Babesia

Dermacentor variabilis

Lipoptena cervi

Lyme disease microbiology

Borrelia miyamotoi

Borrelia

Transstadial transmission

Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Differential diagnoses of depression

List of sequenced bacterial genomes

Ixodes ricinus

Ixodes holocyclus

Ehrlichia canis

Legionella pneumophila

Meningitis

Lemierre's syndrome

Eating disorder

Parasitism

Pathogens18

• Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. (nature.com)
• Ticks (subphylum Chelicerata: suborder Ixodida) are notorious ectoparasites and vectors of human and animal pathogens, transmitting a greater diversity of infectious agents than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods. (nature.com)
• are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. (dovepress.com)
• Many human pathogens, including serum-resistant B. burgdorferi , evade complement destruction by binding complement factor H (FH) and FH-like protein 1 (FHL-1) ( 4 , 29 , 32 , 40 , 55 ). (asm.org)
• To survive and establish a persistent infection in the human host, pathogens must evade the first line of host defense by counteracting complement as an essential part of innate immunity. (frontiersin.org)
• These pathogens include Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Borrelia miyamotoi , the causative agent of acute febrile illness and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, the causative agent of neoehrlichiosis. (wur.nl)
• This is the first report of Borrelia pathogens in camels in China. (medworm.com)
• Dr. Yang's laboratory investigates the pathogenesis of Bacterial infection, with the focus of two groups of pathogens, the spirochetal pathogens (the causative agents of Lyme disease, Syphilis, and Leptospirosis) and the vector-borne pathogens. (iu.edu)
• Additionally, new tick-borne pathogens, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (CNM) and Borrelia myiamotoi , have been observed in ticks as well as in humans in Europe, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
• Oral treponeme spirochetes are predominant periodontal pathogens, and various intestinal and urogenital spirochetes also occur in the human body. (j-alz.com)
• Human pathogens in body and head lice. (thefreedictionary.com)
• pulchellus was the most promiscuous one in carrying pathogens: C. burnetti, Babesia, B. burgdorferi, E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophylum. (scirp.org)
• Tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi -the causative agent of Lyme disease, are carried by over 55% of ticks in the wild. (tickcheck.com)
• Tick-borne pathogens are increasing their range and incidence in North America as a consequence of numerous factors including improvements in diagnostics and diagnosis, range expansion of primary vectors, changes in human behavior, and an increasing understanding of the diversity of species of pathogens that cause human disease. (elsevier.com)
• These data corroborate entomologic investigations of tick distributions in North America, but also identify patterns of local disease risk and tick contact with humans throughout the year in numerous species of ticks and associated pathogens. (elsevier.com)
• During both his graduate and postdoctoral training he studied host responses to the spirochetal pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum, the respective causative agents of Lyme disease and syphilis. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
• Multiple important human and livestock pathogens employ ticks as their primary host vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
• Among pathogen vectors, ticks are of particular concern as they play a prominent role in transmission of pathogens to humans and livestock. (biomedcentral.com)

Anaplasma13

• Comparative analysis of the infectivity rate of both Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans and dogs in a New Jersey community. (prohealth.com)
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an intracellular rickettsial pathogen also transmitted by ixodid ticks, has emerged as an important zoonotic infection with significant veterinary and medical implications, and is responsible for both canine granulocytic anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (prohealth.com)
• Dermacentor variabilis may also carry Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis). (wikipedia.org)
• A prime candidate as a potential influence on the clinical manifestations of Lyme disease is Anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). (asm.org)
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent of Lyme disease. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum , previously known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila , Ehrlichia equi , or human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophilic and rarely eosinophilic granulocytes ( 11 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Both TBE cases had co-infections, one with Borrelia burgdorferi and one with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. (scirp.org)
• The causative organism, Anaplasma phagocytophilum , is a bacterium that was previously called Ehrlichia equi , hence the persistent older disease name, equine ehrlichiosis. (umn.edu)
• Blood samples from the animals were tested for the presence of DNA from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by using simple PCR targeting. (wordpress.com)
• In one case a patient was infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum - the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and in the other with Borrelia garinii . (biomedcentral.com)
• Tick DNA was screened by qPCR optimized for single-plex detection of Babesia microti, two-plex Coxiella burnetii/Ehrlichia chaffeensis or Bartonella henselae/Borrelia recurrentis or three-plex for the non-human Babesia spp/Anaplasma phagocytophylum/Borrelia burgdorferi. (scirp.org)
• 16,080 ticks were submitted between January 2016 and August 2017, and screened for B. burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. (elsevier.com)
• We test our hypothesis by undertaking a comparative genomics approach to analyze bacteria in the genera Borrelia, Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Francisella, Coxiella , and Bartonella , conducting the most comprehensive study examining tick transmissibility to-date. (biomedcentral.com)

BACTERIUM BORRELIA BURGDORFERI5

• The spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the top vector-borne disease in the United States. (ku.edu)
• Cases of LD in humans are a result of several factors (e.g., vectors and reservoir hosts) that facilitate the transmission of the causative bacterium ( Borrelia burgdorferi ) to humans. (health.mil)
• Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi , is much less frequently a source of illness in horses. (umn.edu)
• Genotype profoundly influences disease severity in the murine model of Lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. (lymediseaseassociation.org)
• Lyme disease, the most common arthropod-borne disease in the United States, is caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and related organisms. (grantome.com)

Garinii3

• Using strain PKo as antigen the two band criterium can be used without loss of too much sensitivity compared to using B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain PKa2 and B. garinii strain PBi. (nih.gov)
• Although 19% of the rodents harbored B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and/or B. garinii in internal organs, only B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was transmitted to xenodiagnostic tick larvae (it was transmitted to 1% of the larvae). (asm.org)
• Previous work including the genome analysis of B. burgdorferi B31 and B. garinii PBi suggested a highly variable plasmid part. (biomedcentral.com)

Bacteria16

• Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi) bacteria are the causative agents of the disease. (rainbow.coop)
• Studies of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi have been hindered by the scarcity of genetic tools that can be used in these bacteria. (asm.org)
• The ability to transform B. burgdorferi with heterologous DNA will now permit a wide range of experiments on the biology of these bacteria and their involvement in the many facets of Lyme disease. (asm.org)
• Furthermore, the causative bacteria can persist for long periods in the mammalian body despite an active immune response directed against bacterial proteins ( 26 , 28 ). (asm.org)
• First reported in 1982 ( 3 ), B. burgdorferi has since been the focus of extensive research, yet little is known about how these bacteria cause the many aspects of Lyme disease or how they persistently infect mammals. (asm.org)
• Infected humans and other mammals produce antibodies directed against a number of B. burgdorferi proteins ( 1 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 24 , 29 , 35 ), which indicates that these proteins are produced by the bacteria during mammalian infection. (asm.org)
• Such studies are currently impossible with B. burgdorferi , as there are no known methods by which heterologous DNA (DNA without a naturally occurring B. burgdorferi homolog) can be introduced into and stably maintained by these bacteria. (asm.org)
• In this case, transmission of the bacteria to humans results in disease pathology. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• In other words, Groshong and the UConn Health team have shown that if Bb's transport system is inhibited, it would be possible to block the proliferation of the bacteria in an infected mammal, such as a human or rodent. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Certain bacteria and viruses, including the Lyme disease causative agent, have exploited the protection afforded from the deleterious effects of the complement system by carrying a binding site on their surfaces for factor H. 9 This site is typically antigenic and recognized by the immune system as non-self. (townsendletter.com)
• UConn Health researchers led by postdoctoral fellow Ashley Groshong, shown here in UConn Health's Spirochete Research Lab, are advancing understanding of how the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi transmits Lyme disease, pointing to the potential for ultimately developing therapeutics to target this system. (uconn.edu)
• Most commonly, the bacteria are transmitted from small mammals such as deer mice and wood rats via deer ticks, which may also be infected with the bacterium causing Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi . (umn.edu)
• After a tick bite, Borrelia burgdorferi disseminates by active movement of the bacteria through the tissue. (wordpress.com)
• Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. (wikipedia.org)
• It wouldn't be surprising if a very significant percentage of those currently with a diagnosis of M.E. are actually infected with Borrelia or similar bacteria. (wordpress.com)
• The causative infectious agents of TBDs include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. (atcc.org)

Agents of Lyme disease1

• The genus Borrelia ( B .) comprises the causative agents of Lyme disease (LD) and relapsing fever ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)

Genus1

• Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease of humans in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere, whose causative agent, a spirochete belonging to the genus Borrelia , was described and named Borrelia burgdorferi in 1984 ( 13 ). (asm.org)

Ehrlichiosis6

• Ticks were tested for Borrelia burgdorferi and the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. (cdc.gov)
• Magnarelli LA , Stafford KC , Mather TN , Yeh MT , Horn KD , Dumler JS , Hemocytic Rickettsia-like organisms in ticks: serologic reactivity with antisera to ehrlichiae and detection of DNA of agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by PCR. (cdc.gov)
• Daniels TJ , Boccia TM , Varde S , Marcus J , Le J , Bucher DJ , Geographic risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state. (cdc.gov)
• Nadelman RB , Horowitz HW , Hsieh TC , Wu JM , Aguero-Rosenfeld ME , Schwartz I , . Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. (cdc.gov)
• Disparity in the natural cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. (cdc.gov)
• It was previously thought to be caused by an Ehrichia spp hence the name human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), but it has since been renamed human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). (scirp.org)

20162

• We then use this model to forecast the prevalence of antibodies to B. burgdorferi in dogs for 2016. (capcvet.org)
• A forecast for the prevalence of B. burgdorferi antibodies in domestic dogs in 2016 is also provided. (capcvet.org)

Polymerase chain re4

• Schwartz IS , Varde S , Nadelman RB , Wormser GP , Fish D . Inhibition of efficient polymerase chain reaction amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in blood fed ticks. (cdc.gov)
• We found B. burgdorferi DNA by FISH, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and an independent verification by WGS/metagenomics, which resulted in the detection of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto specific DNA sequences. (nih.gov)
• Direct tests include culture of Borrelia from skin, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and detection of genetic material by polymerase chain reaction in skin, blood, or synovial fluid. (wikipedia.org)
• Using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, we investigated the prevalence of Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, and Borrelia recurrentis in 841 body lice collected from various countries. (thefreedictionary.com)

Pathogen4

• Researchers find that the organism is present in badgers in the United Kingdom, adding another potential reservoir for this wide-ranging human pathogen (see p. 352). (asmscience.org)
• His work has contributed significantly to our understanding how the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi infects the mammalian host and survives in the tick vector. (iu.edu)
• Current focus is to elucidate the mechanisms of how B. burgdorferi senses the signals from each host and turns on each regulatory network and what the downstream effectors the networks control, with the goal to develop new strategies for early detection and prevention of Lyme disease, as well as elimination of the pathogen in ticks. (iu.edu)
• Given the significant impact of TBDs both on human health and on economic activities, it is important to understand the biological mechanisms of pathogen transmissibility. (biomedcentral.com)

Ehrlichia1

• A sensitive and specific PCR hybridization assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of Ehrlichia and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. (asm.org)

Mammalian7

• Synthesis of the B. burgdorferi OspC protein is induced upon tick feeding ( 25 ), which suggests that this protein is involved in transmission between the tick and mammalian hosts. (asm.org)
• Borrelia burgdorferi has developed efficient mechanisms for evading the innate immune response during mammalian infection and has been shown to be resistant to the complement-mediated bactericidal activity of human serum. (asm.org)
• It has been suggested by several labs, including our own, that B. burgdorferi binds FH/FHL-1 on its surface to inhibit the activation of the alternative pathway of complement and prevent its destruction during the earliest stages of mammalian infection ( 4 , 10 , 40 , 48 , 71 ). (asm.org)
• Borrelia burgdorferi) to its next mammalian host. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• HtrA, a Temperature- and Stationary Phase-Activated Protease Involved in Maturation of a Key Microbial Virulence Determinant, Facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Mammalian Hosts. (iu.edu)
• B. burgdorferi then bind to some of the induced salivary proteins, such as Salp15, and use the tick proteins to evade mammalian immune responses. (hhmi.org)
• The tick salivary protein Salp25D plays a critical role in the mammalian host for acquisition of Borrelia burgdorferi by the arthropod. (hhmi.org)

Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia1

• chemical and biologic characterization of a lipopolysaccharide extracted from the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). (liverpool.ac.uk)

Organism3

• Of these, 6386 were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative organism of Lyme disease, and 1492 (24%) were found to carry this organism. (ct.gov)
• A detailed description of this component of the immune system, along with its mode of operation as applied to the Lyme disease causative organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, is described. (townsendletter.com)
• Lyme disease has spread to many regions of the U.S. Lyme disease is a condition caused by an organism, called Borrelia burgdorferi. (pethealthnetwork.com)

Responses to Borrelia2

• Epitope-Specific Evolution of Human B Cell Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE Protein from Early to Late Stages of Lyme Disease. (nih.gov)
• host responses to borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and horses. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Anaplasmosis4

• This is the first study to simultaneously examine the infectivity rate of both anaplasmosis and Lyme disease in humans and dogs in a community endemic for tick-borne diseases. (prohealth.com)
• The infection and associated illness, now termed human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), were first identified in 1994, when a patient from Wisconsin developed a severe febrile illness after a tick bite and subsequently died ( 4 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Anaplasmosis is primarily transmitted by the Ixode ticks that transmit the causative A. phagocytophilum bacterium. (scirp.org)
• Of the four development phases of tick life-cycle (egg, larvae, nymph, adult), nymphal and adult ticks are most frequently associated with transmission of anaplasmosis to humans. (scirp.org)

North America1

• Surprisingly, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, the most common genospecies in northeastern North America, appears to be comparatively rare in Europe and virtually absent in central and east Asia ( 7 , 24 , 26 ). (asm.org)

Proteins10

• However, the kinetics of the development of human B cell responses toward the various epitopes of individual proteins during the course of Lyme disease has not been examined. (nih.gov)
• To identify antigens important in the human immune response to syphilis, the serum antibody reactivity of patients with syphilis was examined with 908 T. pallidum proteins by using the same techniques as those for the rabbit sera. (asmscience.org)
• One of the key B. burgdorferi FH/FHL-1 binding proteins identified thus far was designated CspA. (asm.org)
• Because this and related proteins were among the first human lymphocyte markers identified with the newly invented mAb technology, they entered the immunological lexicon as the first cluster of differentiation molecules or "CD1. (jimmunol.org)
• Genomic and sequence analysis established that this protein and four paralogues on human chromosome 1 encoded closely related proteins called CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e, which were distantly related to the H chains of human MHC class I proteins HLA-A, -B, and -C encoded on chromosome 6 ( 3 , 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
• Development of new prophylaxes is constrained by the limited understanding of the pathobiology of B. burgdorferi, as past investigations have focused intensely on just a handful of identified proteins that play key roles in the tick/vertebrate infection cycle. (ku.edu)
• Foreign organisms, by nature, carry on their surfaces chemical groups and arrangements of proteins, polysaccharides (poly-sugars), or combinations of these two substances that are not normally present on the surface of human cells. (townsendletter.com)
• Owing to their mode of action, the interacting surface-exposed proteins identified among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s. (frontiersin.org)
• Borrelia burgdorferi glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins: a potential target for new therapeutics against Lyme disease. (medworm.com)
• We used human serum rigorously characterized to be sera from patients with acute- and convalescent-phase early Lyme disease, Lyme arthritis, and posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome, as well as the necessary controls (n = 241 samples), to select the best of 12 Borrelia burgdorferi proteins to improve our microfluidic assay (mChip-Ld). (medworm.com)

Antigens6

• The Long-Term Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi Antigens and DNA in the Tissues of a Patient with Lyme Disease. (nih.gov)
• Therefore, we investigated the potential presence of B. burgdorferi antigens and DNA in human autopsy tissues from a well-documented serum-, PCR-, and culture-positive Lyme disease patient, a 53-year-old female from northern Westchester County in the lower Hudson Valley Region of New York State, who had received extensive antibiotic treatments during extensive antibiotic treatments over the course of her 16-year-long illness. (nih.gov)
• Although mouse and human iNKT cells respond to different antigens based on subtle differences in their fatty acids, the mechanism by which fatty acid structure determines antigenic potency is not well understood. (pnas.org)
• Crystal structures of human CD1a, b, and d, as well as mouse CD1d, without loading specific antigens, or in complex with different glycolipids or lipopeptides, have been extensively reviewed elsewhere ( 7 ⇓ ⇓ - 10 ). (pnas.org)
• The immune system recognizes these 'antigens,' as they are called, as not belonging to the human family. (townsendletter.com)
• Nanoscopic Localization of Surface-Exposed Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi. (semanticscholar.org)

Infectivity2

• Multiple surveys exist in the international literature referencing infectivity rates of both of these diseases separately in both the dog and human populations. (prohealth.com)
• Our laboratory recently demonstrated that the bba64 gene product is necessary for mouse infectivity when B. burgdorferi is transmitted by an infected tick bite, but not via needle inoculation. (cdc.gov)

Vertebrate3

• To disseminate to distal tissues, B. burgdorferi needs to evade the complement system, an important host innate immune defense mechanism in the blood of vertebrate animals ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
• This suggestion appears to conflict with the observation that different genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato may coexist in individual vertebrate hosts ( 7 , 26 ). (asm.org)
• B. burgdorferi is transmitted between ticks and vertebrate hosts over the course of the blood meal. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Vector4

• Diseases that are transmitted by arthropod vectors from animal hosts to humans - so called zoonotic vector-borne diseases - have increased in incidence in the last decades. (wur.nl)
• Lyme disease is the number one vector-borne disease in the US, but little is known on how B. burgdorferi causes disease (Lyme arthritis, Lyme carditis, neuroborreliosis). (iu.edu)
• Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne illness in the United States, is a multisystem illness usually caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (see the image below) and the body's immune response to the infection. (medscape.com)
• 2013 ). Vector-borne diseases are of major importance to the health and welfare of humans and other animals and to global economics (Harrus and Baneth 2005 ) and of particular concern is how vectors may respond to climate change, thus affecting disease risk. (wiley.com)

Genes5

• The chromosome of B. burgdorferi encodes most of the housekeeping genes required for in vitro survival and growth, as demonstrated by strain B. burgdorferi B313, which has lost most of the plasmids. (asmscience.org)
• The data show that the majority of B. burgdorferi lipoproteins are surface-exposed, and that the plasmids of B. burgdorferi are enriched in surface lipoprotein genes relative to the chromosome. (ku.edu)
• Phylogenetic analyses of various genes have suggested that the population structure of B. burgdorferi sensu lato is clonal ( 6 ). (asm.org)
• During the borrelial tick-to-mammal life cycle, B. burgdorferi must adapt to many environmental changes by regulating several genes, including bba64. (cdc.gov)
• Genetic studies using low-passage, infectious B. burgdorferi have been challenging due to exceedingly low transformation rates and plasmid loss;as a result, fewer than 50 genes have been investigated by allelic exchange or other site-directed mutagenesis methods for their importance in the mammal-tick infectious cycle. (grantome.com)

Relapsing fever2

• Borrelia recurrentis characterization and comparison with relapsing-fever, Lyme-associated, and other Borrelia spp. (thefreedictionary.com)
• quintana, and relapsing fever caused by Borrelia recurrentis (1-3). (thefreedictionary.com)

Infection prevalence1

• Nymphal burden was positively correlated with infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi s.l. in hosts, which was again positively correlated with the average number of larvae that got infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. while feeding on a host. (wur.nl)

Genospecies3

• In addition, 13% of the ticks were infected with one or more B. burgdorferi genospecies. (asm.org)
• On the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness and other molecular criteria, B. burgdorferi sensu lato is now considered to comprise at least nine genospecies and genomic groups ( 1 , 30 , 33 ). (asm.org)
• While the transmission behavior of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto has been studied in detail with both laboratory and natural rodent hosts ( 5 , 16 , 22 ), the relative transmissibilities of other genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in rodents and other hosts have not been investigated previously. (asm.org)

Infectious5

• One view is that microbes evolve faster than humans, and as a result infectious disease will always exist. (google.com)
• When infectious disease causes neural dys function, it is relatively easy to see the causal rela tionship associated with injury to the peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, en docrine system, and the gray matter of the cere bral cortex. (google.com)
• My group is studying whether these paradigms - initially established with B. burgdorferi - are applicable to other arthropod-borne infectious agents, including A. phagocytophilum , West Nile virus and Plasmodium. (hhmi.org)
• We conclude that it is important to consider several causative agents and possible co-infections in the clinical management of infectious diseases where ticks may be suspected as vectors. (scirp.org)
• During the prior grant period, a sequence-defined library of 4,479 signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) transposon mutants was generated in a transformable, infectious clone of B. burgdorferi B31. (grantome.com)

Protein7

• C-terminal epitope) of the VlsE protein from B. burgdorferi B31. (nih.gov)
• To escape killing, B. burgdorferi produces an outer surface protein CspZ that binds FH to inhibit complement activation on the cell surface. (frontiersin.org)
• It is well recognized that B. burgdorferi expresses multiple lipoproteins on its surface that bind the human complement inhibitors factor H and factor H-like protein 1 (FH/FHL-1). (asm.org)
• We examined B. burgdorferi infection of brain microvascular barriers during A. phagocytophilum coinfection and showed that coinfection enhanced reductions in transendothelial electrical resistance and enhanced or synergistically increased production of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9), cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL- IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), and chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α) known to affect vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. (asm.org)
• Insight into the Dual Functions of Bacterial Enhancer-Binding Protein Rrp2 of Borrelia burgdorferi. (iu.edu)
• We showed that immunization with B. burgdorferi outer surface protein (Osp) A is protective against Lyme disease in mice. (hhmi.org)
• We have previously demonstrated the role of the lectin pathway in the immune response against B. burgdorferi by the identification and characterisation of the tick salivary gland protein Tick Salivary Lectin Pathway Inhibitor (TSLPI) 12 . (nature.com)

Phagocytophilum6

• Like Borrelia burgdorferi , A. phagocytophilum is transmitted by I. persulcatus complex tick bites, and increasing amounts of data show that coinfection is not infrequent ( 16 , 48 ). (asm.org)
• As penetration into and out of the bloodstream are obligatory events for the dissemination of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum , their interactions at the level of the blood-endothelial cell interface are likely to be critical ( 20 ). (asm.org)
• With the concept that A. phagocytophilum -infected neutrophil-derived products would increase spirochete spread, we found that A. phagocytophilum -infected neutrophils augment the trans-endothelial cell migration of B. burgdorferi , suggesting that increased blood and tissue spirochete loads also occur by a mechanism not dependent on adaptive immune response ( 32 ). (asm.org)
• The PCR also detected A. phagocytophilum DNA in blood samples obtained from 53 patients with clinical abnormalities consistent with HGA, and sequencing confirmed that the DNA was recovered from the Ap-ha variant of A. phagocytophilum , associated exclusively with human infection. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• This prospective clinical multi-centre study in the southeast part of Sweden was designed to estimate the extent to which tick-associated unspecific symptoms or fever could be attributed to B. burgdorferi, A. phagocytophilum, or TBE virus. (scirp.org)
• B. burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in five dogs and two cats, and A. phagocytophilum was detected in one dog and one cat. (wordpress.com)

Valaisiana1

• Borrelia valaisiana. (asm.org)

Genome1

• Genome reduction of Borrelia burgdorferi: two TCS signaling pathways for two distinct host habitats. (iu.edu)

Adult ticks1

• Note that the highest prevalence of both Borrelia burgdorferi positive nymphs and adult ticks, as well as clinical cases of Lyme, in CA from 2005 to 2014 were in Trinity (4.5 cases/100,000), Humboldt (3.9), Mendocino (3.9), Sierra (3.2), and Nevada counties (2.7/100,000). (mv-voice.com)

Treponema1

• Treponema paraluiscuniculi is not pathogenic for humans and causes veneral spirochetosis in rabbits. (asmscience.org)

Evade2

• The binding of FH/FHL-1 on the surface of B. burgdorferi is thought to enhance its ability to evade serum-mediated killing during the acute phase of infection. (asm.org)
• During transmission and dissemination, B. burgdorferi s.l. has developed several ways to evade and modulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses 5 . (nature.com)

Infections2

• In addition, we wanted to reveal co-infections with these agents in patients with localised Borrelia infection, i.e. erythema migrans (EM). (scirp.org)
• Borrelia infections cause malfunctioning of the immune system. (wordpress.com)