerging (zoonotic and pandemic) influenza viruses. (who.int)
• Within this global partnership, NICs conduct year-round surveillance of influenza, collect and test clinical specimens in their respective countries and share influenza viruses with WHO CCs, enabling WHO to analyse influenza virus surveillance data and recommend the composition of the influenza vaccine for the following flu season (once a year in the northern and once a year in the southern hemisphere). (who.int)
• The GISRS also acts as a global alert mechanism for the appearance of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, the sharing of which is governed by the terms of the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework adopted at the Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly in May 2011. (who.int)
• In particular, this invention relates to antisense oligonucleotide interactions with certain viral ribonucleic acids and messenger ribonucleic acids involved in the infection of cells by influenza viruses. (google.com)
• Oligonucleotides are provided which hybridize to the viral RNA segments of influenza viruses or to certain mRNA's which encode the NP, M1, M2, NS1, NS2 or other key proteins of influenza viruses, including RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein or neuraminidase. (google.com)
• There are three types of influenza viruses, identified as A, B, and C. Influenza A can infect a range of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, and birds, but only humans are infected by types B and C. Influenza A is responsible for most flu cases, while infection with types B and C virus are less common and cause a milder illness. (encyclopedia.com)
• Far from just another winter nuisance, influenza viruses are deadly. (latimes.com)
• Though this year's vaccine isn't a perfect match for the viruses in circulation, it's still the best way to protect against infection. (medicinenet.com)
• Humans are infected by influenza A or B viruses. (wsj.com)
• The vaccine is "live"-consisting of a weakened form of the virus-and therefore triggers a response from B and T cells, which are both white blood cells that fight viruses, says Ren Sun, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and senior author of the study. (wsj.com)
• When developing the vaccine, researchers focused on interferons, proteins the body creates to kill viruses and trigger a successful immune response. (wsj.com)
• One type (called trivalent) protects against three strains of the flu virus (usually, two types of influenza A viruses and one influenza B virus). (rchsd.org)
• Even if you or your kids got the flu vaccine last year, that won't protect you this year, because flu viruses constantly change. (rchsd.org)
• The nasal spray flu vaccine contains weakened live flu viruses, so it may cause mild flu-like symptoms, including runny nose, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, and fever. (rchsd.org)
• There are three types of influenza viruses. (angelfire.com)
• It is recommended that A/Texas/50/2012 is used as the A(H3N2) vaccine component because of antigenic changes in earlier A/Victoria/361/2011-like vaccine viruses (such as IVR-165) resulting from adaptation to propagation in eggs. (wikipedia.org)

Pandemic influenza13

• The results support the potential of mRNA-based vaccines to quickly and effectively address pandemic influenza strains. (advfn.com)
• Future development of Moderna's pandemic influenza program is contingent on government or other grant funding. (advfn.com)
• The emergence and impact of a pandemic influenza cannot be predicted. (ppd.com)
• pre-pandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly pandemic infection. (wikipedia.org)
• The main objective of the PIP Framework is to improve pandemic influenza preparedness and response, by strengthening the GISRS particularly in those Member States with the greatest need. (who.int)
• Effectiveness of public health measures in mitigating pandemic influenza spread: a prospective sero-epidemiological cohort study. (medscape.com)
• Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. (medscape.com)
• Live attenuated seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine in school-age children: a randomized controlled trial. (eurosurveillance.org)
• LYON, France -- Sanofi pasteur, the vaccines business of the sanofi-aventis Group, announced that preliminary results of clinical trials fielded in France of an adjuvanted candidate H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine demonstrated a good immune response in a significant number of volunteers. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• This is the first trial of an H5N1pre-pandemic influenza vaccine candidate that compared vaccines with and without adjuvants. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Sanofi pasteur characterized the preliminary results as a sign of progress and providing direction for further development of a pandemic influenza vaccine. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• A contract has also been signed with the Australian government for the supply of vaccine in the event of a pandemic influenza outbreak. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• The data obtained from this study provide a basis for more rapid, cost-effective clinical trials to evaluate new influenza drugs or to determine the efficacy of candidate vaccines for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicalxpress.com)

Isolated influenza B vir1

• Smith, Andrewes, and Laidlaw isolated influenza A virus in ferrets in 1933, and Francis isolated influenza B virus in 1936. (cdc.gov)

Avian20

• The influenza A H5N1 avian pandemic strain has a mortality rate of nearly 60 percent. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Bird flu (avian influenza/avian flu) is a disease caused by an influenza virus (H5N1) that primarily affects birds but can infect humans also. (medindia.net)
• Public and private resources were rapidly mobilized to produce vaccines against both strains, and in the case of avian influenza, domestic bird flocks were carefully monitored and culled if H5N1 infection was detected. (ppd.com)
• In contrast, the H5N1 avian strain was not considered pandemic because it had very limited person-to-person transmission. (ppd.com)
• Although the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 did not achieve pandemic status, the mortality associated with human infection was significant. (ppd.com)
• For example, the M2e protein is highly conserved across human influenza strains and crossreacts with a majority of avian M2e-sequences. (ppd.com)
• A systematic mutation analysis has shown that changes in just three amino acids of the avian influenza H7N9 virus receptor binding protein confers specificity for human cells. (news-medical.net)
• Before 2004, all previous highly pathogenic avian flu (HPAI) virus strains circulated only among domesticated poultry and by culling all of them in the area, the strains were made extinct. (wikipedia.org)
• Researchers have developed vaccines for H5N1 and H7N9, two new strains of avian influenza that can be transmitted from poultry to humans. (vetscite.org)
• Previous pandemics and recent outbreaks of avian influenza highlight the need to develop vaccines that offer broader, more effective protection. (hindustantimes.com)
• FDA Approves First U.S. Vaccine for Humans Against the Avian Influenza Virus H5N1. (medscape.com)
• Avian influenza ("bird flu"): fact sheet. (medscape.com)
• Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/print.html . (medscape.com)
• An avian influenza H5N1 virus that binds to a human-type receptor. (medscape.com)
• Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1) reported to WHO. (medscape.com)
• If avian flu were to infect U.S. poultry, it could cripple vaccine makers' ability to produce enough doses. (latimes.com)
• A recent study with Kansas State University researchers details vaccine development for two new strains of avian influenza that can be transmitted from poultry to humans. (k-state.edu)
• Researchers at Kansas State University have developed a vaccine for two new strains of avian influenza that have been making their way across Asia, leaving hundreds of people dead and causing farmers to kill millions of animals. (k-state.edu)
• Chinese and U.S. scientists have used virus isolated from a person who died from H7N9 avian influenza infection to determine whether the virus could infect and be transmitted between ferrets. (medicalxpress.com)
• A new study has found that a novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus, which has recently emerged in humans, attaches moderately or abundantly to the epithelium of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. (medicalxpress.com)

Outbreaks5

• The plan included detecting outbreaks around the world, stockpiling vaccines and drugs, and improving vaccine production capacity. (genengnews.com)
• Reported influenza hospitalizations and outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Colorado increased in early December. (denverpost.com)
• The flu has taken an early toll this season, with widespread outbreaks in every state, but Hawaii and many hospitals stretched thin to accommodate influenza patients. (newsmax.com)
• Influenza outbreaks occur on a regular basis. (encyclopedia.com)
• Main conclusions: The manual to be developed should provide a minimum, standardized framework for sentinel surveil ance of seasonal influenza and methods for monitoring future influenza pandemics or other large-scale outbreaks of respiratory disease. (who.int)

Hemisphere11

• The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee has chosen the influenza vaccine strains for the 2018-2019 season in the Northern Hemisphere, which begins in the fall of 2018. (medscape.com)
• The FDA panel's recommendations are the same as the World Health Organization's recommendations for the 2012-2013 Northern Hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccine, made at a meeting earlier in February. (mdedge.com)
• The FDA panel meets at this time every year to recommend the strains to be included in the trivalent influenza vaccine in the United States in the upcoming season, considering information on the strains circulating worldwide and the WHO recommendation for the vaccine to be used in the Northern Hemisphere. (mdedge.com)
• This study is to assess whether the Northern Hemisphere 2009/2010 season influenza vaccine Inflexal V fulfills the EMEA requirements for re-registration of influenza vaccines. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• During 2010-2012 the strain composition of the influenza vaccine in the Southern Hemisphere did not change, but the circulating virus type/subtype did. (edu.au)
• A prospective, open-label, phase III clinical trial was conducted in 298 healthy children previously unvaccinated with influenza, commencing in the Southern Hemisphere 2005 autumn. (nih.gov)
• In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually, by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
• The vaccine viral strains recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the 2020-2021 Northern Hemisphere influenza season differ from those from the previous influenza season. (medscape.com)
• One reformulation of the influenza vaccine is for the Northern Hemisphere, and the other is for the Southern Hemisphere. (wikipedia.org)
• The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. (wikipedia.org)
• 20 February 2013 Page 1 of 21 Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013-2014 northern hemisphere influenza season" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)

Live attenua5

• The first live attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003. (cdc.gov)
• therefore, there are now 4 egg-based quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV4s) licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for administration to children 6 months and older, 1 inactivated cell-based quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (cIIV4) for children 4 years and older, and 1 quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) for children 2 years and older. (aappublications.org)
• Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children 2-17 years of age in 2013-2014 in the United States. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among children in Senegal: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Multicenter study of the effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children in 2015-2016 in the United States. (eurosurveillance.org)

Effectiveness19

• This work, which is still underway, will try to better understand why overall effectiveness with both the cell-based and egg-based vaccines was less than optimal. (medscape.com)
• We're also looking at the difference in effectiveness in people 65 years and older who were vaccinated with high-dose influenza vaccine and adjuvanted influenza vaccine to see if effectiveness was better than in those vaccinated with standard-dose vaccines. (medscape.com)
• Effectiveness of current influenza vaccines is predominantly determined by matching between vaccines and circulating strains ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
• Since 2007, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine has been provided free-of-charge to older adults aged ≥60 years in Beijing, China, but the data regarding influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) am. (bioportfolio.com)
• A growing body of evidence suggests that a history of exposure to influenza virus might be undermining the effectiveness of the annual flu vaccine. (scitechdaily.com)
• LAIV effectiveness against pH1N1 should, therefore, improve in upcoming influenza seasons. (ox.ac.uk)
• There are several vaccines available, and the current generation of vaccines has been carefully tested to prove effectiveness. (thehorse.com)
• Fortunately, the current generation of vaccines still retains some effectiveness. (thehorse.com)
• We pooled data for these years from the Western Australian sentinel medical practice surveillance system for influenza to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) by influenza virus type and subtype. (edu.au)
• Vaccine effectiveness - how well does the flu vaccine work? (healthline.com)
• These egg-adapted changes can reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine strain. (healthline.com)
• Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of vaccines is one of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) top priorities. (fda.gov)
• Lines formed at clinics, reports of an unexpected flu strain fueled fears of a pandemic and accusations swirled about the immunization's effectiveness. (latimes.com)
• This year's vaccine seems to be working well against the strains of the virus causing most illnesses, according to the CDC's midseason vaccine effectiveness data, which estimates that the flu shot has reduced doctor's visits for flu by about 45 percent overall. (aarp.org)
• Seasonal effectiveness of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccine. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Helmeke C , Gräfe L , Irmscher HM , Gottschalk C , Karagiannis I , Oppermann H . Effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent live and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adolescents in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: a test-negative case-control study. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Nohynek H , Baum U , Syrjänen R , Ikonen N , Sundman J , Jokinen J . Effectiveness of the live attenuated and the inactivated influenza vaccine in two-year-olds - a nationwide cohort study Finland, influenza season 2015/16. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Vaccine effectiveness does vary for the different strains and year by year. (ca.gov)
• Data will be available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in February about vaccine effectiveness. (ca.gov)

Antigenic4

• Continuous evolution of the single-stranded influenza virus results in antigenic drift of its surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
• The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. (bioportfolio.com)
• Influenza B is more stable than influenza A, with less antigenic drift and consequent immunologic stability. (cdc.gov)
• The importance of vaccine priming might depend more on the similarity of the antigenic composition between the priming and second dose than the temporal interval between doses. (cdc.gov)

Immunogenicity10

• Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity and Safety of the Trivalent Influenza Subunit Vaccine Influvac® for the Season 2008/2009. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Both studies met their primary safety and secondary immunogenicity endpoints, and there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events (AEs) reported. (advfn.com)
• These Phase 1 data highlight the potential of Moderna's mRNA platform to demonstrate similar or better immunogenicity than existing vaccines, which can be rapidly produced in a multi-use facility. (advfn.com)
• We assessed whether an updated pH1N1 strain in the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV resulted in greater shedding and immunogenicity compared with LAIV with Cal09. (ox.ac.uk)
• Beran J, Prymula R, Chlíbek R, Rychlý R, Splino M, Douda P, Gál P. Evaluation of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two influenza vaccines (vaxigrip and fluarix) in the season 1996-1997. (freepatentsonline.com)
• To compare the immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine with that of standard dosing in HIV-positive participants. (annals.org)
• The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project was initiated in 2004 to create a library of influenza sequences to understand what makes one strain more lethal than another, what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time. (wikipedia.org)
• Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated thimerosal-free influenza vaccine in infants and children. (nih.gov)
• The purpose of the clinical trial was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity against Hualan's Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion), Inactivated (0.5ml) administered on age 6 months and old population. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• 840 subjects were selected at the second stage for the observation of the safety and immunogenicity against the test vaccine administered on large population on the basis of the first stage. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Different strains of influenza2

• That vaccine was designed to protect against four different strains of influenza virus. (scitechdaily.com)
• The vaccine provides protection from three different strains of influenza," she said. (drugs.com)

Quadrivalent influenza12

• GlaxoSmithKline [NYSE: GSK] announced today it has received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to start shipping 2013-2014 FLUARIX QUADRIVALENT (Influenza Virus Vaccine) to CDC distribution centers and U.S. healthcare providers. (gsk.com)
• Fluarix Quadrivalent was the first intramuscular quadrivalent influenza vaccine approved by the FDA [on December 14, for the immunization of children (three years and older) and adults to help prevent disease caused by seasonal influenza virus subtypes A and B contained in the vaccine. (gsk.com)
• With today's FDA lot release, GSK's Fluarix Quadrivalent influenza vaccine soon will be supplied to U.S. healthcare providers who placed orders for the new vaccine after it was approved late last year. (gsk.com)
• In the U.S., GSK estimates it will provide up to 10 million doses of quadrivalent influenza vaccines, and 22 to 24 million doses of influenza vaccines overall. (gsk.com)
• GSK believes the healthcare community will steadily transition in coming years to quadrivalent influenza vaccines, and the company is in the process of increasing its capability to provide substantially more quadrivalent influenza vaccine doses for coming influenza seasons. (gsk.com)
• It appears that a quadrivalent influenza vaccine may soon be available, possibly as early as 2013. (mdedge.com)
• At the meeting, representatives of several vaccine manufacturers provided updates on the status of their quadrivalent influenza vaccines in development, including GlaxoSmithKline, which has filed for FDA approval of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine for people aged 3 and older. (mdedge.com)
• GlaxoSmithKline plc [LSE/NYSE: GSK] announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved FLUARIX® QUADRIVALENT (Influenza Virus Vaccine) for the immunisation of children (three years and older) and adults to help prevent disease caused by seasonal influenza (flu) virus subtypes A and type B contained in the vaccine. (fiercevaccines.com)
• Guided by ultrasound imaging, Teefey carefully extracted so-called germinal centers that hold immune cells from underarm lymph nodes of eight healthy, young volunteers vaccinated with the 2018-19 quadrivalent influenza vaccine. (scitechdaily.com)
• The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends that quadrivalent influenza vaccine be used for children 6 months to 17 years of age. (bccdc.ca)
• If a quadrivalent influenza vaccine is not available a trivalent vaccine should be used. (bccdc.ca)
• FLUCELVAX QUADRIVALENT (Influenza Vaccine), a vaccine for intramuscular injection, is a subunit influenza vaccine prepared from virus propagated in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, a continuous cell line. (rxlist.com)

Year's vaccine4

• In terms of last year's vaccine. (medscape.com)
• Speakers emphasized national guidelines for influenza vaccines, discussed this year's vaccine, and recapped last year's influenza season. (pharmacist.com)
• A 12-year-old West Palm Beach boy who died after contracting the flu was infected with a strain of the virus that experts say is uncommon, but is targeted by this year's vaccine. (newsmax.com)
• This year's vaccine offers protection against both of these strains. (webmd.com)

Annual influenza3

• Methodology for the formulation of the ACIP annual influenza statement has been described previously ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• They also explain the necessity to produce an annual influenza vaccine. (ppd.com)
• We believe that the inclusion of an additional B strain in an annual influenza vaccine could provide a direct health benefit to individual vaccine recipients in the event that the correct B lineage either is not selected for inclusion in a trivalent vaccine, or if both lineages co-circulate," Filip Dubovsky, MD, MedImmune's vice president of clinical development, commented in the press release. (umn.edu)

Pandemics3

• At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, and three occurred in the 20th century. (cdc.gov)
• Transmissibility is therefore substantially higher than that of seasonal flu, and comparable with lower estimates of R 0 obtained from previous influenza pandemics. (sciencemag.org)
• Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. (medscape.com)

Protection against influenza1

• Trivalent (three-strain) influenza vaccines offer important protection against influenza. (gsk.com)

Efficacy8

• To improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines, vaccine manufacturers h. (bioportfolio.com)
• Understanding the evolution of H1N1pdm strains within the South American region is essential for studying global diversification, emergence and resistance, as well as determining vaccine efficacy. (deepdyve.com)
• The protective efficacy of these inactivated vaccines was determined in the 1950s. (cdc.gov)
• Guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for health professionals states that serology may overestimate flu vaccine efficacy. (umn.edu)
• This could be a breakthrough in preventing the killer disease say researchers since most of the recent vaccines developed against the disease have failed to show efficacy. (news-medical.net)
• These two new formulations had similar efficacy to whole virus vaccines, but with reduced adverse reactions to the vaccines. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• When faced with a barrage of peer-reviewed scientific facts confirming vaccine failures, and its lack of efficacy and safety, representatives of the vaccine establishment will inevitably raise the issue of the eradication of polio and smallpox from the US as case examples of two vaccine miracles. (globalresearch.ca)
• From surrogate markers to predictive biomarkers of vaccine efficacy: How realistic is to enhance the blood markers beyond serum antibody? (terrapinn.com)

Subtypes3

• Finally, these studies indicate that the pH1N1 and H9N2 influenza subtypes are highly compatible for reassortment with each other. (medindia.net)
• AFLURIA® (Influenza Vaccine) is an inactivated influenza vaccine indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (rxlist.com)
• There are thousands of influenza subtypes infecting people around the world, but very few are likely to make someone in the United States sick. (slate.com)

Current influenza vaccines2

• Most current influenza vaccines provide trivalent (three-strain) influenza protection. (gsk.com)
• However, it is important to note that although current influenza vaccines contain only a small amount of egg protein, persons with severe allergies to eggs should not be vaccinated. (latimes.com)

Human influenza strains1

• The guidance is consistent with the recommendations in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition, Section VII, Agent Summary Statement for contemporary, circulating human influenza strains (p. 224-226). (cdc.gov)

Immune response8

• Instead of trying to enhance a highly specific, targeted immune response, our results show that a more diverse, less focused response provides a broader repertoire of antibodies that target different flu strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• The finding was surprising because previous research had highlighted a likely role for white blood cells known as CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells for broadening the immune response against different flu strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Mouse strain and sex as determinants of immune response to trivalent influenza vaccine. (bioportfolio.com)
• Our goal is to get our immune system up to date with the new strains of influenza, which means we want to focus the immune response on the parts of the virus that are different this year. (scitechdaily.com)
• However, there is concern that the M2e protein and other conserved influenza virus sequences may induce a weak or transient immune response. (ppd.com)
• The patient might also develop a strong immune response to an insignificant strain, while skimping on antibodies for a nastier virus. (slate.com)
• A 30 microgram-dose with an adjuvant in a two-dose regimen demonstrated an immune response at levels consistent with requirements of regulatory agencies for licensure of seasonal influenza vaccine. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• A new approach for immunizing against influenza elicited a more potent immune response and broader protection than the currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines when tested in mice and ferrets. (medicalxpress.com)

19184

• The pandemic of "Spanish" influenza in 1918-1919 caused an estimated 21 million deaths worldwide. (cdc.gov)
• In 1918-1919, Spanish influenza spread throughout the world. (latimes.com)
• Thus, although substantial uncertainty remains, clinical severity appears less than that seen in the 1918 influenza pandemic but comparable with that seen in the 1957 pandemic. (sciencemag.org)
• The 1918 - 1919 influenza outbreak serves as the primary example of an influenza pandemic. (encyclopedia.com)

Universal influenza vaccine that could protect2

• A study led by St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital scientists highlights a new approach for developing a universal influenza vaccine that could protect against multiple flu strains, including deadly pandemic strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Scientists have identified a potential universal influenza vaccine that could protect people against most strains of the virus. (financialexpress.com)

Deaths18

• Seasonal influenza may cause three to five million cases of severe illness and up to 500,000 deaths per year worldwide. (gsk.com)
• It is known to lead to more hospitalizations and deaths than other strains, according to the state health department, especially among the elderly, young children and people with certain chronic medical conditions. (denverpost.com)
• The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated around 40,000 deaths were avoided between 2005 and 2014 because of the seasonal flu vaccine. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• The particularly virulent strain is believed to have caused the deaths of up to 103 people in Mexico and infected more than 1,000, causing heightened concern about a potential epidemic in countries around the world. (slate.com)
• A greater proportion of deaths associated with influenza illness and slightly higher rates of influenza-related hospitalizations in children 0-4 years occurred during the 2007-2008 U.S. flu season than was measured during each of the previous three seasons. (cdc.gov)
• however not all pediatric influenza deaths may be detected and reported and there is no requirement to report adult deaths from influenza. (cdc.gov)
• However, CDC tracks pneumonia and influenza (P&I) deaths through the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System. (cdc.gov)
• However, only a proportion of all P&I deaths are influenza-related and, as noted, most flu deaths are not lab confirmed. (cdc.gov)
• Thus, this system does not allow for an estimation of the number of deaths, only the relative severity among different influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
• For the 2007-2008 season, the proportion of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza was higher than the previous two years, but was similar to the 2004-2005 season. (cdc.gov)
• Brown T. Influenza Continues Unabated in US, Deaths in the Thousands. (medscape.com)
• In the United States, 90% of all deaths from influenza occur among persons older than 65. (encyclopedia.com)
• While the official estimates have not yet been released, it appears that the tally of deaths from the novel form of influenza will rise to around 4,000, up from 1,200, as first reported Wednesday by The New York Times. (go.com)
• Seasonal flu numbers are very soft, based on excess deaths more than diagnoses," explained John Barry, author of "The Great Influenza. (go.com)
• Many, if not most, of the deaths attributed to influenza in seasonal flu are quite indirect. (go.com)
• I'm not sure how closely the public has been following the numbers -- 4,000 seems a small fraction of the 36,000 estimated to die of seasonal influenza each year, but these deaths are in younger people, so it may raise consciousness further," said Dr. George Rutherford, director of the University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Global Health. (go.com)
• It also causes a greater number of hospitalizations and deaths than other strains. (wsj.com)
• Only clean water rivals vaccines at reducing infectious diseases and deaths 1 . (abpi.org.uk)

Season41

• Annual Study to Investigate Inactivated Subunit Influenza Vaccine Due to New Virus Strains for the 08/09 Season. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Annual Study to Investigate Inactivated Subunit Influenza Vaccine for the 2006/2007 Influenza Season in Europe. (bioportfolio.com)
• This is the first season that vaccines protecting against more than three strains of influenza (flu) will be commercially available. (gsk.com)
• Before vaccine manufacturers can begin shipping influenza vaccines each season, the FDA first must certify that the supplies to be provided to healthcare providers meet the agency's quality and safety standards. (gsk.com)
• But since the late 1980s, scientists noted that two B virus lineage strains circulate to varying degrees each year, and it's difficult to predict which one will cause the most illness in a particular influenza season," said Dr. Leonard Friedland, VP, Scientific Affairs and Public Policy, GSK Vaccines, North America. (gsk.com)
• For this influenza season, GSK will supplement the supply of Fluarix Quadrivalent with its trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines. (gsk.com)
• More information about seasonal influenza can be found at http://flu.gov and http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/index.htm . (gsk.com)
• SILVER SPRING, MD. - A Food and Drug Administration advisory panel on Feb. 28 recommended that the vaccine for the next influenza season should include two new strains and retain only one of the three strains in the current vaccine. (mdedge.com)
• This influenza season has started late, in February, and flu activity has been low, although it is expected to increase, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced last week . (mdedge.com)
• But since the year 2000, two B virus strains (Victoria and Yamagata) have co-circulated to varying degrees each season. (fiercevaccines.com)
• GSK will make Fluarix Quadrivalent available in time for the 2013-14 flu season and and also plans to fulfill orders for its trivalent vaccines. (fiercevaccines.com)
• Healthcare providers traditionally order flu vaccines about a year in advance of each flu season. (fiercevaccines.com)
• In the last half of the 1997-1998 influenza season, a drifted variant of A/Wuhan appeared. (cdc.gov)
• This document provides updated guidance for the use of influenza vaccines in the United States for the 2011--12 influenza season. (cdc.gov)
• Each year there is a new vaccine to protect against the influenza virus strains that are expected in the coming influenza season. (bccdc.ca)
• The A/Singapore and B/Colorado strains were not contained in the 2017/18 season vaccine. (bccdc.ca)
• Last year's influenza season was a particularly bad one. (pharmacist.com)
• An H3-predominant influenza season typically hits seniors harder than other strains, Frieden noted. (pharmacist.com)
• In the 2014-15 influenza season, 47% of the U.S. population got an influenza vaccine, a rate similar to the 2013-14 season. (pharmacist.com)
• Jul 18, 2011 (CIDRAP News) - In an effort to overcome the difficult problem of predicting which influenza B strain will circulate in any given season, MedImmune has filed for US approval of a quadrivalent (four-strain) flu vaccine containing two influenza B strains. (umn.edu)
• Because of production timelines, the strains to be used in seasonal flu vaccines must be chosen more than 6 months before the season starts. (umn.edu)
• That requires flu experts to bet on which strains will be most common during the season, and they have had spotty success in picking the type B lineage. (umn.edu)
• Because of that strain, "I am pretty confident that this year will be a more traditional flu season" than last year, CDC's Jernigan told The Associated Press. (yahoo.com)
• Summary of the 2017-2018 influenza season. (healthline.com)
• Additionally, the flu vaccine for the 2017/18 season was found to be 40 percent effective overall according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (healthline.com)
• This can lead to a poor match between the strain included in the vaccine and the strains that circulate during flu season. (healthline.com)
• In general, the Yamagata flu is usually considered to be less deadly, but more contagious than the influenza A that is still dominating the season in the U.S. (newsmax.com)
• The major concern this flu season remains influenza A, H2N3, the so-called Aussie flu, expert say. (newsmax.com)
• This statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the routine use of influenza vaccines and antiviral medications in the prevention and treatment of influenza in children during the 2019-2020 season. (aappublications.org)
• The B strains are unchanged from the previous season. (aappublications.org)
• No trivalent vaccines are expected to be available for children this season. (aappublications.org)
• Despite a weird flu season , this year's flu shot is working relatively well to prevent influenza, particularly among children, according to a new report. (scientificamerican.com)
• As doctors struggle with the worst flu season in nearly a decade, some are racing to answer a question: Can they find a more permanent solution than variably successful annual vaccines? (wsj.com)
• Scientists must make an educated guess months ahead of time on which strains they expect to circulate the following flu season, because of the time required to make the vaccine. (wsj.com)
• If no improvements in the vaccine uptake will be seen, significant burden on the healthcare systems can be expected also during this upcoming winter season. (eurekalert.org)
• More encouragingly, approximately half of the EU Member States reported increased use of newer influenza vaccines that provide broader protection during the 2017/18 season. (eurekalert.org)
• It's best to get a flu vaccine as early in the season as possible, as it gives the body a chance to build up immunity to (protection from) the flu. (rchsd.org)
• But getting a flu vaccine later in the season is still better than not getting the vaccine at all. (rchsd.org)
• SACRAMENTO - The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) today announced that flu activity in California is widespread and at levels usually seen at the peak of the influenza season. (ca.gov)
• Although influenza season usually peaks between December and February, flu activity can occur as late as May, which means it is not too late to get vaccinated. (ca.gov)
• Since the 2012-13 season, the WHO recommendations have also included the formulation of an annual quadrivalent vaccine, featuring an additional B-strain. (wikipedia.org)

Viral strains1

• UCLA researchers tested a vaccine in ferrets and mice that boosted their immune systems' ability to fight many viral strains . (wsj.com)

Doses of influenza1

• Children 6 months through 8 years of age who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time or who have received only 1 dose before July 1, 2019, should receive 2 doses of influenza vaccine ideally by the end of October, and vaccines should be offered as soon as they become available. (aappublications.org)

20192

• Cite this: FDA Committee Recommends 2018-2019 Influenza Vaccine Strains - Medscape - Mar 01, 2018. (medscape.com)
• The composition of the influenza vaccines for 2019-2020 has been updated. (aappublications.org)

Prevention8

• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children six months of age and older and adults receive an influenza vaccine annually. (gsk.com)
• Fewer than half of American adults get vaccinated despite strong recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and widespread availability of free and low-cost vaccines. (news-medical.net)
• National Influenza Center - National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, VietnamDuke-NUS Graduate Medical School, SingaporeInfluenza Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hanoi, Vietnam. (cdc.gov)
• Older adults got a little lost in the recent public health push to explain that flu vaccine benefits all ages - and it's time to target them again, said Dr. Daniel Jernigan, a flu specialist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (yahoo.com)
• Prevention is the most effective management strategy for influenza. (medscape.com)
• [ 47 , 48 ] The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends a flu vaccine for everyone 6 months of age and older (instead of just certain groups, as was recommended before). (rchsd.org)
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about children, the flu and the flu vaccine . (drugs.com)

Intramuscular2

• Fluarix Quadrivalent is the first intramuscular vaccine to cover against four influenza strains. (fiercevaccines.com)
• AFLURIA, Influenza Vaccine for intramuscular injection, is a sterile, clear, colorless to slightly opalescent suspension with some sediment that resuspends upon shaking to form a homogeneous suspension. (rxlist.com)

Seasons2

• Trivalent influenza vaccines have helped protect millions of people against flu, but in six of the last 11 flu seasons, the predominant circulating influenza B strain was not the strain that public health authorities selected," said Dr. Leonard Friedland, V.P. and Head, GSK North America Vaccines Clinical Development and Medical Affairs. (fiercevaccines.com)
• In the United States, in a recent 10 year interval of influenza seasons, the predominant circulating influenza B lineage was different in 5 seasons from the one selected for inclusion in the vaccine," Robert Belshe, MD, director of the Center for Vaccine Development at Saint Louis University, commented in the release. (umn.edu)

Seasonal flu5

• But existing vaccines protect against just the dominant seasonal flu strain and not emerging flu strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Scientists classify the influenza strains that cause seasonal flu as A or B strains. (fiercevaccines.com)
• HAI titers of 1:40 and MN titers of 1:20 are expected to be protective in seasonal flu vaccines. (advfn.com)
• Over time the GISRS began to also support improved vaccine development by encouraging research to obtain suitable virus isolates to compose seasonal flu vaccines based on the epidemiology of that year's particular disease-causing, mutated influenza virus. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
• In this case, it's still important to get a seasonal flu shot because the body's immunity against the influenza virus declines over time. (rchsd.org)

Antiviral medications2

• We also continue to hear reports of crowded hospitals and spot shortages of antiviral medications and rapid influenza tests," she said. (medicinenet.com)
• The findings support the importance of pregnant women receiving the influenza vaccine , and of prompt treatment with antiviral medications for pregnant women suspected of having influenza," said lead researcher Kim Newsome. (webmd.com)

2017-20181

• Most of the circulating influenza strains are like those in the 2017-2018 vaccine. (medscape.com)

Recombinant4

• Evaluation of Chemical Degradation of a Trivalent Recombinant Protein Vaccine Against Botulinum Neurotoxin by LysC Peptide Mapping and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. (freepatentsonline.com)
• The ACIP's Adult Immunization Schedule for influenza vaccine includes information about the recombinant influenza vaccine and addresses the use of this vaccine and the inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with egg allergy. (medscape.com)
• IIV or trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV3) should be used. (medscape.com)
• Additionally, the specific composition also differs between vaccines that are manufactured using an egg-based culture from those utilizing recombinant or cell culture technologies. (medscape.com)

Subunit2

• In the study Influvac will be compared to Agrippal, another subunit influenza vaccine that is already on the market in China. (bioportfolio.com)
• The flu treatments developed since the 1930s had been whole virus vaccines, however, in the 1960s and 1970s researchers began to develop newer versions: split virus and subunit vaccines. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

Everyone aged 6 months and older1

• For the last 5 years, CDC has recommended the influenza vaccine for everyone aged 6 months and older. (pharmacist.com)

2018-191

• WHO changes two strains for 2018-19 flu vaccine. (healthline.com)

Year32

• even though we've had a bad flu year, the strains that were selected. (medscape.com)
• In Europe, manufacturers/marketing holders of these vaccines are required to be involved in ongoing clinical trials and to present the results to the competent authorities each year. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• 1 year before inclusion into vaccines. (cdc.gov)
• That approach requires developing and administering a new flu vaccine each year to keep up with changes in those unique and highly variable HA and NA proteins. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• influenza vaccines can vary from year to year. (bioportfolio.com)
• Every year, about half of the U.S. adult population gets vaccinated against influenza," said senior author Ali Ellebedy, PhD, an assistant professor of pathology and immunology at Washington University. (scitechdaily.com)
• The ACIP Influenza Work Group meets every 2--4 weeks throughout the year. (cdc.gov)
• Even if the strains have not changed, receiving influenza vaccine every year is necessary to maximize protection. (bccdc.ca)
• Results from a 10-year study suggest two strains of influenza that could mix and form a dangerous new strain of influenza spread by dogs. (news-medical.net)
• More influenza vaccines are available this year than ever before, with at least 171 million doses produced and 40 million shipped. (pharmacist.com)
• While more health care workers got the influenza vaccine last year, there is room for improvement here as well. (pharmacist.com)
• Richards noted that, since the vaccine strains change in most years, flu vaccine manufacturers submit a supplemental license application each year for their seasonal vaccine. (umn.edu)
• The UK's Flusurvey, begun in 2009, will this year join a European network of online surveys to gather information on how influenza spreads across the continent and enable between-nation comparisons. (umn.edu)
• Vaccines, not as effective this year against circulating strains, are still the best defense, the state health department and CDC say. (denverpost.com)
• Seasonal influenza kills an estimated 36,000 people in the United States each year. (wikipedia.org)
• with vaccine production hoped to increase until one billion doses are produced by one year after the virus is first identified. (wikipedia.org)
• The US government on May 4, 2006 awarded five-year contracts for "more than $1 billion to five drug manufacturers developing technology for speedier mass production of vaccines in the event of a pandemic" from the $3.8 billion pandemic preparedness bill passed in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
• is given his annual flu shot by nurse Bettie Donnelly in Mendham, N.J. Babies and toddlers were more likely to get the flu vaccine last year than people over 65. (yahoo.com)
• Last year's flu shot won't shield you this year: Two new strains of influenza have begun circling the globe, and the updated vaccine appears to work well against them, government officials said Thursday. (yahoo.com)
• Each year, the annual flu vaccine protects against three (trivalent) or four (quadrivalent) strains of flu. (healthline.com)
• You should get the influenza vaccine every year. (health.gov.au)
• This is because the most common strains of the virus that cause influenza change every year. (health.gov.au)
• The vaccine also changes every year to match these strains. (health.gov.au)
• But because so few people generally take the vaccine, manufacturers made just 87 million doses this year, based on a calculation that took into account the millions of unused doses they've destroyed in past years. (latimes.com)
• The 40-year-old New York City resident, who works in the financial industry, says he's never received a flu vaccine. (wsj.com)
• Each year brings different strains of the influenza-or flu-virus. (healthgrades.com)
• That's why the vaccine is updated each year to include the most current strains of the virus. (rchsd.org)
• Sometimes the same strains are included in the vaccine one year after the next. (rchsd.org)
• establishment and maintenance of laying flocks to enable year-round egg production (not just seasonal), as well as a contract to speed the production process for new cell culture influenza vaccines, including the design of a US-based cell-culture vaccine manufacturing facility. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• But researchers have been frustrated because each influenza strain is just different enough from previous strains that a new vaccine has been needed every year, he told MedPage Today . (medpagetoday.com)
• Using those highly conserved regions, it might be possible to create a flu vaccine that would protect year after year, he said. (medpagetoday.com)
• To address the H9N2 threat, NIAID contracted with Chiron Corporation to produce investigational batches of an inactivated vaccine, which will be evaluated clinically by NIAID early next year[when? (wikipedia.org)

Isolates1

• Greater representation of virus isolates from South East Asia in the vaccine strain selection process is desirable of influenza vaccine development in Vietnam. (cdc.gov)

Measles8

• Measles, for example, a vaccine-preventable disease, was declared eradicated by the CDC in 2000. (healthline.com)
• Vaccines have contributed to a significant reduction in many childhood infectious diseases, such as diphtheria, measles, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). (fda.gov)
• It is recommended that all young adults (born after 1970) who have not received two doses of the Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) go to a clinic and receive a second vaccine. (mcgill.ca)
• Due to the increasing number of cases of measles that are being reported, it is recommended that all young adults who have not received two doses of the Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) go to a clinic and receive a second vaccine. (mcgill.ca)
• The mumps vaccine comes as part of a triple vaccine called MMR which contains measles, mumps and rubella. (mcgill.ca)
• Rubella is included in the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. (mcgill.ca)
• Since it is included in the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR vaccine) two vaccines are now given. (mcgill.ca)
• Influenza vaccine concurrently administered with a combination measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine to young children. (eurosurveillance.org)

Pneumonia7

• And it's not a pneumonia that would respond to a vaccine. (genengnews.com)
• Most commonly, this is influenza pneumonia. (medscape.com)
• Instead, I will worry about what will happen to him if he gets pneumonia or influenza. (healthline.com)
• This system collects information each week on the total number of death certificates filed in each of the 122 participating cities and the number of death certificates with pneumonia or influenza listed as a cause of death. (cdc.gov)
• Fortunately, there is also a vaccine for one particularly dangerous form of bacterial pneumonia-pneumococcal pneumonia. (healthgrades.com)
• Ask your doctor if it's time for your pneumonia vaccine. (healthgrades.com)
• The high-dose flu vaccine is $35 and a pneumonia vaccine is $75. (pitchengine.com)

Trivalent influenza vaccine1

• The study examined the influence of sex and mouse strain on germinal center (GC) reaction and antibody responses to seasonal split trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). (bioportfolio.com)