Cations
Cations, Divalent
Cations, Monovalent
Organic Cation Transport Proteins
Organic Cation Transporter 1
Magnesium
TRPM Cation Channels
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Sodium
TRPC Cation Channels
Ion Channels
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Manganese
A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
Cation Transport Proteins
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Rubidium
Strontium
Lithium
TRPV Cation Channels
Cation Exchange Resins
Cesium
Metals, Alkali
Ion Transport
Cell Membrane Permeability
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels
Barium
Ions
Ion Channel Gating
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Edetic Acid
Biological Transport
Flufenamic Acid
Metals
Calcium Channels
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Binding Sites
Lanthanum
Cobalt
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Adenosine Triphosphate
Cell Membrane
Zinc
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
Amino Acid Sequence
Biological Transport, Active
Osmolar Concentration
Electrophysiology
Nickel
Salts
Gadolinium
Temperature
Models, Molecular
TRPP Cation Channels
Antiporters
Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.
Substrate Specificity
Cadmium
Metals, Rare Earth
A group of elements that include SCANDIUM; YTTRIUM; and the LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS. Historically, the rare earth metals got their name from the fact that they were never found in their pure elemental form, but as an oxide. In addition they were very difficult to purify. They are not truly rare and comprise about 25% of the metals in the earth's crust.
Metals, Alkaline Earth
Permeability
Ouabain
Potassium Chloride
Oocytes
Calcium Chloride
Tromethamine
An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)
Protons
Chelating Agents
Ion Exchange
Rabbits
Transient Receptor Potential Channels
A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.
Ionophores
Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.
Protein Binding
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.
Gramicidin
Potassium Channels
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Erythrocytes
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Membrane Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Amiloride
A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)
Thermodynamics
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Electrochemistry
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Cesium Isotopes
Onium Compounds
Molecular Structure
Models, Chemical
Cells, Cultured
Kidney
Lipid Bilayers
Mutation
Water
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
Sodium Channels
Spermidine
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transport Proteins
Cattle
Models, Biological
Spermine
A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Choline
Structure-Activity Relationship
Organophosphorus Compounds
Calcimycin
An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.
Base Sequence
Calcium Channel Blockers
Lasalocid
Tetraphenylborate
Extracellular Space
Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
Binding, Competitive
Bentonite
Meglumine
Potassium Isotopes
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Mathematics
Sodium Isotopes
Membrane Transport Modulators
Fluorescent Dyes
Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters
Ion Exchange Resins
Buffers
Xenopus
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Nigericin
Receptors, Purinergic P2
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Bromides
Guinea Pigs
Melibiose
Neurons
Free Radicals
Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.
Cloning, Molecular
Ruthenium Red
Receptors, Purinergic P2X4
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Mercury
A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Fura-2
Acid Sensing Ion Channels
Spectrophotometry
Ion Pumps
Catalysis
Terbium
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Carnitine
Membranes, Artificial
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid
Solutions
Sodium Radioisotopes
Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter
Silver
Rubidium Radioisotopes
Calixarenes
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Thapsigargin
Crystallography, X-Ray
Electrolytes
Receptors, Purinergic P2X
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
The contribution of adjacent subunits to the active sites of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. (1/3963)
D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) from Escherichia coli is allosterically inhibited by L-serine, the end product of its metabolic pathway. Previous results have shown that inhibition by serine has a large effect on Vmax and only a small or negligible effect on Km. PGDH is thus classified as a V-type allosteric enzyme. In this study, the active site of PGDH has been studied by site-directed mutagenesis to assess the role of certain residues in substrate binding and catalysis. These consist of a group of cationic residues (Arg-240, Arg-60, Arg-62, Lys-39, and Lys-141') that potentially form an electrostatic environment for the binding of the negatively charged substrate, as well as the only tryptophan residue found in PGDH and which fits into a hydrophobic pocket immediately adjacent to the active site histidine residue. Interestingly, Trp-139' and Lys-141' are part of the polypeptide chain of the subunit that is adjacent to the active site. The results of mutating these residues show that Arg-240, Arg-60, Arg-62, and Lys-141' play distinct roles in the binding of the substrate to the active site. Mutants of Trp-139' show that this residue may play a role in stabilizing the catalytic center of the enzyme. Furthermore, these mutants appear to have a significant effect on the cooperativity of serine inhibition and suggest a possible role for Trp-139' in the cooperative interactions between subunits. (+info)The stimulatory effects of Hofmeister ions on the activities of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Apparent substrate inhibition by l-arginine is overcome in the presence of protein-destabilizing agents. (2/3963)
A variety of monovalent anions and cations were effective in stimulating both calcium ion/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-independent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity of, and Ca2+/CaM-dependent nitric oxide (NO.) synthesis by, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The efficacy of the ions in stimulating both activities could be correlated, in general, with their efficacy in precipitating or stabilizing certain proteins, an order referred to as the Hofmeister ion series. In the hemoglobin capture assay, used for measurement of NO. production, apparent substrate inhibition by L-arginine was almost completely reversed by the addition of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), one of the more effective protein-destabilizing agents tested. Examination of this phenomenon by the assay of L-arginine conversion to L-citrulline revealed that the stimulatory effect of NaClO4 on the reaction was observed only in the presence of oxyhemoglobin or superoxide anion (generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase), both scavengers of NO. Spectrophotometric examination of nNOS revealed that the addition of NaClO4 and a superoxide-generating system, but neither alone, prevented the increase of heme absorption at 436 nm, which has been attributed to the nitrosyl complex. The data are consistent with the release of autoinhibitory NO. coordinated to the prosthetic group of nNOS, which, in conjunction with an NO. scavenger, causes stimulation of the reaction. (+info)Screening for mutations of the cationic trypsinogen gene: are they of relevance in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis? (3/3963)
BACKGROUND: In hereditary pancreatitis mutations of exons 2 (N21I) and 3 (R117H) of the cationic trypsinogen gene have been described. AIMS: To investigate whether the same mutations can also be found in patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. METHODS: Leucocyte DNA was prepared from 23 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, 21 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 34 individuals from seven independent families with hereditary pancreatitis, and 15 healthy controls. DNA was also obtained from pancreatic tissue (n=7) and from pancreatic juice (n=5) of patients suffering from chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. R117H was detected by restriction digestion with Afl III. N21I was identified by an allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: R117H was detected in four families with hereditary pancreatitis. The N21I mutation was identified in three families. All mutations were confirmed by sequencing of the corresponding DNAs. In patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis neither the exon 2 nor exon 3 mutations were present in blood leucocytes, pancreatic juice, or pancreatic tissue. DNA of the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis as well as all controls was of wild type. CONCLUSIONS: The allele specific PCR may be used to screen for the N21I mutation of cationic trypsinogen. Both trypsinogen mutations were found in hereditary pancreatitis but do not seem to be major pathogenic factors in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. (+info)Location of a cation-binding site in the loop between helices F and G of bacteriorhodopsin as studied by 13C NMR. (4/3963)
The high-affinity cation-binding sites of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were examined by solid-state 13C NMR of samples labeled with [3-13C]Ala and [1-13C]Val. We found that the 13C NMR spectra of two kinds of blue membranes, deionized (pH 4) and acid blue at pH 1.2, were very similar and different from that of the native purple membrane. This suggested that when the surface pH is lowered, either by removal of cations or by lowering the bulk pH, substantial change is induced in the secondary structure of the protein. Partial replacement of the bound cations with Na+, Ca2+, or Mn2+ produced additional spectral changes in the 13C NMR spectra. The following conclusions were made. First, there are high-affinity cation-binding sites in both the extracellular and the cytoplasmic regions, presumably near the surface, and one of the preferred cation-binding sites is located at the loop between the helix F and G (F-G loop) near Ala196, consistent with the 3D structure of bR from x-ray diffraction and cryoelectron microscopy. Second, the bound cations undergo rather rapid exchange (with a lifetime shorter than 3 ms) among various types of cation-binding sites. As expected from the location of one of the binding sites, cation binding induced conformational alteration of the F-G interhelical loop. (+info)Modulation of slow inactivation in human cardiac Kv1.5 channels by extra- and intracellular permeant cations. (5/3963)
1. The properties and regulation of slow inactivation by intracellular and extracellular cations in the human heart K+ channel hKv1.5 have been investigated. Extensive NH2- and COOH-terminal deletions outside the central core of transmembrane domains did not affect the degree of inactivation. 2. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation curves of hKv1.5 channels was unchanged in Rb+ and Cs+, compared with K+, but biexponential inactivation over 10 s was reduced from approximately 100 % of peak current in Na+ to approximately 65 % in K+, approximately 50 % in Rb+ and approximately 30 % in Cs+. This occurred as a result of a decrease in both fast and slow components of inactivation, with little change in inactivation time constants. 3. Changes in extracellular cation species and concentration (5-300 mM) had only small effects on the rates of inactivation and recovery from inactivation (tau recovery approximately 1 s). Mutation of residues at a putative regulatory site at R487 in the outer pore mouth did not affect slow inactivation or recovery from inactivation of hKv1.5, although sensitivity to extracellular TEA was conferred. 4. Symmetrical reduction of both intra- and extracellular cation concentrations accelerated and augmented both components of inactivation of K+ (Kd = 34.7 mM) and Cs+ (Kd = 20.5 mM) currents. These effects could be quantitatively accounted for by unilateral reduction of intracellular K+ (K+i) (Kd = 43.4 mM) or Cs+i with constant 135 mM external ion concentrations. 5. We conclude that inactivation and recovery from inactivation in hKv1.5 were not typically C-type in nature. However, the ion species dependence of inactivation was still closely coupled to ion permeation through the pore. Intracellular ion modulatory actions were more potent than extracellular actions, although still of relatively low affinity. These results suggest the presence of ion binding sites capable of regulating inactivation located on both intracellular and extracellular sides of the pore selectivity filter. (+info)Gating current studies reveal both intra- and extracellular cation modulation of K+ channel deactivation. (6/3963)
1. The presence of permeant ions can modulate the rate of gating charge return in wild-type human heart K+ (hKv1.5) channels. Here we employ gating current measurements in a non-conducting mutant, W472F, of the hKv1.5 channel to investigate how different cations can modulate charge return and whether the actions can be specifically localized at the internal as well as the external mouth of the channel pore. 2. Intracellular cations were effective at accelerating charge return in the sequence Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > NMG+. Extracellular cations accelerated charge return with the selectivity sequence Cs+ > Rb+ > Na+ = NMG+. 3. Intracellular and extracellular cation actions were of relatively low affinity. The Kd for preventing slowing of the time constant of the off-gating current decay (tau off) was 20.2 mM for intracellular Cs+ (Cs+i) and 358 mM for extracellular Cs+ (Cs+o). 4. Both intracellular and extracellular cations can regulate the rate of charge return during deactivation of hKv1.5, but intracellular cations are more effective. We suggest that ion crystal radius is an important determinant of this action, with larger ions preventing slowing more effectively. Important parallels exist with cation-dependent modulation of slow inactivation of ionic currents in this channel. However, further experiments are required to understand the exact relationship between acceleration of charge return and the slowing of inactivation of ionic currents by cations. (+info)Phospholipid-subclass-specific partitioning of lipophilic ions in membrane-water systems. (7/3963)
Herein, we systematically investigate phospholipid-subclass-specific alterations in the partitioning of both cationic and anionic amphiphiles to identify the importance of ester, ether and vinyl ether linkages at the sn-1 position of phospholipids in the partitioning of charged amphiphiles. The results demonstrated that the membrane-water partition coefficient of a prototypic cationic amphiphile (i.e. 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide) was approximately 2.5 times higher in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine in comparison with membranes comprised of either phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. In striking contrast, the membrane-water partition coefficient of a prototypic anionic amphiphile [i.e. bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol] in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine was approximately 2.5 times lower than that manifest in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. Utilizing theseexperimentally determined partition coefficients,the relative membrane dipole potential of membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine was calculated and found to be approximately 25 mV lower than in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. This lower membrane dipole potential in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine is equivalent to the membrane potential induced by incorporation of approximately 25 mol% of anionic phospholipids in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine. Collectively, these results demonstrate that phospholipid-subclass-specific differences in the membrane dipole potential contribute to alterations in the partitioning of lipophilic ions in membrane bilayers comprised of distinct phospholipid subclasses. Moreover, they suggest that these physicochemical differences can be exploited to facilitate the targeting of charged lipophilic drugs to specific cells and subcellular membrane compartments. (+info)Partitioning of triphenylalkylphosphonium homologues in gel bead-immobilized liposomes: chromatographic measurement of their membrane partition coefficients. (8/3963)
Unilamellar liposomes of small or large size, SUVs and LUVs, respectively, were stably immobilized in the highly hydrophilic Sepharose 4B or Sephacryl S-1000 gel beads as a membrane stationary phase for immobilized liposome chromatography (ILC). Lipophilic cations of triphenylmethylphosphonium and tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) have been used as probes of the membrane potential of cells. Interaction of TPP+ and triphenylalkylphosphonium homologues with the immobilized liposomal membranes was shown by their elution profiles on both zonal and frontal ILC. Retardation of the lipophilic cations on the liposome gel bed was increased as the hydrophobicity of the cations increased, indicating the partitioning of lipophilic cations into the hydrocarbon region of the membranes. The cations did not retard on the Sepharose or Sephacryl gel bed without liposomes, confirming that the cations only interact with the immobilized liposomes. Effects of the solute concentration, flow rate, and gel-matrix substance on the ILC were studied. The stationary phase volume of the liposomal membranes was calculated from the volume of a phospholipid molecule and the amount of the immobilized phospholipid, which allowed us to determine the membrane partition coefficient (KLM) for the lipophilic cations distributed between the aqueous mobile and membrane stationary phases. The values of KLM were generally increased with the hydrophobicity of the solutes increased, and were higher for the SUVs than for the LUVs. The ILC method described here can be applied to measure membrane partition coefficients for other lipophilic solutes (e.g., drugs). (+info)
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How can you tell if an atom is a positive or negative ion? | Reference.com
Buckminsterfullerene
C60 cations[edit]. C60 oxidizes with difficulty. Three reversible oxidation processes have been observed by using cyclic ... Redox reactions - C60 anions and cations[edit]. C60 anions[edit]. See also: Fullerides ... 7.7 Redox reactions - C60 anions and cations *7.7.1 C60 anions ...
Alkaline earth metal
Identification of alkaline earth cations[edit]. The flame test The table below[74] presents the colours observed when the flame ... which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form cations with charge +2, and an oxidation state of +2.[5] ...
Solid phase extraction
Cation exchange[edit]. Cation exchange sorbents are derivatized with functional groups that interact and retain positively ... Strong cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic sulfonic acid groups that are always negatively charged in aqueous solution, ... Strong cation exchange sorbents are useful because any strongly basic impurities in the sample will bind to the sorbent and ... and weak cation exchange sorbents contain aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are charged when the pH is above about 5. ...
Guanidine
Guanidinium cation[edit]. The conjugate acid is called the guanidinium cation, (C(NH. 2)+. 3). This planar, symmetric ion ... Via the intermediacy of biguanidine, this ammonolysis step affords salts of the guanidinium cation (see below). In the second ... 1 cation in aqueous solution due to the efficient resonance stabilization of the charge and efficient solvation by water ...
Precipitation (chemistry)
Anion/cation analysis[edit]. See also: Qualitative inorganic analysis. Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the ... To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used ... type of cation in a salt. To do this, an alkali first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the ...
Anthocyanin
Flavylium cation derivatives[edit]. Main article: Anthocyanidin. Selected anthocyanidins and their substitutions Basic ... October 2008). "Singlet oxygen quenching by anthocyanin's flavylium cations". Free Radical Research. 42 (10): 885-91. doi: ...
Phosphonium
The phosphonium (more obscurely: phosphinium) cation describes polyatomic cations with the chemical formula PR+. 4 (R = H, ... Types of phosphonium cationsEdit. Protonated phosphinesEdit. The parent phosphonium is PH+. 4 as found in the iodide salt, ... The quaternary phosphonium cations include tetraphenylphosphonium, (C6H5)4P+ and tetramethylphosphonium P(CH. 3)+. 4. ... Quaternary phosphonium cations (PR+. 4) are produced by alkylation of organophosphines.[3] For example, the reaction of ...
Adamantane
... cationsEdit. The adamantane cation can be produced by reacting 1-fluoro-adamantane with SbF5 and it has high ... tert-butanol (t-BuOH) and sulfuric acid were added to generate adamantane cation; the cation was then carboxylated by carbon ... The 1-Adamantyl Cation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (19): 4195-4197. doi:10.1021/ja01073a058.. ... and related cations and dications". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107 (9): 2764-2772. doi:10.1021/ja00295a032.. ...
OLED
Carbazole cations". Polymer. 24 (6): 733-738. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(83)90012-5. Partridge, R (1983). "Electroluminescence from ...
Gutmann-Beckett method
... silylium cations; [E(bipy)2]3+ (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) cations; cationic 4 coordinate Pv and Sbv derivatives) and transition-metal ... and borenium cations, and its application to these and various other boron compounds has been reviewed. The Gutmann-Beckett ... 3 and synthons for EI and Ev cations", Chemical Sciences, 2015, 6, 6545-6555. doi: 10.1039/C5SC02423D J.M. Bayne and D.W. ...
Karl O. Christe
"Complex Fluoro Cations. II. Tetrafluoronitrogen(V) Cation, NF4+. Synthesis and Properties of NH4+AsF6−". Inorganic Chemistry. 5 ... The hexafluorochlorine (VII) cation, CIF6+, K. O. Christe, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 8, 751, (1972) Christe, Karl O. (1973). " ... In this context, he synthesized the bent pentazenium cation, N5+, and was the first to experimentally detect the cyclic ... cation, CIF6". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 8 (8): 741-745. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80129-6. Chem.usc.edu ...
Budipine
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
NMDA receptor
The NMDA receptor is a non-specific cation channel that can allow the passage of Ca2+ and Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the ... However, the NMDA receptor cation channel is blocked by Mg2+ at resting membrane potential.[109] Magnesium unblock is not ... Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of the ion channel that is nonselective to cations, with a combined ... cations) to flow through the cell membrane.[2] The NMDA receptor is thought to be very important for controlling synaptic ...
Domoic acid
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
AMPA receptor
NMDARs can open only when a depolarization from the AMPAR activation leads to repulsion of the Mg2+ cation out into the ... AMPA receptors (AMPAR) are both glutamate receptors and cation channels that are integral to plasticity and synaptic ... The AMPAR's permeability to calcium and other cations, such as sodium and potassium, is governed by the GluA2 subunit. If an ...
Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment
cations: 65% Li-7, 29.1% Be, 5% Zr, 0.9% U. weight: 11,260 lbs (5,107 kg). melting temp: 813 F (434 C). inlet temp: 1175 F (635 ... cations: 66% Li-7, 34% Be. weight: 15,300 lbs (6,940 kg). coolant pump circulating: 23,566 h ...
Diethyl ether
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
Huperzine A
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
Glutamic acid
In sufficiently acidic environments, the amino group gains a proton and the molecule becomes a cation with a single positive ...
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
Sodium thiopental
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen. *Magnesium. *Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene. *Butane ...
Compounds of aluminium
In aqueous solution, Al3+ exists as the hexaaqua cation [Al(H2O)6]3+, which has an approximate pKa of 10−5. Such solutions are ... ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. *Baes, C.F.; Mesmer, R.E. (1986) [1976]. The Hydrolysis of Cations. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger. ... Furthermore, as Al3+ is a small and highly charged cation, it is strongly polarizing and aluminium compounds tend towards ... and is characteristic of weakly basic cations that form insoluble hydroxides and whose hydrated species can also donate their ...
Metalloid
Unlike its heavier congeners, it is not known to form a simple B3+ or hydrated [B(H2O)4]3+ cation. The small size of the boron ... It is not known to form a cation. Silicon can form alloys with metals such as iron and copper. It shows fewer tendencies to ... Whether or not germanium forms a cation is unclear, aside from the reported existence of the Ge2+ ion in a few esoteric ... Sources mentioning germanium cations include: Powell & Brewer who state that the cadmium iodide CdI2 structure of germanous ...
Cyclopentadiene
ISBN 0-13-879932-6. Kolle, U.; Grub, J. (1985). "Permethylmetallocene: 5. Reactions of Decamethylruthenium Cations". J. ...
Aluminium
The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it is polarizing, and bonds aluminium forms tend towards ... In aqueous solution, Al3+ exists as the hexaaqua cation [Al(H2O)6]3+, which has an approximate pKa of 10−5. Such solutions are ... Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, in acid soils the concentration of toxic Al3+ cations ... Furthermore, as Al3+ is a small and highly charged cation, it is strongly polarizing and bonding in aluminium compounds tends ...
Leukocyte extravasation
Divalent cations (e.g. Mg2+) are also required for integrin-ligand binding. Integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are activated by ...
Hydrolysis
The first hydrolysis step is given generically as M(H2O)nm+ + H2O ⇌ M(H2O)n−1(OH)(m−1)+ + H3O+ Thus the aqua cations behave as ... The salt also dissociates into its constituent anions and cations. For example, sodium acetate dissociates in water into sodium ... ISBN 0-471-97058-1. Baes, Charles F.; Mesmer, Robert E. (1976). The Hydrolysis of Cations. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471039853 ... Water spontaneously ionizes into hydroxide anions and hydronium cations. ...
PMDTA
... stabilize unusual cations. The first cationic derivative of alane, [H2Al(PMDTA)]+[AlH4]− was prepared by treating ...
Category:Cations - Wikimedia Commons
A-Putative-Cation-Channel-NCA-1-and-a-Novel-Protein-UNC-80-Transmit-Neuronal-Activity-in-C.-elegans-pbio.0060055.sv002.ogv 20 s ... A-Putative-Cation-Channel-NCA-1-and-a-Novel-Protein-UNC-80-Transmit-Neuronal-Activity-in-C.-elegans-pbio.0060055.sv003.ogv 11 s ... A-Putative-Cation-Channel-NCA-1-and-a-Novel-Protein-UNC-80-Transmit-Neuronal-Activity-in-C.-elegans-pbio.0060055.sv004.ogv 33 s ... A-Putative-Cation-Channel-NCA-1-and-a-Novel-Protein-UNC-80-Transmit-Neuronal-Activity-in-C.-elegans-pbio.0060055.sv005.ogv 2 ...
Dihydrogen cation - Wikipedia
The dihydrogen cation or hydrogen molecular ion is a cation (positive ion) with formula H+. 2. It consists of two hydrogen ... An electron is knocked off leaving the cation behind.[16] H2 + cosmic ray → H+. 2 + e− + cosmic ray.. Cosmic ray particles have ... 2 (ditritium cation). [4]. Quantum mechanical analysis[edit]. The Schrödinger equation (in the clamped-nuclei approximation) ... The dihydrogen cation has six isotopologues, that result from replacement of one or more protons by nuclei of the other ...
cation - Wiktionary
cation. Further reading[edit]. *"cation" in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French ... cation (plural cations) *(physical chemistry) a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in ... "cation", in Lexico. , Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019-present.. *"cation", in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=cation&oldid=62387755" ...
Stay-cation Bible School 2020
cation exchange | Encyclopedia.com
cation exchange Process in which cations in solution are exchanged with cations held on the exchange sites of mineral and ... cation exchange Process in which cations in solution are exchanged with cations held on the exchange sites of mineral and ... cation exchange A Dictionary of Earth Sciences © A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 1999, originally published by Oxford University ... www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cation-exchange ...
cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843)
... has role antioxidant (CHEBI:22586) cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843) has role metabolite (CHEBI:25212 ... cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843) is a 5-hydroxyanthocyanidin (CHEBI:140277) cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843) is conjugate acid of ... cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843). cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (CHEBI:28064) has functional parent cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843). ... cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843). cyanin (CHEBI:3978) has functional parent cyanidin cation (CHEBI:27843). cyanin betaine (CHEBI: ...
copper cation (CHEBI:23378)
... is a elemental copper (CHEBI:37404) copper cation (CHEBI:23378) is a transition element cation ( ... copper(1+) (CHEBI:49552) is a copper cation (CHEBI:23378). copper(2+) (CHEBI:29036) is a copper cation (CHEBI:23378). copper(3+ ... CHEBI:23378 - copper cation. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ...
Triethylsilyl Cations | Science
Triethylsilyl Cations | Science
Triethylsilyl Cations. By J. B. Lambert, George A. Olah, Golam Rasul, Xing-ya Li, Herwig A. Buchholz, Graham Sandford, G. K. ... Triethylsilyl Cations. By J. B. Lambert, George A. Olah, Golam Rasul, Xing-ya Li, Herwig A. Buchholz, Graham Sandford, G. K. ... Triethylsilyl Cations. By J. B. Lambert, George A. Olah, Golam Rasul, Xing-ya Li, Herwig A. Buchholz, Graham Sandford, G. K. ...
Allan Cations - Wikipedia
Bae-cations
Cation | Board Game | BoardGameGeek
Oxygen cation
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
Hydrogen-bridged cations - Wikipedia
While they are reactive intermediates, hydrogen bridged cations can be stabilized sterically. Hydrogen bridged cations are ... "Water-Catalyzed Interconversion of Conventional and Distonic Radical Cations: Methanol and Methyleneoxonium Radical Cation". ... Hydrogen-bridged cations are a type of charged species in which a hydrogen atom is simultaneously bonded to two atoms through ... In 1973, G. Olah was able to directly observe the 2-norbornyl cation by low-temperature NMR and confirm the presence of a non- ...
Resorts, hotels offer 'school-cations' amid coronavirus pandemic | Fox Business
Some Effects of Divalent Cations on In Vitro Phagocytosis | SpringerLink
Some effects of divalent cations on binding and engulfment of several metal oxides and carbon particles are... ... Anionic Group Divalent Cation Peritoneal Macrophage Carbon Particle Fe203 Particle These keywords were added by machine and not ... Metzger G.V., Casarett L.J. (1967) Some Effects of Divalent Cations on In Vitro Phagocytosis. In: Luzio N.R.D., Paoletti R. ( ... Some effects of divalent cations on binding and engulfment of several metal oxides and carbon particles are described. ...
Mesoionic heterocycles and heterocyclic betaine cations (review) | SpringerLink
The Importance Of Taking Bae-Cations For Success In Life And Work
Plan a Bae-cation Now. It doesnt have to be Valentines Day to plan a bae-cation. In fact, you should plan more than one get ... Bae-cations Can Improve your Global Intelligence, Together. Bae-cations can also improve ones full understanding of diversity ... Taking a bae-cation gives you the time to strengthen your relationship and also improve your work life. Youll return to work ... Bae-cations might sound like a silly Millennial term thats better used to describe an MTV reality show, but these getaways can ...
Cation-π interactions in structural biology | PNAS
Thus, in interactions of a cation with Tyr, we are considering only the cation-π interaction. In the actual protein, the cation ... Because a cation-π interaction contains both a cation and an aromatic, it is not clear whether the interacting pairs should ... To summarize, then, our protocol for selecting cation-π interactions is as follows. All cation-π pairs (K or R with F, Y, or W ... With 2,994 cation-π interactions in 230,504 residues, there is an average of 1 energetically significant cation-π interaction ...
Cation News, Research - Page 4
Agilent Technologies Inc. today announced the availability of new ion exchange and size exclusion columns specifically designed for the analysis of bio-molecules including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, peptides, vaccine products and DNA/RNA. The columns provide robust, reproducible and high-resolution solutions for biopharmaceutical manufacturers to effectively monitor the safety, efficacy and stability of their products.. ...
Cation News, Research - Page 2
10 Great Summer Stay-cations | HowStuffWorks
Summer stay-cations are a great way to have fun without the hassle and expense of leaving town. Find 10 great summer stay- ... How can I plan a fun stay-cation?. How can you plan a fun stay-cation? Learn how to give yourself a much-needed break ... On your stay-cation, its time to break out of your rut and experience a culinary adventure right in your own neighborhood. ... So, this year, why not enjoy time off on your own terms with a stay-cation? Youll skip the hassle and the expense of flying or ...
Common Monatomic Cations Quiz - By melindadang
Effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on hagfish slime formation | Scientific Reports
In this work we investigate the effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on slime formation dynamics and functionality. In ... Our study demonstrates that hagfish slime deployment is a well-timed, ionic-strength, and divalent-cation dependent dynamic ... Cation concentrations of 300-400 ppm result in a exudate/cation mass ratios of about 1/1.5-2 per cation as is the case for Ca2+ ... a) Water retention in ASW without divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and ASW without monovalent cations (Na+ and K+). (b) Water ...
Patent US4686120 - Multilayer cation exchange membrane - Google Patents
A cation exchange membrane is disclosed comprising fluorinated polymer layers which include, in order, a layer with sulfonic ... Cation exchange membrane and use. US4996098 *. Feb 28, 1989. Feb 26, 1991. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company. Coated cation ... Electrolytic cation exchange membrane. US4490484 *. Oct 21, 1981. Dec 25, 1984. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company. Membrane ... Cation exchange film and electrolytic tank with the same. WO2013137819A1 *. Mar 16, 2012. Sep 19, 2013. Technodye Dyingcolors ...
cation Archives - Judicial Watch
WWW.JUDICIALWATCH.ORG. © 2019 Judicial Watch, Inc. , Privacy Policy , Terms and Conditions , User Agreement , Contact Information. Judicial Watch is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Contributions are received from individuals, foundations, and corporations and are tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law.. ...
Zoo-Cation Day Camps
A day off from school doesnt have to mean a day off from learning, exploring, and making friends! These one-day camps engage campers in a full day of crafts, hands-on and inquiry-driven activities, encounters with wild animal ambassadors, and a tour of the Zoo where each camper will get a chance to feed the goats in the Alex and Ani Farmyard. Each day camp runs 8:30 am - 3:30 pm with three age groups: • Ages 4 & 5: Tadpole Academy (max 10/day, full day only) • Ages 6 - 10: Adventures (max 30/day, divided into smaller groups based on ages) Theme: Guess Zoo! A whos who of your Zoo! Come explore the animals of Roger Williams Park Zoo and learn what you and your favorite snack have in common with our animals and their favorite foods. Inquiry based activities, crafts and games along with animal encounters will surely provide a day off from school to satisfy any appetite.
Some amphiphilic cations block the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel, MAC. - PubMed - NCBI
Families Seek for Educational Vacation Alternatives on Popular 'Hay-Cations' | Fox News
Farm Stays or Hay-cations are the perfect summer getaway for suburbanites around the country looking for a way to teach their ... Families Seek for Educational Vacation Alternatives on Popular Hay-Cations. Farm Stays or Hay-cations are the perfect ... Families Seek for Educational Vacation Alternatives on Popular Hay-Cations. Farm Stays or Hay-cations are the perfect ... "Farm Stays" or "Hay-cations" have have been a go-to choice to find a vacation off the beaten path as well as a fun way to teach ...
Interactions between Antacid Liquid-Simethicone II Oral and divalent-trivalent-cations-tetracyclines
WebMD provides information about interactions between Antacid Liquid-Simethicone II Oral and divalent-trivalent-cations- ... Tetracyclines/Divalent & Trivalent Cations Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical ... Avidity of the tetracyclines for the cations of metal. Nature 1956 Mar 3;177(4505):433-4. ...
Inorganic cationsStay-cationsMonovalentFluorinated cation exchangeMembraneProtonsBeach-CationDivalent CationInteractionsAnionsExchangeMembranesEquilibriaPeriodic tableProtonReactionsIonicTransitionConductivityAtoms with a netTransportersConcentrationOxygenElectronsChemistryHydrogenBindFormulaOrganicIonizeGetawayMineralsAromaticProtein DataStructuralAbsorptionCalciumMechanismPositivelyBindingInteractionFull-blownDistinguishTheoreticalGroup
Inorganic cations1
- Laboratory experiments and field tests were conducted to determine the effect of inorganic cations on effluent from activated-sludge systems. (ingentaconnect.com)
Stay-cations2
- Culinary stay-cations also serve as the perfect opportunity to get your family back on a healthy eating track, if you've fallen onto the fast food wagon. (howstuffworks.com)
- I fell in love with the idea of stay-cations after taking my first one. (lifehack.org)
Monovalent5
- Laboratory experiments showed that monovalent cations tend to increase the concentration of solution biological polymers(biopolymers), whereas divalent cations tend to retain the biopolymers in the floc. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The attachment or release of these microbially derived organic biopolymers and recalcitrant influent substrate may depend on the monovalent-to-divalent cation ratio and the concentration of iron. (ingentaconnect.com)
- These antiporters mediate the exchange of monovalent cations, mainly Na + and K + , with one or two protons across the membrane. (nature.com)
- Both the cations and the anions are monovalent. (answers.com)
- f ) Permability ratios for different monovalent cations, as derived from changes of reversal potentials ( 31 ) of photocurrents when replacing Na + by the cation X + . Solutions used were: 115 mM XCl, 2 mM BaCl 2 , 1 MgCl 2 , pH 9. (pnas.org)
Fluorinated cation exchange3
- A novel fluorinated cation exchange membrane containing carboxylic acid groups and sulfonic acid groups, both in the form of a specific pendant structure, the carboxylic acid groups being at least 20% on one surface of the membrane and gradually decreasing toward the innerside of the membrane, which. (google.com)
- This invention relates to a novel fluorinated cation exchange membrane having both carboxylic acid groups and sulfonic acid groups, intermediates and starting materials for production thereof and also to processes for producing such materials. (google.com)
- This invention also concerns a novel fluorinated cation exchange membrane having sulfonic acid groups with a high ion-exchange capacity and being provided with physically high strength. (google.com)
Membrane14
- A cation exchange membrane is disclosed comprising fluorinated polymer layers which include, in order, a layer with sulfonic exchange groups, a layer with carboxylic exchange groups, and a thinner layer with carboxylic exchange groups at a greater exchange capacity than the other carboxylic layer. (google.com)
- The cation exchange membrane according to the present invention can be used in electrolysis of an aqueous alkali metal halide solution under more severe conditions than those conventionally used while maintaining excellent performance stably for a long time. (google.com)
- The greatest factor which controls the economy of the ion-exchange membrane process is the characteristic of the cation exchange membrane employed. (google.com)
- It is necessary for the cation exchange membrane to satisfy the requirements as set forth below. (google.com)
- Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other. (yeastgenome.org)
- Cation Exchange Membranes are proton-conductive polymer film, also known as electrolyte or ionomer, that allow only protons to cross-over (cation exchange), the key function of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Basically, cation exchange membranes perform as a separator and solid electrolyte in a variety of electrochemical cells that require the membrane to selectively transport cations across the cell junction. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Chemours (formerly DuPont) Nafion™ 1110 membranes are non-reinforced cation exchange membrane fil. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Chemours' (formerly DuPont) Nafion™ N-324 is a perfluorosulfonic acid cation exchange membrane co. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Fumasep F-10270-PTFE-e membrane is an extruded per-flourinated sulfonic acid cation exchange memb. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Fumapem FS-715-RFS membrane is perfluorinated cation exchange membrane - reinforced and stabilize. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Fumapem FS-930 membrane is a perfluorinated cation exchange membrane - non-reinforced and stabili. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Fumasep FS-720 membrane is perfluorinated cation exchange membrane - non-reinforced with low resi. (fuelcellstore.com)
- Our Cation Membrane Variety Kits consist of one 10cm x 10cm piece of each of the following membra. (fuelcellstore.com)
Protons2
- Functionally, CPAs are often classified based on two phenotypes, their ion selectivity, i.e., whether they transport Na + or K + , and their electrogenicity, i.e., whether a cation exchanges for one (electroneutral) or two (electrogenic) protons. (nature.com)
- Since cations tend to lose electrons, their atomic radius will decrease in size, as the other electrons will be 'pulled in' more by the protons in the nucleus (meaning stronger bond). (answers.com)
Beach-Cation2
- Your island vibes are sure to shine in the Tommy Bahama® Beach-Cation camp shirt. (zappos.com)
- Rated 5 out of 5 by tom hughes from beach-cation camp shirt I love the shirt. (tommybahama.com)
Divalent Cation1
- Our study demonstrates that hagfish slime deployment is a well-timed, ionic-strength, and divalent-cation dependent dynamic hydrogel formation process. (nature.com)
Interactions18
- Cation-π interactions in protein structures are identified and evaluated by using an energy-based criterion for selecting significant sidechain pairs. (pnas.org)
- Cation-π interactions are found to be common among structures in the Protein Data Bank, and it is clearly demonstrated that, when a cationic sidechain (Lys or Arg) is near an aromatic sidechain (Phe, Tyr, or Trp), the geometry is biased toward one that would experience a favorable cation-π interaction. (pnas.org)
- Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that cation-π interactions can be quite strong, both in the gas phase and in aqueous media. (pnas.org)
- A number of studies have established a role for cation-π interactions in biological recognition, especially in the binding of acetylcholine ( 4 , 5 ). (pnas.org)
- Here we present a detailed analysis of the extent and nature of cation-π interactions that are intrinsic to a protein's structure and likely contribute to protein stability. (pnas.org)
- We find that energetically significant cation-π interactions are common in proteins-a "typical" protein will contain several. (pnas.org)
- Important early work indicated a role for cation-π interactions in protein structures. (pnas.org)
- In addition, explicit studies of Arg interacting with aromatic residues have been reported by Flocco and Mowbray ( 18 ) and by Thornton ( 14 ), and other efforts to search the Protein Data Bank (PDB) for cation-π interactions between ligands and proteins have been reported ( 19 , 20 ). (pnas.org)
- In addition, not all cation-aromatic contacts represent energetically favorable cation-π interactions. (pnas.org)
- To circumvent this problem, and to put the diverse array of potential cation-π interactions on a more nearly equal footing, we have chosen to use energy-based, rather than geometry-based, criteria in this study. (pnas.org)
- First, we wish to develop meaningful statistics for cation-π interactions for structures within the PDB ( 21 ). (pnas.org)
- Second, we wish to develop a simple, unambiguous protocol for identifying cation-π interactions that can be easily applied by other workers. (pnas.org)
- Within a protein, cation-π interactions can occur between the cationic sidechains of either lysine (Lys, K) or arginine (Arg, R) and the aromatic sidechains of phenylalanine (Phe, F), tyrosine (Tyr, Y) or tryptophan (Trp, W). Because histidine can participate in cation-π interactions as either a cation or as a π-system, depending on its protonation state, we do not consider histidine in this study. (pnas.org)
- These results improve our understanding of the essential role of cations in the biological function of bpDNase I. The high degree of conservation of the amino acids involved in the identified cation-binding sites across DNase I and DNase I-like proteins from various species suggests that our findings generally apply to all DNase I-DNA interactions. (nih.gov)
- The substituents were systematically varied to investigate cation-π interactions in the S4 pocket, optimal heterocyclic stacking on the flat peptide walls lining the S1 pocket, and potential water replacements in both the S1 and the S4 pockets. (rcsb.org)
- Since this is not an analysis of the stereochemistry of the metal first coordination spheres, any type of contact between a metal ion and other atoms was considered, independently of the type of metal cation, its oxidation state, its spin state, its coordination number, and independently of the type of atom(s) surrounding the metal and of the type of interatomic interactions (covalent, ionic). (mdpi.com)
- Tannins, proteins, and divalent cations interactions are important for many processes in the food industry and human and animal nutrition and health. (bioportfolio.com)
- We find that Coulomb interactions, both between ionized impurities and with the polarized nanocrystal surface, play a key role in cation exchange. (rug.nl)
Anions19
- Can you name the Common Monatoma Cations and Anions? (sporcle.com)
- Why do atoms of nonmetals form anions while atoms of metals form cations? (answers.com)
- Nonmetals generally are more electronegative than metals, meaning that they have a stronger pull on their electrons - thus when they form ions, metals give up electrons (forming cations) and nonmetals take up electrons (forming anions). (answers.com)
- How do cations and anions form? (answers.com)
- What conclusions can we make about the size of cations neutral atoms and anions? (answers.com)
- Cations are smaller then neutral atoms and anions are larger. (answers.com)
- Why are cations smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms? (answers.com)
- Cations lose electrons, anions gain electrons. (answers.com)
- Atoms of column 7A become anions when they react with atoms of group 1A elements, which become cations. (answers.com)
- The cations and anions together form an ionically bonded compound. (answers.com)
- How do the sizes of cations and anions relate to the atoms they form from? (answers.com)
- Anions and cations are held together by ionic bonds. (answers.com)
- are called ions - cations and anions. (answers.com)
- Atoms of Metals lose electrons to empty their outer shell and become positive ions or cations.Atoms of non-metals gain electrons to fill their outer shell and become negative ions or anions. (answers.com)
- Gaining or losing electrons atoms become ions (anions or cations). (answers.com)
- Are the metal atoms cations or anions? (answers.com)
- How does atomic radius vary with cations anions metals and nonmetals? (answers.com)
- Any of a group of compounds composed of a cation, in which a central nitrogen atom is joined to four organic groups, and any of various anions, used as antiseptics, solvents, and emulsifying agents. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The MARGA (Monitor for Aerosols and Gases in Ambient Air) provides a complete system to analyse anions and cations in aerosols, and gases in ambient air. (theengineer.co.uk)
Exchange18
- cation exchange Process in which cations in solution are exchanged with cations held on the exchange sites of mineral and organic matter , particularly on the surfaces of colloids of clay and humus . (encyclopedia.com)
- The present invention relates to cation exchange membranes for electrochemical cells, and to their use, especially for the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solutions to make relatively concentrated alkali metal hydroxide. (google.com)
- Organoclays with water soluble surfactants were prepared by the traditional cation exchange reaction. (scirp.org)
- Strong acid styrene cation exchange resin is Styrene divinylbenzene copolymer with a sulfo radical. (tradekey.com)
- Strong acid styrene cation exchange resin has the feature of high exchange capacity, fast exchanging speed, and good mechanical strength. (tradekey.com)
- Strong acid styrene cation exchange resin is equivalent to America Amberlite IR-120, Dowex-50, Germany Lewatit-100, and Japan DisionSK-1. (tradekey.com)
- Strong acid styrene cation exchange resin is mainly used for water softening, desalted water, pure water and high purity water preparation, also used for catalyst and dehydrating agent and wet metallurgy, purification of rare element, pharmaceutical, sugar industry, etc. (tradekey.com)
- ProteinChip WCX2: is a weak cation exchange array with a carboxylate surface to bind cationic proteins. (bio-medicine.org)
- The ASTM D4519-compliant cation resin cartridge has a small diameter that allows ion exchange kinetics to achieve lower, more accurate readings than larger cartridges that leach. (mt.com)
- It is the measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a liquid sample (water) after that sample has passed through the CE800 Analyzer's ion exchange cation resin columns. (tenlinks.com)
- Although poorly understood, cation-exchange reactions are increasingly used to dope or transform colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots). (rug.nl)
- This example uses the phase-equilibrium, cation-exchange, and surface-complexation reaction capabilities of PHREEQC in combination with advective-transport capabilities to model the evolution of water in the Central Oklahoma aquifer. (usgs.gov)
- Parkhurst and others (1996) provide data from which it is possible to estimate the moles of calcite, dolomite, and cation-exchange sites in the aquifer per liter of water. (usgs.gov)
- Cation-exchange capacity for the clay ranges from 20 to 50 meq/100 g (milliequivalent per 100 grams), with an average clay content of 30 percent. (usgs.gov)
- The number of cation-exchange sites was estimated to be 1.0 eq/L. (usgs.gov)
- Electrophoretic Mobilities and Cation Exchange Capacities of Florida Phosphate Slimes. (cdc.gov)
- Part of this investigation was to determine the electrophoretic mobilities and cation exchange capacities of the slimes. (cdc.gov)
- The cation exchange capacities ranged from 17 to 45 milliequivalents per 100 grams of slime solids. (cdc.gov)
Membranes1
- It binds and transports cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. (bioportfolio.com)
Equilibria1
- Solution of the system of equations defining the multiple equilibria of the proton and cation complexes gives the concentration of each ionic form and a value for the proton stoichiometry for each reaction. (nih.gov)
Periodic table1
- Please note that the groups of cations mentioned/discussed here do not refer to the groups of the periodic table! (wikibooks.org)
Proton2
- Cation/proton antiporters (CPAs) play a major role in maintaining living cells' homeostasis. (nature.com)
- It is thus not surprising that cation/proton antiporters (CPAs) are prevalent in almost all living species. (nature.com)
Reactions2
- Observations made by Saul Winstein and others suggested that highly delocalized and symmetric intermediates were present in the reactions of various substituted norbornyl cations, evidence for non-classical ions. (wikipedia.org)
- Here we report on our recent studies of organic radical cation reactions with various ligands. (osti.gov)
Ionic1
- In this work we investigate the effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on slime formation dynamics and functionality. (nature.com)
Transition3
- The potential energy diagram of this model is characterized by a single energy minimum, where the structure of the cation corresponds to the transition state between the two conformers of the classical view. (wikipedia.org)
- However, many transition metals actually form cations, although there are some exceptions. (answers.com)
- Cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) proteins are a conserved family of transmembrane transporters that ensure cellular homeostasis of divalent transition metal cations. (bioportfolio.com)
Conductivity4
- The DCC1000e is a degassed cation conductivity system that provides ASTM D4519-compliant conductivity measurements for cycle chemistry monitoring. (mt.com)
- The DCC1000e System is designed to measure the specific conductivity, cation conductivity and degassed cation conductivity in power plant cycle chemi. (mt.com)
- Engineers responsible for steam turbine electric power generation systems will find the CE800 Cation Analyzer from Electro-Chemical Devices (ECD) provides a solution to the measurement of conductivity in water, which helps them protect boilers and steam turbines from corrosion. (tenlinks.com)
- ECD's CE800 Analyzer Series is a family of on-line cation conductivity analyzers that have been designed with ECD's S80 Sensor and uT80 Transmitter. (tenlinks.com)
Atoms with a net1
- Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cations, charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net positive charge. (fpnotebook.com)
Transporters1
- This encyclopedic resource provides extensively detailed, state-of-the-art information about cellular organic cation transporters and their relevance to human function and disease. (springer.com)
Concentration1
- The capillary electrophoresis method for evaluation of cations concentration is based on differential migration and separation of cations in electric field due to the difference in their electrophoretic mobility. (environmental-expert.com)
Oxygen1
- ARTICLE{Raichle76measurementof, author = {M. E. Raichle and R. L. Grubb and J. Eichling and M. M. Ter-pogossian}, title = {Measurement of brain oxygen utilization with radioactive oxygen-15, experimental veri� cation}, journal = {J. Appl. (psu.edu)
Electrons2
- atoms lose electrons to form cations. (answers.com)
- Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons and hence are smaller in size than the corresponding atoms. (answers.com)
Chemistry2
- P. Singla, R. Mehta and S. Upadhyay, "Clay Modification by the Use of Organic Cations," Green and Sustainable Chemistry , Vol. 2 No. 1, 2012, pp. 21-25. (scirp.org)
- article{osti_1358034, title = {The Chemistry of Separations Ligand Degradation by Organic Radical Cations}, author = {Mezyk, Stephen P. and Horne, Gregory P. and Mincher, Bruce J. and Zalupski, Peter R. and Cook, Andrew R. and Wishart, James F.}, abstractNote = {Solvent based extractions of used nuclear fuel use designer ligands in an organic phase extracting ligand complexed metal ions from an acidic aqueous phase. (osti.gov)
Hydrogen5
- H] + (deuterium hydrogen cation). (wikipedia.org)
- Hydrogen-bridged cations are a type of charged species in which a hydrogen atom is simultaneously bonded to two atoms through partial sigma bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- While best observable in the presence of superacids at room temperature, spectroscopic evidence has suggested that hydrogen-bridged cations exist in ordinary solvents. (wikipedia.org)
- Figure 1 - Potential Energy Surface (PES) of (a) classical and (b) non-classical view of a hydrogen-bridged cation. (wikipedia.org)
- Figure 2 - A molecular orbital diagram for open and closed hydrogen bridged cations with carbon is shown above. (wikipedia.org)
Bind1
- Metal cations bind to CDF protei. (bioportfolio.com)
Formula1
- The first comprehensive theoretical investigation of aromaticity in functionalized corannulene cations of general formula [CH 3 -C 20 H 10 ] + was accomplished. (rsc.org)
Organic2
- This innovative text explores the cellular transport of organic cations, from functional and structural properties to pharmacological implications and psychiatric developments. (springer.com)
- The final chapters delve into the use of animal models for the study of organic cation transporter function and their possible use in environmental cycling of pharmaceutical residues. (springer.com)
Ionize1
- Generally speaking it is always possible to ionize an atom and produce +1 cation in vacuum, question is, will it survive contact with other elements/ions/molecules? (physicsforums.com)
Getaway1
- Farm Stays' or 'Hay-cations' are the perfect summer getaway for suburbanites around the country looking for a way to teach their kids where their food comes from, and connect with the land. (foxnews.com)
Minerals1
- A total of 200 pore volumes of recharge water are advected into the cell and, with each pore volume, the water is equilibrated with the minerals, cation exchanger, and the surfaces in the cell. (usgs.gov)
Aromatic3
- It is now appreciated that the interaction of a cationic group with an aromatic-a cation-π interaction-is much more favorable than an analogous interaction involving a neutral amine ( 10 , 11 ). (pnas.org)
- Unlike ion pairs, for which any close contact will be energetically favorable, a cation interaction with an aromatic can be attractive or repulsive. (pnas.org)
- The electrostatic potential surfaces of the aromatics, which control such distinctions ( 1 ), can be complex, and it is difficult to clearly distinguish attractive from repulsive cation-aromatic contacts using geometric criteria alone. (pnas.org)
Protein Data2
- A systematic survey of the Protein Data Bank showed that nearly 8% of the metal cations are naked, more frequently if they can interact only electrostatically with their neighbors. (mdpi.com)
- A systematic analysis of all naked cations found in the crystal structures deposited with Protein Data Bank was described in the present communication. (mdpi.com)
Structural3
- In addition, the cation-π interaction ( 1 - 3 ) is increasingly recognized as an important noncovalent binding interaction relevant to structural biology. (pnas.org)
- We use density-functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to develop a microscopic theory that explains structural, optical, and electronic changes observed experimentally in Ag-cation-exchanged CdSe nanocrystals. (rug.nl)
- The transient receptor potential (TRP) protein superfamily consists of a diverse group of cation channels that bear structural similarities to Drosophila TRP. (sciencemag.org)
Absorption1
- Identification and quantitative determination of the analyzed cations is performed by indirect detection measuring UV absorption at 254 or 267 nm wavelength. (environmental-expert.com)
Calcium2
- Coordination to Divalent Cations by Calcium-Binding Proteins. (bioportfolio.com)
- Alendronate-Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s with Tunable Affinity for Calcium Cations. (bioportfolio.com)
Mechanism1
- The presence of Mg²+ in close vicinity to the catalytic pocket of bpDNase I reinforces the idea of a cation-assisted hydrolytic mechanism. (nih.gov)
Positively1
- Cations are most often metals, as cations are positively charged ions meaning they have lostelectron(s). (answers.com)
Binding3
- Some effects of divalent cations on binding and engulfment of several metal oxides and carbon particles are described. (springer.com)
- How cations can assist DNase I in DNA binding and hydrolysis. (nih.gov)
- Metal binding to the dynamic cytoplasmic domain of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) protein MamM induces a 'locked-in' configuration. (bioportfolio.com)
Interaction4
- The sidechain of Arg is more likely than that of Lys to be in a cation-π interaction. (pnas.org)
- Among the aromatics, a strong bias toward Trp is clear, such that over one-fourth of all tryptophans in the data bank experience an energetically significant cation-π interaction. (pnas.org)
- We also have documented some significant preferences for certain amino acid pairs as partners in a cation-π interaction. (pnas.org)
- Effect of divalent cations on bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tannic acid interaction and its influence on turbidity and in vitro protein digestibility. (bioportfolio.com)
Full-blown1
- So, instead of feeling like my run was holding me back from seeing the sights, I decided to turn it into a full-blown run-cation: A multi-day vacation that just happens to include running. (huffingtonpost.com)
Distinguish1
- Our goal now would be to distinguish between these three cations. (wikibooks.org)
Theoretical1
- The dihydrogen cation is of great historical and theoretical interest because, having only one electron, the equations of quantum mechanics that describe its structure can be solved in a relatively straightforward way. (wikipedia.org)
Group3
- In the first group of cations, we include Silver(I), Mercury(I)and Lead(II) cations. (wikibooks.org)
- If a ppt is obtained, group I cations are confirmed. (wikibooks.org)
- If not, we wll test the solution for the presence of group II cations. (wikibooks.org)