'Catalogs, Library' are systematic listings or databases of an organized collection of library resources, such as books, periodicals, multimedia materials, and digital assets, that provide comprehensive descriptions, locations, and access information to facilitate efficient retrieval and usage.
Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them.
'Union Catalogs' in a medical context refers to a comprehensive and centralized listing of all cataloged resources, such as books, journals, and articles, from multiple libraries or institutions, enabling consolidated search and discovery across various sources, facilitating research and knowledge sharing.
Activities performed in the preparation of bibliographic records for CATALOGS. It is carried out according to a set of rules and contains information enabling the user to know what is available and where items can be found.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "catalogs" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the context you've provided. It is a general term used to describe a collection or list of items, often used in various fields including medicine for inventory management, classification of specimens, or documentation of products in healthcare settings. If you're referring to a specific medical term and I misunderstood, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.
'Catalogs, Commercial' in a medical context typically refers to printed or online publications that detail a range of products offered by a commercial supplier, often including medical supplies, equipment, and devices, intended for use in healthcare settings or by healthcare professionals.
A general term covering bibliographical and bibliothecal classifications. It mostly refers to library CLASSIFICATION for arrangement of books and documents on the shelves. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed, p85)
'Catalogs, Publishers' in a medical context typically refers to companies that produce and distribute printed or digital catalogs showcasing medical supplies, equipment, and/or services for healthcare professionals, institutions, or consumers to review and purchase.
'Catalogs, Booksellers' are organized lists of books or publications for sale, issued by businesses specializing in the retail trade of books, providing detailed information on each title's author, subject, price, and other relevant details.
Terms or expressions which provide the major means of access by subject to the bibliographic unit.
'Medical Libraries' are repositories or digital platforms that accumulate, organize, and provide access to a wide range of biomedical information resources including but not limited to books, journals, electronic databases, multimedia materials, and other evidence-based health data for the purpose of supporting and advancing clinical practice, education, research, and administration in healthcare.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
"A drug catalog is a comprehensive, organized listing of pharmaceutical products, their uses, ingredients, side-effects, and other relevant information, typically produced by healthcare organizations or pharmaceutical companies for reference purposes."
Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. Major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development.
A book is not a medical term, but generally refers to a set of printed or written sheets of paper bound together that can contain a wide range of information including literature, research, educational content, and more, which may be utilized in the medical field for various purposes such as learning, reference, or patient education.
Acquisition, organization, and preparation of library materials for use, including selection, weeding, cataloging, classification, and preservation.
Systems where the input data enter the computer directly from the point of origin (usually a terminal or workstation) and/or in which output data are transmitted directly to that terminal point of origin. (Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)
Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.
The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.
"Microfilming" in a medical context refers to the process of preserving and archiving documents, including medical records, by reducing them to a microfilm format for space-saving storage and easy retrieval.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
Activities performed to identify concepts and aspects of published information and research reports.
The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.
A computer in a medical context is an electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data, often used in medical settings for tasks such as maintaining patient records, managing diagnostic images, and supporting clinical decision-making through software applications and tools.
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.
The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.
Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
Auditory and visual instructional materials.
Sets of structured vocabularies used for describing and categorizing genes, and gene products by their molecular function, involvement in biological processes, and cellular location. These vocabularies and their associations to genes and gene products (Gene Ontology annotations) are generated and curated by the Gene Ontology Consortium.
A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
Collections of related records treated as a unit; ordering of such files.
The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, FACTUAL which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them.
Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.
Organized collections of computer records, standardized in format and content, that are stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes. They are the basic sets of data from which computer-readable files are created. (from ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Interlibrary Loans is a service that facilitates the borrowing and lending of library materials between different libraries to provide their patrons access to resources that may not be available in their own library's collection.
Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
Print and non-print materials collected, processed, and stored by libraries. They comprise books, periodicals, pamphlets, reports, microforms, maps, manuscripts, motion pictures, and all other forms of audiovisual records. (Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary, 4th ed, p497)
Data processing largely performed by automatic means.
Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information.
Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.
The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.
The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.
Books used in the study of a subject that contain a systematic presentation of the principles and vocabulary of a subject.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Head to tail array of covalently joined DNA sequences generated by concatenation. Concatenated DNA is attached end to end in contrast to CATENATED DNA which is attached loop to loop.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
Specifications and instructions applied to the software.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.
Published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. Review articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
Organized services to provide information on any questions an individual might have using databases and other sources. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Virginia" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is primarily used as a proper noun to refer to a state in the United States, a historical figure, or other non-medical uses.
The full set of CHROMOSOMES presented as a systematized array of METAPHASE chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single CELL NUCLEUS arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the CENTROMERE. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.
Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.
Information centers primarily serving the needs of hospital medical staff and sometimes also providing patient education and other services.
The organization and administration of health services dedicated to the delivery of health care.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.
Study of the principles and practices of library administration and services.
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
A system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunications equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Use of sophisticated analysis tools to sort through, organize, examine, and combine large sets of information.
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Collection and analysis of data pertaining to operations of a particular library, library system, or group of independent libraries, with recommendations for improvement and/or ordered plans for further development.
Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996).
Controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision. (From Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 1993)
Graphs representing sets of measurable, non-covalent physical contacts with specific PROTEINS in living organisms or in cells.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Works about books, articles or other publications on herbs or plants describing their medicinal value.
The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
The interactions between representatives of institutions, agencies, or organizations.
Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.
Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.
A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.
The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms.
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Maryland" is not a recognized medical term with a specific definition in the medical field. It refers to a state in the United States. If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, I would be happy to try and help answer those!
A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.
Labels pasted in books to mark their ownership and sometimes to indicate their location in a library. Private bookplates are often ornate or artistic: simpler and smaller ones bearing merely the owner's name are called "book labels." They are usually pasted on the front endpaper of books. (From Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book, 4th rev ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations.
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.
The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Transmission of live or pre-recorded audio or video content via connection or download from the INTERNET.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.
Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.
Compositions written by hand, as one written before the invention or adoption of printing. A manuscript may also refer to a handwritten copy of an ancient author. A manuscript may be handwritten or typewritten as distinguished from a printed copy, especially the copy of a writer's work from which printed copies are made. (Webster, 3d ed)
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

UCMP and the Internet help hospital libraries share resources. (1/19)

The Medical Library Center of New York (MLCNY), a medical library consortium founded in 1959, has specialized in supporting resource sharing and fostering technological advances. In 1961, MLCNY developed and continues to maintain the Union Catalog of Medical Periodicals (UCMP), a resource tool including detailed data about the collections of more than 720 medical library participants. UCMP was one of the first library tools to capitalize on the benefits of computer technology and, from the beginning, invited hospital libraries to play a substantial role in its development. UCMP, beginning with products in print and later in microfiche, helped to create a new resource sharing environment. Today, UCMP continues to capitalize on new technology by providing access via the Internet and an Oracle-based search system providing subscribers with the benefits of: a database that contains serial holdings information on an issue specific level, a database that can be updated in real time, a system that provides multi-type searching and allows users to define how the results will be sorted, and an ordering function that can more precisely target libraries that have a specific issue of a medical journal. Current development of a Web-based system will ensure that UCMP continues to provide cost effective and efficient resource sharing in future years.  (+info)

Maintaining a catalog of manually-indexed, clinically-oriented World Wide Web content. (2/19)

With no quality controls and a highly distributed means of posting information, finding high-quality, clinically-oriented content on the World Wide Web can be difficult. Maintaining a catalog of such information can be equally challenging. CliniWeb is a catalog of quality-filtered and clinically-oriented content on the Web designed to enhance access to such information. This paper describes a group of semi-automated tools have been developed to maintain the CliniWeb database. One allows easier identification of content by utilizing Web crawling techniques from high-level pages. Another allows easier selection of content for inclusion and its indexing. A final one checks links to help keep the database current. These are augmented by general plans to adopt more detailed metadata and linkages into the medical literature.  (+info)

An assessment of the visibility of MeSH-indexed medical web catalogs through search engines. (3/19)

Manually indexed Internet health catalogs such as CliniWeb or CISMeF provide resources for retrieving high-quality health information. Users of these quality-controlled subject gateways are most often referred to them by general search engines such as Google, AltaVista, etc. This raises several questions, among which the following: what is the relative visibility of medical Internet catalogs through search engines? This study addresses this issue by measuring and comparing the visibility of six major, MeSH-indexed health catalogs through four different search engines (AltaVista, Google, Lycos, Northern Light) in two languages (English and French). Over half a million queries were sent to the search engines; for most of these search engines, according to our measures at the time the queries were sent, the most visible catalog for English MeSH terms was CliniWeb and the most visible one for French MeSH terms was CISMeF.  (+info)

BioWareDB: the biomedical software and database search engine. (4/19)

A wealth of bioinformatics tools and databases has been created over the last decade and most are freely available to the general public. However, these valuable resources live a shadow existence compared to experimental results and methods that are widely published in journals and relatively easily found through publication databases such as PubMed. For the general scientist as well as bioinformaticists, these tools can deliver great value to the design and analysis of biological and medical experiments, but there is no inventory presenting an up-to-date and easily searchable index of all these resources. To remedy this, the BioWareDB search engine has been created. BioWareDB is an extensive and current catalog of software and databases of relevance to researchers in the fields of biology and medicine, and presently consists of 2800 validated entries. AVAILABILITY: BioWareDB is freely available over the Internet at http://www.biowaredb.org/  (+info)

Developing a metadata data model for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). (5/19)

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is a large and comprehensive health survey utilizing leading edge technologies to produce national estimates of health measures and the nutritional status of the U.S. population. Early NHANES metadata models grouped data by categories with little specificity and often not capturing the complexity of the survey. Subsequently, existing models at the Census Bureau, CDC, and the EPA were evaluated in addition to industry standards, such as DDI, Dublin Core, and ISO 1179. For the NHANES metadata model, the DDI standard and CDC Public Health Conceptual Model were chosen as the backbone for constructing the data model. The new model has led to increased data accuracy and several value-added products for producing codebooks, automatically checking questionnaire skip patterns, and producing questionnaire instrumentation.  (+info)

A catalog of human cDNA expression clones and its application to structural genomics. (6/19)

We describe here a systematic approach to the identification of human proteins and protein fragments that can be expressed as soluble proteins in Escherichia coli. A cDNA expression library of 10,825 clones was screened by small-scale expression and purification and 2,746 clones were identified. Sequence and protein-expression data were entered into a public database. A set of 163 clones was selected for structural analysis and 17 proteins were prepared for crystallization, leading to three new structures.  (+info)

The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC). (7/19)

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Evaluation of meta-concepts for information retrieval in a quality-controlled health gateway. (8/19)

BACKGROUND: CISMeF is a French quality-controlled health gateway that uses the MeSH thesaurus. We introduced two new concepts, metaterms (medical specialty which has semantic links with one or more MeSH terms, subheadings and resource types) and resource types. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate precision and recall of metaterms. METHODS: We created 16 pairs of queries. Each pair concerned the same topic, but one used metaterms and one MeSH terms. To assess precision, each document retrieved by the query was classified as irrelevant, partly relevant or fully relevant. RESULTS: The 16 queries yielded 943 documents for metaterm queries and 139 for MeSH term queries. The recall of MeSH term queries was 0.44 (compared to 1 for metaterm queries) and the precision were identical for MeSH term and metaterm queries. CONCLUSION: Metaconcept such as CISMeF metaterms allows a better recall with a similar precision that MeSH terms in a quality controlled health gateway.  (+info)

A library catalog is a comprehensive listing of all the resources and materials available in a library. It provides detailed information about each item, such as title, author, publication date, subject headings, and location in the library. The purpose of a library catalog is to help users locate specific items within the library's collection quickly and efficiently.

Traditionally, library catalogs were available in printed form, but with the advent of technology, most libraries now use online public access catalogs (OPACs) that allow users to search the catalog from anywhere with an internet connection. These digital catalogs often include additional features such as the ability to place holds on items, renew checked-out materials, and create personal lists of favorite titles or authors.

In addition to books, library catalogs may also include other types of materials such as audiovisual items (e.g., DVDs, CDs), periodicals (e.g., newspapers, magazines), electronic resources (e.g., e-books, databases), and special collections (e.g., rare books, manuscripts). By providing a detailed and accessible catalog of its holdings, a library can better serve the needs of its users and promote the discovery and use of its resources.

A catalog in the medical context is a list or collection of systematically arranged items, such as diseases, drugs, or medical procedures. A medical catalog can serve various purposes, including education, reference, and organization. It may be published in print or digital form and can be specific to a particular medical specialty or general in scope.

For example, a pharmaceutical company might publish a catalog of its products, including detailed descriptions, indications, contraindications, and side effects. Similarly, a hospital or healthcare system might maintain a catalog of its services, such as diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation programs.

In some cases, medical catalogs may be used to support research or quality improvement initiatives. For instance, a researcher might use a catalog of clinical trials to identify potential studies for inclusion in a systematic review, while a healthcare organization might use a catalog of evidence-based practices to guide the development of clinical guidelines or care pathways.

Overall, medical catalogs play an important role in organizing and disseminating information about health and medicine, helping to ensure that patients receive high-quality, evidence-based care.

I'm not sure what you mean by "Union" in the context of catalogs. In general, a catalog is a list or inventory of items, often organized in a specific manner for easy reference. If you are referring to a "union catalog," it typically refers to a combined catalog of multiple libraries or collections, allowing users to search across all of them simultaneously.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Union" in this case, I would be happy to help further!

In the context of medical libraries and healthcare information management, "cataloging" refers to the process of creating a detailed and structured description of a medical resource or item, such as a book, journal article, video, or digital object. This description includes various elements, such as the title, author, publisher, publication date, subject headings, and other relevant metadata. The purpose of cataloging is to provide accurate and consistent descriptions of resources to facilitate their discovery, organization, management, and retrieval by users.

The American Library Association's (ALA) Committee on Cataloging: Description & Access (CC:DA) has established guidelines for cataloging medical resources using the Resource Description and Access (RDA) standard, which is a comprehensive and flexible framework for describing all types of library resources. The RDA standard provides a set of instructions and rules for creating catalog records that are consistent, interoperable, and accessible to users with different needs and preferences.

Medical cataloging involves several steps, including:

1. Analyzing the resource: This step involves examining the physical or digital object and identifying its essential components, such as the title, author, publisher, publication date, and format.
2. Assigning access points: Access points are the elements that users can search for in a catalog to find relevant resources. These include headings for authors, titles, subjects, and other characteristics of the resource. Medical catalogers use controlled vocabularies, such as the National Library of Medicine's MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) thesaurus, to ensure consistent and accurate subject headings.
3. Creating a bibliographic record: A bibliographic record is a structured description of the resource that includes all the relevant metadata elements. The format and content of the record depend on the cataloging standard used, such as RDA or MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging).
4. Quality control and review: Before adding the record to the catalog, medical catalogers may perform various quality control checks to ensure accuracy and completeness. This step may involve comparing the record with other sources, checking for consistency with established policies and guidelines, and seeking input from subject matter experts or colleagues.
5. Contributing to shared catalogs: Medical libraries and institutions often contribute their catalog records to shared databases, such as the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central or WorldCat, to increase visibility and accessibility. This step requires adherence to standardized formats and metadata schemes to ensure compatibility and interoperability with other systems.

In summary, medical cataloging is a complex process that involves various steps and standards to create accurate, consistent, and accessible descriptions of resources. By following established best practices and guidelines, medical catalogers can help users find and use the information they need for research, education, and patient care.

I could not find a medical definition for "catalogs" as it is commonly understood to refer to a comprehensive list or collection of something. However, in a medical context, the term "cataloging" can refer to the process of organizing and categorizing medical information or specimens for research or educational purposes.

For example, a museum may catalog its collection of anatomical specimens or historical medical instruments, while a researcher might catalog genetic data from a study to facilitate analysis and sharing with other scientists. In these contexts, cataloging involves creating a systematic record of each item, including details such as its name, description, provenance, and any relevant identifying numbers or codes. This allows for easy retrieval and organization of the information at a later time.

A commercial catalog is a publication that lists and describes products or services offered by a business for sale. It is typically used as a marketing tool to promote the company's offerings to potential customers. The catalog may include photographs, descriptions, specifications, and prices of the products or services, as well as contact information for the company.

In a medical context, commercial catalogs may refer to publications produced by companies that sell medical devices, supplies, or equipment. These catalogs can be an important resource for healthcare professionals who are looking to purchase products for their practice or facility. They may provide detailed information about the features and benefits of different products, as well as any relevant certifications or regulatory approvals.

It's worth noting that while commercial catalogs can be a valuable source of information, it's important to critically evaluate the information presented in them. Companies may highlight the strengths of their own products while downplaying the weaknesses, so it's important to compare multiple sources and consult with other experts before making a purchasing decision.

I'm not sure what you mean by "Book Classification" in the context of medical definitions. However, I can tell you that in general, book classification refers to the process of organizing and categorizing books based on various criteria such as subject matter, genre, audience, or format. This is often done in libraries and bookstores to make it easier for people to find the books they are looking for.

In a medical context, book classification might refer to the organization of medical texts or resources based on topics such as anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, or clinical practice. For example, a medical library might classify its books using a system like the National Library of Medicine's MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) vocabulary, which provides a consistent and standardized way to describe medical concepts and topics.

Without more context, it's difficult to provide a more specific definition of "Book Classification" in a medical context. If you could provide more information about what you are looking for, I would be happy to help further!

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Catalogs, Publishers." However, in a broader context, publishers of catalogs may include companies that produce and distribute medical or health-related publications, such as catalogs for medical supplies, equipment, pharmaceuticals, or literature. These catalogs serve as resources for healthcare professionals, institutions, and consumers to access information on various products and services related to the medical field.

I believe you are asking for a definition or explanation of the term "catalogs, booksellers." This phrase refers to the catalogs produced and distributed by businesses that sell books. These catalogs typically contain lists of books that are available for purchase, along with descriptions, prices, and often images of the book covers. Booksellers may distribute their catalogs in print form, through the mail or at their physical locations, as well as online as digital publications. The purpose of these catalogs is to provide customers with information about the books that are available for sale and to help them make informed purchasing decisions.

"Subject Headings" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the field of library science and information management. Subject headings are standardized terms or phrases used to describe the subject or content of a document, such as a book, article, or research paper, in a consistent and controlled way. They help organize and retrieve information by providing a uniform vocabulary for indexing and searching.

In the medical field, subject headings may be used in databases like PubMed, Medline, and CINAHL to categorize and search for medical literature. For example, the National Library of Medicine's MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is a controlled vocabulary used for indexing and searching biomedical literature. It includes headings for various medical concepts, such as diseases, treatments, anatomical structures, and procedures, which can be used to search for relevant articles in PubMed and other databases.

Medical libraries are collections of resources that provide access to information related to the medical and healthcare fields. They serve as a vital tool for medical professionals, students, researchers, and patients seeking reliable and accurate health information. Medical libraries can be physical buildings or digital platforms that contain various types of materials, including:

1. Books: Medical textbooks, reference books, and monographs that cover various topics related to medicine, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and clinical specialties.
2. Journals: Print and electronic peer-reviewed journals that publish the latest research findings, clinical trials, and evidence-based practices in medicine.
3. Databases: Online resources that allow users to search for and access information on specific topics, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library.
4. Multimedia resources: Audio and video materials, such as lectures, webinars, podcasts, and instructional videos, that provide visual and auditory learning experiences.
5. Electronic resources: E-books, databases, and other digital materials that can be accessed remotely through computers, tablets, or smartphones.
6. Patient education materials: Brochures, pamphlets, and other resources that help patients understand their health conditions, treatments, and self-care strategies.
7. Archives and special collections: Rare books, historical documents, manuscripts, and artifacts related to the history of medicine and healthcare.

Medical libraries may be found in hospitals, medical schools, research institutions, and other healthcare settings. They are staffed by trained librarians and information specialists who provide assistance with locating, accessing, and evaluating information resources. Medical libraries play a critical role in supporting evidence-based medicine, continuing education, and patient care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

A drug catalog is a publication that contains comprehensive information about pharmaceutical products, including prescription and over-the-counter medications. It is often used by healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, to make informed decisions when prescribing or dispensing medications to patients.

The information in a drug catalog typically includes the following:

* Active ingredients and their uses
* Dosage forms and strengths
* Directions for use and storage
* Contraindications and precautions
* Warnings and potential adverse effects
* Drug interactions
* Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics
* Special handling and disposal instructions

Drug catalogs may be published by pharmaceutical manufacturers, healthcare organizations, or government agencies. In the United States, for example, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) publishes a drug compendium called the "Medicare Formulary Reference File" that is used to determine coverage and reimbursement for medications under the Medicare Part D prescription drug program.

It's important to note that while drug catalogs are valuable resources, they should not be used as the sole source of information when making decisions about medication use. Healthcare professionals should also consider other factors, such as the patient's medical history, current medications, and individual needs and preferences.

A genetic database is a type of biomedical or health informatics database that stores and organizes genetic data, such as DNA sequences, gene maps, genotypes, haplotypes, and phenotype information. These databases can be used for various purposes, including research, clinical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

There are different types of genetic databases, including:

1. Genomic databases: These databases store whole genome sequences, gene expression data, and other genomic information. Examples include the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).
2. Gene databases: These databases contain information about specific genes, including their location, function, regulation, and evolution. Examples include the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the Gene Ontology (GO) database.
3. Variant databases: These databases store information about genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Examples include the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and the International HapMap Project.
4. Clinical databases: These databases contain genetic and clinical information about patients, such as their genotype, phenotype, family history, and response to treatments. Examples include the ClinVar database, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB), and the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR).
5. Population databases: These databases store genetic information about different populations, including their ancestry, demographics, and genetic diversity. Examples include the 1000 Genomes Project, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).

Genetic databases can be publicly accessible or restricted to authorized users, depending on their purpose and content. They play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics, as well as improving healthcare and personalized medicine.

I apologize for any confusion, but "books" is a general term that refers to bound sets of pages that are printed or written with text, illustrations, or signs, and are meant to be read, studied, or consulted. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you're looking for information about a specific medical term or concept, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Library Technical Services" is not a medical term or concept. It is a term used in the library and information science field to refer to the department or unit within a library responsible for acquiring, cataloging, classifying, and processing library materials. This can include books, journals, electronic resources, and other materials that are part of a library's collection.

The goal of technical services is to make these materials accessible and discoverable for library users through the creation of accurate and consistent records in the library catalog. The specific tasks involved may vary depending on the type and format of the material being processed, but can include activities such as selecting and purchasing materials, creating or applying subject headings and call numbers, adding records to the online catalog, and maintaining the physical condition of the materials.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Online Systems" is not a medical term. It generally refers to computer systems or networks that are connected to the internet and can be accessed remotely. In a medical context, it could refer to various online tools and platforms used in healthcare, such as electronic health records, telemedicine systems, or medical research databases. However, without more specific context, it's difficult to provide an accurate medical definition.

A nucleic acid database is a type of biological database that contains sequence, structure, and functional information about nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. These databases are used in various fields of biology, including genomics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to store, search, and analyze nucleic acid data.

Some common types of nucleic acid databases include:

1. Nucleotide sequence databases: These databases contain the primary nucleotide sequences of DNA and RNA molecules from various organisms. Examples include GenBank, EMBL-Bank, and DDBJ.
2. Structure databases: These databases contain three-dimensional structures of nucleic acids determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Examples include the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB).
3. Functional databases: These databases contain information about the functions of nucleic acids, such as their roles in gene regulation, transcription, and translation. Examples include the Gene Ontology (GO) database and the RegulonDB.
4. Genome databases: These databases contain genomic data for various organisms, including whole-genome sequences, gene annotations, and genetic variations. Examples include the Human Genome Database (HGD) and the Ensembl Genome Browser.
5. Comparative databases: These databases allow for the comparison of nucleic acid sequences or structures across different species or conditions. Examples include the Comparative RNA Web (CRW) Site and the Sequence Alignment and Modeling (SAM) system.

Nucleic acid databases are essential resources for researchers to study the structure, function, and evolution of nucleic acids, as well as to develop new tools and methods for analyzing and interpreting nucleic acid data.

Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.

Molecular sequence annotation is the process of identifying and describing the characteristics, functional elements, and relevant information of a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence at the molecular level. This process involves marking the location and function of various features such as genes, regulatory regions, coding and non-coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries, promoters, introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), binding sites for proteins or other molecules, and post-translational modifications in a given molecular sequence.

The annotation can be manual, where experts curate and analyze the data to predict features based on biological knowledge and experimental evidence. Alternatively, computational methods using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms can be employed for automated annotation. These tools often rely on comparative analysis, pattern recognition, and machine learning techniques to identify conserved sequence patterns, motifs, or domains that are associated with specific functions.

The annotated molecular sequences serve as valuable resources in genomic and proteomic studies, contributing to the understanding of gene function, evolutionary relationships, disease associations, and biotechnological applications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Microfilming" is not a commonly used medical term. It is, however, a process used in various fields including library science and archiving to preserve documents by reducing them to microfilm. This process involves photographing documents or images at a reduced scale onto microfilm, which can then be stored and preserved more compactly and efficiently than the original documents.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

Abstracting and indexing are processes used in the field of information science to organize, summarize, and categorize published literature, making it easier for researchers and other interested individuals to find and access relevant information.

Abstracting involves creating a brief summary of a publication, typically no longer than a few hundred words, that captures its key points and findings. This summary is known as an abstract and provides readers with a quick overview of the publication's content, allowing them to determine whether it is worth reading in full.

Indexing, on the other hand, involves categorizing publications according to their subject matter, using a controlled vocabulary or set of keywords. This makes it easier for users to search for and find publications on specific topics, as they can simply look up the relevant keyword or subject heading in the index.

Together, abstracting and indexing are essential tools for managing the vast and growing amount of published literature in any given field. They help ensure that important research findings and other information are easily discoverable and accessible to those who need them, thereby facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and advancing scientific progress.

A human genome is the complete set of genetic information contained within the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of most human cells. It includes all of the genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins, as well as non-coding regions of DNA that regulate gene expression and provide structural support to the chromosomes.

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA and is estimated to contain around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2003 as part of the Human Genome Project, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of human biology, disease, and evolution.

A computer is a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. It is composed of several components including:

1. Hardware: The physical components of a computer such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drive or solid-state drive), and input/output devices (monitor, keyboard, and mouse).
2. Software: The programs and instructions that are used to perform specific tasks on a computer. This includes operating systems, applications, and utilities.
3. Input: Devices or methods used to enter data into a computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, or digital camera.
4. Processing: The function of the CPU in executing instructions and performing calculations on data.
5. Output: The results of processing, which can be displayed on a monitor, printed on paper, or saved to a storage device.

Computers come in various forms and sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. They are used in a wide range of applications, from personal use for communication, entertainment, and productivity, to professional use in fields such as medicine, engineering, finance, and education.

A "periodical" in the context of medicine typically refers to a type of publication that is issued regularly, such as on a monthly or quarterly basis. These publications include peer-reviewed journals, magazines, and newsletters that focus on medical research, education, and practice. They may contain original research articles, review articles, case reports, editorials, letters to the editor, and other types of content related to medical science and clinical practice.

As a "Topic," periodicals in medicine encompass various aspects such as their role in disseminating new knowledge, their impact on clinical decision-making, their quality control measures, and their ethical considerations. Medical periodicals serve as a crucial resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and other stakeholders to stay updated on the latest developments in their field and to share their findings with others.

'Information Storage and Retrieval' in the context of medical informatics refers to the processes and systems used for the recording, storing, organizing, protecting, and retrieving electronic health information (e.g., patient records, clinical data, medical images) for various purposes such as diagnosis, treatment planning, research, and education. This may involve the use of electronic health record (EHR) systems, databases, data warehouses, and other digital technologies that enable healthcare providers to access and share accurate, up-to-date, and relevant information about a patient's health status, medical history, and care plan. The goal is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and coordination of healthcare delivery by providing timely and evidence-based information to support clinical decision-making and patient engagement.

"Terminology as a topic" in the context of medical education and practice refers to the study and use of specialized language and terms within the field of medicine. This includes understanding the meaning, origins, and appropriate usage of medical terminology in order to effectively communicate among healthcare professionals and with patients. It may also involve studying the evolution and cultural significance of medical terminology. The importance of "terminology as a topic" lies in promoting clear and accurate communication, which is essential for providing safe and effective patient care.

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are short, single-pass DNA sequences that are derived from cDNA libraries. They represent a quick and cost-effective method for large-scale sequencing of gene transcripts and provide an unbiased view of the genes being actively expressed in a particular tissue or developmental stage. ESTs can be used to identify and study new genes, to analyze patterns of gene expression, and to develop molecular markers for genetic mapping and genome analysis.

A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.

Examples of factual medical databases include:

1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

Audiovisual aids are educational tools that utilize both visual and auditory senses to facilitate learning and communication. These aids can include various forms of technology such as projectors, televisions, computers, and mobile devices, as well as traditional materials like posters, charts, and models. In a medical context, audiovisual aids may be used in lectures, presentations, or patient education to help illustrate complex concepts, demonstrate procedures, or provide information in a clear and engaging way. They can be particularly useful for individuals who learn best through visual or auditory means, and can help to improve comprehension and retention of information.

Gene Ontology (GO) is not a medical term, but rather a bioinformatics term used to describe a controlled vocabulary or ontology for describing molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components in which genes and gene products are involved. It provides a standardized way to represent and share information about gene function across different species.

The GO ontology is organized as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), where each term has defined relationships with other terms, allowing for the representation of complex biological concepts. The GO terms can be used to describe molecular functions such as enzymatic activities or binding interactions, biological processes such as metabolic pathways or signal transduction cascades, and cellular components such as organelles or subcellular structures.

GO analysis is a common approach in bioinformatics for interpreting large-scale genomic data, such as microarray or next-generation sequencing experiments, to identify genes that are involved in specific biological processes or molecular functions of interest.

A "gene library" is not a recognized term in medical genetics or molecular biology. However, the closest concept that might be referred to by this term is a "genomic library," which is a collection of DNA clones that represent the entire genetic material of an organism. These libraries are used for various research purposes, such as identifying and studying specific genes or gene functions.

Gene expression profiling is a laboratory technique used to measure the activity (expression) of thousands of genes at once. This technique allows researchers and clinicians to identify which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell, tissue, or organism under specific conditions, such as during health, disease, development, or in response to various treatments.

The process typically involves isolating RNA from the cells or tissues of interest, converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA), and then using microarray or high-throughput sequencing technologies to determine which genes are expressed and at what levels. The resulting data can be used to identify patterns of gene expression that are associated with specific biological states or processes, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of diseases and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

In recent years, gene expression profiling has become an essential tool in various fields, including cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, where it is used to identify biomarkers of disease, predict patient outcomes, and guide treatment decisions.

RNA Sequence Analysis is a branch of bioinformatics that involves the determination and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules. This process includes identifying and characterizing the individual RNA molecules, determining their functions, and studying their evolutionary relationships.

RNA Sequence Analysis typically involves the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies to generate large datasets of RNA sequences, which are then analyzed using computational methods. The analysis may include comparing the sequences to reference databases to identify known RNA molecules or discovering new ones, identifying patterns and features in the sequences, such as motifs or domains, and predicting the secondary and tertiary structures of the RNA molecules.

RNA Sequence Analysis has many applications in basic research, including understanding gene regulation, identifying novel non-coding RNAs, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. It also has practical applications in clinical settings, such as diagnosing and monitoring diseases, developing new therapies, and personalized medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "filing" is not a medical term that I am aware of. In the context of medicine and healthcare, it generally refers to the process of organizing and storing medical records or documents in a systematic way. However, if you are referring to a different context or meaning of "filing," could you please provide more information or clarify your question? I'll do my best to help you with accurate and helpful information.

A User-Computer Interface (also known as Human-Computer Interaction) refers to the point at which a person (user) interacts with a computer system. This can include both hardware and software components, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The design of the user-computer interface is crucial in determining the usability and accessibility of a computer system for the user. A well-designed interface should be intuitive, efficient, and easy to use, minimizing the cognitive load on the user and allowing them to effectively accomplish their tasks.

A bibliographic database is a type of database that contains records of publications, such as books, articles, and conference proceedings. These records typically include bibliographic information, such as the title, author, publication date, and source of the publication. Some bibliographic databases also include abstracts or summaries of the publications, and many provide links to the full text of the publications if they are available online.

Bibliographic databases are used in a variety of fields, including academia, medicine, and industry, to locate relevant publications on a particular topic. They can be searched using keywords, author names, and other criteria. Some bibliographic databases are general, covering a wide range of topics, while others are specialized and focus on a specific subject area.

In the medical field, bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed are widely used to search for articles related to biomedical research, clinical practice, and public health. These databases contain records of articles from thousands of biomedical journals and can be searched using keywords, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms, and other criteria.

The term "Congresses as Topic" refers to large, formal meetings that are held to discuss and exchange information on a specific topic or field, usually academic or professional in nature. In the context of medical science, a congress is an event where healthcare professionals, researchers, and experts gather to present and discuss the latest research, developments, and innovations in their field. Medical congresses can cover a wide range of topics, including specific diseases, treatments, medical specialties, public health issues, or healthcare policies. These events often include keynote speeches, panel discussions, workshops, poster sessions, and networking opportunities for attendees. Examples of well-known medical congresses are the annual meetings of the American Medical Association, the American Heart Association, and the European Society of Cardiology.

A database, in the context of medical informatics, is a structured set of data organized in a way that allows for efficient storage, retrieval, and analysis. Databases are used extensively in healthcare to store and manage various types of information, including patient records, clinical trials data, research findings, and genetic data.

As a topic, "Databases" in medicine can refer to the design, implementation, management, and use of these databases. It may also encompass issues related to data security, privacy, and interoperability between different healthcare systems and databases. Additionally, it can involve the development and application of database technologies for specific medical purposes, such as clinical decision support, outcomes research, and personalized medicine.

Overall, databases play a critical role in modern healthcare by enabling evidence-based practice, improving patient care, advancing medical research, and informing health policy decisions.

Interlibrary loan (ILL) is not a medical term, but a term used in the field of libraries and information science. It refers to the process of borrowing materials, such as books or journal articles, from one library by another library on behalf of a patron, who may be a researcher, student, or member of the public. The purpose is to provide access to materials that are not available in the requesting library's collection.

In the context of medical libraries, interlibrary loan services can be essential for healthcare professionals, researchers, and students to access specialized medical literature, such as journal articles, books, and other resources, that may not be available in their institution's library or local libraries. This helps support evidence-based practice, research, and continuing education in the medical field.

A protein database is a type of biological database that contains information about proteins and their structures, functions, sequences, and interactions with other molecules. These databases can include experimentally determined data, such as protein sequences derived from DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry, as well as predicted data based on computational methods.

Some examples of protein databases include:

1. UniProtKB: a comprehensive protein database that provides information about protein sequences, functions, and structures, as well as literature references and links to other resources.
2. PDB (Protein Data Bank): a database of three-dimensional protein structures determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
3. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): a web-based tool that allows users to compare a query protein sequence against a protein database to identify similar sequences and potential functional relationships.
4. InterPro: a database of protein families, domains, and functional sites that provides information about protein function based on sequence analysis and other data.
5. STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins): a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions, including physical and functional associations.

Protein databases are essential tools in proteomics research, enabling researchers to study protein function, evolution, and interaction networks on a large scale.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Library Materials" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Generally, library materials refer to the various types of resources and media that are kept in a library for research, learning, or entertainment purposes. This can include books, magazines, newspapers, journals, manuscripts, maps, charts, prints, documents, microforms, electronic resources, films, videos, sound recordings, digital records, and other materials.

However, if you're looking for a definition related to medical libraries or healthcare, library materials might refer to resources specifically related to medicine, nursing, dentistry, public health, allied health professions, and related fields. These can include textbooks, reference books, journals, clinical guidelines, evidence reports, systematic reviews, patient education materials, and multimedia resources.

Automatic Data Processing (ADP) is not a medical term, but a general business term that refers to the use of computers and software to automate and streamline administrative tasks and processes. In a medical context, ADP may be used in healthcare settings to manage electronic health records (EHRs), billing and coding, insurance claims processing, and other data-intensive tasks.

The goal of using ADP in healthcare is to improve efficiency, accuracy, and timeliness of administrative processes, while reducing costs and errors associated with manual data entry and management. By automating these tasks, healthcare providers can focus more on patient care and less on paperwork, ultimately improving the quality of care delivered to patients.

In the context of healthcare, an Information System (IS) is a set of components that work together to collect, process, store, and distribute health information. This can include hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that are used to create, process, and communicate information.

Healthcare IS support various functions within a healthcare organization, such as:

1. Clinical information systems: These systems support clinical workflows and decision-making by providing access to patient records, order entry, results reporting, and medication administration records.
2. Financial information systems: These systems manage financial transactions, including billing, claims processing, and revenue cycle management.
3. Administrative information systems: These systems support administrative functions, such as scheduling appointments, managing patient registration, and tracking patient flow.
4. Public health information systems: These systems collect, analyze, and disseminate public health data to support disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and population health management.

Healthcare IS must comply with various regulations, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which governs the privacy and security of protected health information (PHI). Effective implementation and use of healthcare IS can improve patient care, reduce errors, and increase efficiency within healthcare organizations.

High-throughput nucleotide sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), refers to a group of technologies that allow for the rapid and parallel determination of nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA molecules. These techniques enable the sequencing of large numbers of DNA or RNA fragments simultaneously, resulting in the generation of vast amounts of sequence data in a single run.

High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized genomics research by allowing for the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes. It has numerous applications in basic research, including genome assembly, gene expression analysis, variant detection, and methylation profiling, as well as in clinical settings, such as diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of pathogens, and monitoring of cancer progression and treatment response.

Some common high-throughput sequencing platforms include Illumina (sequencing by synthesis), Ion Torrent (semiconductor sequencing), Pacific Biosciences (single molecule real-time sequencing), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (nanopore sequencing). Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of technology depends on the specific research question and experimental design.

The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced or present in an organism, system, organ, or cell at a certain time under specific conditions. It is a dynamic collection of protein species that changes over time, responding to various internal and external stimuli such as disease, stress, or environmental factors. The study of the proteome, known as proteomics, involves the identification and quantification of these protein components and their post-translational modifications, providing valuable insights into biological processes, functional pathways, and disease mechanisms.

Proteomics is the large-scale study and analysis of proteins, including their structures, functions, interactions, modifications, and abundance, in a given cell, tissue, or organism. It involves the identification and quantification of all expressed proteins in a biological sample, as well as the characterization of post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and functional pathways. Proteomics can provide valuable insights into various biological processes, diseases, and drug responses, and has applications in basic research, biomedicine, and clinical diagnostics. The field combines various techniques from molecular biology, chemistry, physics, and bioinformatics to study proteins at a systems level.

"Textbooks as Topic" is a medical subject heading (MeSH) used in the National Library of Medicine's cataloging system to describe works that are about textbooks as a genre or medium, rather than a specific subject. This can include discussions on the history of medical textbooks, their role in medical education, comparisons between different types of textbooks, and analysis of their content and effectiveness. It may also cover issues related to the production, distribution, and accessibility of medical textbooks.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

"Concatenated DNA" is a term used to describe two or more DNA molecules that are linked together in a head-to-tail fashion, forming a continuous double helix. This can occur either naturally or through laboratory manipulation. In the context of molecular biology and genetics, concatenation refers to the joining of multiple DNA fragments into one longer molecule.

Concatenated DNA molecules are often used in various applications, such as cloning large DNA sequences, constructing artificial chromosomes, or studying the recombination and repair of DNA. The process of creating concatemers (the plural form of concatener) typically involves ligating multiple copies of a DNA fragment together using an enzyme called a ligase, which forms covalent bonds between the ends of the fragments to create a single, uninterrupted molecule.

It is important to note that "DNA, concatenated" is not a formal medical term or diagnosis but rather a technical term used in molecular biology and genetics research.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that enables users to define, create, maintain, and manipulate databases. It provides a structured way to organize, store, retrieve, and manage data in a digital format. The DBMS serves as an interface between the database and the applications or users that access it, allowing for standardized interactions and data access methods. Common functions of a DBMS include data definition, data manipulation, data security, data recovery, and concurrent data access control. Examples of DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and MongoDB.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

I must clarify that there is no specific medical definition for "Software Design." Software design is a term used in the field of software engineering and development, which includes the creation of detailed plans, schemas, and models that describe how a software system or application should be constructed and implemented. This process involves various activities such as defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, data structures, and algorithms required to build the software system.

However, in the context of medical software or healthcare applications, software design would still refer to the planning and structuring of the software system but with a focus on addressing specific needs and challenges within the medical domain. This might include considerations for data privacy and security, regulatory compliance (such as HIPAA or GDPR), integration with existing health IT systems, user experience (UX) design for healthcare professionals and patients, and evidence-based decision support features.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

The transcriptome refers to the complete set of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and other non-coding RNAs, that are present in a cell or a population of cells at a given point in time. It reflects the genetic activity and provides information about which genes are being actively transcribed and to what extent. The transcriptome can vary under different conditions, such as during development, in response to environmental stimuli, or in various diseases, making it an important area of study in molecular biology and personalized medicine.

"Review literature" is a term used to describe a type of scientific or academic writing that summarizes and synthesizes existing research on a particular topic. A review literature article, also known as a literature review, provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on a subject, highlighting the most important studies, methods, findings, and controversies.

A well-conducted review literature article is based on a thorough and systematic search of the relevant scientific or academic databases, journals, and other sources of information. The selection of studies for inclusion in the review is typically based on specific criteria, such as the quality of the research design, the relevance of the findings to the topic, and the publication date.

The purpose of a review literature article is to provide a critical analysis of the existing research, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and suggest directions for future research. It can also serve as a guide for researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and other stakeholders who are interested in staying up-to-date with the latest developments in their field.

In medical contexts, review literature articles are often used to inform evidence-based practice, clinical guidelines, and health policy decisions. They can also help to identify research priorities and guide funding agencies in allocating resources for future studies.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a type of genetic variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the DNA sequence is altered. This alteration must occur in at least 1% of the population to be considered a SNP. These variations can help explain why some people are more susceptible to certain diseases than others and can also influence how an individual responds to certain medications. SNPs can serve as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. They can also provide information about an individual's ancestry and ethnic background.

In the context of healthcare, "Information Services" typically refers to the department or system within a healthcare organization that is responsible for managing and providing various forms of information to support clinical, administrative, and research functions. This can include:

1. Clinical Information Systems: These are electronic systems that help clinicians manage and access patient health information, such as electronic health records (EHRs), computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems, and clinical decision support systems.

2. Administrative Information Systems: These are electronic systems used to manage administrative tasks, such as scheduling appointments, billing, and maintaining patient registries.

3. Research Information Services: These provide support for research activities, including data management, analysis, and reporting. They may also include bioinformatics services that deal with the collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination of genomic and proteomic data.

4. Health Information Exchange (HIE): This is a system or service that enables the sharing of clinical information between different healthcare organizations and providers.

5. Telemedicine Services: These allow remote diagnosis and treatment of patients using telecommunications technology.

6. Patient Portals: Secure online websites that give patients convenient, 24-hour access to their personal health information.

7. Data Analytics: The process of examining data sets to draw conclusions about the information they contain, often with the intention of predicting future trends or behaviors.

8. Knowledge Management: The process of identifying, capturing, organizing, storing, and sharing information and expertise within an organization.

The primary goal of healthcare Information Services is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of patient care by providing timely, accurate, and relevant information to the right people in the right format.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Virginia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a geographical location, specifically the name of a state in the United States. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

A karyotype is a method used in genetics to describe the number and visual appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. It includes the arrangement of the chromosomes by length, position of the centromeres, and banding pattern. A karyotype is often represented as a photograph or image of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs from largest to smallest, that has been stained to show the bands of DNA. This information can be used to identify genetic abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations. A karyotype is typically obtained by culturing cells from a sample of blood or tissue, then arresting the cell division at metaphase and staining the chromosomes to make them visible for analysis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

A Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is an analytical approach used in genetic research to identify associations between genetic variants, typically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and specific traits or diseases across the entire genome. This method involves scanning the genomes of many individuals, usually thousands, to find genetic markers that occur more frequently in people with a particular disease or trait than in those without it.

The goal of a GWAS is to identify genetic loci (positions on chromosomes) associated with a trait or disease, which can help researchers understand the underlying genetic architecture and biological mechanisms contributing to the condition. It's important to note that while GWAS can identify associations between genetic variants and traits/diseases, these studies do not necessarily prove causation. Further functional validation studies are often required to confirm the role of identified genetic variants in the development or progression of a trait or disease.

Contig mapping, short for contiguous mapping, is a process used in genetics and genomics to construct a detailed map of a particular region or regions of a genome. It involves the use of molecular biology techniques to physically join together, or "clone," overlapping DNA fragments from a specific region of interest in a genome. These joined fragments are called "contigs" because they are continuous and contiguous stretches of DNA that represent a contiguous map of the region.

Contig mapping is often used to study large-scale genetic variations, such as deletions, duplications, or rearrangements, in specific genomic regions associated with diseases or other traits. It can also be used to identify and characterize genes within those regions, which can help researchers understand their function and potential role in disease processes.

The process of contig mapping typically involves several steps, including:

1. DNA fragmentation: The genomic region of interest is broken down into smaller fragments using physical or enzymatic methods.
2. Cloning: The fragments are inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or bacteriophage, which can be replicated in bacteria to produce multiple copies of each fragment.
3. Library construction: The cloned fragments are pooled together to create a genomic library, which contains all the DNA fragments from the region of interest.
4. Screening and selection: The library is screened using various methods, such as hybridization or PCR, to identify clones that contain overlapping fragments from the region of interest.
5. Contig assembly: The selected clones are ordered based on their overlapping regions to create a contiguous map of the genomic region.
6. Sequencing and analysis: The DNA sequence of the contigs is determined and analyzed to identify genes, regulatory elements, and other features of the genomic region.

Overall, contig mapping is an important tool for studying the structure and function of genomes, and has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetic variation and disease mechanisms.

A hospital library, also known as a health sciences library or medical library, is a type of specialized library that serves the information needs of healthcare professionals, patients, students, and researchers in a hospital or healthcare facility. These libraries typically contain a wide range of resources related to medicine, nursing, allied health professions, and healthcare administration.

The resources available in a hospital library may include:

1. Print materials such as medical textbooks, journals, reference books, and patient education materials.
2. Electronic resources such as e-books, electronic journals, databases, and multimedia resources.
3. Audiovisual materials such as DVDs, CDs, and streaming media related to medical education and patient care.
4. Clinical decision support tools that help healthcare professionals make informed clinical decisions at the point of care.
5. Access to online learning platforms and continuing education resources for healthcare professionals.
6. Services such as literature searching, document delivery, interlibrary loan, and reference assistance.

Hospital libraries play a critical role in supporting patient care, medical education, research, and evidence-based practice in healthcare facilities. They provide access to high-quality, reliable information that helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care, stay up-to-date with the latest research and best practices, and improve their knowledge and skills. Hospital libraries also provide resources and services that help patients and their families make informed decisions about their health and treatment options.

Health Services Administration (HSA) is not a medical term per se, but rather a field of study and practice within healthcare management. Here's a definition that encompasses its meaning:

Health Services Administration (HSA) refers to the planning, directing, coordinating, and supervising of health services in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, public health agencies, and other medical facilities. It involves managing financial resources, developing organizational policies, ensuring quality assurance, maintaining regulatory compliance, and promoting efficient delivery of healthcare services to improve patient outcomes and overall population health. HSA professionals may hold titles such as hospital administrator, clinical director, or healthcare executive.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

A disease is a condition that impairs normal functioning and causes harm to the body. It is typically characterized by a specific set of symptoms and may be caused by genetic, environmental, or infectious agents. A disease can also be described as a disorder of structure or function in an organism that produces specific signs or symptoms. Diseases can range from minor ones, like the common cold, to serious illnesses, such as heart disease or cancer. They can also be acute, with a sudden onset and short duration, or chronic, lasting for a long period of time. Ultimately, a disease is any deviation from normal homeostasis that causes harm to an organism.

Proteins are complex, large molecules that play critical roles in the body's functions. They are made up of amino acids, which are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, and they play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling. Proteins can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural proteins. They are found in various foods, especially animal-derived products like meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as plant-based sources like beans, nuts, and grains.

Protein interaction mapping is a research approach used to identify and characterize the physical interactions between different proteins within a cell or organism. This process often involves the use of high-throughput experimental techniques, such as yeast two-hybrid screening, mass spectrometry-based approaches, or protein fragment complementation assays, to detect and quantify the binding affinities of protein pairs. The resulting data is then used to construct a protein interaction network, which can provide insights into functional relationships between proteins, help elucidate cellular pathways, and inform our understanding of biological processes in health and disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Library Science" is not a term that has a medical definition. Library Science is a field of study that deals with the acquisition, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. It includes the design of library spaces, the development of information policies, the use of technology in libraries, and the practice of cataloging and classification. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I'd be happy to help with that!

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis is a type of microarray analysis that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single sample. In this technique, oligonucleotides (short DNA sequences) are attached to a solid support, such as a glass slide, in a specific pattern. These oligonucleotides are designed to be complementary to specific target mRNA sequences from the sample being analyzed.

During the analysis, labeled RNA or cDNA from the sample is hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. The level of hybridization is then measured and used to determine the relative abundance of each target sequence in the sample. This information can be used to identify differences in gene expression between samples, which can help researchers understand the underlying biological processes involved in various diseases or developmental stages.

It's important to note that this technique requires specialized equipment and bioinformatics tools for data analysis, as well as careful experimental design and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

Computer communication networks (CCN) refer to the interconnected systems or groups of computers that are able to communicate and share resources and information with each other. These networks may be composed of multiple interconnected devices, including computers, servers, switches, routers, and other hardware components. The connections between these devices can be established through various types of media, such as wired Ethernet cables or wireless Wi-Fi signals.

CCNs enable the sharing of data, applications, and services among users and devices, and they are essential for supporting modern digital communication and collaboration. Some common examples of CCNs include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the Internet. These networks can be designed and implemented in various topologies, such as star, ring, bus, mesh, and tree configurations, to meet the specific needs and requirements of different organizations and applications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Systems Integration" is not a medical term per se. It is a term more commonly used in the fields of engineering, computer science, and information technology. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Systems Integration refers to the process of combining different sub-systems or components into a single, cohesive system to allow seamless communication and data exchange between them. This integration aims to improve efficiency, performance, and overall functionality by unifying various standalone systems into an interconnected network that behaves as a unified whole.

In the context of healthcare, systems integration can be applied to merge different electronic health record (EHR) systems, medical devices, or other healthcare technologies to create a comprehensive, interoperable healthcare information system. This facilitates better care coordination, data sharing, and decision-making among healthcare providers, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Data mining, in the context of health informatics and medical research, refers to the process of discovering patterns, correlations, and insights within large sets of patient or clinical data. It involves the use of advanced analytical techniques such as machine learning algorithms, statistical models, and artificial intelligence to identify and extract useful information from complex datasets.

The goal of data mining in healthcare is to support evidence-based decision making, improve patient outcomes, and optimize resource utilization. Applications of data mining in healthcare include predicting disease outbreaks, identifying high-risk patients, personalizing treatment plans, improving clinical workflows, and detecting fraud and abuse in healthcare systems.

Data mining can be performed on various types of healthcare data, including electronic health records (EHRs), medical claims databases, genomic data, imaging data, and sensor data from wearable devices. However, it is important to ensure that data mining techniques are used ethically and responsibly, with appropriate safeguards in place to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.

A conserved sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to a pattern of nucleotides (in DNA or RNA) or amino acids (in proteins) that has remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. These sequences are often functionally important and are highly conserved across different species, indicating strong selection pressure against changes in these regions.

In the case of protein-coding genes, the corresponding amino acid sequence is deduced from the DNA sequence through the genetic code. Conserved sequences in proteins may indicate structurally or functionally important regions, such as active sites or binding sites, that are critical for the protein's activity. Similarly, conserved non-coding sequences in DNA may represent regulatory elements that control gene expression.

Identifying conserved sequences can be useful for inferring evolutionary relationships between species and for predicting the function of unknown genes or proteins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Library Surveys" is not a recognized medical term or concept. It seems that there might be a misunderstanding, as "library surveys" typically refers to the process of gathering information or data from library users or communities about their needs, experiences, and satisfaction with library resources, services, and facilities.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or healthcare concepts, please let me know and I would be happy to help.

Benchmarking in the medical context refers to the process of comparing healthcare services, practices, or outcomes against a widely recognized standard or within best practice recommendations, with the aim of identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes to enhance the quality and efficiency of care. This can involve comparing data on various metrics such as patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, costs, and safety measures. The goal is to continuously monitor and improve the quality of healthcare services provided to patients.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Programmed Instruction" is not a medical term or concept. It is a educational theory and teaching strategy that was developed in the mid-20th century. Programmed instruction involves presenting information to learners in small, manageable chunks or "frames," with each frame building upon the previous one. Learners are often asked to respond to questions or prompts after each frame, which allows them to immediately apply what they have learned and receive feedback. This approach is designed to help learners progress at their own pace and take an active role in their learning process. It has been used in various settings, including medical education, to teach a wide range of topics.

Automation in the medical context refers to the use of technology and programming to allow machines or devices to operate with minimal human intervention. This can include various types of medical equipment, such as laboratory analyzers, imaging devices, and robotic surgical systems. Automation can help improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety in healthcare settings by reducing the potential for human error and allowing healthcare professionals to focus on higher-level tasks. It is important to note that while automation has many benefits, it is also essential to ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to prevent accidents and maintain quality of care.

Protein interaction maps are graphical representations that illustrate the physical interactions and functional relationships between different proteins in a cell or organism. These maps can be generated through various experimental techniques such as yeast two-hybrid screens, affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) followed by mass spectrometry. The resulting data is then visualized as a network where nodes represent proteins and edges represent the interactions between them. Protein interaction maps can provide valuable insights into cellular processes, signal transduction pathways, and disease mechanisms, and are widely used in systems biology and network medicine research.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a medical approach that combines the best available scientific evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. It emphasizes the use of systematic research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, to guide clinical decision making. EBM aims to provide the most effective and efficient care while minimizing variations in practice, reducing errors, and improving patient outcomes.

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a type of clinical study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental intervention or the control condition, which may be a standard of care, placebo, or no treatment. The goal of an RCT is to minimize bias and ensure that the results are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups to determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes. RCTs are often considered the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, as they provide a high level of evidence for causal relationships between the intervention and health outcomes.

'Guidelines' in the medical context are systematically developed statements or sets of recommendations designed to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available evidence, including scientific studies, expert opinions, and patient values. Guidelines may cover a wide range of topics, such as diagnosis, treatment, prevention, screening, and management of various diseases and conditions. They aim to standardize care, improve patient outcomes, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote efficient use of healthcare resources.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify the chemical components of a mixture or compound. It works by ionizing the sample, generating charged molecules or fragments, and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratio in a vacuum. The resulting mass spectrum provides information about the molecular weight and structure of the analytes, allowing for identification and characterization.

In simpler terms, mass spectrometry is a method used to determine what chemicals are present in a sample and in what quantities, by converting the chemicals into ions, measuring their masses, and generating a spectrum that shows the relative abundances of each ion type.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

"Herbals as Topic" is not a medical condition or diagnosis itself, but rather it refers to the study and discussion of herbal medicine or phytotherapy in the context of medical and healthcare practices. Herbal medicine involves the use of plants and plant extracts for medicinal purposes, either alone or combined with conventional treatments.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) defines herbal products as "products made from plants (or parts of plants) used to treat illnesses or promote health and well-being." These products can come in many forms, including teas, capsules, powders, extracts, and tinctures.

When discussing "Herbals as Topic," it is important to consider the potential benefits and risks associated with their use, as well as any interactions between herbal supplements and conventional medications. It is also crucial to ensure that patients are fully informed about the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal products they may choose to use. Healthcare professionals should maintain an open and non-judgmental dialogue with their patients regarding their use of herbal medicine, encouraging evidence-based decision-making and promoting safe and effective integrative healthcare practices.

Exons are the coding regions of DNA that remain in the mature, processed mRNA after the removal of non-coding intronic sequences during RNA splicing. These exons contain the information necessary to encode proteins, as they specify the sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide chain. The arrangement and order of exons can vary between different genes and even between different versions of the same gene (alternative splicing), allowing for the generation of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. This complexity in exon structure and usage significantly contributes to the diversity and functionality of the proteome.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.

Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Interinstitutional Relations" is not a commonly used medical term. Instead, it is more frequently used in the context of social sciences, particularly in relation to organizations and their interactions with each other. In this context, interinstitutional relations refers to the relationships, cooperative arrangements, and communication between different organizations or institutions.

However, if you are looking for a term related to medical institutions or healthcare organizations, you might be interested in "Interprofessional Relations" or "Interdisciplinary Collaboration." These terms describe the interactions, coordination, and cooperation among various healthcare professionals and disciplines to provide comprehensive and high-quality patient care.

A group of chordate animals (Phylum Chordata) that have a vertebral column, or backbone, made up of individual vertebrae. This group includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, which is a flexible, rod-like structure that runs along the length of the body during development; a dorsal hollow nerve cord; and pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in their development. The vertebral column provides support and protection for the spinal cord and allows for the development of complex movements and behaviors.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Genetic models are theoretical frameworks used in genetics to describe and explain the inheritance patterns and genetic architecture of traits, diseases, or phenomena. These models are based on mathematical equations and statistical methods that incorporate information about gene frequencies, modes of inheritance, and the effects of environmental factors. They can be used to predict the probability of certain genetic outcomes, to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, and to inform medical management and treatment decisions.

There are several types of genetic models, including:

1. Mendelian models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of simple genetic traits that follow Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Examples include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
2. Complex trait models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Population genetics models: These models describe the distribution and frequency of genetic variants within populations over time. They can be used to study evolutionary processes, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Quantitative genetics models: These models describe the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation in continuous traits, such as height or IQ. They can be used to estimate heritability and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to trait variation.
5. Statistical genetics models: These models use statistical methods to analyze genetic data and infer the presence of genetic associations or linkage. They can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or traits.

Overall, genetic models are essential tools in genetics research and medical genetics, as they allow researchers to make predictions about genetic outcomes, test hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits and diseases, and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

RNA splice sites are specific sequences on the pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) molecule where the splicing process occurs during gene expression in eukaryotic cells. The pre-mRNA contains introns and exons, which are non-coding and coding regions of the RNA, respectively.

The splicing process removes the introns and joins together the exons to form a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated into a protein. The splice sites are recognized by the spliceosome, a complex of proteins and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) that catalyze the splicing reaction.

There are two main types of splice sites: the 5' splice site and the 3' splice site. The 5' splice site is located at the junction between the 5' end of the intron and the 3' end of the exon, while the 3' splice site is located at the junction between the 3' end of the intron and the 5' end of the exon.

The 5' splice site contains a conserved GU sequence, while the 3' splice site contains a conserved AG sequence. These sequences are recognized by the snRNAs in the spliceosome, which bind to them and facilitate the splicing reaction.

Mutations or variations in RNA splice sites can lead to abnormal splicing and result in diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic disorders.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in living organisms. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes are passed down from parents to offspring and determine many of an individual's traits, such as eye color and height.

A neoplasm, on the other hand, is a term used to describe an abnormal growth of cells, also known as a tumor. Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are generally not harmful and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, however, can invade and destroy nearby tissues and organs, and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

In some cases, genetic mutations can lead to the development of neoplasms. These genetic changes can be inherited from parents or can occur spontaneously during a person's lifetime. Some genes are known to play a role in the development of certain types of cancer. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase a person's risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

It is important to note that not all neoplasms are caused by genetic mutations. Other factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or viruses, can also contribute to the development of neoplasms.

An INDEL (Insertion/Deletion) mutation is a type of genetic alteration in which a small number of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) are inserted or deleted from a sequence. This can lead to changes in the resulting protein, potentially causing it to be nonfunctional or altered in its activity. INDEL mutations can have various effects on an organism, depending on their location and size. They are implicated in several genetic disorders and diseases, including certain types of cancer.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Computer graphics is the field of study and practice related to creating images and visual content using computer technology. It involves various techniques, algorithms, and tools for generating, manipulating, and rendering digital images and models. These can include 2D and 3D modeling, animation, rendering, visualization, and image processing. Computer graphics is used in a wide range of applications, including video games, movies, scientific simulations, medical imaging, architectural design, and data visualization.

Metagenomics is the scientific study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. This field of research involves analyzing the collective microbial genomes found in a variety of environments, such as soil, ocean water, or the human gut, without the need to culture individual species in a lab. By using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies and computational tools, metagenomics allows researchers to identify and study the functional potential and ecological roles of diverse microbial communities, contributing to our understanding of their impacts on ecosystems, health, and disease.

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maryland" is a proper noun and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. However, if you are referring to a specific medical term or concept that includes "Maryland," could you please provide more context? I'll do my best to help with accurate information based on the provided context.

Protein sequence analysis is the systematic examination and interpretation of the amino acid sequence of a protein to understand its structure, function, evolutionary relationships, and other biological properties. It involves various computational methods and tools to analyze the primary structure of proteins, which is the linear arrangement of amino acids along the polypeptide chain.

Protein sequence analysis can provide insights into several aspects, such as:

1. Identification of functional domains, motifs, or sites within a protein that may be responsible for its specific biochemical activities.
2. Comparison of homologous sequences from different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships and determine the degree of similarity or divergence among them.
3. Prediction of secondary and tertiary structures based on patterns of amino acid composition, hydrophobicity, and charge distribution.
4. Detection of post-translational modifications that may influence protein function, localization, or stability.
5. Identification of protease cleavage sites, signal peptides, or other sequence features that play a role in protein processing and targeting.

Some common techniques used in protein sequence analysis include:

1. Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA): A method to align multiple protein sequences to identify conserved regions, gaps, and variations.
2. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): A widely-used tool for comparing a query protein sequence against a database of known sequences to find similarities and infer function or evolutionary relationships.
3. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs): Statistical models used to describe the probability distribution of amino acid sequences in protein families, allowing for more sensitive detection of remote homologs.
4. Protein structure prediction: Methods that use various computational approaches to predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein based on its amino acid sequence.
5. Phylogenetic analysis: The construction and interpretation of evolutionary trees (phylogenies) based on aligned protein sequences, which can provide insights into the historical relationships among organisms or proteins.

A bookplate, also known as ex libris, is a label or plate placed in a book, often on the front endpaper, to indicate ownership. It typically contains the name, motto, or coat of arms of the book's owner. Medical bookplates as a topic may refer to the study of these plates as they appear in medical books, or to the design and creation of bookplates for medical professionals or institutions. These bookplates can provide insight into the history of medicine and the cultural attitudes towards it.

A broadside, in the context of medical terminology, typically refers to a type of publication that is printed on one side of a large sheet of paper. In a historical context, broadsides were often used to disseminate information about medical treatments, public health announcements, or advertisements for medical services or products.

In modern times, the term "broadsides" may also refer to the sudden and intense delivery of medical treatment, such as in the case of broadside chemotherapy. This refers to the administration of multiple chemotherapeutic agents all at once, with the intention of delivering a concentrated and powerful blow to cancer cells.

It's worth noting that the term "broadsides" has a variety of meanings and uses outside of the medical field as well, including in reference to naval warfare, poetry, and more.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and measure changes in the DNA content of an individual's genome. It is a type of microarray-based analysis that compares the DNA of two samples, typically a test sample and a reference sample, to identify copy number variations (CNVs), including gains or losses of genetic material.

In CGH, the DNA from both samples is labeled with different fluorescent dyes, typically one sample with a green fluorophore and the other with a red fluorophore. The labeled DNAs are then co-hybridized to a microarray, which contains thousands of DNA probes representing specific genomic regions. The intensity of each spot on the array reflects the amount of DNA from each sample that has hybridized to the probe.

By comparing the ratio of green to red fluorescence intensities for each probe, CGH can detect gains or losses of genetic material in the test sample relative to the reference sample. A ratio of 1 indicates no difference in copy number between the two samples, while a ratio greater than 1 suggests a gain of genetic material, and a ratio less than 1 suggests a loss.

CGH is a powerful tool for detecting genomic imbalances associated with various genetic disorders, including cancer, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and congenital abnormalities. It can also be used to study the genomics of organisms in evolutionary biology and ecological studies.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs, typically consisting of around 20-24 nucleotides, that play crucial roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They primarily bind to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. MicroRNAs are involved in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and have been implicated in numerous diseases, such as cancers and neurological disorders. They can be found in various organisms, from plants to animals, and are often conserved across species. MicroRNAs are usually transcribed from DNA sequences located in introns or exons of protein-coding genes or in intergenic regions. After transcription, they undergo a series of processing steps, including cleavage by ribonucleases Drosha and Dicer, to generate mature miRNA molecules capable of binding to their target mRNAs.

Inborn genetic diseases, also known as inherited genetic disorders, are conditions caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA that are present at conception. These abnormalities can include mutations, deletions, or rearrangements of genes or chromosomes. In many cases, these genetic changes are inherited from one or both parents and may be passed down through families.

Inborn genetic diseases can affect any part of the body and can cause a wide range of symptoms, which can vary in severity depending on the specific disorder. Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene, while others are caused by changes in multiple genes or chromosomes. In some cases, environmental factors may also contribute to the development of these conditions.

Examples of inborn genetic diseases include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Down syndrome. These conditions can have significant impacts on an individual's health and quality of life, and many require ongoing medical management and treatment. In some cases, genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of a particular genetic disorder to help them make informed decisions about their reproductive options.

A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.

Untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA are the non-coding sequences that are present in mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules, which are located at both the 5' end (5' UTR) and the 3' end (3' UTR) of the mRNA, outside of the coding sequence (CDS). These regions do not get translated into proteins. They contain regulatory elements that play a role in the regulation of gene expression by affecting the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR typically contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes or the Kozak consensus sequence in eukaryotes, which are important for the initiation of translation. The 3' UTR often contains regulatory elements such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) binding sites that can affect mRNA stability and translation.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

An archaeal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in an archaea, a single-celled microorganism that is found in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. The genome of an archaea contains all the information necessary for its survival, including the instructions for building proteins and other essential molecules, as well as the regulatory elements that control gene expression.

Archaeal genomes are typically circular in structure and range in size from about 0.5 to over 5 million base pairs. They contain genes that are similar to those found in bacteria and eukaryotes, as well as unique genes that are specific to archaea. The study of archaeal genomes has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth and has helped scientists understand the adaptations that allow these organisms to thrive in such harsh environments.

In the context of medicine, classification refers to the process of categorizing or organizing diseases, disorders, injuries, or other health conditions based on their characteristics, symptoms, causes, or other factors. This helps healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat various medical conditions more effectively.

There are several well-known classification systems in medicine, such as:

1. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is used worldwide for mortality and morbidity statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated decision support in health care. This system includes codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases.
2. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - published by the American Psychiatric Association, it provides a standardized classification system for mental health disorders to improve communication between mental health professionals, facilitate research, and guide treatment.
3. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) - developed by the WHO, this system focuses on an individual's functioning and disability rather than solely on their medical condition. It covers body functions and structures, activities, and participation, as well as environmental and personal factors that influence a person's life.
4. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors - created by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), it is used to describe the anatomical extent of cancer, including the size of the primary tumor (T), involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastasis (M).

These classification systems help medical professionals communicate more effectively about patients' conditions, make informed treatment decisions, and track disease trends over time.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.

In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Costs refer to the total amount of resources, such as money, time, and labor, that are expended in the provision of a medical service or treatment. Costs can be categorized into direct costs, which include expenses directly related to patient care, such as medication, supplies, and personnel; and indirect costs, which include overhead expenses, such as rent, utilities, and administrative salaries.

Cost analysis is the process of estimating and evaluating the total cost of a medical service or treatment. This involves identifying and quantifying all direct and indirect costs associated with the provision of care, and analyzing how these costs may vary based on factors such as patient volume, resource utilization, and reimbursement rates.

Cost analysis is an important tool for healthcare organizations to understand the financial implications of their operations and make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing strategies, and quality improvement initiatives. It can also help policymakers and payers evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different treatment options and develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice.

In the context of medical education, a curriculum refers to the planned and organized sequence of experiences and learning opportunities designed to achieve specific educational goals and objectives. It outlines the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that medical students or trainees are expected to acquire during their training program. The curriculum may include various components such as lectures, small group discussions, clinical rotations, simulations, and other experiential learning activities. It is typically developed and implemented by medical education experts and faculty members in consultation with stakeholders, including learners, practitioners, and patients.

A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.

Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Private Sector" is not a medical definition. It is an economic and sociopolitical term that refers to businesses and organizations which are not owned or controlled by the government. They can be privately owned and operated for profit, such as corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships, or they can be non-profit organizations, such as charities and advocacy groups. The private sector is distinct from the "Public Sector," which includes entities that are owned and controlled by the government, like public schools, hospitals, and other services provided by the state.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

A medical webcast is a digital broadcast of a live or recorded medical education event, seminar, or conference transmitted via the internet. It may include lectures, presentations, discussions, and question-and-answer sessions delivered by medical professionals, researchers, or experts in various fields of medicine. Medical webcasts serve as a valuable resource for continuing medical education (CME) and professional development, allowing healthcare providers to stay current with the latest advances, treatments, and guidelines in their respective fields. They may also provide opportunities for remote participation and interaction with presenters and other attendees through live chats, polls, or Q&A sessions.

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

Gene dosage, in genetic terms, refers to the number of copies of a particular gene present in an organism's genome. Each gene usually has two copies (alleles) in diploid organisms, one inherited from each parent. An increase or decrease in the number of copies of a specific gene can lead to changes in the amount of protein it encodes, which can subsequently affect various biological processes and phenotypic traits.

For example, gene dosage imbalances have been associated with several genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), where an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the typical two copies, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. Similarly, in certain cases of cancer, gene amplification (an increase in the number of copies of a particular gene) can result in overexpression of oncogenes, contributing to tumor growth and progression.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) are regions of the genome that are associated with variation in quantitative traits, which are traits that vary continuously in a population and are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. QTLs can help to explain how genetic variations contribute to differences in complex traits such as height, blood pressure, or disease susceptibility.

Quantitative trait loci are identified through statistical analysis of genetic markers and trait values in experimental crosses between genetically distinct individuals, such as strains of mice or plants. The location of a QTL is inferred based on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and the trait of interest. Once a QTL has been identified, further analysis can be conducted to identify the specific gene or genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

It's important to note that QTLs are not themselves genes, but rather genomic regions that contain one or more genes that contribute to the variation in a quantitative trait. Additionally, because QTLs are identified through statistical analysis, they represent probabilistic estimates of the location of genetic factors influencing a trait and may encompass large genomic regions containing multiple genes. Therefore, additional research is often required to fine-map and identify the specific genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

A medical definition of "Manuscripts as Topic" refers to the study and analysis of written documents that report original research or scholarly work in the field of medicine. This can include research articles, review articles, case reports, and other types of manuscripts that are submitted for publication in medical journals. The study of manuscripts as a topic may involve analyzing their content, structure, and quality, as well as evaluating the peer-review process and editorial policies of medical journals. Additionally, it can also cover the historical development of medical knowledge and practices through the examination of ancient and medieval medical manuscripts.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

A meta-analysis is a statistical method used to combine and summarize the results of multiple independent studies, with the aim of increasing statistical power, improving estimates of effect size, and identifying sources of heterogeneity. It involves systematically searching for and selecting relevant studies, assessing their quality and risk of bias, extracting and analyzing data using appropriate statistical models, and interpreting the findings in the context of the existing literature. Meta-analyses can provide more reliable evidence than individual studies, especially when the results are inconsistent or inconclusive, and can inform clinical guidelines, public health policies, and future research directions.

A fungal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a fungus. It includes all the genes and non-coding regions that are essential for the growth, development, and survival of the organism. The fungal genome is typically haploid, meaning it contains only one set of chromosomes, unlike diploid genomes found in many animals and plants.

Fungal genomes vary widely in size and complexity, ranging from a few megabases to hundreds of megabases. They contain several types of genetic elements such as protein-coding genes, regulatory regions, repetitive elements, and mobile genetic elements like transposons. The study of fungal genomes can provide valuable insights into the evolution, biology, and pathogenicity of fungi, and has important implications for medical research, agriculture, and industrial applications.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

'Caenorhabditis elegans' is a species of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is widely used as a model organism in scientific research, particularly in the fields of biology and genetics. It has a simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes and diseases.

Some notable features of C. elegans include:

* Small size: Adult hermaphrodites are about 1 mm in length.
* Short lifespan: The average lifespan of C. elegans is around 2-3 weeks, although some strains can live up to 4 weeks under laboratory conditions.
* Development: C. elegans has a well-characterized developmental process, with adults developing from eggs in just 3 days at 20°C.
* Transparency: The transparent body of C. elegans allows researchers to observe its internal structures and processes easily.
* Genetics: C. elegans has a fully sequenced genome, which contains approximately 20,000 genes. Many of these genes have human homologs, making it an excellent model for studying human diseases.
* Neurobiology: C. elegans has a simple nervous system, with only 302 neurons in the hermaphrodite and 383 in the male. This simplicity makes it an ideal organism for studying neural development, function, and behavior.

Research using C. elegans has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including cell division, apoptosis, aging, learning, and memory. Additionally, studies on C. elegans have led to the discovery of many genes associated with human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Sequence analysis in the context of molecular biology and genetics refers to the systematic examination and interpretation of DNA or protein sequences to understand their features, structures, functions, and evolutionary relationships. It involves using various computational methods and bioinformatics tools to compare, align, and analyze sequences to identify patterns, conserved regions, motifs, or mutations that can provide insights into molecular mechanisms, disease associations, or taxonomic classifications.

In a medical context, sequence analysis can be applied to diagnose genetic disorders, predict disease susceptibility, inform treatment decisions, and guide research in personalized medicine. For example, analyzing the sequence of a gene associated with a particular inherited condition can help identify the specific mutation responsible for the disorder, providing valuable information for genetic counseling and family planning. Similarly, comparing the sequences of pathogens from different patients can reveal drug resistance patterns or transmission dynamics, informing infection control strategies and therapeutic interventions.

View topic - GIANT GILA MONSTER - Interview with star Don Sullivan". "AFI,Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved March 31, 2023. ...
from old catalog]. Published 1830. Topics: Heraldry. "No. 16969". The London Gazette. 27 December 1814. p. 2535. Ellis, Ted R. ...
Other codes are just abbreviations for topics. The list of codes can be found in the table of contents. Probability theory ...
"HIST 390 - Topics in History - Acalog ACMSâ„¢". catalog.wwu.edu. Retrieved July 15, 2023. "Western Live Cameras". Western ... The History Department offers HIST 390 which is a special topics class with in-depth readings of primary and secondary sources ... "Music Education P-12, BMus". catalog.wwu.edu. Western Washington University. 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2022. " ...
The Foundation publishes a quarterly Newsletter; monographs on specific topics; catalogs of its collections in book form; the ... As cataloging and research efforts were undertaken, scholars found that there was a great deal of this music and that much of ...
"Ibanez 1976 Catalog - Page 2". Retrieved January 15, 2022. "MetroAmp.com Forum • View topic - Chris Holmes Destroyer". Archived ...
TMP] "Stielgranate 41 " Topic". theminiaturespage.com. Retrieved 2019-01-29. "Kampfmittel des Monats September 2017" (PDF). ... unknown (1 August 1945). Catalog Of Enemy Ordnance Material. www.paperlessarchives.com/FreeTitles/ ...
Tapestry Topics, American Tapestry Alliance, Chiloquin, OR (August 1987). Exhibition catalog. Panorama of Tapestry. American ... Louis Business Journal, (September-October 1989). Exhibition catalog. "American Tapestry Weaving Since the 1930s and Its ... With photographs of several of Nezhnie's tapestries, Exhibition catalog. "Textiles: Past & Prologue," National Handweavers ... European Roots," with comments by Courtney Ann Shaw, University of Maryland, College Park, MD (1989). Exhibition catalog. " ...
"EastSide Catalog - Bottle Rockets - Bottle Rockets". Noside.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2009-02-18 ... "Undertow Music • View topic - The Music Industry". Undertowmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.[dead link] "The Mississippi River ... "Undertow Music • View topic - Keith Voegele Appreciation". Undertowmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.[dead link] "Bottle Rockets ... After years of misleading portrayals of the band's music as "hillbilly", the band's catalog proves otherwise with themes of ...
"Brazos Santiago Lighthouse". U.S. Coast Guard Historic Topics. United States Coast Guard. "Brazos Santiago - Plate 2 Foundation ... "Brazos Santiago - Plate 2 Sectional Elevation & Main Floor Timbers". J. Candace Clifford Lighthouse Research Catalog. United ... "Brazos Santiago - Aerial". J. Candace Clifford Lighthouse Research Catalog. United States Lighthouse Society. Archived from the ... "COMMENTS ~ Brazos Santiago Pass Light Station". J. Candace Clifford Lighthouse Research Catalog. United States Lighthouse ...
Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO) gained national recognition as an attempt to standardize the cataloging of visual information ... The Education Committee sponsored conference workshops on topics of broad interest at the VRA conference and also at other ... Cataloging Cultural Objects: A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and Their Images (CCO) is a data content standard published ... Cataloging cultural objects: a guide to describing cultural works and their images. Chicago: American Library Association. "VRA ...
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press#section_2. Dudley, Tara A. "Middle Georgian, 1745-1770," 7 April 2022 ... If a trade catalog included illustrations, the items were commonly engraved or hand-drawn, then replicated. Catalogs spread ... As for the function of trade catalogs, Symonds argues that there had to be trust between the customer and the catalog. ... Catalogs typically did not have a name or company attached to them, which was a tactic to keep the sources of the products ...
"New General Catalog Objects: NGC 3550 - 3599". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2019-09-08. "Galactic habitable zone: Topics by Science ...
Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-428-4. Automobile Topics ... All articles with topics of unclear notability, Company articles with topics of unclear notability, Defunct motor vehicle ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with topics of unclear notability from October ...
Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-428-4. Automobile Topics ...
Alive in the 60s, Topic: "Tensions within and without" [5] Winter 1969 MFU Catalog, p. 1; Alive in the 60s, Topic: "How big was ... 3, 5-8 Alive in the 60s, Topic: "The Free U Community" [11] See for example, Fall 1968 MFU Catalog, pp. 53-57 Alive in the 60s ... 3-6, 54-58 Alive in the 60s, Topic: "The End" [20] FBI Report on MFU, 1971-08-28 Alive in the 60s, Topic: "What was taught" [21 ... 8 [3] Winter 1966 MFU Catalog [4] Winter 1968 MFU Catalog, p. 2 Knight, Street of Dreams, pp. 128-129 GoogleBooks. ...
76.756........Addresses, essays, lectures 76.758........Software engineering 76.76.A-Z.....Special topics, A-Z 76.76.A54.... ... Serials 76.751........Congresses 76.752........Dictionaries 76.753........Catalogs 76.754........General works 76.755........ ...
... the book has remained a topic of study at the grade school level. "The genie of Sutton Place". Library of Congress Catalog. ...
... was the topic of a 2010 documentary, How to Make a Book with Steidl. In 2020, Gerhard Steidl received the Gutenberg ... "Catalogs". Steidl Verlag. Retrieved 2017-12-03. Walker, David (13 August 2013). "Why Gerhard Steidl Is a Book Publishing Master ...
The open-source tools even allow libraries to create web-based catalogs. According to the IT source there are various library ... However, within the discussion forums of open-source projects the topic of gender diversity can be highly controversial and ... It is an invitation for anyone to provide information about various topics. ...
"Editor's Insights" by Charles Snee, editor of Linn's and the Scott catalogs. Snee discusses numerous topics and current news of ... "Spotlight" by noted stamp writer Ken Lawrence, who presented in-depth research on a variety of stamp topics. "Amazing Stamp ... Linn's Stamp News Monthly included a special section devoted to new listings in the Scott catalog. The monthly publication also ...
ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9. Automobile Topics (Volume 3 ed.). E.E. Schwarzkopf. 1901. Automobile Topics (Volume 4 ed.). E.E. ... ISBN 1-57958-293-1. Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark Jr., Henry Austin (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 (3rd ed.). ... display at the Chicago Show on the cover of Automobile Topics 1902 Fournier-Searchmont advertisement in Automobile Topics 1902 ... Fournier-Searchmont advertisement in The Automobile Review 1902 Fournier-Searchmont Type V on the cover of Automobile Topics ...
ISBN 1-57958-293-1. Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark Jr., Henry Austin (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 (3rd ed.). ... ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9. Automobile Topics. E.E. Schwarzkopf. 1901. The Motor World. Motor World Publishing Company. 1902. ...
ISBN 978-0-85772-531-8. "Ohsumi". NASA NSSDC Master Catalog. National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 2020-04-05. Experts ... Disha (2019). Exclusive Social, Polity & Economy Topics for Civil Services (IAS/IPS) Prelims & Mains Exam. Disha Publications. ...
"Topic Closed1998 RAZZIE Nominees & "Winners"". Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2016. "Get ... Catalog. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2023. "Raquel Welch". Rotten Tomatoes. ...
A YouTuber called Thomas Game Docs explored this topic in a video he uploaded, explaining it's history. "UCLA Library Catalog ...
The catalog is printed on cougar vellum paper, which is unique for a catalog. The district court ruled that what A&F described ... Featured topics would include travel, dining, and trendy neighborhoods, with some articles written by Tyler Brule (founder of ... The catalog featured an A&F "sexpert" who offered advice on "sex for three" and told readers willing to "go down" on a date at ... The catalog included an interview with porn star Ron Jeremy, who discussed performing oral sex on himself and using a dildo ...
Cataloging concerns remain constant topics for debate in music librarianship. Digitization problems and electronic ... For example, music librarians preparing for a large scale cataloging project might take a cataloging workshop focusing on a ... While music literature can be classified and cataloged following general cataloging rules that apply to all subjects, music ... General duties include cataloging and reference, acquisition and collection development. It is common to specialize in one or ...
"EX-KIAP NETWORK FORUM • View topic - My Walk to Equality: Papua New Guinean Women Write". exkiap.net. Bell, R.A. (c2017) ... June 24, 2010 - via National Library of Australia (new catalog). "Storytelling is in the blood for PNG's writers". Keith ... Jackson, Keith (June 24, 1977). "Community radio in Armidale". s.n. - via National Library of Australia (new catalog). ... June 24, 1979 - via National Library of Australia (new catalog). Giuffre, L. (17 November 2020) Long time listener: Radio ...
He discussed capital punishment, including the death penalty, and other human rights-related topics. MacMaster has been ... accredited to authoring multiple catalogs/books, including; The Modern Commemorative Medal in New Zealand: Mirror to the ...
Explore topics covered on the website. Whether its through news, events, press releases, videos or podcasts-discover how the ... Catalog of Topics. Explore topics covered on the American Medical Associations website by searching our medical topic index. ... youll find what youre looking for in our medical topics directory. Search our medical content directory by topic name to ... The AMA Update covers a range of health care topics affecting the lives of physicians and patients. Learn more about the 2023 ...
Advanced Topics in Developmental Psychology. An in-depth examination of a particular topic in developmental psychology and/or ... Topics vary by semester but may include developmental topics such as adolescence; adulthood and aging; socioemotional ... This course may be repeated for credit if topics are different. This course satisfies the "Development & Learning" Breadth Area ... development and/or psychology of learning topics such as adaptation; classical and instrumental conditioning; motivation; or ...
Clergy, church sexual teaching, Humanae Vitae, catholic theology, sex, abstinence, chastity, theology of the body, contraception, sterilization, nfp, natural family planning, homilies, preaching
Clergy, church sexual teaching, Humanae Vitae, catholic theology, sex, abstinence, chastity, theology of the body, contraception, sterilization, nfp, natural family planning, homilies, preaching
Clergy, church sexual teaching, Humanae Vitae, catholic theology, sex, abstinence, chastity, theology of the body, contraception, sterilization, nfp, natural family planning, homilies, preaching
Clergy, church sexual teaching, Humanae Vitae, catholic theology, sex, abstinence, chastity, theology of the body, contraception, sterilization, nfp, natural family planning, homilies, preaching
A global supplier of educational resources fostering Gods plan for love, marriage, and procreation. Teaching the world about the blessings of children, the value of chastity, and the harms of contraception
contraception, cons contraception, birth control, the pill, womens sexual health, mens sexual health, sterilization, ligation, vasectomy, breast cancer, reproductive health, human sexuality, chuch sexual teaching, norplant, the morning after pill, plan B
contraception, cons contraception, birth control, the pill, womens sexual health, mens sexual health, sterilization, ligation, vasectomy, breast cancer, reproductive health, human sexuality, chuch sexual teaching, norplant, the morning after pill, plan B
A global supplier of educational resources fostering Gods plan for love, marriage, and procreation. Teaching the world about the blessings of children, the value of chastity, and the harms of contraception
Manoa Catalog Office 2500 Campus Road, Hawaii Hall 121 * Please note: This Catalog was prepared to provide information and does ... requirements and policies contained in this Catalog. ... MUS 479 Topics in Ethnomusicology (3). MUS 479 Topics in ...
Manoa Catalog Office 2500 Campus Road, Hawaii Hall 121 * Please note: This Catalog was prepared to provide information and does ... Seminar on a broad topic; discussion and critique of research papers. Repeatable one time. Pre: 623 or consent. ... requirements and policies contained in this Catalog. ... OCN 643 Topics in Marine Geochemistry (3). OCN 643 Topics in ...
SOC 180 - Special Topics in Sociology Course content varies. Refer to schedule of classes to determine course description and ...
You cannot post new topics in this forum. You cannot reply to topics in this forum. You cannot edit your posts in this forum. ... I scanned and uploaded another catalog today: a 1952 Royal Catalog that has 29 pages! Enjoy! http://www.flickr.com/photos/ ...
1952 Royal Catalog. I scanned and uploaded another catalog today: a 1952 Royal Catalog that has 29 pages! Enjoy! http://www. ... 1952 Royal Catalog. https://oldchristmastreelights.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=23. Page 1 of 1. ...
You cannot post new topics in this forum. You cannot reply to topics in this forum. You cannot edit your posts in this forum. ...
ACC 480 - Special Topics in Accounting Readings, lectures, and/or discussions in specific topics not normally covered by other ...
Princeton University Library aims to describe library materials in a manner that is respectful to the individuals and communities who create, use, and are represented in the collections we manage. Read more... ...
A vocabulary for describing the contents of a data catalog ... each catalog record can have at most one primary topic i.e. ... First, the catalog description: :catalog a dcat:Catalog ; dct:title "Imaginary Catalog" ; rdfs:label "Imaginary Catalog" ; foaf ... Property: primary topic. RDF Property:. foaf:primaryTopic. Definition:. Links the catalog record to the dcat:Dataset resource ... A data catalog is a curated collection of metadata about datasets.. Usage note:. Typically, a web-based data catalog is ...
Topics include treatment processes, compliance, supervision, laboratory, SCADA, management & maintenance systems.. Learn More ...
Reply to this topic.... × Pasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead ... Theres also a reference to DIR_S_CATALOG in the original which should have been DIR_FS_CATALOG. ... I am happy to incorporate it as an optional add-on to the Read Me First file for the Thumbnail PDF Catalog, with credit to ... Ive started a new thread for this now, as its a bit confusing for the people just using the original PDF Catalog contribution ...
Special Topics. Fall and spring semesters. Members of the Department.. Other years: Offered in Fall 2011, Spring 2012, Fall ... Tools & Resources Log InAIMChange/Manage PasswordsCourse CatalogDaily MammothDining MenuDropboxGmailGoogle Apps / G Suite ... Log InAIMChange/Manage PasswordsCourse CatalogDaily MammothDining MenuDropboxGmailGoogle Apps / G SuiteLibrary SearchMoodleMy ... Departments & MajorsOur FacultyCourse CatalogExperiential LearningGlobal LearningStudent-Faculty ResearchAcademic Advising & ...
Discover how to create catalog designs that showcase top-selling products and introduce new ones with a high-quality design. ... More topics you might be interested in…. Picking the right font: Serif vs. sans serif. ... print catalogs If a print catalog isnt in your budget, or your audience lives online, digital catalogs can be effective as ... Try a catalog-only sale.. Encourage customers to read the catalog by including special sales and promo codes that can be used ...
Catalogs GIA Sacred Music. GIA Music Education. Walton Music. WLP. Meredith Music. Lorenz Church. Heritage Music. Word Music. ... Catalog. Download. Hymnal. Hymnals App. Instrument/Accessory. Printed Music. Recording. Subscription. Streaming Video. ...
Catalogs GIA Sacred Music. GIA Music Education. Walton Music. WLP. Meredith Music. Lorenz Church. Heritage Music. Word Music. ... Catalog. Download. Hymnal. Hymnals App. Instrument/Accessory. Printed Music. Recording. Subscription. Streaming Video. ...
Catalogs GIA Sacred Music. GIA Music Education. Walton Music. WLP. Meredith Music. Lorenz Church. Heritage Music. Word Music. ... Catalog. Download. Hymnal. Hymnals App. Instrument/Accessory. Printed Music. Recording. Subscription. Streaming Video. ...
Catalogs GIA Sacred Music. GIA Music Education. Walton Music. WLP. Meredith Music. Lorenz Church. Heritage Music. Word Music. ... Catalog. Download. Hymnal. Hymnals App. Instrument/Accessory. Printed Music. Recording. Subscription. Streaming Video. ...
Topic Tags. *free version. Views. *Topics with no replies. *Non-support topics ...
... - EAO Corporation ... All Topics. Manufacturing Innovation *Additive Manufacturing / 3D Manufacturing. *Automation. *Entrepreneurs. *Industry 4.0 ... The catalog can be requested in hard copy format or electronically downloaded by visiting www.eao.com, Downloads.. About EAO. ... New EAO Catalog Includes Thousands of Internationally Approved Innovative HMI Components EAO Corporation Aug 05, 2013 ...
  • Search our medical content directory by topic name to discover how the AMA represents physicians with a unified voice, removes obstacles to patient care and leads the charge to confront public health crises. (ama-assn.org)
  • It further enables decentralized publishing of catalogs and facilitates federated dataset search across sites. (w3.org)
  • Learn more about how to search for data and use this catalog. (data.gov)
  • For more details, read through our product catalog . (bachem.com)
  • The entire catalog should feel like a cohesive whole. (adobe.com)
  • Explore topics covered on the American Medical Association's website by searching our medical topic index. (ama-assn.org)
  • Next up, explore the visual design of your catalog. (adobe.com)
  • Explore even more catalog designs and concepts on Behance to kick-start your creative juices. (adobe.com)
  • METHOD: Bibliographic, retrospective, and descriptive research, carried out in October 2022 using the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel as a data source. (bvsalud.org)
  • DCAT is an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. (w3.org)
  • By using DCAT to describe datasets in data catalogs, publishers increase discoverability and enable applications easily to consume metadata from multiple catalogs. (w3.org)
  • The Open Catalog Interface (OCI) is a standardized, open catalog data interface for exchanging catalog data sets between your ERP system (e.g. (wago.com)
  • OCI is a standard for exchanging catalog data sets for product searches and selection between merchandise management systems and any catalog. (wago.com)
  • If this is also done then please delete catalog and categories data and re-import it. (vmware.com)
  • However, registries and vital statistics, and topic-specifc tools, such prior to choosing data sources or investing program as national, state, and local policy tracking. (cdc.gov)
  • I have upgraded the plugin, when I run the import catalogs, it show processing but nothing happens after that. (vmware.com)
  • Readings, lectures, and/or discussions in specific topics not normally covered by other courses in the program. (gvsu.edu)
  • The collection is comprised of commercial films, classes, work courses from teachers, as well corporate videos, lectures, conferences and seminars cataloged from online portals of movies (such as Youtube, Google Videos, etc.) leading the Psychology topic. (bvs.br)
  • We have seen similar issue with one of the customer where he was able to import catalog items and categories but was seeing 403 - Forbidden username/password combo error for Resource import. (vmware.com)
  • Browse the catalog to see the variety of non-degree courses Wake Tech offers, and know that new courses are added regularly. (waketech.edu)
  • Becker's CPE subscriptions include a comprehensive CPE catalog of on demand courses and webcasts. (becker.com)
  • Our catalog is shown alphabetically below, with the most popular courses listed at the top. (athealth.com)
  • Sixteen new publication types will be used by NLM Cataloging only. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fifty-four publication type strings were changed for publication types that are used for Cataloging only. (bvsalud.org)
  • These publication types are used by Cataloging only. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you've ever worked on a b rochure design , a catalog is a similar type of endeavor - like a business card for your products. (adobe.com)
  • Yes, we plan to expand TAP by adding more topics on the Age-Friendly Certificate Program. (who.int)
  • Discover how to build a high-quality catalog that showcases top-selling products and introduces new ones. (adobe.com)
  • Build an enticing catalog for all your products. (adobe.com)
  • A catalog of golf apparel with a theme of adventure might be ideal for a short landscape catalog that showcases products against the rolling hills on long golf holes. (adobe.com)
  • Duluth Trading Company's catalogs add a fun element of visual design to its products, showcasing each in a hand-drawn style that evokes the rustic charm of its merchandise. (adobe.com)
  • We can offer substantial discounts on larger quantities and have the capacity to produce all our catalog products from milligram to kilogram scale. (bachem.com)
  • The Act called on the Institute of Medicine to recommend comparative effectiveness research priority topics. (cdc.gov)
  • Their recommendations are in the report Initial National Priorities for Comparative Effectiveness Research ( http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12648.html ). (cdc.gov)
  • Whether it's through news, events, press releases, videos or podcasts, you'll find what you're looking for in our medical topics directory. (ama-assn.org)
  • You can show off a different side of your brand with a well-designed catalog, as well. (adobe.com)
  • How is the catalog going to show up for your customers? (adobe.com)
  • Think about unique headers and other compelling design work, and pull ideas from these or more unconventional places, like vintage catalogs, game rule books, or old-school maintenance manuals. (adobe.com)
  • This presentation will be series of questions and answers with my colleague, Jonathan Lynch asking Cindy questions a bout the topic. (cdc.gov)
  • With the basics of good marketing materials and some creative ingenuity, you can make catalogs that build your brand while they excite customers. (adobe.com)
  • Marketing materials like catalogs are built around simple blocks of information. (adobe.com)
  • The AMA Update covers a range of health care topics affecting the lives of physicians and patients. (ama-assn.org)
  • If a print catalog isn't in your budget, or your audience lives online, digital catalogs can be effective as well. (adobe.com)
  • The University reserves the right to change or delete, supplement or otherwise amend at any time and without prior notice the information, requirements and policies contained in this Catalog . (hawaii.edu)
  • The NLM Catalog contains detailed MEDLINE indexing information for the journals in PubMed and other NCBI databases. (nih.gov)
  • About a week ago, I was teaching a data modeling class, and an attendee asked me to explain the concept of a data catalog. (tdan.com)
  • From: FAQ Tcl/Tk Package Catalog Subject: -IX- What are some examples of applications using Tcl and Tk? (faqs.org)
  • Upcoming Training: Cataloging with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). (nih.gov)
  • Do you want to learn more about how to use Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in cataloging? (nih.gov)
  • A catalog for the National Library of Medicine's exhibition on Louis Pasteur includes brief introductions for display cases along with lists of "manuscripts, books, journals, pamphlets, offprints, and original pictures from the National Library of Medicine collections," which were on display in the exhibition. (nih.gov)
  • This class will be taught by Sharon Willis, Senior Cataloging Specialist at the National Library of Medicine. (nih.gov)
  • Describe the overall process of cataloging using MeSH. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, use the Catalog Management application to perform one-time maintenance tasks related to Catalog Management, such as defining configuration data. (ibm.com)
  • Content varies and focuses on advanced topics not covered in other PSY methods and statistics courses. (hawaii.edu)
  • Anime is extremely popular in the Middle East region - particularly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - so needless to say, we are incredibly excited to be making new additions to our ever-expanding anime catalog on Shahid, bringing new and hit titles that audiences will love exploring," said Tareq Al-Ibrahim, director of content for subscription video on demand at Shahid. (arabnews.com)
  • The NLM Catalog search features are similar to those available in PubMed, particularly when searching by journal title and author names . (nih.gov)
  • Updated every weekday, the NLM Catalog is an alternative search interface to the bibliographic records in LocatorPlus. (nih.gov)
  • The online catalog shows what customers also view when looking at this item, as shown in Figure 1-3. (tdan.com)
  • This paper goes beyond the general lists of biases that previous authors have provided (3-6) by cataloging the types of bias according to their source ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
  • Search our publications catalog. (nih.gov)
  • Through live demonstrations and hands-on exercises, this 90-minute online class explores the use of MeSH in the cataloging environment. (nih.gov)
  • The Catalog Management application enables your organization to control the information and attributes associated with items and catalogs. (ibm.com)
  • The Updated field indicates the date when the catalog entry URLs were updated, not when a package itself was updated. (faqs.org)
  • Topics include unidimensional and multidimensional models of item response theory, detecting biased items, measurement invariance, scaling methods, and current issues in psychometrics. (hawaii.edu)
  • The catalog below is meant to help public health investigators understand the mechanism and dynamics of problems in questionnaire design and to provide a checklist for identifying bias in a questionnaire before it is used as a survey instrument. (cdc.gov)
  • This FOA issued by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , encourages research grant applications from investigators who propose to study topics that will determine blood banking and transfusion practice. (nih.gov)
  • Developed by the US CDC, this document contains a sample training plan including training topics that may be helpful for state and local public health jurisdictions to consider when designing their own training plan for COVID-19 contact tracers. (who.int)
  • May be repeated for credit when topic varies. (gvsu.edu)
  • A study of advanced topics not regularly covered in the curriculum. (gvsu.edu)
  • there must be an error on the print_catalog page in the script somewhere. (oscommerce.com)
  • When I go to my Main Page and click "Printable Catalog", it starts downloading. (oscommerce.com)
  • At some point following this ive lost the catalog page in my admin, has anybody any idea why and how to fix this. (oscommerce.com)
  • Please note: This is NOT the most current catalog . (stolaf.edu)
  • In Profile type , select Settings Catalog (preview) . (google.com)
  • Can I build a PubMed search for journals from my NLM Catalog results? (nih.gov)
  • For each health topic, you'll find a "Basics" version, which provides essential facts, and an "In-Depth" version, which provides more details. (nih.gov)
  • A card catalog helps readers select and locate the books that are potentially pertinent to a specific research endeavor. (tdan.com)
  • This table is an optional table according to the VPF specifications, but is required by Military Analyst to create an MA VPF catalog. (esri.com)
  • How do I create a basic NLM Catalog search ? (nih.gov)
  • Topics include single and multi-factor ANOVA, multiple comparisons, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and repeated-measures ANOVA. (hawaii.edu)
  • Questions that include a transition to the next topic give respondents more time to gather their thoughts and also more clues to use in formulating their responses (7). (cdc.gov)
  • The online sales catalog shown in Figure 1-5 features a summary of the reviews based on five stars and actual customer reviews. (tdan.com)
  • LocatorPlus is the web-based public access catalog component of the Alma system used at NLM. (nih.gov)
  • I found an error in the NLM Catalog. (nih.gov)
  • You can define the common codes used throughout the Catalog Management application. (ibm.com)
  • Can I import records from the NLM Catalog into my reference management program? (nih.gov)
  • Currently users cannot import records into reference management programs directly from NLM Catalog. (nih.gov)
  • May be repeated for credit if the topic is not repetitive. (smcm.edu)
  • One source for software mentioned in the catalog is the various Usenet or comp.lang.tcl article archives - in many cases, the authors posted their programs to the newsgroup. (faqs.org)