Cationic amino acid transporter 2. Medical search

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1. The two isoforms of the protein, CAT-2A and CAT-2B, exist due to alternative mRNA splicing. The transporter has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ornithine (ORNITHINE) and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERARGININEMIA. EC 3.5.3.1.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

A glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in ASTROCYTES. It is also expressed in HEART and SKELETAL MUSCLE and in the PLACENTA.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

A neuronal and epithelial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found in ASTROCYTES and in the LIVER.

A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in cerebellar PURKINJE CELLS on postsynaptic DENDRITIC SPINES.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.

A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.

A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in the RETINA.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A family of proteins involved in the transport of monocarboxylic acids such as LACTIC ACID and PYRUVIC ACID across cellular membranes.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

An autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS by both the intestine and the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The abnormal urinary loss of TRYPTOPHAN, a precursor of NIACIN, leads to a NICOTINAMIDE deficiency, PELLAGRA-like light-sensitive rash, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. Mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene SLC6A19.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters GLYCINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; and possibly GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE into SECRETORY VESICLES.

Disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. The majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., ACIDOSIS) and neurologic manifestations. They are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOTIDES across cellular membranes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)

An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Cytokine treatment increases arginine metabolism and uptake in bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. (1/44)

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) or to urea by arginase (AR). L-Arg is transported into bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) by cationic amino acid transporter-2 (CAT-2). We hypothesized that cytokine treatment would increase L-Arg metabolism and increase CAT-2 mRNA expression. BPAECs were incubated for 24 h in medium (control) or medium with lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (L-T). L-T increased nitrite production (3.1 +/- 0.4 nmol/24 h vs. 1.8 +/- 0.1 nmol/24 h for control; P < 0.01) and urea production (83.5 +/- 29.5 nmol/24 h vs. 17.8 +/- 8.6 nmol/24 h for control; P < 0.05). L-T-treated BPAECs had greater endothelial and inducible NOS mRNA expression compared with control cells. Increasing the medium L-Arg concentration resulted in increased nitrite and urea production in both the control and the L-T-treated BPAECs. L-T treatment resulted in measurable CAT-2 mRNA. L-T increased L-[(3)H]Arg uptake (5.78 +/- 0.41 pmol vs. 4.45 +/- 0.10 pmol for control; P < 0.05). In summary, L-T treatment increased L-Arg metabolism to both NO and urea in BPAECs and resulted in increased levels of CAT-2 mRNA. This suggests that induction of NOS and/or AR is linked to induction of CAT-2 in BPAECs and may represent a mechanism for maintaining L-Arg availability to NOS and/or AR. (+info)

Two-way arginine transport in human endothelial cells: TNF-alpha stimulation is restricted to system y(+). (2/44)

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells transport arginine through two Na(+)-independent systems. System y(+)L is insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), inhibited by L-leucine in the presence of Na(+), and referable to the expression of SLC7A6/y(+)LAT2, SLC7A7/y(+)LAT1, and SLC3A2/4F2hc. System y(+) is referable to the expression of SLC7A1/CAT1 and SLC7A2/CAT2B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide induce a transient stimulation of arginine influx and efflux through system y(+). Increased expression of SLC7A2/CAT2B is detectable from 3 h of treatment, while SLC7A1 expression is inhibited at later times of incubation. System y(+)L activity and expression remain unaltered. Nitric oxide synthase type 2 mRNA is not detected in the absence or presence of TNF-alpha, while the latter condition lowers nitric oxide synthase type 3 expression at the mRNA and the protein level. Nitrite accumulation is comparable in cytokine-treated and control cells up to 48 h of treatment. It is concluded that modulation of endothelial arginine transport by TNF-alpha or lipopolysaccharide occurs exclusively through changes in CAT2B and CAT1 expression and is dissociated from stimulation of nitric oxide production. (+info)

Garlic attenuates nitric oxide production in rat cardiac myocytes through inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the arginine transporter CAT-2 (cationic amino acid transporter-2). (3/44)

It is now accepted that allicin, the main biologically active compound in garlic, exhibits antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant activity of garlic can be partially attributed to the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by cytokine-induced NO synthase (iNOS). Cardiac myocytes cultured from neonatal Wistar rats were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and incubated for 24 h with various concentrations of allicin. This resulted in marked inhibition of nitrite production. Interestingly, a low concentration of allicin (10 microM) was significantly more potent in abrogating the effect of LPS on nitrite production than a higher concentration (40 microM). Allicin decreased steady-state iNOS mRNA levels, and this effect was maximal when a lower concentration was used (10 microM compared with 40 microM). In order to explore additional effects of allicin on NO generation that might counteract the effect on iNOS, we assessed the effects of higher allicin concentrations on arginine transport. Allicin inhibited the uptake of 1 mM extracellular arginine in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of the two arginine transporters that are expressed in cardiac myocytes [CAT-1 (cationic amino acid transporter-1) and CAT-2] was studied using reverse transcription-PCR. A concentration of 200 microM allicin abolished the expression of CAT-2 mRNA, 100 microM significantly attenuated it, whereas 50 microM had no effect. Allicin had no effect on steady-state CAT-1 mRNA levels. Our results suggest that allicin inhibits iNOS activity through two different mechanisms: at lower concentrations it decreases iNOS mRNA levels, whereas at higher concentrations it inhibits arginine transport through down-regulation of CAT-2 mRNA. (+info)

Intrauterine growth retardation is associated with reduced activity and expression of the cationic amino acid transport systems y+/hCAT-1 and y+/hCAT-2B and lower activity of nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (4/44)

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with vascular complications leading to hypoxia and abnormal fetal development. The effect of IUGR on L-arginine transport and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was investigated in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). IUGR was associated with membrane depolarization and reduced L-arginine transport (V(max)= 5.8+/-0.2 versus 3.3+/-0.1 pmol/microg protein per minute), with no significant changes in transport affinity (K(m)=159+/-15 versus 137+/-14 micromol/L). L-Arginine transport was trans-stimulated (8- to 9-fold) in cells from normal and IUGR pregnancies. IUGR was associated with reduced production of L-[3H]citrulline from L-[3H] arginine, lower nitrite and intracellular L-arginine, L-citrulline, and cGMP. IUGR decreased hCAT-1 and hCAT-2B mRNA, and increased eNOS mRNA and protein levels. IUGR-associated inhibition of L-arginine transport and NO synthesis, and membrane depolarization were reversed by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-L,D-penicillamine. In summary, endothelium from fetuses with IUGR exhibit altered L-arginine transport and NO synthesis (L-arginine/NO pathway), reduced expression and activity of hCAT-1 and hCAT-2B and reduced eNOS activity. Alterations in L-arginine/NO pathway could be critical for the physiological processes involved in the etiology of IUGR in human pregnancies. (+info)

L-Arginine transport is augmented through up-regulation of tubular CAT-2 mRNA in ischemic acute renal failure in rats. (5/44)

BACKGROUND: Ischemic acute renal failure (iARF) is associated with increased nitric oxide (NO) production during the reperfusion period, as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is maximally activated, and renal tubular inducible NOS (iNOS) is stimulated. Increased NO production leads to augmented tubular injury, probably through the formation of peroxynitrite. l-Arginine (l-Arg), the only precursor for NO, is transported into cells by cationic amino acid transporters, CAT-1 and CAT-2. We hypothesized that the increased NO production observed in iARF may result from increased l-Arg uptake, which would be reflected in the augmented expression of l-Arg transporter(s). METHODS: Ischemic acute renal failure was induced in rats by right nephrectomy + left renal artery clamping for 60 minutes. l-Arg uptake was examined in freshly harvested glomeruli and tubuli from control, sham operated, and animals subjected to 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and 24 hours of reperfusion, following 60 minutes of ischemia. Using RT-PCR, renal tissues were examined further for the expression of iNOS, CAT-1, CAT-2, arginase I and arginase II. RESULTS: Tubular expression of iNOS mRNA was initiated by ischemia, continued to increase after 60 minutes of reperfusion, and decreased after 24 hours. l-Arg transport into glomeruli was similar in all experimental groups. l-Arg uptake into tubuli was markedly augmented following the 60-minute reperfusion, while it moderately increased after 24 hours of reperfusion. This was accompanied by a parallel, preferential increase in tubular CAT-2 mRNA expression at 60 minutes of reperfusion. CAT-1 mRNA expression was unchanged, as detected by RT-PCR. In addition, the expression of arginase II and arginase I mRNA was attenuated by 30 minutes and one hour of reperfusion, and returned to baseline values after 24 hours of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic ARF is associated with augmented tubular CAT-2 mRNA expression, which leads to enhanced l-Arg transport and increased NO production. This may contribute to the renal injury exhibited in iARF. (+info)

Regulation of the S100B gene by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes. (6/44)

We previously reported that S100B, a 20-kDa Ca(2+)-binding homodimer, inhibited the postinfarct myocardial hypertrophic response mediated by alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulation through the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. In the present study, we examined whether the same pathway induced the S100B gene, supporting the hypothesis that S100B is a feedback negative regulator of this pathway. We transfected cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes with a luciferase reporter gene driven by the maximal human S100B promoter and progressively shorter segments of this promoter sequentially deleted from the 5' end. We identified a basic promoter essential for transcription spanning 162 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site and positive (at -782/-162 and -6,689/-4,463) and negative (at -4,463/-782) myocyte-selective regulatory elements. We showed that the basic and maximal S100B promoters were activated specifically by alpha(1)-adrenergic agonists through the alpha(1A)-adrenergic receptor, but not by any other trophic hormonal stimuli. The activation of the S100B promoter was mediated through the PKC signaling pathway. Transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) and related to TEF-1 (RTEF-1) influenced transcription from the maximal, but not the basic, promoter implicating active MCAT elements upstream from the basic promoter. Acting in opposing fashions, TEF-1 transrepressed the S100B promoter and RTEF-1 transactivated the promoter. Our results suggest that alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulation induces the S100B gene after myocardial infarction through the PKC signaling pathway and that this induction is modulated by TEF-1 and RTEF-1. (+info)

Hypothermia attenuates iNOS, CAT-1, CAT-2, and nitric oxide expression in lungs of endotoxemic rats. (7/44)

Endotoxemia stimulates endogenous nitric oxide formation, induces transcription of arginine transporters, and causes lung injury. Hypothermia inhibits nitric oxide formation and is used as a means of organ preservation. We hypothesized that hypothermia inhibits endotoxin-induced intrapulmonary nitric oxide formation and that this inhibition is associated with attenuated transcription of enzymes that regulate nitric oxide formation, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cationic amino acid transporters 1 (CAT-1) and 2 (CAT-2). Rats were anesthetized and randomized to treatment with hypothermia (18-24 degrees C) or normothermia (36-38 degrees C). Endotoxin was administered intravascularly. Concentrations of iNOS, CAT-1, CAT-2 mRNA, iNOS protein, and nitrosylated proteins were measured in lung tissue homogenates. We found that hypothermia abrogated the endotoxin-induced increase in exhaled nitric oxide and lung tissue nitrotyrosine concentrations. Western blot analyses revealed that hypothermia inhibited iNOS, but not endothelial nitric oxide synthase, protein expression in lung tissues. CAT-1, CAT-2, and iNOS mRNA concentrations were lower in the lungs of hypothermic animals. These findings suggest that hypothermia protects against intrapulmonary nitric oxide overproduction and nitric oxide-mediated lung injury by inhibiting transcription of iNOS, CAT-1, and CAT-2. (+info)

Differential regulation of glomerular arginine transporters (CAT-1 and CAT-2) in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. (8/44)

The decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that is characteristic of sepsis has been shown to result from inhibition of glomerular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by nitric oxide (NO) generated from the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS). Although l-arginine is the sole precursor for NO biosynthesis, its intracellular availability in glomeruli from septic animals has never been investigated. Arginine uptake was measured in freshly harvested glomeruli from the following experimental groups: 1) untreated rats; 2) rats pretreated with LPS (4 mg/kg body wt, 4 h before experiments); 3) rats treated with LPS as above with either l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine hydrochloride (l-NIL), a selective iNOS antagonist, or 7-nitroindazole, a selective neuronal NOS antagonist; and 4) rats treated with l-NIL only. Both glomeular and mesangial arginine transport characteristics were found compatible with a y(+) system. Arginine uptake was augmented in glomeruli from LPS-treated rats. Treatment with l-NIL completely abolished this effect whereas l-NIL alone had no effect. Similar results were obtained when primary cultures of rat mesangial cells were preincubated with LPS (10 microg/ml for 24 h) with or without l-NIL. Using RT-PCR, we found that in vivo administration of LPS resulted in a significant increase in glomerular cationic amino acid transporter-2 (CAT-2) mRNA expression whereas CAT-1 mRNA was undetected. Northern blotting further confirmed a significant increase in glomerular CAT-2 by LPS. In mesangial cells, the expression of both CAT-1 and CAT-2 mRNA was augmented after incubation with LPS. In conclusion, in vivo administration of LPS augments glomerular arginine transport through upregulation of steady-state CAT-2 mRNA while downregulating CAT-1 mRNA. These results may correspond to the changes in glomerular iNOS and eNOS activity in sepsis. (+info)

Cystinuria is caused by mutations in the SLC7A9 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the transport of cystine across the brush border membrane of renal tubular cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that affected individuals must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop symptoms.

There is no cure for cystinuria, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. These may include medications to reduce the acidity of the urine and prevent infection, as well as surgical procedures to remove stones or repair damaged kidneys. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It's important for individuals with cystinuria to drink plenty of water and maintain good hydration to help flush out the urinary tract and prevent stone formation. They should also avoid certain foods that may increase the risk of stone formation, such as oxalate-rich foods like spinach and rhubarb.

Overall, while there is no cure for cystinuria, with proper management and care, individuals with this disorder can lead relatively normal lives and minimize the complications associated with it.

There are two forms of cystinosis: neonatal and adult. Neonatal cystinosis is present at birth and can cause a range of symptoms including failure to gain weight, diarrhea, and difficulty feeding. Adult cystinosis typically develops in adulthood and may cause symptoms such as kidney damage, blindness, and skin rashes.

Cystinosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment for the disorder typically involves managing the symptoms and preventing complications. For neonatal cystinosis, this may involve feeding tubes and medication to help the baby gain weight. For adult cystinosis, treatment may include medication to lower cystine levels in the body and manage any associated complications such as kidney damage or blindness.

In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended to treat cystinosis. This involves replacing the affected cells with healthy ones from a donor. The procedure is typically performed in children with neonatal cystinosis and can help improve their quality of life and prevent complications.

Overall, cystinosis is a rare and debilitating genetic disorder that affects the kidneys and eyes. While there is currently no cure for the disorder, treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. With proper management and care, individuals with cystinosis can lead fulfilling lives.

The hallmark symptom of RA is an inability to reabsorb these amino acids, leading to their excessive excretion in the urine. This can cause a range of health problems, including:

1. Cystinuria: excessive excretion of cystine in the urine, which can form stones and damage the kidneys.
2. Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1): excessive excretion of glutaric acid and other branched-chain amino acids in the urine, which can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures.
3. Aminoaciduria: excessive excretion of various amino acids in the urine, including alanine, glycine, and proline.
4. Kidney damage: chronic exposure to high levels of certain amino acids in the urine can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease and potentially end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
5. Other complications: RA can also lead to other health problems, such as electrolyte imbalances, bone disease, and metabolic acidosis.

RA is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary restrictions, medications, and kidney transplantation in severe cases.

Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and other nutrients. It is caused by a mutation in the HCN1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the transport of cobalamin into the cells.

Symptoms of Hartnup Disease:

The symptoms of Hartnup disease can vary in severity and may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness
* Headaches
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Seizures
* Poor appetite
* Diarrhea

Complications of Hartnup Disease:

If left untreated, Hartnup disease can lead to complications such as:

* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
* Nerve damage
* Skin problems
* Eye problems
* Hearing loss
* Increased risk of infections

Treatment of Hartnup Disease:

The treatment of Hartnup disease typically involves a combination of dietary changes and supplements. Patients with the condition may need to follow a strict diet that includes foods high in vitamin B12, such as meat, fish, and dairy products. They may also need to take supplements to ensure they are getting enough of this important nutrient. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Prognosis of Hartnup Disease:

The prognosis for Hartnup disease is generally good if the condition is diagnosed and treated early. With proper management, most patients with Hartnup disease can lead active and healthy lives. However, if left untreated, the condition can have serious complications that can be difficult to reverse.

Inheritance Pattern of Hartnup Disease:

Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated HCN1 gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the condition. If a person inherits only one copy of the mutated gene, they will be a carrier of the condition but are unlikely to develop symptoms themselves. Carriers of Hartnup disease can pass the mutated gene on to their children, who have a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the gene and developing the condition.

Prevention of Hartnup Disease:

There is no known prevention for Hartnup disease. However, if a person knows they are a carrier of the condition, they can work with their healthcare provider to ensure they are getting enough vitamin B12 and monitoring their diet to prevent any complications.

In conclusion, Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary changes and supplements, and early diagnosis and management can lead to a good prognosis. However, if left untreated, the condition can have serious complications. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms of Hartnup disease, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including:

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): This is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. If phenylalanine is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and brain and cause serious health problems.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
3. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
4. Arginase deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. Arginine is important for the body's production of nitric oxide, a compound that helps to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
5. Citrullinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
6. Tyrosinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
8. PKU (phenylketonuria): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
9. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
10. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.

It is important to note that these disorders are rare and affect a small percentage of the population. However, they can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Also known as: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase deficiency, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA synthetase deficiency, and amino acid transporter defects.

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A2 gene. SLC7A2+protein,+human at the US ... 1997). "Human cationic amino acid transporters hCAT-1, hCAT-2A, and hCAT-2B: three related carriers with distinct transport ... Hammermann R, Brunn G, Racké K (2002). "Analysis of the genomic organization of the human cationic amino acid transporters CAT- ... Schnorr O, Suschek CV, Kolb-Bachofen V (2003). "The importance of cationic amino acid transporter expression in human skin". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_2

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A4 gene. SLC7A4+protein,+human at the US ... Hammermann R, Brunn G, Racke K (Oct 2001). "Analysis of the genomic organization of the human cationic amino acid transporters ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A4 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 4". Muñoz L, Lasa A, ... "The gene encoding a cationic amino acid transporter (SLC7A4) maps to the region deleted in the velocardiofacial syndrome". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_4

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A3 gene. SLC7A3 is a member of the system ... Vekony N, Wolf S, Boissel JP, Gnauert K, Closs EI (Oct 2001). "Human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-3 is preferentially ... Ito K, Groudine M (1997). "A new member of the cationic amino acid transporter family is preferentially expressed in adult ... 1999). "Neuron-specific expression of cationic amino acid transporter 3 in the adult rat brain". Brain Res. 838 (1-2): 158-65. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_3

... cationic amino acid transporter". Pfeiffer R, Rossier G, Spindler B, Meier C, Kühn L, Verrey F (January 1999). "Amino acid ... L amino acid transporter-1) that associates with 4F2hc to encode the amino acid transport activity y+L. A candidate gene for ... also known as cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A6 gene. ... Bröer A, Wagner CA, Lang F, Bröer S (August 2000). "The heterodimeric amino acid transporter 4F2hc/y+LAT2 mediates arginine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y L_amino_acid_transporter_2

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A1 gene. Solute carrier ... Hammermann R, Brunn G, Racké K (2002). "Analysis of the genomic organization of the human cationic amino acid transporters CAT- ... Schnorr O, Suschek CV, Kolb-Bachofen V (June 2003). "The importance of cationic amino acid transporter expression in human skin ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A1 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 1". Yoshimoto T, Yoshimoto E, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_affinity_cationic_amino_acid_transporter_1

"Entrez Gene: SLC7A8 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 8". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994 ... an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids". J Biol Chem. 274 ... Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A8 gene. Heterodimeric ... 2000). "LAT2, a new basolateral 4F2hc/CD98-associated amino acid transporter of kidney and intestine". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (49 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_neutral_amino_acids_transporter_small_subunit_2

... is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1". RNA Biol. 1 (2): 106- ... 25 (2): 201-203. Bibcode:1999CG.....25..201B. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00117-4. ISSN 0098-3004. Corbi N, Bruno T, De Angelis R ... 87 (2): 127-34. doi:10.2340/00015555-0184. PMID 17340018. Elomaa O, Majuri I, Suomela S, Asumalahti K, Jiao H, Mirzaei Z, ... 5 (2): e9355. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9355Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009355. PMC 2826396. PMID 20186319. Corbi N, Batassa EM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCHCR1

... is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1". RNA Biology. 1 (2): ... miR-122 is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been implicated as a regulator of fatty-acid metabolism in mouse studies ... This change is noted before increased amino-transferase activity, making it an early indicator of liver disease and ... As of 2017, Santaris Pharma was developing miravirsen, a locked nucleic acid-based antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits miR- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-122

Currents of Opposite Polarity Evoked by Neutral and Cationic Amino Acids in Neutral and Basic Amino Acid Transporter cRNA- ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ... "Effects of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid ... dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1". Pras E ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

"Entrez Gene: solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter". "UniProt". www.uniprot.org. Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Imai H ... Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1, also known as 4F2 light chain, or CD98 light chain is a protein that in ... 2009). "L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas". J Surg ... 2009). "L-type amino-acid transporter 1 as a novel biomarker for high-grade malignancy in prostate cancer". Pathol. Int. 59 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_neutral_amino_acids_transporter_small_subunit_1

... heavy subunits of heteromeric amino acid transporters (6) Bacterial Leucine Transporter (LeuT) (7) cationic amino acid ... Solute carrier family Amino acid transport Amino acid transport, acidic Amino acid transport, basic Amino acid transport ... proton-coupled amino acid transporter (38) System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter Vesicular inhibitory ... An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_transporter

... cationic amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.600.300 - cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.157.530 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500.750 - excitatory amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 3 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.249.500.500.937 - excitatory amino acid transporter 4 MeSH D12.776 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.157.530.450.625.147.750 - excitatory amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.157)

... cationic amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.374.600.300 - cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.543.585 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500.750 - excitatory amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 3 MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.249.500.500.937 - excitatory amino acid transporter 4 MeSH D12.776 ... excitatory amino acid transporter 1 MeSH D12.776.543.585.450.625.147.750 - excitatory amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.543)

... cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated cationic amino acid transporters (SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4) ... copper transporter (SLC31A1, SLC31A2) vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (SLC32A1) Acetyl-CoA transporter (SLC33A1) ... NPC-type cholesterol transporters (NPC1(SLC65A1), NPC1L1(SLC65A2)) Cationic amino acid exporters (SLC66A1, SLC66A2, SLC66A3, ... Ammonia transporter (RHAG(SLC42A1), RHBG(SLC42A2), RHCG(SLC42A3)) Na+-independent, system-L like amino acid transporter ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute_carrier_family

... dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0+)". J Biol Chem. 274 (34): 23740-5. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.34.23740. ... dependent neurotransmitter transporter family and transports both neutral and cationic amino acids in an Na+- and Cl−-dependent ... "Polymorphisms in the amino acid transporter solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter) member 14 gene contribute to ... Sloan JL, Grubb BR, Mager S (2003). "Expression of the amino acid transporter ATB 0+ in lung: possible role in luminal protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC6A14

3.A.1.3 Polar Amino Acid Uptake Transporter (PAAT) 3.A.1.4 Hydrophobic Amino Acid Uptake Transporter (HAAT) 3.A.1.5 Peptide/ ... Pgp is known to transport organic cationic or neutral compounds. A few ABCC family members, also known as MRP, have also been ... Opine/Nickel Uptake Transporter (PepT) 3.A.1.6 Sulfate/Tungstate Uptake Transporter (SulT) 3.A.1.7 Phosphate Uptake Transporter ... Plant ABCB transporters have shown to transport the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid ( IAA), also known as auxin, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter

The Cationic Amino Acid Transporter (CAT) Family 2.A.3.4: The Amino Acid/Choline Transporter (ACT) Family 2.A.3.5: The ... "The amino acid/polyamine/organocation (APC) superfamily of transporters specific for amino acids, polyamines and organocations ... are amino acid receptors rather than transporters and are truncated at their C-termini, relative to the transporters, having 10 ... Schweikhard ES, Ziegler CM (2012). Amino acid secondary transporters: toward a common transport mechanism. Current Topics in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC_Family

"Entrez Gene: SLC7A7 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 7". Pfeiffer, R; Rossier G; ... L amino acid transporter-1) that associates with 4F2hc to encode the amino acid transport activity y+L. A candidate gene for ... 1999). "Amino acid transport of y+L-type by heterodimers of 4F2hc/CD98 and members of the glycoprotein-associated amino acid ... Y+L amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A7 gene. SLC7A7 has been shown to interact with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y L_amino_acid_transporter_1

The attachment of the amino acid lysine slows down the relative amount of dextroamphetamine available to the blood stream. ... VMAT2 is the CNS vesicular transporter for not only the biogenic amines DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT, and HIS, but likely also for the ... Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is absorbed. ... Chemically, lisdexamfetamine is composed of the amino acid L-lysine, attached to dextroamphetamine. Lisdexamfetamine was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

... charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or ... This feature requires the orientation of cationic -hydrophilic on one side, and hydrophobic residues on the other side of the ... CPPs found applications as transporters of contrast agents across plasma membranes. These contrast agents are able to label the ... CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-penetrating_peptide

M3). A cationic amino acid at position 2 is largely responsible for the inhibiting effect of S107. The ratio of S105 to S107 ... Portal: Biology As of 10 March 2016, this article is derived in whole or in part from Transporter Classification Database (TCDB ... Members of this family generally consist of the characteristic three transmembrane segments (TMSs) and are of 110 amino acyl ... A representative list of members belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Lambda holin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_holin_family

Hong W, Wu Z, Fang Z, Huang J, Huang H, Hong M (December 2015). "Amino Acid Residues in the Putative Transmembrane Domain 11 of ... as well as neutral and even cationic compounds. They also transport an extremely diverse range of drug compounds, ranging from ... Along with the organic cation transporters and the ATP-binding cassette transporters, the OATPs play an important role in the ... These transporters have been characterized in mammals, but homologues are present in Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_anion_transporter_family

Zhang L, Lee HK, Pruess TH, White HS, Bulaj G (March 2009). "Synthesis and applications of polyamine amino acid residues: ... In their cationic ammonium form, they bind to DNA, and, in structure, they represent compounds with cations that are found at ... molecular requirements for the selective delivery of polyamine conjugates into cells containing active polyamine transporters ... A polyamine is an organic compound having more than two amino groups. Alkyl polyamines occur naturally, but some are synthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine

SLC1A1 is excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), a glutamate transporter located in neurons, SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal ... Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is absorbed. ... Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 5: Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). ... The human serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter do not contain zinc binding sites. 4-Hydroxyamphetamine has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine

PG-1 contains 18 amino acids and is ordered into an anti-parallel β-strand by two disulfide bridges. A fully synthetic cyclic ... It is a synthetic cyclic beta hairpin peptidomimetic based on the cationic antimicrobial peptide protegrin I (PG-1) and the ... highly active and selective against the protein transporter LptD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In preclinical studies the compound ... "Macrocyclic hairpin mimetics of the cationic antimicrobial peptide protegrin I: a new family of broad‐spectrum antibiotics". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murepavadin

... is a chemical substance which is naturally created from the amino acid arginine. Agmatine has been shown to exert ... Including: ATP-sensitive K+ channels, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Membrane transporters ... Due to its ability to pass through open cationic channels, agmatine has also been used as a surrogate metric of integrated ... Amino Acids. 26 (4): 321-9. doi:10.1007/s00726-004-0078-4. PMID 15290337. S2CID 23116711. Pinthong, D.; Wright, I. K.; Hanmer, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine

... of amino acid residues belong to niches bound to a δ+ group, while another 7% have the conformation but no single cationic ... A Sodium ion bound in similar ways at the domain interface is seen in several other Na+-coupled transporters. The Hsp70 ... In the area of protein structural motifs, niches are three or four amino acid residue features in which main-chain CO groups ... Torrance, GM; Leader DP (2009). "A Novel Main Chain Motif in Proteins Bridged by Cationic Groups: The Niche". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(protein_structural_motif)

Their amino acid composition, amphipathicity, cationic charge and size allow them to attach to and insert into membrane ... ATP-binding cassette transporters import antimicrobial peptides and the resistance-nodulation cell-division efflux pump exports ... It contains hydrophilic amino acid residues aligned along one side and hydrophobic amino acid residues aligned along the ... Other mechanisms like the introduction of D-amino acids and fluorinated amino acids in the hydrophobic phase are believed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides

... histatins mainly possess a cationic (positive) charge due to the primary structure consisting mostly of basic amino acids. An ... They also inhibit the growth of yeast, by binding to the potassium transporter and facilitating in the loss of azole-resistant ... The three major histatins are 1, 3, and 5, which contains 38, 32, and 24 amino acids, respectively. Histatin 2 is a degradation ... amino acid that is crucial to histatin's function is histidine. Studies show that the removal of histidine (especially in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histatin

... 1 is composed of 48 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 5221.2 Da. It has significant amino acid sequence ... Transporter Classification Database Oxyopinin 4a at OPM database Profile at COPE UniProt database MyBioSource Information at ... They are the largest linear cationic amphipathic peptides detected in the venom of any spider. They are structurally α-helical ... It is composed of 77 amino acid residues, and has molecular mass of 9,205 Da. It contains a single disulfide bond, Cys4-Cys10, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyopinin

... the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a ... However, the cationic mechanism requires that endoperoxide formation comes before the removal of the 13-pro (S )-hydrogen. This ... p53 and glucose transporter-1 as predictors of malignancy in the development of gallbladder carcinomas". Bosn J Basic Med Sci. ... Arachidonic acid can bind to E-cat and E-allo, but the affinity of AA for E-allo is 25 times that for Ecat. Palmitic acid, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 5: Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). ... The human serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter do not contain zinc binding sites. 4-Hydroxyamphetamine has been ... Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is absorbed. ... Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors, Nootropics, Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, Phenethylamines, Stimulants, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextroamphetamine

... aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine, and these phosphorylated amino acids have recently been identified to be present in ... ATP-binding cassette transporter Arginine phosphorylation by McsB kinase marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease. The ... These anionic residues can interact with cationic residues such as lysine and arginine to form salt bridges, stable non- ... Phosphorylation of the amino acid Ser129 in the α-Synuclein protein has a profound effect on the severity of the disease. There ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

Mutations occur at highly conserved amino acid residues presumed to be located in the cytosolic portion of the protein. The PPi ... These transporters may function together with auxiliary proteins that allow passage across just the cytoplasmic membrane or ... a cationic drug efflux pump in A. thaliana (i.e., AtDTX1 aka AT2G04040; TC# 2.A.66.1.8) and the functionally uncharacterized ... The protein members of the PST family are generally of 400-500 amino acyl residues in length and traverse the membrane as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOP_flippase

... which are lined with positively charged amino acid residues, allowing for binding interactions with siderophores.[citation ... Scn can also bind non-ferric complexes and has been identified as a potential transporter for heavy actinide ions. Scn crystal ... a ligand-binding domain that is lined with polar cationic groups. Central to the siderophore/siderocalin recognition mechanism ... The fatty acid tails of carboxymycobactin reside in a 'tail-in' or 'tail-out' conformation within pocket 2. The 'tail-in' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderocalin

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, or quisqualate receptor) is a ... The receptors are subdivided with respect to the type of ion that they conduct (anionic or cationic) and further into families ... Transmembrane transporters, Transport proteins, Integral membrane proteins). ... Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 5: Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

It was further found, however, that amino acid changes within subunit a could also lower V-ATPase-Bafilomycin interaction, ... Pretreating cells with bafilomycin before administration of a cationic drug can alter the kinetics of the cationic compound. In ... transporters. These transporters are identified as good anti-fungal targets as they render organisms unable to cope with cation ... This process is critical in maintaining the cell's store of amino acids and other nutrients during times of nutrient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafilomycin

CAT-2A Transporter CAT-2B Transporter Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2A Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B SLC7A2 Protein ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B Narrower Concept UI. M0379738. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2A Narrower Concept UI. M0379737. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2A ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 [D12.776.157.530.937.375.200] * Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 [D12.776.157.530.937.375. ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D027202

... cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), which normally inhibits NO production. This was confirmed by chromatin ... Further, Runx1t1 and HDACs were shown to promote neurotoxic effect of microglia by repressing expression of LAT2, L-aminoacid ... Nimmi Baby 1 , Yali Li 1 , Eng-Ang Ling 1 , Jia Lu 2 , S Thameem Dheen 1 ... 2 Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24586690/

7. Transport of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) by cationic amino acid transporter 2 (CAT2), organic cation transporter 2 ( ... 9. Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2), a low-affinity and high-capacity choline transporter, is preferentially enriched on ... 3. Organic Cation Transporter 2 Overexpression May Confer an Increased Risk of Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.. Gai Z; ... 4. Drug-drug interaction between crizotinib and entecavir via renal secretory transporter OCT2.. Shu W; Ma L; Hu X; Zhang M; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=29794161&mod=related&page=1&from=&outid=&proj=

... which shares a common cationic amino acid transporter with L-Arg. At concentration of 200 uM, the Arg-containing peptides were ... of these peptides by AMs may be mediated through an active peptide transport system similar to that of the pepT1 transporter. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=nitric+acid&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&D1=10&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&PageNo=5&RecNo=46&View=f&

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.375.200 D12.776.543.585.937.375.200 Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 ... Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.250.500.500 D12.776.543.585.937.250.500.500 Excitatory Amino Acid ... Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 D12.776.157.530.937.250.500.875 D12.776.543.585.937.250.500.875 Excitatory Amino Acid ... Amino Acid Transport System y+ D12.776.157.530.937.375 D12.776.543.585.937.375 Amino Acid Transport System y+L D12.776.157.530. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

CAT-2A Transporter. CAT-2B Transporter. Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2A. Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B. SLC7A2 Protein ... A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1. The ... A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1. The ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 - Preferred Concept UI. M0199992. Scope note. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36156

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D027202

6 in the publication: Coordinated Action of Multiple Transporters in the Acquisition of Essential Cationic Amino Acids by the ... we demonstrate that TgApiAT6-1 is a general cationic amino acid transporter that mediates both the high-affinity uptake of ... We previously identified a large family of apicomplexan-specific plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters, the ApiATs ... Here we provide an LC-MS data set of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the TgApiAT6-1 transporter in the presence of Arg or Lys ...

https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/893nsf2bnc

The protein encoded by this gene is a cationic amino acid transporter and a member of the APC (amino acid-polyamine- ... Isoform 1 functions as permease that mediates the transport of the cationic amino acids (arginine, lysine and ornithine), and ... high capacity permease involved in the transport of the cationic amino acids (arginine, lysine and ornithine) (PubMed:9174363 ... organocation) family of transporters. The encoded membrane protein is responsible for the cellular uptake of arginine, lysine ...

https://pharos.ncats.nih.gov/targets/SLC7A2

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/SLC7A2

AT1G58030 cationic amino acid transporter 2 (CAT2); FUNCTIONS IN: amino acid transmembrane transporter acti.... whole plant:: ... AT2G18710 SECY homolog 1 (SCY1); FUNCTIONS IN: P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven protein transmembrane transporter.... whole plant:: ... AT4G08980 F-BOX WITH WD-40 2 (FBW2); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: RNI-like superfamily prote.... whole plant:: ... AT4G21110 G10 family protein; INVOLVED IN: biological_process unknown; LOCATED IN: nucleus; EXPRESSED IN: 2.... seed::increased ...

http://rarge-v2.psc.riken.jp/trait/search?q=po:0000014+pato:0001272

Molecular Cloning, Segmental Distribution and Ontogenetic Regulation of Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 in Pigs Shi-geng Zou ... Effect of Garlic Oil on Fatty Acid Accumulation and Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Differentiating Adipocytes M ... Differential Action of trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Adipocyte Differentiation of Ovine and 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes ... Impact Factor: 2.694(Q2). SJR: 0.665. (Q1 in Animal Sci. / Food Sci / Vet Sci). Print ISSN: 2765-0189. Online ISSN: 2765-0235. ...

https://www.animbiosci.org/articles/specialties.php?page=10&topic=H&sort=

... gene encodes a protein called cationic amino acid transporter 2, which mediates the transport of arginine, lysine and ornithine ... Presence of colonic polyps/cancer and related risk factors, current metformin and acetylsalicylic acid intake, disease duration ... 2000 IU vitamin D3 and 1 g marine n-3 fatty acid) or placebo. Patients were assigned to groups from November 2011 through March ... acetylsalicylic acid intake (P = 0.99), disease duration (P = 0.96), somatostatin analogues treatment (P = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=mh:P%C3%B3lipos+do+Colo/preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%26+controle

Cell signalling-mediating insulin increase of mRNA expression for cationic amino acid transporters-1 and -2 and membrane ...

https://portalciencia.ull.es/investigadores/205537/colaboracion/organizaciones/1079

SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 7 (CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER, y+ SYSTEM), MEMBER 9 ... amino acid transporter light chain, bo,+ system), member 9. *solute carrier family 7 (glycoprotein-associated amino acid ... which causes certain amino acids to become concentrated in the urine. Cystine is the only amino acid that forms crystals and ... amino acids) back into the blood. In particular, the amino acids cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine are absorbed back ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/slc7a9/

7.8 25202.92 12 8392944 cationic amino acid transporter 3 Slc7a3 619 Rattus norvegicus ... 12 28461151 neutral amino acid transporter B(0) Slc1a5 539 Rattus norvegicus ... GI numbers Protein Name Gene Symbol Amino Acid Number Species Sequence pI MW Tech 6978431 long-chain specific acyl-CoA ... 12 11693174 branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor Bcat2 393 Rattus norvegicus ...

https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/helixweb/Database/IMCD_Proteome/images/IMCD_Proteome.txt

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/2017/newterms/mnchg2017.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2017.txt

Mouse CAT1(Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1) ELISA Kit. *Mouse CCR6(Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6) ELISA Kit ... Mouse EAAT1(Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1) ELISA Kit. *Mouse EIF2aK3(Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Alpha ... "A single amino acid exchange alters the pharmacology of neonatal rat glycine receptor subunit."_x005F_x005F_x000D_Kuhse J., ... Human ABCC10(ATP Binding Cassette Transporter C10) ELISA Kit. *Human AMIGO1(Adhesion Molecule With Ig Like Domain Protein 1) ...

https://www.isogem.org/rat-glra2glycine-receptor-alpha-2-elisa-kit/

TransaminasesDipeptidesPeptide HydrolasesMembrane Transport ProteinsGlucoseCationic Amino Acid Transporter 1Amino Acid ... Amino AcidsSequence Homology, Amino AcidAmino Acid SequenceAmino Acid SubstitutionCloning, MolecularAmino Acids, EssentialAmino ... Amino acids ... glucogenic amino acid B. ketogenic amino acid C. ketogenic and glucogenic amino acid D. keto-gluco amino acid. ... Aliphatic amino acids5. *a) aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/amino-acids-basic

Mouse CAT1(Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1) ELISA Kit. *Mouse CRLF1(Cytokine Receptor Like Factor 1) ELISA Kit ... Mouse FFAR2(Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2) ELISA Kit. *Human COPRS(Coordinator Of PRMT5 And Differentiation Stimulator) ELISA Kit ... Hyaluronic Acid Modified Curcumin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Inhibit Chondrocyte Apoptosis to Attenuate Osteoarthritis via ... Rat ELOVL1(Elongation Of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids Like Protein 1) ELISA Kit ...

https://www.operatiebrp.nl/mouse-cacna1scalcium-channel-voltage-dependent-l-type-alpha-1s-subunit-elisa-kit/

solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 6. 8 330836 ... Total 2 UniGene clusters found.. UniGene Symbol Name Chr Cytoband LocusLink Mm.299604 Csda cold shock domain protein A. 6 6 F3 ...

https://cepko.med.harvard.edu/default.asp?r=1&stg=GGGATTGCCC

Hypomorphic variants of cationic amino acid transporter 3 in males with autism spectrum disorders. Amino acids 2015 Jul . Nava ... Hereditas 2017 154 2. Yuan Jianmin, Hu Jianlin, Li Zhiqiang, Zhang Fuquan, Zhou Dexiang, Jin Chunh ... Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 2023 2 16 1069375. Abumadini Mahdi S, Al Ghamdi Kholoud S, Alqahtani Abdullah H, Almedallah ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=16p11.2+Duplication&Mysubmit=Search&dbTypeChoice=Rare

... cationic amino acid transporter 3,gngm slc7a2,slc7a2,C1442752,atrc2,gngm slc7a1,slc7a1,C1442751,ecotropic retroviral receptor, ... gngm yl-type amino acid transporter 1,yl-type amino acid transporter 1,C1420226,ylat1,gngm serosa of isthmus of right uterine ... bsoj fatty acid-binding protein 7,fatty acid-binding protein 7,C1414516,fatty acid-binding protein 7,gngm fatty acid-binding ... gngm fatty acid-binding protein 4,fatty acid-binding protein 4,C1333527,fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte,gngm fatty acid- ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/CSpell/docs/designDoc/UDF/Dictionary/Sources/DinaData/umls_anatomy_merged.txt

C119688 P52569 Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 C26253 P11717 Cation-Independent Mannose-6 Phosphate Receptor C115009 Q969G5 ... L Amino Acid Transporter 1 C118994 Q92536 Y+L Amino Acid Transporter 2 C26288 O95619 YEATS Domain-Containing Protein 4 C98001 ... C105060 P43007 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter A C118927 Q15758 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter B(0) C94690 Q07837 Neutral and ... C34073 O75387 Large Neutral Amino Acids Transporter Small Subunit 3 C119000 Q8N370 Large Neutral Amino Acids Transporter Small ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/NCI_Thesaurus/Mappings/archive/NCIt-SwissProt_23.07e.txt

copper; copper metabolism, etc ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe; amino acid sequences; iron; ligands; microbiology; oxidoreductases ... 1. Cationic doping induced sulfur vacancy formation in polyionic sulfide for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption ... Iron is an essential trace metal ion required for all living organisms, and is taken up by iron transporters. Here, we ... tetracarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, and terephthalic acid. The ML-Cu₂O@ .... DOI:. 10.1016/j.foodchem. ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?q=%22copper%22&search_field=subject

A conserved positive charge in TM7: a key player in excitatory amino acid transporter dual function Delany Torres Department of ... France Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent cationic channels activated by extracellular protons expressed ... Mutating R388 to an acidic amino acid small (Ala) or large non-polar (Phe) amino-acid reduces both the uptake activity and the ... Diversity-oriented synthesis from amino acid-derived β-ketoesters: Finding new TRPV1 antagonists Paula Pérez-Faginas1, M. ...

http://2medicalcare.com/s/sici.umh.es1.html

https://www.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/CSpell/docs/designDoc/UDF/Dictionary/Sources/DinaData/umls_anatomy_merged.txt

The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, ... 6-30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular ... the 11 amino acid cationic domain of HIV-1 Tat protein (YGRKKRRQRRR) [5] and the 16 amino acid sequence from the third helix of ... Zhang, P.; Cheetham, A.G.; Lin, Y.-A.; Cui, H. Self-Assembled Tat Nanofibers as Effective Drug Carrier and Transporter. ACS ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/12/3/225/htm

7. Transport of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) by cationic amino acid transporter 2 (CAT2), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1). (nih.gov)
The protein encoded by this gene is a cationic amino acid transporter and a member of the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) family of transporters. (nih.gov)
FUNCTIONS IN: P-P-bond-hydrolysis-driven protein transmembrane transporter. (riken.jp)
This subunit joins with another protein subunit, produced from the SLC3A1 gene, to form a transporter protein complex. (medlineplus.gov)
During the process of urine formation in the kidneys, this protein complex absorbs particular protein building blocks (amino acids) back into the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
These changes lead to an abnormally functioning transporter protein complex, which causes certain amino acids to become concentrated in the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. (lookformedical.com)
If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. (lookformedical.com)
Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes. (lookformedical.com)
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), first identified ~25 years ago, are small, 6-30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular membranes in an intact, functional form. (mdpi.com)
In addition,the physical and chemical properties,protein interaction network and gene structure of MdVIT family were analyzed,the results showed that the main factors for VIT family amplification in apple were tandem duplication and segmental duplication,cationic co-transporters（XP_008372221.1 and XP_008383418.1）were mainly involved in the interaction of VIT proteins in apple. (ahs.ac.cn)

Using a combination of parasite assays and heterologous characterisation of TgApiAT6-1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we demonstrate that TgApiAT6-1 is a general cationic amino acid transporter that mediates both the high-affinity uptake of lysine and the low-affinity uptake of arginine. (mendeley.com)
TgApiAT6-1 is the primary lysine transporter in the disease-causing tachyzoite stage of T. gondii and is essential for parasite proliferation. (mendeley.com)
Isoform 1 functions as permease that mediates the transport of the cationic amino acids (arginine, lysine and ornithine), and it has much higher affinity for arginine than isoform 2. (nih.gov)
In particular, the amino acids cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine are absorbed back into the blood through this mechanism. (medlineplus.gov)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (lookformedical.com)
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. (lookformedical.com)
The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, liposomes, nanoparticles, and viral particles as well as radioisotopes and other fluorescent probes for imaging purposes. (mdpi.com)
Condensates separation from the surrounding CYTOPLASM or nucleoplasm or by the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids into droplets as they aggregate on static cellular structures such as CELL MEMBRANES. (nih.gov)

Schlessinger A, Khuri N, Giacomini KM, Sali A. Molecular modeling and ligand docking for solute carrier (SLC) transporters. (revistasad.com)

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1 . (nih.gov)
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. (lookformedical.com)

This gene encodes a member of a heteromeric, sodium-independent, anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. (huabio.com)

Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 2023 2 16 1069375. (cdc.gov)

Reyes N, Ginter C, Boudker O. Transport mechanism of a bacterial homologue of glutamate transporters. (revistasad.com)

The uptake of these peptides by AMs may be mediated through an active peptide transport system similar to that of the pepT1 transporter. (cdc.gov)

We previously identified a large family of apicomplexan-specific plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters, the ApiATs, and showed that the Toxoplasma gondii transporter TgApiAT1 functions in the selective uptake of arginine. (mendeley.com)
TgApiAT1 is essential for parasite virulence, but dispensable for parasite growth in medium containing high concentrations of arginine, indicating the presence of at least one other arginine transporter. (mendeley.com)
Here we identify TgApiAT6-1 as the second arginine transporter. (mendeley.com)

5. Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Regulates the Allosteric Binding of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium to Organic Cation Transporter 2 (SLC22A2). (nih.gov)

Melanogenesis begins with the conversion of amino acid, tyrosine to dopa and subsequently to dopaquinone in the presence of tyrosinase. (hindawi.com)

Identification and Expression Analysis of the Vacuolar Iron Transporter Gene Family in Apple[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(2): 205-218. (ahs.ac.cn)

Intracellular parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa are dependent on the scavenging of essential amino acids from their hosts. (mendeley.com)

Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Rat Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 (GLRA2) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids. (isogem.org)

6. Inhibitory Effect of Crizotinib on Creatinine Uptake by Renal Secretory Transporter OCT2. (nih.gov)
The uptake of Arg-Lys* and Beta-Ala-Lys* at concentration of 10 uM was blocked (70 - 80%) by Gly-Sar (200 uM) through competitive inhibition, but not by L-Lys, which shares a common cationic amino acid transporter with L-Arg. (cdc.gov)
This data set measures the change in intracellular oocyte metabolism over a time course of up to 54 hours, charting the uptake of Lys or Arg by the transporters in addition to fluctuations in endogenous oocyte metabolite levels. (mendeley.com)

1. Fluorocholine Transport Mediated by the Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2): Implication for Imaging of Kidney Tumors. (nih.gov)
3. Organic Cation Transporter 2 Overexpression May Confer an Increased Risk of Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. (nih.gov)
9. Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2), a low-affinity and high-capacity choline transporter, is preferentially enriched on synaptic vesicles in cholinergic neurons. (nih.gov)
10. Key role of organic cation transporter 2 for the nephrotoxicity effect of triptolide in rheumatoid arthritis. (nih.gov)
13. Functional characterization of the human organic cation transporter 2 variant p.270Ala>Ser. (nih.gov)
18. The role of cholesterol recognition (CARC/CRAC) mirror codes in the allosterism of the human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2). (nih.gov)
19. Structural determinants of inhibitor interaction with the human organic cation transporter OCT2 (SLC22A2). (nih.gov)
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)

Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Glycine Receptor Alpha 2 from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (isogem.org)

The primary antibody (HA600097) at 1/500 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at room temperature for 2 hours. (huabio.com)

Upon administration, C3-targeted complement inhibitor APL-2 selectively binds to C3 and blocks the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b by C3 convertase. (blogspot.com)

Antibodies against terest in cells of the vaccinated animal, but is the viral influenza proteins nucleoprotein unable to replicate in this species (1,2). (who.int)

In order to secure human food supply, it is therefore important to ensure the health of honey bees, which is continuously threatened by the overuse of insecticides such as neonicotinoid 2 in agriculture and also by various viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens as well as metazoan parasites 3 . (nature.com)

Further, Runx1t1 and HDACs were shown to promote neurotoxic effect of microglia by repressing expression of LAT2, L-aminoacid transporter-2 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), which normally inhibits NO production. (nih.gov)
So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)

Using tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and synthetic diastereomers, we identified the N-terminal amino group of the agmatinamic acid as the N -acetylation site. (nature.com)

The structural changes in activated CNFs were investigated using the following characterization techniques: N(2) adsorption isotherms at 77K, XRD, temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen, TEM, TPO and elemental composition. (nih.gov)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. (lookformedical.com)
Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. (revistasad.com)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. (lookformedical.com)
A primary requirement though is that it should not adversely affect the organism and its components [2, 3]. (nanomedicine-rj.com)

2. The failure of DAC to induce OCT2 expression and its remission by hemoglobin-based nanocarriers under hypoxia in renal cell carcinoma. (nih.gov)
The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of MdVIT1 and MdVIT2 in leaves of'M26'apple rootstock seedlings treated with 2 000 μmol · L -1 FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O for 24 h were 6.6 and 12 times higher than those of the control. (ahs.ac.cn)
After 6 h treatment with 2 000 μmol · L -1 FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O,the relative expression level of MdVIT4 showed in the stem was the highest,which was 237 times higher than that of the control. (ahs.ac.cn)

The results showed that the surface area increased by a factor of 3.3, 2.0 and 1.8 referred to the parent CNFs after the treatment with KOH, K(2)CO(3) and KHCO(3), respectively. (nih.gov)

Paenibacillus larvae , the causative agent of the devastating honey-bee disease American Foulbrood, produces the cationic polyketide-peptide hybrid paenilamicin that displays antibacterial and antifungal activity. (nature.com)

Here we provide an LC-MS data set of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the TgApiAT6-1 transporter in the presence of Arg or Lys and the TgApiAT1 transporter in the presence of Arg. (mendeley.com)
2. A compressed (zipped) folder containing individual raw data files numbered with the same sample ID as in the summary spreadsheet. (mendeley.com)

HA523 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in infants and children weighing 2 to 14 kg. (who.int)
The meeting will also highlight recent work on macrophage inflammation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and work from recently-funded NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS investigators. (nih.gov)

FUNCTIONS IN: amino acid transmembrane transporter acti. (riken.jp)

Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)

4. Drug-drug interaction between crizotinib and entecavir via renal secretory transporter OCT2. (nih.gov)
16. Epigenetic activation of the drug transporter OCT2 sensitizes renal cell carcinoma to oxaliplatin. (nih.gov)
What do drug transporters really do? (revistasad.com)

The effects of different activations conditions, including type of protector gas (He, Ar and N(2)) and helium flow rate on the properties of activated carbon nanofibers were studied. (nih.gov)

0.1% v/v formic acid) at a flow rate of 300 µl/min, followed by a linear gradient to 20% mobile phase B over 18 min. (mendeley.com)

Session 2. (2medicalcare.com)
So on Day 2, tomorrow, we'll have Session 4 looking at macrophage reservoirs and approaches to their elimination. (nih.gov)

Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015. (revistasad.com)
Management of type 2 diabetes: new and future developments in treatment. (revistasad.com)

Total 2 UniGene clusters found. (harvard.edu)

For each condition 12 oocytes were washed × 3 with 1 × ND96 solution (96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and incubated in the same buffer containing 1 mM Lys or Arg substrate for 48 hrs. (mendeley.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms4

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes14

Information Science3

Cytokine treatment increases arginine metabolism and uptake in bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. (1/44)

Two-way arginine transport in human endothelial cells: TNF-alpha stimulation is restricted to system y(+). (2/44)

Garlic attenuates nitric oxide production in rat cardiac myocytes through inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the arginine transporter CAT-2 (cationic amino acid transporter-2). (3/44)

Intrauterine growth retardation is associated with reduced activity and expression of the cationic amino acid transport systems y+/hCAT-1 and y+/hCAT-2B and lower activity of nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (4/44)

L-Arginine transport is augmented through up-regulation of tubular CAT-2 mRNA in ischemic acute renal failure in rats. (5/44)

Regulation of the S100B gene by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes. (6/44)

Hypothermia attenuates iNOS, CAT-1, CAT-2, and nitric oxide expression in lungs of endotoxemic rats. (7/44)

Differential regulation of glomerular arginine transporters (CAT-1 and CAT-2) in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. (8/44)

No images available that match "cationic amino acid transporter 2"

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Arginine

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

Amino Acid Transport System y+

Biological Transport

Amino Acids

Carrier Proteins

Arginase

Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

Antigens, CD98

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1

Receptors, Virus

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3

Amino Acid Transport System A

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 4

Amino Acids, Neutral

Lysine

Xenopus laevis

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Sequence

Membrane Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Diamino

Cations

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II

Amino Acid Transport System L

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 5

Ornithine

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cells, Cultured

Symporters

Nitric Oxide

Leucine

Membrane Glycoproteins

Oocytes

Membrane Transport Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Gene Expression Regulation

Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent

Organic Anion Transporters

Kinetics

Biological Transport, Active

Cystine

Sodium

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

DNA, Complementary

Cystinuria

Base Sequence

Macrophages

Substrate Specificity

Cell Line

Gene Expression

Ethylmaleimide

Cysteamine

Amino Acids, Cyclic

Amino Acids, Essential

Cystinosis

Cell Membrane

Amino Acid Substitution

Renal Aminoacidurias

Glutamic Acid

Glutamine

Putrescine

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters

Kidney

Hartnup Disease

Amino Acids, Aromatic