An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia.
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.
Primates are a group of mammals, including humans, characterized by highly developed brains, grasping hands and feet, and a tendency to live in social groups.

The approximately 30-million-year-old ERVPb1 envelope gene is evolutionarily conserved among hominoids and Old World monkeys. (1/17)

Most human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient and their genes are rendered nonfunctional by debilitating mutations. One exception is a recently discovered envelope gene located on chromosome 14. This envelope protein was also recently shown to be expressed in various human tissues and to mediate cell-cell fusion ex vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that this locus (designated ERVPb1) is preserved in Old World monkeys and that the reading frame is maintained. This is congruent with the entry of the HERV-P(b) group between 27 and 36 million years ago as suggested by long terminal repeat divergence. Although the coding capacity is generally lost in the HERV-IP supergroup, the analysis of nucleotide substitutions, lack of stop codons, and single-nucleotide polymorephisms strongly indicates a selective advantage of the ERVPb1 envelope genes during primate evolution. The purifying selection and tissue-specific expression of the human ERVPb1 envelope gene provide strong evidence of a beneficial role for the host.  (+info)

Functional morphology of the first cervical vertebra in humans and nonhuman primates. (2/17)

The cervical vertebral column bears or balances the weight of the head supported by the nuchal muscles that partly originate from the cervical vertebrae. The position of the head relative to the vertebral column, and consequently locomotion and posture behavior, could thus be associated with the form of the cervical vertebrae. In spite of this assumption and some empirical indications along these lines, primate vertebral morphologies have been reported to be very similar and not clearly related to locomotion. We therefore study the relationship between the morphology of the first cervical vertebra, the atlas, and the locomotion pattern within primates using a geometric morphometric approach. Our analysis is based on a total of 116 vertebrae of adult Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates lar, Macaca mulatta, Papio hamadryas, Ateles geoffroyi, and Alouatta palliata. On each atlas, 56 landmarks were digitized and superimposed by Procrustes registration. The resulting shape variables were analyzed by principal component analysis, multivariate regression, and partial least-squares analysis. We found that the nine primate species differ clearly in their atlas morphology and that allometric shape change is distinct between the nonhuman primates and Homo sapiens. We could further identify morphological features that relate to the species' locomotion pattern. Human atlas shape, however, cannot be predicted by an extrapolation of the nonhuman primate model. This implies that either the primate atlas is generalized enough to allow bipedal locomotion or else the human atlas morphology is a unique adaptation different from that in the more orthograde nonhuman primates.  (+info)

Functionally important glycosyltransferase gain and loss during catarrhine primate emergence. (3/17)

A glycosyltransferase, alpha1,3galactosyltransferase, catalyzes the terminal step in biosynthesis of Galalpha1,3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal), an oligosaccharide cell surface epitope. This epitope or antigenically similar epitopes are widely distributed among the different forms of life. Although abundant in most mammals, alphaGal is not normally found in catarrhine primates (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans), all of which produce anti-alphaGal antibodies from infancy onward. Natural selection favoring enhanced resistance to alphaGal-positive pathogens has been the primary reason offered to account for the loss of alphaGal in catarrhines. Here, we question the primacy of this immune defense hypothesis with results that elucidate the evolutionary history of GGTA1 gene and pseudogene loci. One such locus, GGTA1P, a processed (intronless) pseudogene (PPG), is present in platyrrhines, i.e., New World monkeys, and catarrhines but not in prosimians. PPG arose in an early ancestor of anthropoids (catarrhines and platyrrhines), and GGTA1 itself became an unprocessed pseudogene in the late catarrhine stem lineage. Strong purifying selection, denoted by low nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site/synonymous substitutions per synonymous site values, preserved GGTA1 in noncatarrhine mammals, indicating that the functional gene product is subjected to considerable physiological constraint. Thus, we propose that a pattern of alternative and/or more beneficial glycosyltransferase activity had to first evolve in the stem catarrhines before GGTA1 inactivation could occur. Enhanced defense against alphaGal-positive pathogens could then have accelerated the replacement of alphaGal-positive catarrhines by alphaGal-negative catarrhines. However, we emphasize that positively selected regulatory changes in sugar chain metabolism might well have contributed in a major way to catarrhine origins.  (+info)

Evolutionary history of chromosome 11 featuring four distinct centromere repositioning events in Catarrhini. (4/17)

Panels of BAC clones used in FISH experiments allow a detailed definition of chromosomal marker arrangement and orientation during evolution. This approach has disclosed the centromere repositioning phenomenon, consisting in the activation of a novel, fully functional centromere in an ectopic location, concomitant with the inactivation of the old centromere. In this study, appropriate panels of BAC clones were used to track the chromosome 11 evolutionary history in primates and nonprimate boreoeutherian mammals. Chromosome 11 synteny was found to be highly conserved in both primate and boreoeutherian mammalian ancestors. Amazingly, we detected four centromere repositioning events in primates (in Old World monkeys, in gibbons, in orangutans, and in the Homo-Pan-Gorilla (H-P-G) clade ancestor), and one in Equidae. Both H-P-G and Lar gibbon novel centromeres were flanked by large duplicons with high sequence similarity. Outgroup species analysis revealed that this duplicon was absent in phylogenetically more distant primates. The chromosome 11 ancestral centromere was probably located near the HSA11q telomere. The domain of this inactivated centromere, in humans, is almost devoid of segmental duplications. An inversion occurred in chromosome 11 in the common ancestor of H-P-G. A large duplicon, again absent in outgroup species, was found located adjacent to the inversion breakpoints. In Hominoidea, almost all the five largest duplicons of this chromosome appeared involved in significant evolutionary architectural changes.  (+info)

Nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck trabecular architecture and its relationship to locomotor mode. (5/17)

Functional analyses of human and nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck structure have largely ignored the trabecular bone. We tested hypotheses regarding differences in the relative distribution and structural anisotropy of trabecular bone in the femoral neck of quadrupedal and climbing/suspensory anthropoids. We used high-resolution X-ray computed tomography to analyze quantitatively the femoral neck trabecular structure of Ateles geoffroyi, Symphalangus syndactylus, Alouatta seniculus, Colobus guereza, Macaca fascicularis, and Papio cynocephalus (n = 46). We analyzed a size-scaled superior and inferior volume of interest (VOI) in the femoral neck. The ratio of the superior to inferior VOI bone volume fraction indicated that the distribution of trabecular bone was inferiorly skewed in most (but not all) quadrupeds and evenly distributed the climbing/suspensory species, but interspecific comparisons indicated that all taxa overlapped in these measurements. Degree of anisotropy values were generally higher in the inferior VOI of all species and the results for the two climbing/suspensory taxa, A. geoffroyi (1.71 +/- 0.30) and S. syndactylus (1.55 +/- 0.04), were similar to the results for the quadrupedal anthropoids, C. guereza (male = 1.64 +/- 0.13; female = 1.68 +/- 0.07) and P. cynocephalus (1.47 +/- 0.13). These results suggest strong trabecular architecture similarity across body sizes, anthropoid phylogenetic backgrounds, and locomotor mode. This structural similarity might be explained by greater similarity in anthropoid hip joint loading mechanics than previously considered. It is likely that our current models of anthropoid hip joint mechanics are overly simplistic.  (+info)

A remarkable female cranium of the early Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis (Catarrhini, Propliopithecidae). (6/17)

The most complete and best-preserved cranium of a Paleogene anthropoid ever found, that of a small female of the early Oligocene ( approximately 29-30 Ma) stem catarrhine species Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, was recovered from the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum Depression, Egypt) in 2004. The specimen is that of a subadult and, in craniodental dimensions, is the smallest Aegyptopithecus individual known. High-resolution computed tomographic (microCT) scanning of the specimen's well preserved cranial vault confirms that Aegyptopithecus had relatively unexpanded frontal lobes and a brain-to-body mass ratio lower than those of living anthropoids. MicroCT scans of a male cranium recovered in 1966 [Egyptian Geological Museum, Cairo (CGM) 40237] reveal that previous estimates of its endocranial volume were too large. Thus, some amount of encephalization evolved independently in platyrrhine and catarrhine anthropoids, and the relative brain size of the last common ancestor of crown Anthropoidea was probably strepsirrhine-like or smaller. A. zeuxis shows extreme sexual dimorphism in craniodental morphology (apparently to a degree otherwise seen only in some highly dimorphic Miocene catarrhines), and the crania of female Aegyptopithecus lack a number of morphological features seen in larger males that have been accorded phylogenetic significance in catarrhine systematics (e.g., a well developed rostrum, elongate sagittal crest, and frontal trigon). Although a unique pattern of craniofacial sexual dimorphism may have characterized advanced stem and basal crown catarrhines, expression of various allegedly "discrete" craniofacial features may have been intraspecifically variable in early catarrhine species due to high levels of dimorphism and so should be treated with caution in phylogenetic analyses.  (+info)

Mating system and avpr1a promoter variation in primates. (7/17)

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A quantitative method for the evaluation of three-dimensional structure of temporal bone pneumatization. (8/17)

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In the medical field, "Catarrhini" refers to a suborder of primates that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. The term "catarrhini" comes from the Greek word "katarrhos," which means "flow of mucus," and refers to the fact that members of this suborder have a moist, glandular lining in their nasal passages that produces mucus. The Catarrhini are characterized by a number of other features as well, including a broad, flat face, a relatively large brain, and a highly developed sense of sight and hearing. They are also known for their complex social behaviors and their ability to use tools. Some examples of species within the Catarrhini suborder include the chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and human.

The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines. The Catarrhini are the ... Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini ... Data related to Catarrhini at Wikispecies (CS1 French-language sources (fr), Articles with short description, Short description ... The parvorder Catarrhini /kætəˈraɪnaɪ/, catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consists of the ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. The sub-cellular function of the protein is to localize to the cortex of the fibrous sheath, ...
3-4. Dixson 2015, p. 3. Groves, Colin P. (1982). "Primates; Simiiformes; Catarrhini; Cercopithecoidea; Cercopithecidae; ...
Catarrhini; Homindae; Homo. "TMEM156 transmembrane protein 156 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ...
"Fossilworks: Catarrhini". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021. Wasson, D. A. (1868). "Epic philosophy". The North American ... or the Catarrhini (including apes). That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the ... Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. ... Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World ...
Catarrhini, Primates)". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. pp. ...
Its lineage is: Catarrhini, Chordata, Craniata, Euarchontoglires, Eukaryota; Euteleostomi, Eutheri and others. "Human PubMed ...
c. 40 Ma - Age of the Catarrhini parvorder; first canines evolve. Lepidopteran insects become recognizable. Gastornis goes ...
Catarrhini, Primates)". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. pp. 429-469 ...
Osman Hill, W. C. (1966). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy VI-Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea: Cercopithecinae. Edinburgh ...
2007). "A remarkable female cranium of the early Oligocene anthropoid Aegyptopithecus zeuxis (Catarrhini, Propliopithecidae)". ...
Catarrhini) From the Late Miocene of Spain". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 114 (4): 312-324. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1043 ...
The taxa Catarrhini includes old world monkeys (e.g. baboons) and apes (e.g. humans). In addition to the S-opsin, catarrhine ...
Catarrhini (narrow turned down nose) and Platyrrhini (flat nose). Paternal care is highly variable between the two sister ... groups and the species within them.[citation needed] Catarrhini is composed of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecidae) and apes ( ...
The superfamily Hominoidea falls within the parvorder Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World monkeys of Africa and ...
... s' closest relatives are the other simians, the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and ... and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys) somewhere on the African continent. Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have ... and woolly monkeys Parvorder Catarrhini: Old World monkeys, apes, and humans The arrangement of the New World monkey families, ...
Holland finds that; Like other mammals, Catarrhini primate demographics are strongly influenced by ecological conditions, ... face a statistically reliable context of interaction in all Catarrhini primates. This reliable context of interaction with ...
The dental formula (2.1.2.3) and shape of the teeth are the primary factors which include pliopithecoids among the catarrhini. ... Infraorder Catarrhini (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) Superfamily Pliopithecoidea (Zapfe, 1960) Family Pliopithecidae (Zapfe, ... Catarrhini, Mammal superfamilies, Miocene first appearances, Miocene extinctions). ...
It was known that in a Catarrhini ancestor the chromosome 6 centromere was situated near position 26 Mb of the modern human ...
Within the order Catarrhini, all hominoid genera contain specialized cutaneous scent glands (i.e. apocrine glands in the axilla ... The disparity is explained by the development of acute vision in Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys) 40 million years ago, ...
garnettii LR/lc Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: ...
Catarrhini, Prehistoric primate genera). ...
also estimated the Platyrrhini-Catarrhini divergence to have occurred around 70 Ma and found that the latter evolved in South ...
Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: Cercopithecidae (Old ...
Catarrhini, Mammal superfamilies, All stub articles, Prehistoric primate stubs). ...
Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: Cercopithecidae (Old ...
... and Catarrhini (the Old World monkeys and apes). The New World monkeys split from catarrhines about 35 - 40 mya and have ... Oligopithecidae Catarrhini Old World anthropoids Platyrrhini New World monkeys Sigé et al (1990) describe Altiatlasius as an ... and woolly monkeys Parvorder Catarrhini Old World anthropoids Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Family Cercopithecidae: Old World ...
... from Platyrrhini or Catarrhini, both of which were also named by É. Geoffroy in 1812. Following Pocock, many researchers ... and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys). In his description, he mentioned "Les narines terminales et sinueuses" ("Nostrils terminal ...
More precisely, they consist of the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini, the latter of which consists of ... leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This latter group split about 25 Mya between the Cercopithecidae and ... and woolly monkeys Parvorder Catarrhini Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys Family Cercopithecidae Superfamily ...
In most Catarrhini (Old World monkeys and apes-primates closely related to humans), there are three types of color receptors ( ...
The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines. The Catarrhini are the ... Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini ... Data related to Catarrhini at Wikispecies (CS1 French-language sources (fr), Articles with short description, Short description ... The parvorder Catarrhini /kætəˈraɪnaɪ/, catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consists of the ...
Taxonomic positions and number of subtaxa of Parvorder Catarrhini Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. Also known as. PPH5; AFURS1. Summary. ATP13A3 is a member of the P-type ATPase family of proteins ...
Parvordo: Catarrhini. Superfamilia: Hominoidea. Familia: Hominidae. Subfamilia: Homininae. Tribus: Hominini Subtribus: Hominina ...
Catarrhini (Parvorder). Hominoidea (Superfamily). Hominidae (Family). Homininae (Subfamily). Hominini (Tribe). Hominina ( ...
Parvorder Catarrhini: Old World monkeys, apes and humans Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys ... downward or forward facing nostrils of the Old World monkeys placed in the parvorder Catarrhini. In addition, New World monkeys ... and Catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys-in Africa) (Shumaker and Beck 2003). ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (HBA1). RX MEDLINE=81088339; ... Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RX MEDLINE=77126403; PubMed= ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP SEQUENCE FROM N.A., AND SEQUENCE OF 94-133; 175-200 AND 272-289. RC ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 1563) AUTHORS Strausberg,R.L., Feingold,E.A., Grouse,L.H., Derge,J.G., ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 450). AUTHORS Mishima,H. and Shizuoka,T.. ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. Also known as. SUR2; ABC37; CANTU; CMD1O; IDMYS; ATFB12. Summary. The protein encoded by this gene ...
catarrhini. Which Eocene organisms had clear primate characteristics like a postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a ...
Catarrhini: N E > Hominoidea: N E > Hominidae: N E > Homininae: N E > Homo: N E > Homo sapiens: N E. There are 120 a/b ...
Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo. Also known as. TAR; Y14; RBM8; ZNRP; RBM8B; ZRNP1; BOV-1A; BOV-1B; BOV-1C; MDS014; DEL1q21.1; ...
Medical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini:: ...
Catarrhini; Hominoidea; Hominidae; Homininae; Homo Show more ... opterygii; Dipnotetrapodomorpha; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia ... Catarrhini; Hominoidea; Hominidae; Homininae; Homo Show more ... opterygii; Dipnotetrapodomorpha; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia ... Theria; Eutheria; Boreoeutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Simiiformes; Catarrhini; Hominoidea; Hominidae; ... Theria; Eutheria; Boreoeutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Simiiformes; Catarrhini; Hominoidea; Hominidae; ...
Los orangsotans forman un genre (Pongo) de monins quapartenon a la familha dels ominids. Son de grands monins diurns, de pelatge clarsemat de color rovilh a irange escur, que coma los autres ominoïds, an pas de coa. Son endemics de las sèlvas tropicalas de las illas de Sumatra e Bornèo, territòris partejats entre Indonesia e Malàisia. Le genre Pongo compren tres taxons distincts qu se diferencian dificilament per sa morfologia mas quocupan d airals de reparticion diferents. Los orangotans de Bornèo son leugièrament pus pichons que las doas autras espècias, orangotans de Sumatra e orangotans de Tapanuli, que se situan ambedoas a Sumatra, al nòrd e al sud del lac Toba. Son los sols grands monins que vivon pas en grop. Los mascles coma las femes son solitaris, mas aquestas pòdon viuvre acompanhadas de son pichon, que demòra amb elas pendent sas primièras annadas de vida. Severament amenaçadas per la destruccion de son abitat al profièch de las activitats umanas, las espècias ...
Catarrhini: N E > Hominoidea: N E > Hominidae: N E > Homininae: N E > Homo: N E > Homo sapiens: N E. There are 120 a/b ...
The parvorder Catarrhini is split into Old World monkeys and apes. Although these species are closely related, the apes are ... Within the infraorder Simiiformes, there are two parvorders: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys ...
  • The parvorder Catarrhini /kætəˈraɪnaɪ/, catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consists of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hominoidea ) sünd en Böverfamilie mank de Primaten . (wikipedia.org)
  • Members of the Platyrrhini ("flat-nosed") parvorder are typically characterized by relatively broad noses with side-facing, widely separated nostrils, as opposed to the close-set, downward or forward facing nostrils of the Old World monkeys placed in the parvorder Catarrhini. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini. (wikipedia.org)
  • De Minschenordigen sünd en Sustergruppe vun de Steert-Ooltweltapen (Cercopithecoidea). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ("singes de l'Ancien Monde" in French). (wikipedia.org)
  • According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya. (wikipedia.org)
  • Especie de orangután de la familia HOMINIDAE, que se encuentra en los bosques de la isla de Sumatra. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Con la excepción de los humanos, todos ellos viven casi exclusivamente en África y Asia. (bvsalud.org)