Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase
Dioxygenases
Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase
Oxygenases
Estrogens, Catechol
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase
Protocatechuate-3,4-Dioxygenase
Cysteine Dioxygenase
Tryptophan Oxygenase
Catechol O-Methyltransferase
Homogentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase
3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase
Pseudomonas
Biodegradation, Environmental
Pseudomonas putida
Hydroxybenzoates
Catechol Oxidase
Tryptophan
Benzoates
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Sphingomonas
Burkholderia
Substrate Specificity
Molecular Sequence Data
Benzoic Acid
Alcaligenes
Benzene
Adipates
Equilenin
Comamonas
Oxidation-Reduction
Acinetobacter
Brevibacterium
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Ralstonia
Amino Acid Sequence
Planococcus Bacteria
Iron
Hydroxylation
Cloning, Molecular
Parabens
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci
Ferredoxins
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid
gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase
Arthrobacter
Alkaptonuria
Xylenes
Ketoglutaric Acids
Salicylates
Escherichia coli
Intramolecular Lyases
Enzyme Induction
ortho-Aminobenzoates
Vanillic Acid
Biotransformation
Sulfanilic Acids
Base Sequence
Iron-Sulfur Proteins
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Naphthalenes
Hydroxyestrones
Quinolinic Acid
Spectrophotometry
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Delftia acidovorans
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Oxidoreductases
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Multigene Family
Burkholderia cepacia
Oxygen
Hydrolases
beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase
Oxygen Isotopes
Enzyme Reactivators
Tyrosinemias
Naphthols
Plasmids
Catalysis
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Stereoisomerism
Soil Microbiology
Trichloroethylene
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
Siderophores
Models, Molecular
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Quinones
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
Crystallography, X-Ray
Monophenol Monooxygenase
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Isomerases
Gallic Acid
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt
Pseudomonas mendocina
Soil Pollutants
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase
Interferon-gamma
Nonheme Iron Proteins
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Multienzyme Complexes
Models, Chemical
Sequence Alignment
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Binding Sites
Normetanephrine
Carboxy-Lyases
Comamonadaceae
Mutation
Word Origin: From the Greek "alkapton" meaning "darkening" and the suffix "-uria" indicating a condition characterized by excessive urine production.
There are three main types of tyrosinemia:
1. Tyrosinemia type I: This is the most severe form of the disorder, and it is caused by a complete deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). This enzyme is essential for breaking down tyrosine, and without it, tyrosine builds up in the blood and tissues, leading to severe symptoms.
2. Tyrosinemia type II: This form of the disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL). TAL is involved in the final step of tyrosine breakdown, and without it, tyrosine accumulates in the blood and tissues.
3. Tyrosinemia type III: This is a mild form of the disorder, and it is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). HPPD is involved in the breakdown of tyrosine, but it is not essential for survival.
Symptoms of tyrosinemia can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, but they may include:
* Skin and joint problems
* Eye problems
* Liver and kidney damage
* Increased risk of infections
* Delayed growth and development
* Cognitive impairment
Tyrosinemia is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the disorder typically involves a combination of dietary restrictions and medication. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
In summary, tyrosinemia is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. The disorders are caused by deficiencies of specific enzymes involved in tyrosine metabolism, and they can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for managing the disorder and preventing long-term health problems.
Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
Anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating)
Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase
Benzene 1,2-dioxygenase
Catechol dioxygenase
3-Methylcatechol
Catechase
Dioxygenase
Chloridazon-catechol dioxygenase
2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase
List of MeSH codes (D08)
Protocatechuic acid
Lactoylglutathione lyase
Ideonella sakaiensis
Tetrasodium tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)ruthenium(II)
Benzene
Catechin
Carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase
Lawrence Que Jr.
List of enzymes
Catechol
2-Hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Gillian Reid
Gallic acid
Caffeic acid
Quercetin
Flavan-3-ol
Rhodococcus
List of EC numbers (EC 1)
Dataset Details (X60740) (Superfund Research Program)
Biomarkers Search
MeSH Browser
DeCS
MeSH Browser
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
Publications | Page 6 | Microbiology and Immunology
Combined proteomic and trascripts analysis to study catabolism of aromatic compounds in acinetobacter radioresistens S13.
PRIME PubMed | Dioxygen reactivity of biomimetic iron-catecholate and iron-o-aminophenolate complexes of a tris(2-pyridylthio...
Comparison of factors influencing trichloroethylene degradation by toluene-oxidizing bacteria - PubMed
NEW (2006) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 9/3/2005
REVIEW ON ADVANCES IN BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOLS: KINETICS, MODELLING AND
MASS TRANSFER
An integrated metagenomic and metabolite profiling study of hydrocarbon biodegradation and corrosion in navy ships | npj...
Registration Dossier - ECHA
February | 2016 | PKC Pathway
Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase | Palmetto Profiles
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FERRARONI, MARTA
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Molecular characterisation of a Rhodococcus ohp operon<...
魏和祥 - 淡江大學教師歷程
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View source - 2010.igem.org
January | 2021 | MMPs signal
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DeCS 2017 - December 21, 2017 version
Biosynthesis and Regulation of Antioxidant Flavonolignans in Milk Thistle | IntechOpen
Mitarbeitende - Eawag
Oxidation7
- 6. Dioxygenases without requirement for cofactors and their chemical model reaction: compulsory order ternary complex mechanism of 1H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase involving general base catalysis by histidine 251 and single-electron oxidation of the substrate dianion. (nih.gov)
- 9. Vanadium aminophenolates in catechol oxidation: conformity with Finke's common catalyst hypothesis. (nih.gov)
- An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. (nih.gov)
- use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, use COENZYME A & PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1973-1978 MH - 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase UI - D050842 MN - D8.811.682.662.693 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. (nih.gov)
- HN - 2006(1983) MH - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050645 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.825 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. (nih.gov)
- use ANTHRANILIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase UI - D050539 MN - D8.811.682.47.500 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. (nih.gov)
- In situ generation of Cu(I) species in the catalytic pathway of catechol oxidation was established by electrochemical study and further confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. (ias.ac.in)
Enzyme7
- 9/3/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 935 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (nih.gov)
- HN - 2006(1981) MH - 2-Aminoadipate Transaminase UI - D051307 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.120 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE. (nih.gov)
- use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)
- use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. (nih.gov)
- Both modeled enzyme-substrate complexes are in line with 1,2-diaxial HBr eliminations. (eawag.ch)
- 1 ] + has been evaluated as model system for the catechol oxidase enzyme by using 3,5- di -tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) as the substrate in methanol medium, which revealed that the cationic complex efficiently inhibits catalytic activity with k cat value 9.65 × 10 2 h −1 . (ias.ac.in)
- The Cu(II) complex mimics the full catalytic cycle of the active site of catechol oxidase enzyme in acetonitrile medium with a turnover number of 4.788 × 10³ h⁻¹ along with the production of semiquinone radical and hydrogen peroxide. (ias.ac.in)
19961
- 1996. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenases functional in oxygen-limited (hypoxic) environments. (nih.gov)
Enzymes4
- 8. Iron(III) complexes of tripodal monophenolate ligands as models for non-heme catechol dioxygenase enzymes: correlation of dioxygenase activity with ligand stereoelectronic properties. (nih.gov)
- We therefore hypothesized that the slow B degradation is determined by either a low catalytic efficiency of BD and DHBDH (the enzymes converting B to catechol) or maybe to a too high catalytic efficiency of them leading to an accumulation of catechol which can be toxic for the cell. (unito.it)
- The ohp operon of Rhodococcus strain V49 consists of five genes, ohpR, ohpA, ohpB, ohpC and ohpD which encode putative regulator and transport proteins and confirmed monooxygenase, hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes, respectively. (edu.sa)
- These enzymes catalyse the conversion of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid to the corresponding linear product via a meta-cleavage pathway. (edu.sa)
Ligand1
- The bond parameters of 2(ox) and 3(ox) clearly establish the radical nature of catecholate- and o-aminophenolate-derived ligand, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
Extradiol cleavage2
- 17. Novel iron(III) complexes of sterically hindered 4N ligands: regioselectivity in biomimetic extradiol cleavage of catechols. (nih.gov)
- Complex 2 reacts with dioxygen to oxidatively cleave the aromatic C-C bond of DBC giving rise to selective extradiol cleavage products. (unboundmedicine.com)
Catalytic activity1
- 4. Synthesis and characterization of V(V)(3,6-DBSQ)(3,6-DBCat)2, a d(0) metal complex with dioxygenase catalytic activity. (nih.gov)
Functional1
- 14. Iron(III)-catecholato complexes as structural and functional models of the intradiol-cleaving catechol dioxygenases. (nih.gov)
Phenol3
- RpoN (sigma 54) is required for conversion of phenol to catechol in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. (cornell.edu)
- Genetic organization, nucleotide sequence and regulation of expression of genes encoding phenol hydroxylase and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIB8250. (cornell.edu)
- Kinetic analysis of A. radioresistens S13 growth shows that P (qp max = 53.8 Cmmol g-1 h-1, YX/phenol = 16.31 g/Cmol) is degraded faster and more efficiently than B (qb max = 49.3 Cmmol g-1 h-1, YX/benzoate = 9.79 g/Cmol). (unito.it)
Semialdehyde1
- Following biochemical assays of cell-free extracts from recombinant Escherichia coli expressing ohpB (monooxygenase), ohpC (hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde hydrolase) and ohpD (catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), the ortho-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid catabolic pathway in Rhodococcus strain V49 (ATCC 19070) has been predicted. (edu.sa)
Rhodococcus2
- 4-Chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase fromthe chlorophenol-utilizing Gram-positive Rhodococcus opacus1CP: crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis. (unifi.it)
- Powell, JAC & Archer, J 1998, ' Molecular characterisation of a Rhodococcus ohp operon ', Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology , vol. 74, no. 1-3, pp. 175-188. (edu.sa)
Cleavage2
- These dihydroxylated intermediates may then be processed through either an ortho cleavage type of pathway, in which ring fission occurs between the two hydroxylated carbon atoms, or a meta- cleavage type of pathway, which involves cleavage of the bond adjacent to the hydroxyl groups, leading to central intermediates such as protocatechates and catechols. (europa.eu)
- This iron(II)complex is able to catalyze the cleavage of aromatic C-C linkage of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Gentisic acid, GA) in oxygen environment. (ias.ac.in)
Pseudomonas1
- Under aerobic conditions with toluene-induced cells, strains expressing toluene dioxygenases (Pseudomonas putida F1, Pseudomonas sp. (nih.gov)
Gene1
- 2019). Other SNPs that have been studied in relation to thiopurine sensitivity are variants within the phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase gene (involved in folate cycle), Molybdenum Cofactor Sulfurase gene (involved in thiopurine metabolism) and Protein Kinase C And Casein Kinase Substrate In Neurons 2 gene (involved in thiopurine metabolism (Smid et?al. (tache2016.org)
Degradation1
- They are converted enzymatically to the natural intermediates of degradation, for example catechol and protecatechuate (Fritsche and Hofrichter, 2000). (europa.eu)
Acid2
- Table 2 Differential phenotypic characteristics between selleck kinase inhibitor strain IIH2T and related species Halopiger djelfamassiliensis strain IIH2T was susceptible to bacitracin (10 ��g), novobiocin (30 ��g) and tetracycline (30 ��g) but resistant to ampicillin (10 ��g), cephalothin (30 ��g), chloramphenicol (30 ��g), streptomycin (10 ��g), erythromycin (15 ��g), gentamicin (10 ��g), kanamycin (30 ��g), nalidixic acid (30 ��g), penicillin G (10 ��g) and vancomycin (30 ��g). (pkcpathway.com)
- This in situ generated iron-GA adduct reacts with molecular oxygen at the rate, k obs = 6.58×10 −3 min −1 in acetonitrile and affords exclusively 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-hepta-3,5-dienedioic acid. (ias.ac.in)
Kinetic3
- 3. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of vanadium-based, extended catalytic lifetime catechol dioxygenases. (nih.gov)
- 11. Monitoring supported-nanocluster heterogeneous catalyst formation: product and kinetic evidence for a 2-step, nucleation and autocatalytic growth mechanism of Pt(0)n formation from H2PtCl6 on Al2O3 or TiO2. (nih.gov)
- Identification of bulk ruthenium metal as the true catalyst in benzene hydrogenations starting with the monometallic precursor, Ru(II)(eta 6-C6Me6)(OAc)2, plus kinetic characterization of the heterogeneous nucleation, then autocatalytic surface-growth mechanism of metal film formation. (nih.gov)
Structural2
- Structural characterisations of 1, 2, 2(ox) and 3(ox) reveal the presence of a strong iron-carbon bonding interaction in all the complexes. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A mononuclear cobalt(II) complex, [Co(phen) ₂Cl ₂], (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by different spectroscopic methods including single crystal X-ray structural study.X-ray crystal structural analysis revealed that the cobalt(II) complex crystallizes in amonoclinicsystem with C2/c space group and exists in cis-configuration in its crystalline state. (ias.ac.in)
Antigen1
- who have generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Epstein Barrs viral nuclear antigen I (EBNA-1), shown that these Abdominal muscles cross-react with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).17 The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in HWs with this study was 0.58% (6/1036). (tache2016.org)
Methanol1
- Co(phen) 2 Cl 2 ] + in methanol solution. (ias.ac.in)
Proteins1
- HN - 2006(1998) MH - Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex UI - D051376 MN - D5.750.78.730.246 MN - D12.776.220.525.246 MS - A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. (nih.gov)
Active site1
- 12. Fine-tuning of catalytic properties of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase by active site tailoring. (nih.gov)
19981
- HN - 2006(1998) MH - Activating Transcription Factor 1 UI - D051697 MN - D12.776.260.108.61.500 MN - D12.776.930.127.61.500 MS - An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2. (nih.gov)
Molecules1
- The lattice water molecules in 1 form a water-nitrate cluster, (H 2 O) 2 . (ias.ac.in)
Activity3
- Further, the anti-cancer activity of [ 1 ] + on human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) has been examined. (ias.ac.in)
- The incorporation of both the oxygen atoms of molecular oxygen in the bio-mimicking activity of gentisate-1,2-dioxygenase by this iron(II)-phenanthroline complex remain arare example in scientific literature. (ias.ac.in)
- Second of all, a patient with high immune activity (autoimmune disease) experienced autoantibodies that can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 antigens and falsely give the impression of positive Abs. (tache2016.org)
Complex4
- where L(1) = tris(2-pyridylthio)methanido anion, DBC = dianionic 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate, and HAP = monoanionic 4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-aminophenolate) have been synthesised from an iron(II)-acetonitrile complex [L(1)Fe(II)(CH(3)CN)(2)](ClO(4)) (1). (unboundmedicine.com)
- HN - 2006(1981) BX - Cofilins MH - Actin-Related Protein 2 UI - D051377 MN - D5.750.78.730.246.500 MN - D12.776.220.525.246.500 MS - A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. (nih.gov)
- In this work, we have synthesised and crystallographically characterized a mononuclear iron(II) complex, [Fe(phen) 3 ](NO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O (1) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). (ias.ac.in)
- NO 3 ) 2 through strong H-bonding interaction mediated via iron(II) complex in a unique binding motif and provide additional stability to the compound in the solid state. (ias.ac.in)
Species1
- 2 with a validated species enabled identification at the species level, and a score (pkcpathway.com)
19771
- Lancet 2(8052/8053): 1327-1328, December 24 and 31, 1977. (nih.gov)
Reveal1
- Interestingly, the observed IC 50 values reveal that [ 1 ] + brings about conformational change on DNA strongly and exhibits remarkable cytotoxicity. (ias.ac.in)
Molecular1
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology , 74 (1-3), 175-188. (edu.sa)
ELISA1
- Conclusions In conclusion, in this study, we shown that Rigosertib the two methods (CLIA and ELISA) for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abdominal muscles are AKT2 concordant. (tache2016.org)
Cells1
- The induction of apoptosis induced in the cell line was assessed base on the changes in cell morphology, which showed the efficacy of [ 1 ] + to induce apoptosis in 53% of cells during 24 h treatment. (ias.ac.in)
Present2
- It was previously established that a double set of genes, one for B and the other for P catabolism, is present and two isozymes of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) have been characterized. (unito.it)
- Here, we present the XRD crystal structure of 1 E ,5 S ,6 S ,9 R ,10 S -pentabromocyclododecene (PBCDE) and demonstrate that its enantiomer with the 1 E ,5 R ,6 R ,9 S ,10 R -configuration is the only metabolite formed during LinA2-catalyzed dehydrobromination of (-)β-HBCD. (eawag.ch)
Analysis1
- Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis revealed that 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system with P 1 − space group. (ias.ac.in)
Department1
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0620, USA. (nih.gov)
Study2
- Moreover, this study indicated that 8 subjects (42%) were asymptomatic, suggesting asymptomatic healthcare staff could be an essential source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. (tache2016.org)
- Moreover, the exclusion of HWs who have been ill or quarantined during the study period may have led to an underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. (tache2016.org)
Table1
- Table 2 summarizes the differential phenotypic characteristics of H. djelfamassiliensis sp. (pkcpathway.com)
Found2
- 3-fluoro-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate = 1 reactions were found. (brenda-enzymes.org)
- Thirdly, HWs in Thrace region were found to have a amazing low level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, that is quite satisfying, reflecting the personal steps that they apply. (tache2016.org)
Weeks2
- To investigate, a metagenomic characterization and metabolite profiling of ballast from U.S. Navy vessels with residence times of 1-, ~20-, and 31 weeks was conducted and compared with the seawater used to fill the tanks. (nature.com)
- The patients in the MI group underwent whole-brain DTI and MEP measurements both before and 2 weeks Selonsertib nmr after the thalamic hematoma was evacuated by minimally invasive procedures. (mmp-signal.com)
Patients1
- 2) An additional circular mapping catheter is required to increase complete isolation rate to 93% of the patients. (mmp-signal.com)
Addition1
- 1 ] + cleaved pBR 322 DNA without addition of an activating agent. (ias.ac.in)
Human1
- 2-Benzylpiperazine: a new scaffold for potent human Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors. (unifi.it)
Medicine2
- Plant products, as food or as an "herbal medicine" preparation have been used by humans throughout history with varying success to prevent and/or cure various diseases [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
- It is used in medicine (up to 5% in concentration) to treat dyschromias ( e.g. melasma, an acquired hypermelanosis) and in cosmetics (up to 2%) as a depigmenting agent in a number of topical skin creams. (nih.gov)