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Case-Control StudiesRisk FactorsOdds RatioGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePolymorphism, Single NucleotideLogistic ModelsGenotypeAsia, WesternPolymorphism, GeneticEthiopiaGene FrequencyIndiaRetrospective StudiesHaplotypesSmokingExtraction, ObstetricalRiskMalaysiaPregnancyProspective StudiesNepalAge FactorsIncidenceAllelesChinaMatched-Pair AnalysisDiarrhea, InfantileConfidence IntervalsRisk AssessmentInfant, NewbornBiological MarkersQuestionnairesPrevalenceMultivariate AnalysisLinkage DisequilibriumItalyCohort StudiesSeverity of Illness IndexGenetic Association StudiesChi-Square DistributionFollow-Up StudiesTurkeyAge of OnsetSex FactorsPatient DropoutsDelivery, ObstetricParityDisease OutbreaksGreat BritainAsian Continental Ancestry GroupPakistanAbortion, SpontaneousRural PopulationCrohn DiseaseDiarrheaTime FactorsRegression AnalysisEgyptTreatment OutcomeGermanyArylamine N-AcetyltransferaseReference ValuesBreast NeoplasmsColitis, UlcerativeEpidemiologic MethodsEnvironmental ExposureOccupational ExposurePolymerase Chain ReactionIranAnalysis of VarianceColorectal NeoplasmsAdenomaGenome-Wide Association StudyPregnancy ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2TravelBody Mass IndexROC CurveComorbidityPrognosisSocioeconomic FactorsBreast FeedingEnglandOccupational DiseasesPre-EclampsiaReproducibility of ResultsTaiwanFamily HealthChronic DiseaseDietColonoscopyLung NeoplasmsVenous ThrombosisHomozygoteAlcohol DrinkingStomach NeoplasmsFractures, BoneSeasonsPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthSpainPostmenopauseAge DistributionEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupEsophageal NeoplasmsSex DistributionHypertensionEducational StatusPredictive Value of TestsJapanGenetic MarkersPilot ProjectsSensitivity and SpecificitySwedenGenetic VariationAdenocarcinomaHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedHospitalizationSchizophreniaCarcinoma, Squamous CellTuberculosis, PulmonaryHelicobacter InfectionsDiabetes ComplicationsPatient Acceptance of Health CareHelicobacter pyloriBlood GlucoseObesityDatabases, FactualSocial ClassCross-Sectional StudiesQuality ControlPopulation SurveillanceEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayCoronary Artery DiseaseRegistriesLiver NeoplasmsPostoperative ComplicationsDisease ProgressionMagnetic Resonance ImagingHIV InfectionsNeoplasm StagingPromoter Regions, GeneticSurvival RateGlutathione S-Transferase piCrowdingTumor Markers, BiologicalStrokeDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)Research DesignPhenotypeModels, StatisticalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAustraliaFecesStatistics, NonparametricStatistics as TopicUrban PopulationSepsisVentilators, MechanicalIrelandRecurrenceHypertension, Pregnancy-InducedAfrican AmericansDiseases in TwinsMulticenter Studies as TopicSri LankaGenetic LociMetabolic Syndrome XGenome, HumanMass ScreeningModels, GeneticLipidsBipolar DisorderEpistasis, GeneticLinear ModelsFatigue Syndrome, ChronicInsulinAsthmaSudden Infant DeathBrazilC-Reactive ProteinAcute DiseaseProstatic NeoplasmsTwins, MonozygoticCholelithiasisData Interpretation, StatisticalNeoplasmsCardiovascular DiseasesMorbidityChromosomes, Human, Pair 5HypoglycemiaEpinephrineInterviews as TopicAnti-Bacterial AgentsCoronary DiseasePesticidesEpidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesChromosomes, Human, Pair 6
Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Asia, Western: The geographical designation for the countries of the MIDDLE EAST and the countries BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; INDIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; and SRI LANKA. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Ethiopia: An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.Gene Frequency: The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.IndiaRetrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Extraction, Obstetrical: Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.NepalAge Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.Matched-Pair Analysis: A type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls).Diarrhea, Infantile: DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.ItalyCohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Genetic Association Studies: The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.Chi-Square Distribution: A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.TurkeyAge of Onset: The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Patient Dropouts: Discontinuance of care received by patient(s) due to reasons other than full recovery from the disease.Delivery, Obstetric: Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Great BritainAsian Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.PakistanAbortion, Spontaneous: Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.Crohn Disease: A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.Diarrhea: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Egypt: A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.GermanyArylamine N-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Colitis, Ulcerative: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.Epidemiologic Methods: Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.IranAnalysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Genome-Wide Association Study: An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.Pregnancy Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Travel: Aspects of health and disease related to travel.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)ROC Curve: A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the breast.EnglandOccupational Diseases: Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.Pre-Eclampsia: A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.TaiwanFamily Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.Lung Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.Homozygote: An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Stomach Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.Fractures, Bone: Breaks in bones.Seasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length: Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.Spain: Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.Postmenopause: The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.European Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.Esophageal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.Sex Distribution: The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Educational Status: Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.JapanGenetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)SwedenGenetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated: Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.Hospitalization: The confinement of a patient in a hospital.Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.Carcinoma, Squamous Cell: A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Tuberculosis, Pulmonary: MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.Helicobacter Infections: Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.Diabetes Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.Patient Acceptance of Health Care: The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Quality Control: A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Population Surveillance: Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Coronary Artery Disease: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Neoplasm Staging: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Glutathione S-Transferase pi: A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.Crowding: An excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2): A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Australia: The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Statistics, Nonparametric: A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)Statistics as Topic: The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.Ventilators, Mechanical: Mechanical devices used to produce or assist pulmonary ventilation.IrelandRecurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced: A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.African Americans: Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.Diseases in Twins: Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.Multicenter Studies as Topic: Works about controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children.Sri LankaGenetic Loci: Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.Epistasis, Genetic: A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic: A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Asthma: A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).Sudden Infant Death: The abrupt and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under one year of age, remaining unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. (Pediatr Pathol 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):677-84)BrazilC-Reactive Protein: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.Twins, Monozygotic: Two off-spring from the same PREGNANCY. They are from a single fertilized OVUM that split into two EMBRYOS. Such twins are usually genetically identical and of the same sex.Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).Data Interpretation, Statistical: Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.Morbidity: The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5: One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).Hypoglycemia: A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Interviews as Topic: Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Coronary Disease: An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6: A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon--the first year's experience. (1/48039)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: On October 27, 1997, Oregon legalized physician-assisted suicide. We collected data on all terminally ill Oregon residents who received prescriptions for lethal medications under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act and who died in 1998. The data were obtained from physicians' reports, death certificates, and interviews with physicians. We compared persons who took lethal medications prescribed under the act with those who died from similar illnesses but did not receive prescriptions for lethal medications. RESULTS: Information on 23 persons who received prescriptions for lethal medications was reported to the Oregon Health Division; 15 died after taking the lethal medications, 6 died from underlying illnesses, and 2 were alive as of January 1, 1999. The median age of the 15 patients who died after taking lethal medications was 69 years; 8 were male, and all 15 were white. Thirteen of the 15 patients had cancer. The case patients and controls were similar with regard to sex, race, urban or rural residence, level of education, health insurance coverage, and hospice enrollment. No case patients or controls expressed concern about the financial impact of their illness. One case patient and 15 controls expressed concern about inadequate control of pain (P=0.10). The case patients were more likely than the controls to have never married (P=0.04) and were more likely to be concerned about loss of autonomy due to illness (P=0.01) and loss of control of bodily functions (P=0.02). At death, 21 percent of the case patients and 84 percent of the controls were completely disabled (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During the first year of legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, the decision to request and use a prescription for lethal medication was associated with concern about loss of autonomy or control of bodily functions, not with fear of intractable pain or concern about financial loss. In addition, we found that the choice of physician-assisted suicide was not associated with level of education or health insurance coverage.  (+info)

Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. (2/48039)

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates for cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Southern Brazil are among the highest in the world. A case-control study was designed to identify the main risk factors for carcinomas of mouth, pharynx, and larynx in the region. We tested the hypothesis of whether use of wood stoves is associated with these cancers. METHODS: Information on known and potential risk factors was obtained from interviews with 784 cases and 1568 non-cancer controls. We estimated the effect of use of wood stove by conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption and for other sociodemographic and dietary variables chosen as empirical confounders based on a change-in-estimate criterion. RESULTS: After extensive adjustment for all the empirical confounders the odds ratio (OR) for all upper aero-digestive tract cancers was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.2-3.3). Increased risks were also seen in site-specific analyses for mouth (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), pharyngeal (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.0-7.4), and laryngeal carcinomas (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.2-4.7). Significant risk elevations remained for each of the three anatomic sites and for all sites combined even after we purposefully biased the analyses towards the null hypothesis by adjusting the effect of wood stove use only for positive empirical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The association of use of wood stoves with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract is genuine and unlikely to result from insufficient control of confounding. Due to its high prevalence, use of wood stoves may be linked to as many as 30% of all cancers occurring in the region.  (+info)

Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. (3/48039)

BACKGROUND: Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nicaragua. Amongst the risk factors for its transmission are 'poor' hygiene practices. We investigated the effect of a large number of hygiene practices on diarrhoeal disease in children aged <2 years and validated the technique of direct observation of hygiene behaviour. METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was carried out in a rural zone of Nicaragua. From the database of a previously conducted case-control study on water and sanitation 172 families were recruited, half of which had experienced a higher than expected rate of diarrhoea in their children and the other half a lower rate. Hygiene behaviour was observed over two mornings and diarrhoea incidence was recorded with a calendar, filled out by the mother, and collected every week for 5 months. RESULTS: Of 46 'good' practices studied, 39 were associated with a lower risk of diarrhoea, five were unrelated and only for two a higher risk was observed. Washing of hands, domestic cleanliness (kitchen, living room, yard) and the use of a diaper/underclothes by the child had the strongest protective effect. Schooling (>3 years of primary school) and better economic position (possession of a radio) had a positive influence on general hygiene behaviour, education having a slightly stronger effect when a radio was present. Individual hygiene behaviour appeared to be highly variable in contrast with the consistent behaviour of the community as a whole. Feasible and appropriate indicators of hygiene behaviour were found to be domestic cleanliness and the use of a diaper or underclothes by the child. CONCLUSION: A consistent relationship between almost all hygiene practices and diarrhoea was detected, more schooling producing better hygiene behaviour. The high variability of hygiene behaviour at the individual level requires repeated observations (at least two) before and after the hygiene education in the event one wants to measure the impact of the campaign on the individual.  (+info)

Post-traumatic epilepsy: its complications and impact on occupational rehabilitation--an epidemiological study from India. (4/48039)

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of seizure disorder, neuropsychiatric disorders and reproductive outcome of employees with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and their effect on occupational rehabilitation. A case-comparison group study design was used to compare 30 subjects with PTE with (1) 129 non-PTE and (2) 55 non-PTE matched control employees. The 55 non-PTE matched controls were selected from the 129 non-PTE employees on the basis of age, age at onset of seizure, age at marriage and length of employment. The PTE group had a lower fertility rate than the controls and more neuropsychiatric disorders and seizure disability. PTE employees were more occupationally rehabilitated than non-PTE employees (p = 0.033). Of the 30 PTE subjects, thirteen who were rehabilitated by placement had more seizure disability (p = 0.007) and a higher fertility rate (p = 0.018). High prevalence of seizure disability and increased fertility rate among the placed PTE employees suggested that there might be some association between severity of seizures and increased production of live offspring and work placement. Work suitability or placement should not be judged on clinical assessment only but psychosocial seizure assessment, disability evaluation and other psychometric tests which are of equal importance.  (+info)

Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. (5/48039)

Data from a pilot study on unmetabolized benzene and trans,trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) excretion in filling station attendants and unexposed controls were used to afford methodological issues in the biomonitoring of low benzene exposures (around 0.1 ppm). Urinary concentrations of benzene and t,t-MA were measured by dynamic head-space capillary GC/FID and HPLC, respectively. The accuracy of the HPLC determination of t,t-MA was assessed in terms of inter- and intra-method reliability. The adequacy of urinary t,t-MA and benzene as biological markers of low benzene exposure was evaluated by analysing the relationship between personal exposure to benzene and biomarker excretion. Filling station attendants excreted significantly higher amounts of benzene, but not of t,t-MA, than controls. Adjusting for occupational benzene exposure, smokers excreted significantly higher amounts of t,t-MA, but not of unmetabolized benzene, than nonsmokers. A comparative analysis of the present and previously published biomonitoring surveys showed a good inter-study agreement regarding the amount of t,t-MA and unmetabolized benzene excreted (about 0.1-0.2 mg/l and 1-2 micrograms/l, respectively) per unit of exposure (0.1 ppm). For each biomarker, based on the distribution of parameters observed in the pilot study, we calculated the minimum sample size required to estimate the population mean with given confidence and precision.  (+info)

Post-shift changes in pulmonary function in a cement factory in eastern Saudi Arabia. (6/48039)

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1992 in the oldest of three Portland cement producing factories in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The respirable dust level was in excess of the recommended ACGIH level in all sections. Spirometry was done for 149 cement workers and 348 controls, using a Vitalograph spirometer. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% were calculated and corrected to BTPS. A significantly higher post-shift reduction FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% was observed in the exposed subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between post-shift changes and exposure to cement dust but failed to support any relationship with smoking. These findings may indicate an increase in the bronchial muscle tone leading to some degree of bronchoconstriction as a result of an irritant effect induced by the acute exposure to cement dust.  (+info)

Alteration of circadian time structure of blood pressure caused by night shift schedule. (7/48039)

The effects of night shift schedules on circadian time structure of blood pressure were studied in seven healthy young subjects by continuous monitoring of blood pressure every 30 min for 72 h. In the control experiment, subjects were instructed to sleep at regular times with the light off at 00.00 h and the light on at 07.00 h. In the shift experiment, they were instructed to go to bed at 06.00 h and wake up at 11.00 h. The circadian rhythm of blood pressure rapidly phase delayed by 3.5 h in the second night shift day as a group phenomenon. Individual differences in changes in power spectral patterns of blood pressure were found in the night shift schedule. Ultradian rhythmicity of blood pressure was more pronounced in three subjects, whereas the circadian rhythmicity was maintained in four subjects. These findings held when the adaptation to shift work was taken into account.  (+info)

Relation between obesity and breast cancer in young women. (8/48039)

This study was conducted to assess the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer among young women. A case-control study was conducted among women aged 21-45 years living in three counties in Washington State. Cases were women born after 1944 with invasive or in situ breast cancer that was diagnosed between January 1, 1983, and April 30, 1990. Controls were selected using random digit dialing and were frequency-matched to cases on the basis of age and county of residence. Interviews took place between 1986 and 1992. Body size was evaluated using indices from several different time periods. After adjustment for confounders, a decreased risk of breast cancer was found for women in the highest quintile of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) as compared with the lowest quintile (for maximum lifetime body mass index, odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.94). Age modified the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer. The odds ratio for women in the highest quintile of maximum body mass index who were aged 21-35 years was 0.29 (95% CI 0.16-0.55), as compared with an odds ratio of 1.5 for women aged 36-45 years (95% CI 0.9-2.5) (p for interaction = 0.003). This study supports prior research showing a decreased risk of breast cancer associated with increased body size among premenopausal or young women. More detailed analysis in this study found a strong effect that was limited to the youngest age group (< or = 35 years).  (+info)

Experience with multiple control groups in a large population-based case control study on genetic and environmental risk...Experience with multiple control groups in a large population-based case control study on genetic and environmental risk...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Experience with multiple control groups in a large population-based case control study on genetic and environmental risk factors. AU - Pomp, E.R.. AU - van Stralen, K.J.. AU - le Cessie, S.. AU - Vandenbroucke, J.P.. AU - Rosendaal, F.R.. AU - Doggen, Catharina Jacoba Maria. N1 - Open access journal PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - We discuss the analytic and practical considerations in a large case-control study that had two control groups; the first control group consisting of partners of patients and the second obtained by random digit dialling (RDD). As an example of the evaluation of a general lifestyle factor, we present body mass index (BMI). Both control groups had lower BMIs than the patients. The distribution in the partner controls was closer to that of the patients, likely due to similar lifestyles. A statistical approach was used to pool the results of both analyses, wherein partners were analyzed with a matched analysis, while RDDs were analyzed without matching. Even ...
Co-morbidity of epilepsy in Tanzanian children: a community-based case-control study. - Department of PsychiatryCo-morbidity of epilepsy in Tanzanian children: a community-based case-control study. - Department of Psychiatry
PURPOSE: To define the prevalence and associations of co-morbidity and school attendance in older children with epilepsy (CWE) from a rural district of Tanzania by conducting a community-based case-control study. METHODS: Children aged 6-14 years old with active epilepsy (at least two unprovoked seizures in the last five years) were identified in a cross-sectional survey in Tanzania. Co-morbidities were assessed and cases were compared with age-matched controls. RESULTS: Co-morbidity was very common amongst cases (95/112, 85%), with 62/112 (55%) having multiple co-morbidities. Co-morbidities consisted of cognitive impairment (72/112, 64%), behaviour disorder 68/112 (61%), motor difficulties 29/112 (26%), burns and other previous injuries (29/112, 26%). These complications were significantly more common in cases than in controls (odds ratio 14.8, 95%CI 7.6-28.6, p|0.001). Co-morbidity in CWE was associated with structural cause, abnormal electroencephalogram and early onset seizures. Cognitive impairment
Behavioural comorbidity in Tanzanian children with epilepsy: a community-based case-control study. - Oxford NeuroscienceBehavioural comorbidity in Tanzanian children with epilepsy: a community-based case-control study. - Oxford Neuroscience
AIM: The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of and risk factors for behavioural disorders in children with epilepsy from a rural district of Tanzania by conducting a community-based case-control study. METHOD: One hundred and twelve children aged 6 to 14 years (55 males, 57 females; median age 12 y) with active epilepsy (at least two unprovoked seizures in the last 5 y) were identified in a cross-sectional survey and included in this study. Children who were younger than 6 years were excluded in order to eliminate febrile seizures. Behaviour was assessed using the Rutter scale; children who scored 13 or more were considered to have disordered behaviour. A comparison group was made up of age- and sex-matched children without epilepsy (n = 113; 57 males, 56 females; median age 12 y). RESULTS: Behavioural disorders were diagnosed in 68 of 103 (66%) children with epilepsy and in 19 of 99 (19%) controls. Disordered behaviour was significantly more common in children with epilepsy than in the
Predicting the risk of end-stage renal disease in the population-based setting: a retrospective case-control study | BMC...Predicting the risk of end-stage renal disease in the population-based setting: a retrospective case-control study | BMC...
Previous studies of predictors of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have limitations: (1) some focused on patients with clinically recognized chronic kidney disease (CKD); (2) others identified population-based patients who developed ESRD, but lacked earlier baseline clinical measures to predict ESRD. Our study was designed to address these limitations and to identify the strength and precision of characteristics that might predict ESRD pragmatically for decision-makers--as measured by the onset of renal replacement therapy (RRT). We conducted a population-based, retrospective case-control study of patients who developed ESRD and started RRT. We conducted the study in a health maintenance organization, Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW). The case-control study was nested within the adult population of KPNW members who were enrolled during 1999, the baseline period. Cases and their matched controls were identified from January 2000 through December 2004. We evaluated baseline clinical characteristics
Fetal outcome of lupus pregnancy: A retrospective case-control study of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort<...Fetal outcome of lupus pregnancy: A retrospective case-control study of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Fetal outcome of lupus pregnancy. T2 - A retrospective case-control study of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. AU - Petri, Michelle. AU - Allbritton, Jill. PY - 1993/11. Y1 - 1993/11. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84907435016&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84907435016&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. AN - SCOPUS:84907435016. VL - 48. SP - 717. EP - 719. JO - Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. JF - Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. SN - 0029-7828. IS - 11. ER - ...
A Population-Based Case-Control Study of the Arg399Gln Polymorphism in DNA Repair Gene XRCC1 and Risk of Breast Cancer | Cancer...A Population-Based Case-Control Study of the Arg399Gln Polymorphism in DNA Repair Gene XRCC1 and Risk of Breast Cancer | Cancer...
XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1) is a base excision repair protein that plays a central role in the repair of DNA base damage and strand breaks. A common polymorphism (Arg→Gln) at codon 399 of the XRCC1 gene has been previously linked to functional changes of the gene product and risk of cancers. We evaluated the association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and breast cancer risk in the population-based Shanghai Breast Cancer Study involving 1088 cancer patients and 1182 community controls. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood was used in genotyping assays, and exposure information and anthropometrics were collected through in-person interview. Plasma estrogen and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured for 190 postmenopausal breast cancer patients who had donated a pretreatment blood sample and 407 postmenopausal controls. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting potential ...
Case-Control Study of Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers...Case-Control Study of Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers...
Observations from the current case-control study support the association between cutaneous HPV seropositivity and SCC. Seropositivity to HPV 10 was the single type from genus-alpha associated with SCC. Seropositivity for cutaneous HPV types in genus-beta overall, and for types 8 and 17 specifically, was significantly associated with SCC in this clinic-based case-control study. In addition, correlations between seropositivity and DNA positivity for the same genus-beta HPV type were observed for HPV types 5, 24, and 17. SCC cases with tumors negative for any genus-beta HPV type were less likely to be seroprevalent for HPV types 20, 36, 9, 15, 38, and 75 than controls.. The positive association observed between SCC and seropositivity to HPV types in genus-beta is consistent with 2 (7, 8) of 5 case-control studies (3, 5, 7, 8, 16) including one study from the United States (7). Type-specific associations observed with SCC for HPV types 8 and 17 in genus-beta agree with findings from case-control ...
HIV infection and its association with an excess risk of clinical fractures: A nationwide case-control studyHIV infection and its association with an excess risk of clinical fractures: A nationwide case-control study
BACKGROUND: Different studies have reported an association between HIV infection, antiretroviral therapies, and impaired bone metabolism, but data on their impact on fracture risk are scarce. We studied the association between a clinical diagnosis of HIV infection and fracture risk. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using data from the ... read more Danish National Health Service registries, including 124,655 fracture cases and 373,962 age- and gender-matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 50 (0.40/1000) patients in the fracture group and 52 (0.14/1000) controls had an HIV diagnosis. The risk of any fracture was thus significantly increased among HIV-infected patients (age- and gender-matched OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.99 to 4.18). Similarly, significant increases in the risk of hip (OR = 8.99, 95% CI: 1.39 to 58.0), forearm (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 1.26 to 9.72), and spine fractures (OR = ...
Find Research Outputs - the UWA Profiles and Research RepositoryFind Research Outputs - the UWA Profiles and Research Repository
Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC), Barretts and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON), Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), Transdisciplinary Studies of Genetic Variation in Colorectal Cancer (CORECT), Endometrial Cancer Association Consortium (ECAC), Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO), Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL), Glioma International Case-Control Study (GICC), International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO), Integrative Analysis of Lung Cancer Etiology and Risk (INTEGRAL) Consortium, International Consortium of Investigators Working on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Epidemiologic Studies (InterLymph), Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), Oral Cancer GWAS, Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan), Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL), Renal Cancer GWAS, Testicular Cancer Consortium (TECAC), Zhang, Y. D., Hurson, A. ...
Control Recruitment in Population-Based Case-Control Studies : EpidemiologyControl Recruitment in Population-Based Case-Control Studies : Epidemiology
Hartge1 emphasizes the issues related to response in population-based epidemiologic studies. She notes that epidemiologists do not always document response rates in their publications and that, when available, these rates have declined, particularly among potential control subjects being recruited into case-control studies. In fact, a critical and challenging aspect of population-based case-control study designs is how to develop a scientifically sound and cost-effective method for identifying and enrolling control subjects.. Care must be taken to define the studys population base when developing the approach for control identification. Ideally, this base is the population that spawned the case subjects. Should any member of the control population be diagnosed with the disease under study, it must be guaranteed that the individual would be identified as a member of the case group. The defined population base will depend on the source of case subjects: medical practices or hospitals, health ...
Perinatal risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy: an unmatched case-control study | ADC Fetal & Neonatal EditionPerinatal risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy: an unmatched case-control study | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
Few studies have examined perinatal risk factors for NE in sub-Saharan Africa. In this Ugandan population, we found that maternal and newborn infection and inflammation, based on blood cultures, molecular assays and a subset of placentas, are independent risk factors for NE, with the strongest associations seen with fetal inflammation (funisitis) and early neonatal bacteraemia. Neonatal case fatality was not significantly higher for infants with NE exposed to neonatal bacteraemia. Intrapartum antibiotic use did not improve survival among encephalopathic infants. Other potentially modifiable antepartum and intrapartum risk factors were identified, with many antepartum factors mediated by intrapartum events suggesting potential large gains with improvements in intrapartum care.. In our study, funisitis, or infiltration of the umbilical cord with acute fetal inflammatory cells, was a significant risk factor for NE; however, the presence of membrane inflammation alone (isolated histological ...
Comparison of nested case-control and survival analysis methodologies for analysis of time-dependent exposure | BMC Medical...Comparison of nested case-control and survival analysis methodologies for analysis of time-dependent exposure | BMC Medical...
Epidemiological studies of exposures that vary with time require an additional level of methodological complexity to account for the time-dependence of exposure. This study compares a nested case-control approach for the study of time-dependent exposure with cohort analysis using Cox regression including time-dependent covariates. A cohort of 1340 subjects with four fixed and seven time-dependent covariates was used for this study. Nested case-control analyses were repeated 100 times for each of 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 controls per case, and point estimates were compared to those obtained using Cox regression on the full cohort. Computational efficiencies were evaluated by comparing central processing unit times required for analysis of the cohort at sizes 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 times its initial size. Nested case-control analyses yielded results that were similar to results of Cox regression on the full cohort. Cox regression was found to be 125 times slower than the nested case-control approach (using
Design issues in case-control studies. - Semantic ScholarDesign issues in case-control studies. - Semantic Scholar
The most difficult and most important considerations in planning the protocol of a case-control study are ascertainment of cases, selection of controls and the quality of the exposure measurement. Plans to ensure careful field work are equally important; without attention to data collection, the protocol will be meaningless. In most case-control studies, the measurement problem is magnified because one cannot implement the collection of exposure information at the beginning of follow-up, and instead must rely on interviews, existing records or extrapolation into the past. Consideration of a case-control study as an efficient way to study a cohort helps to resolve some design issues.
Urogenital Infections as a Risk Factor for Preterm Labor: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study | SpringerLinkUrogenital Infections as a Risk Factor for Preterm Labor: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study | SpringerLink
Preterm labor is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Ascending lower genital tract infection leads to preterm labor and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This prospective case-control study
Combining data from 2 nested case-control studies of overlapping cohorts to improve efficiencyCombining data from 2 nested case-control studies of overlapping cohorts to improve efficiency
Researchers subject to time and budget constraints may conduct small nested case-control studies with individually matched controls to help optimize statistical power. In this paper, we show how precision can be improved considerably by combining data from a small nested case-control study with data from a larger nested case-control study of a different outcome in the same or overlapping cohort. Our approach is based on the inverse probability weighting concept, in which the log-likelihood contribution of each individual observation is weighted by the inverse of its probability of inclusion in either study. We illustrate our approach using simulated data and an application where we combine data sets from 2 nested case-control studies to investigate risk factors for anorexia nervosa in a cohort of young women in Sweden ...
Case-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦ | Free PowerpointsCase-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦ | Free Powerpoints
Free Case-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦, Case-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦ ppt, Case-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦ slides, Case-Control Studies - ä¸-å ½å »ç§ å¤§å-¦ presentations download ...
A Nested Case-Control StudyA Nested Case-Control Study
Totals Samples analyzed = 1,438+2,878 = 4,316. Total Cost = 4,316 x $20 = $86,320. With this approach a similar estimate of risk was obtained after analyzing blood samples from only a small sample of the entire population at a fraction of the cost with hardly any loss in precision. In essence, a case-control strategy was used, but it was conducted within the context of a prospective cohort study. This is referred to as a case-control study nested within a cohort study.. Rothman states that one should look upon all case-control studies as being nested within a cohort. In other words the cohort represents the source population that gave rise to the cases. With a case-control sampling strategy one simply takes a sample of the population in order to obtain an estimate of the exposure distribution within the population that gave rise to the cases. Obviously, this is a much more efficient design.. It is important to note that, unlike cohort studies, case-control studies do not follow subjects ...
OP0019 Osteoarthritis, Drug Use and Risk of Cardiac Ischaemic Events: A Case-Control Study | Annals of the Rheumatic DiseasesOP0019 Osteoarthritis, Drug Use and Risk of Cardiac Ischaemic Events: A Case-Control Study | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
Methods We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort of patients with clinically diagnosed OA (according to ICD10 codes in the SIDIAP database of primary care records for over 5 million people in Catalonia, Spain (2)). Cases were identified in the period between 2008 and 2012 through ICD10 codes of cardiac ischemic events (CIE) (AIM or unstable angina, fatal or not) and cross-checked with hospital discharge diagnosis; 3 controls without CIE were matched to each case by sex, age (±5 years), area and year (±2 years) of first diagnosis of OA. Data were linked with pharmacy invoicing information, encrypted and extracted for analysis. Exposure to NSAIDs, SYSADOAs, opioids, paracetamol and metamizole were analysed. Adjusted multivariate conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratio (OR) for CIE according to drug use. ...
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467 Background: SV40, a polyomavirus of macaques related to the human BK virus, was a contaminant of polio vaccines used in the U.S. in 1955-62. SV40 causes NHL in hamsters, and 2 recent studies reported detection of SV40 DNA in tumor tissue from ∼40% of human NHL cases. We applied recently developed serological methods to examine the association between SV40 infection and NHL in a large U.S. population-based case-control study. Methods: The NCI-SEER Multicenter Case-Control Study recruited incident HIV-uninfected NHL cases from Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles, and Seattle (1998-2000). Controls were identified through random digit dialing and Medicare files, frequency-matched to cases by sex, age, race, and site. We evaluated sera from 724 cases, 622 controls, and 19 SV40-infected macaques under masked conditions in 2 separate labs. Each lab used virus-like particle (VLP) ELISAs to measure antibodies against SV40 and BK (SV40 results were unavailable for 13 samples in lab B). Logistic regression ...
An international case-control study of glutathione transferase and functionally related polymorphisms and risk of primary adult...An international case-control study of glutathione transferase and functionally related polymorphisms and risk of primary adult...
2007 (English)In: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention, ISSN 1055-9965, Vol. 16, no 3, 559-565 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published ...
Source attribution of human salmonellosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections - DTU OrbitSource attribution of human salmonellosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections - DTU Orbit
Salmonella is an important cause of human illness. Disease is frequently associated with foodborne transmission, but other routes of exposure are recognized. Identifying sources of disease is essential for prioritizing public health interventions. Numerous case-control studies of sporadic salmonellosis have been published, often using different methodologies and settings. Systematic reviews consist of a formal process for literature review focused on a research question. With the objective of identifying the most important risk factors for salmonellosis, we performed a systematic review of case-control studies and a meta-analysis of obtained results. Thirty-five Salmonella case-control studies were identified. In the meta-analysis, heterogeneity between studies and possible sources of bias were investigated, and pooled odds ratios estimated. Results suggested that travel, predisposing factors, eating raw eggs, and eating in restaurants were the most important risk factors for salmonellosis. ...
case study help online Optionscase study help online Options
Individual amount details from all databases have been firstly gathered into a pooled dataset and analysed by the use of a multivariable conditional logistic regression model.20 The obtained odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals, approximated the chance of hospital admission for heart failure connected to present usage of person NSAIDs with respect to past use of any NSAID. We also believed the chances ratio associated with modern utilization of any NSAID, when compared with past use of any NSAID. Supplied the significant quantity of associations assessed On this analysis, we utilised the Bonferroni-Holm procedure21 to assess the effects of uncertainty because of multiple comparisons on the outcomes. ...
A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. | IRIS Univ. CagliariA case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. | IRIS Univ. Cagliari
A case-control study was conducted in high- and low-risk areas of Italy to evaluate reasons for the striking geographic variation in gastric cancer (GC) mortality within the country. Personal interviews with 1,016 histologically confirmed GC cases and 1,159 population controls of similar age and sex revealed that the patients were more often of lower social class and resident in rural areas and more frequently reported a familial history of gastric (but not other) cancer. After adjusting for these effects, case-control differences were found for several dietary variables, assessed by asking about the usual frequency of consumption of 146 food items and beverages. A significant trend of increasing GC risk was found with increasing consumption of traditional soups, meat, salted/dried fish and a combination of cold cuts and seasoned cheeses. The habit of adding salt and the preference for salty foods were associated with elevated GC risk, while more frequently storing foods in the refrigerator, the ...
The Greatest Guide To case study analysis - BlogThe Greatest Guide To case study analysis - Blog
Individual stage information from all databases were To begin with collected into a pooled dataset and analysed via a multivariable conditional logistic regression model.twenty The obtained odds ratio, with ninety five% self-confidence intervals, approximated the potential risk of healthcare facility admission for coronary heart failure affiliated with existing utilization of person NSAIDs with regard to earlier use of any NSAID. We also believed the chances ratio associated with recent utilization of any NSAID, get redirected here in comparison with past utilization of any NSAID. Given the substantial amount of associations assessed in this analysis, we utilized the Bonferroni-Holm procedure21 to assess the effect of uncertainty as a result of various comparisons on the outcome ...
Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium Events | EventbriteBrain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium Events | Eventbrite
Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium is using Eventbrite to organize 1 upcoming events. Check out Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium s events, learn more, or contact this organizer.
Case-control study of smoking and non-melanoma skin cancer | SpringerLinkCase-control study of smoking and non-melanoma skin cancer | SpringerLink
Objective To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and basal and squamous cell carcinomas (BCC and SCC) of the skin, a clinic-based case-control study was conducted in Tampa, FL.
Methodologic issues in injury case-control studies. | Injury PreventionMethodologic issues in injury case-control studies. | Injury Prevention
In this paper some methodological problems particularly relevant to case-control studies of injury are illustrated by reference to previous childhood injury case-control studies. In contrast to studies of disease, where person time constitutes the observational experience of interest, in injury studies person time engaged in a particular activity to often more appropriate. The implications for the definition of the study base are discussed. The potential for hospital admission bias in injury case-control studies is considered along with potential strategies for avoiding it. The importance of errors in exposure measurement, including those arising from inappropriate induction time assumptions, are illustrated. Finally, the potential for bias resulting from the combination of etiologically unrelated injury outcomes into a single outcome measure is illustrated and discussed. ...
Effect of different approaches to treatment of smoking as a potential confounder in a case--control study on occupational...Effect of different approaches to treatment of smoking as a potential confounder in a case--control study on occupational...
Aim: To evaluate the effect of different approaches to treatment of smoking as a potential confounder in an occupational study of lung cancer. Methods: Data were used from a case-control study on 956 men with lung cancer and 1253 population controls recruited in two northern Italian areas during 1990-1992. The risk of lung cancer associated with 11 selected job titles and eight selected industrial activities was estimated using seven different methods to treat smoking history. To evaluate the confounding effect of smoking, odds ratios obtained using the first six models were compared with estimates from the seventh and most complex model, in which cumulative tobacco consumption and time since cessation were considered. Results: Although crude odds ratios for some of the occupational categories were biased by up to 25%, such bias decreased to less than 10% when a simple model including smoking status (never, ex-, current) was used. Conclusions: In occupational studies on lung cancer risk, ...
Risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross sectional study based on hospital medical...Risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross sectional study based on hospital medical...
The inpatients medical record database 2005‐2015 of Sichuan provincial peoples hospital was examined. All individuals with a primary diagnosis of RA were included as cases, and those of osteoarthritis (OA) were included as controls, which consisted of the unmatched dataset. Then, RA cases and OA controls were matched by sex and age at 1:1 ratio, forming the matched dataset. The morbidity of CVD (including ischemia heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), et al), stroke and arthrosclerosis were extracted from the database, so as the demographic data and comorbidities related to CVD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of CVD in RA adjusted for demographics and comorbidities using the unmatched dataset. Sensitivity analysis was conducted 1) considering interaction terms between RA and comorbidities, and 2) using multivariable conditional logistic regression for the matched dataset ...
PPT - Drinking and Smoking and Colorectal Cancer - A Population-Based Case-Control Study among NL Residents, 1999-2003...PPT - Drinking and Smoking and Colorectal Cancer - A Population-Based Case-Control Study among NL Residents, 1999-2003...
Drinking and Smoking and Colorectal Cancer - A Population-Based Case-Control Study among NL Residents, 1999-2003. PhD student: Jinhui Zhao Supervisor: Peizhong Peter Wang Committee: Roy West and Sharon Buehler The Annual Colorectal Meeting, June 16-17, 2008, St Johns, NL. Background....
Epidemiological study of prostate cancer EPICAP: a population-based case-control study in France - pdf descargarEpidemiological study of prostate cancer EPICAP: a population-based case-control study in France - pdf descargar
Epidemiological study of prostate cancer EPICAP: a population-based case-control study in France. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
Association of folate-pathway gene polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer: a population-based nested case-control study...Association of folate-pathway gene polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer: a population-based nested case-control study...
Folate-pathway gene polymorphisms have been implicated in several cancers and investigated inconclusively in relation to prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review, which identified nine case-control studies (eight included, one excluded). We also included data from four genome-wide association studies and from a case-control study nested within the UK population-based Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment study. We investigated by meta-analysis the effects of eight polymorphisms: MTHFR C677T (rs1801133; 12 studies; 10,745 cases; 40,158 controls), MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131; 5 studies; 3,176 cases; 4,829 controls), MTR A2756G (rs1805087; 8 studies; 7,810 cases; 37,543 controls), MTRR A66G (rs1801394; 4 studies; 3,032 cases; 4,515 controls), MTHFD1 G1958A (rs2236225; 6 studies; 7,493 cases; 36,941 controls), SLC19A1/RFC1 G80A (rs1051266; 4 studies; 6,222 cases; 35,821 controls), SHMT1 C1420T (rs1979277; 2 studies; 2,689 cases; 4,110 controls), and FOLH1 T1561C (rs202676; 5 studies; 6,314 cases;
An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme | BMC Cancer | Full TextAn ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme | BMC Cancer | Full Text
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the UK, accounting for a third of all female cancer cases, and the second most common cause of cancer death: in England in 2010, the age-standardised rate per 100,000 women-years was 125.7 for incidence and 24.3 for mortality; in addition, in situ breast cancer, that is Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) and Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS), was diagnosed at a rate of 18 per 100,000 women in 2010 (CRUK, Accessed 28 March 2013 [1]).. In the early nineties, meta-analyses of the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) confirmed the efficacy of mammographic screening for reducing primary breast cancer mortality, and led to the implementation of breast screening programmes in several regions of Europe. One of the most mature and comprehensive of those is the English National Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) which has been in place in England since 1988. A major issue to be addressed by the Department of Healths (England) Policy Research ...
A Pilot Study of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Chemotherapy and Blood Levels of Organochlorines - Full Text View -...A Pilot Study of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Chemotherapy and Blood Levels of Organochlorines - Full Text View -...
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) is the third most rapidly increasing cancer in the United States. HIV-related NHL is responsible for some of the increase since the early 1980s. However, it cannot explain the steady increase in the incidence rates in earlier years, nor the entire increase shown recently. A possible role of environmental exposures is receiving attention. One possibility is that exposure to organochlorines (OCs) may be related to the occurrence of NHL. NCI is currently designing a large population-based case-control study to investigate this hypothesis further by analyzing OC levels in blood collected at the time of interview from cases of NHL and their matched controls. At the time of these interviews, cases in the main case-control study would most likely have already received chemotherapy. If chemotherapy changes the blood levels of OCs, this may lead to misclassification of exposure among cases and eventually to biased risk estimates. The purpose of this pilot study is to estimate ...
5 Simple Statements About case study solution Explained ☆☆☆☆☆5 Simple Statements About case study solution Explained ☆☆☆☆☆
Unique level data from all databases were To start with collected into a pooled dataset and analysed by the use of a multivariable conditional logistic regression design.20 The attained odds ratio, with 95% assurance intervals, approximated the chance of healthcare facility admission for coronary heart failure related to present-day usage of person NSAIDs with regard to previous usage of any NSAID. We also estimated the odds ratio related to modern usage of any NSAID, compared with earlier use of any NSAID. Given the significant amount of associations assessed Within this analysis, we applied the Bonferroni-Holm procedure21 to evaluate the impact of uncertainty as a result of multiple comparisons on the final results ...
case study help for Dummiescase study help for Dummies
Person amount knowledge from all databases had been To start with gathered right into a pooled dataset and analysed by the use of a multivariable conditional logistic regression product.twenty The received odds ratio, with 95% self confidence intervals, estimated the potential risk of hospital admission for heart failure connected with existing utilization of specific NSAIDs with respect to earlier utilization of any NSAID. We also estimated the chances ratio linked to modern utilization of any NSAID, in contrast with earlier utilization of any NSAID. Specified the significant range of associations assessed In this particular analysis, we employed the Bonferroni-Holm procedure21 to assess the impact of uncertainty due to several comparisons on the outcome ...
Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study designPopulation-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design
CASTANO-VINYALS, Gemma y MCC-SPAIN STUDY GROUP et al. Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design. Gac Sanit [online]. 2015, vol.29, n.4, pp.308-315. ISSN 0213-9111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.12.003.. Introduction: We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. Methods: Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. ...
Evaluation of a mass screening program for stomach cancer with a case-control study designEvaluation of a mass screening program for stomach cancer with a case-control study design
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a mass screening program for stomach cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Nose town in Osaka, Japan. The case series consisted of all deaths from stomach cancer during the period 1969-1981 (54 in males and 37 in females). For each case, 3 controls of the same sex and from the same precinct as the case, and born within 5 years of the case birth-year, were selected at random from Nose town residents alive at the date of death of the relevant case. We then investigated whether each case and corresponding controls had ever had screening tests before the date of diagnosis of the case. From the matched analysis of the distribution of screening in case-control combination, the odds ratio of screened vs. unscreened among those who died from stomach cancer compared to those who did not was calculated as 0.595 (90% confidence interval: 0.338-1.045) among males and 0.382 (0.185-0.785) among females. When the screening tests conducted within 12 months of ...
On the proportional hazards model for occupational and environmental case-control analyses | BMC Medical Research Methodology |...On the proportional hazards model for occupational and environmental case-control analyses | BMC Medical Research Methodology |...
Population-based case-control studies are widely used in epidemiology to investigate the association between environmental or occupational exposures over lifetime and the risk of cancer or other chronic diseases. Many of the exposures of interest are protracted and a huge amount of information is often retrospectively collected for each subject about his/her potential past exposure over lifetime. For example, for occupational exposures, the whole occupational history is usually investigated for each subject, and different methods exist to estimate the average dose of exposure at each past job [1-3]. However, only the cumulated estimated dose of exposure at the index age (age at diagnosis for cases and at interview for controls) is usually used in standard logistic regression analyses. Such approach does not use the (retrospective) dynamic information available on the exposure at different ages during lifetime.. A time-dependent weighted Cox (WC) model has recently been proposed to incorporate ...
The dose-response relationship between tobacco smoking and the risk of lymphomas: a case-control study | BMC Cancer | Full TextThe dose-response relationship between tobacco smoking and the risk of lymphomas: a case-control study | BMC Cancer | Full Text
Previous studies have provided limited support to the association between tobacco smoking and lymphomas with weak evidence of a dose-response relationship. We investigated the relationship between tobacco smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) through logistic regression spline models. Data were derived from an Italian hospital-based case-control study (1999-2014), which enrolled 571 NHLs, 188 HLs, and 1004 cancer-free controls. Smoking habits and other lifestyle factors were assessed through a validated questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Compared to never smokers, people smoking ≥15 cigarettes/day showed increased risks of both NHL (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.97) and HL (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.87); the risk was particularly elevated for follicular NHL (OR = 2.43; 95% CI:1.31-4.51) and mixed cellularity HL (OR = 5.60, 95% CI: 1.31, 23.97). No excess risk
Cortical patterning of abnormal morphometric similarity in psychosis is associated with brain expression of schizophrenia...Cortical patterning of abnormal morphometric similarity in psychosis is associated with brain expression of schizophrenia...
Schizophrenia has been conceived as a disorder of brain connectivity, but it is unclear how this network phenotype is related to the underlying genetics. We used morphometric similarity analysis of MRI data as a marker of interareal cortical connectivity in three prior case-control studies of psychosis: in total, n = 185 cases and n = 227 controls. Psychosis was associated with globally reduced morphometric similarity in all three studies. There was also a replicable pattern of case-control differences in regional morphometric similarity, which was significantly reduced in patients in frontal and temporal cortical areas but increased in parietal cortex. Using prior brain-wide gene expression data, we found that the cortical map of case-control differences in morphometric similarity was spatially correlated with cortical expression of a weighted combination of genes enriched for neurobiologically relevant ontology terms and pathways. In addition, genes that were normally overexpressed in cortical ...
Sample Size for Independent Case-control Studies - StatsDirectSample Size for Independent Case-control Studies - StatsDirect
Menu location: Analysis_Sample Size_Independent Case-Control.. This function gives the minimum number of case subjects required to detect a real odds ratio or case exposure rate with power POWER and two sided type I error probability ALPHA. This sample size is also given as a continuity-corrected value intended for use with corrected chi-square and Fishers exact tests (Schlesselman, 1982; Casagrande et al. 1978; Dupont, 1990).. Information required ...
The impact of a panel of 18 SNPs on breast cancer risk in women attending a UK familial screening clinic: a case-control study ...The impact of a panel of 18 SNPs on breast cancer risk in women attending a UK familial screening clinic: a case-control study ...
Methods Three polygenic risk scores (PRS) based on 18 SNPs were investigated in a case-control study of women attending a familial risk clinic. PRS were derived from published general European population allele ORs and frequencies (18-SNPs (SNP18)). In women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, 3 SNPs/13 SNPs, respectively, generated the PRS estimates. In total, 364 incident breast cancer cases (112 with BRCA1/2 mutations) were matched with 1605 controls (691 BRCA1/2) by age last mammogram and BRCA1/2 genetic test result. 87 women with cancer before attendance were also considered. Logistic regression was used to measure PRS performance through ORs per IQR and calibration of the observed to expected (O/E) logarithm relative risk when unadjusted and adjusted for phenotypic risk factors assessed by the Tyrer-Cuzick (TC) model. ...
Cohort and case-control studiesCohort and case-control studies
World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Cohort and case-control methodologies are the main tools for analytical epidemiological research. Other important types of epidemiological studies mainly for generating hypotheses include cross-sectional and ecological, or correlation studies. The conclusions that can be drawn from findings of these types of studies are, however, much weaker compared to those of cohort and case-control studies. This is not to say that findings from cohort and case-control studies always reflect true associations which can be universally generalized. Epidemiological research is, to a large extent, of an observational character as opposed to experimental research. Experimental research provides data from which firmer conclusions can be made as compared with epidemiological studies. In experimental research, investigators can manipulate one factor while controlling others, and the main research question can be broken down into subquestions with comparatively ...
The Limits of Case-Control Studies : EpidemiologyThe Limits of Case-Control Studies : Epidemiology
We read with interest the recent commentaries by Hartge1 and Bernstein2 and would like to comment on them. First, sensitivity analyses can sometimes show that the potential biases from nonresponse are small. However, using reasonable assumptions, sensitivity analyses can also show much more uncertainty of effect measure estimation than anticipated. In these situations, the nonresponse issue has not been solved.3 We therefore believe that for reasons of validity, epidemiologists should give consideration to alternatives to population-based case-control studies, for example, nested case-control or case-cohort studies within prospective cohort studies with high baseline response. Another option (depending on the etiologic scenario) is the application of case-only and case-crossover studies.4 Researchers could also restrict the study base to population segments with anticipated higher response proportions such as people with identifiable telephone numbers.5. Second, with a word count of 3000 words ...
Breast cancer and breastfeeding: Results from an Australian case-control study - UQ eSpaceBreast cancer and breastfeeding: Results from an Australian case-control study - UQ eSpace
A case-control study of breast cancer, diet, and lactational history was carried out in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1985. Cases were recruited from both the private and the public health care sectors. The breastfeeding histories of 459 cases and 1,091 controls selected from the electoral roll were analyzed. An odds ratio of 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.55-1.30) for any lactation versus no lactation was observed, with no suggestion of a monotonic trend with increasing duration. This estimate was only slightly altered by multiple logistic regression analysis. A statistically significant nonlinear association was noted for breastfeeding of the first livebom child (x2= 14.8, df = 6; p < 0.05), with a slightly elevated odds ratio for lactations of less than one month, a lowered odds ratio for lactations of one month to three months, and a weakly elevated odds ratio in women breastfeeding for more than nine months. Results for premenopausal women were very similar to those for ...
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In a population-based case-control study in Germany, we tested the hypothesis that the CA SSR polymorphism in intron 1 of egfr affects breast cancer risk. Overall, we did not find an association of allelic length of the egfr CA SSR polymorphism with breast cancer risk. However, we observed that the presence of two long alleles, particularly when defined as ≥19 CA repeats, of the egfr CA SSR was associated with a significantly elevated OR among women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer, but not among women without such a family history. The differential effects of allelic length of the egfr CA SSR on disease risk by a first-degree family history were statistically significant, even after a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons using three different definitions for the longer allele (P = 0.015 for interaction). This was confirmed in a case-only analysis of the patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a possible relevance of this common intronic ...
Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study<...Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Elderly Patients. T2 - A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study. AU - Hinoi, Takao. AU - Kawaguchi, Yasuo. AU - Hattori, Minoru. AU - Okajima, Masazumi. AU - Ohdan, Hideki. AU - Yamamoto, Seiichiro. AU - Hasegawa, Hirotoshi. AU - Horie, Hisanaga. AU - Murata, Kohei. AU - Yamaguchi, Shigeki. AU - Sugihara, Kenichi. AU - Watanabe, Masahiko. PY - 2015/6/1. Y1 - 2015/6/1. N2 - Methods: We conducted a propensity scoring matched case-control study of colon and rectal cancer patients aged ≥80 years using data from 41 hospitals between 2003 and 2007. A total of 1,526 colon cancer patients and 282 rectal cancer patients underwent surgery and were included in the analysis. The primary end point was 3-year overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and postoperative complications.Results: LAP and OP were compared in 804 colon cancer patients (402 pairs) and 114 ...
Furosemide use and acute risk of hip fracture in older people: A nationwide case-control study in Taiwan | Shih‐Wei Lai, Kao...Furosemide use and acute risk of hip fracture in older people: A nationwide case-control study in Taiwan | Shih‐Wei Lai, Kao...
Aim Little is known about the acute effects of furosemide use on the risk of hip fracture. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between furosemide use and acute risk of hip fracture in older people in Taiwan. Methods We carried out a retrospective nationwide case-control study using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. A total of 4523 older adults aged ≥65 years with newly diagnosed hip fracture from 2000 to 2013 were identified as the cases. Additionally, 4523 older adults aged ≥65 years without hip fracture were randomly selected as the controls. The cases and the controls were matched by sex, age, comorbidities, and index year and month of hip fracture diagnosis. Furosemide use was defined as "current," "recent" or "past" if the furosemide prescription was filled ...
Risk factors for explantation due to infection after sacral neuromodulation: a multicenter retrospective case-control study<...Risk factors for explantation due to infection after sacral neuromodulation: a multicenter retrospective case-control study<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Risk factors for explantation due to infection after sacral neuromodulation. T2 - a multicenter retrospective case-control study. AU - Myer, Emily N.B.. AU - Petrikovets, Andrey. AU - Slocum, Paul D.. AU - Lee, Toy Gee. AU - Carter-Brooks, Charelle M.. AU - Noor, Nabila. AU - Carlos, Daniela M.. AU - Wu, Emily. AU - Van Eck, Kathryn. AU - Fashokun, Tola B.. AU - Yurteri-Kaplan, Ladin. AU - Chen, Chi Chiung Grace. PY - 2018/1/1. Y1 - 2018/1/1. N2 - Background: Sacral neuromodulation is an effective therapy for overactive bladder, urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Infection after sacral neurostimulation is costly and burdensome. Determining optimal perioperative management strategies to reduce the risk of infection is important to reduce this burden. Objective: We sought to identify risk factors associated with sacral neurostimulator infection requiring explantation, to estimate the incidence of infection requiring explantation, and identify associated microbial pathogens. ...
Obesity, inflammatory markers, and endometrial cancer risk: a prospective case-control study. - Nuffield Department of...Obesity, inflammatory markers, and endometrial cancer risk: a prospective case-control study. - Nuffield Department of...
Obesity, a major risk factor for endometrial cancer, is a low-grade inflammatory state characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines and acute phase reactants. The current study had two aims: first to investigate the associations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), and IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) with endometrial cancer risk and second to examine to which extent these markers can influence the association between obesity and endometrial cancer. We conducted a case-control study, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, which comprised 305 incident cases of endometrial cancer and 574 matched controls. CRP, IL6, and IL1Ra were measured in prospectively collected blood specimens by immunoassays. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values |0.05 were considered statistically significant. We observed a significant increase in risk of endometrial cancer with elevated levels of CRP
Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe. - Nuffield Department of...Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe. - Nuffield Department of...
BACKGROUND: An association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and lung cancer risk has been suggested. To evaluate this possible association better, researchers need more precise estimates of risk, the relative contribution of different sources of ETS, and the effect of ETS exposure on different histologic types of lung cancer. To address these issues, we have conducted a case-control study of lung cancer and exposure to ETS in 12 centers from seven European countries. METHODS: A total of 650 patients with lung cancer and 1542 control subjects up to 74 years of age were interviewed about exposure to ETS. Neither case subjects nor control subjects had smoked more than 400 cigarettes in their lifetime. RESULTS: ETS exposure during childhood was not associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] for ever exposure = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-0.96). The OR for ever exposure to spousal ETS was 1.16 (95% CI = 0.93-1.44). No clear dose-response relationship
Exposure to benzene and childhood leukaemia: a pilot case-control study | BMJ OpenExposure to benzene and childhood leukaemia: a pilot case-control study | BMJ Open
We have carried out a pilot case-control study of childhood leukaemia and exposure to benzene assessed by repeated individual measurements made on average 2 years after diagnosis. The pilot study included side-investigations aimed at evaluating the performance of two biological indicators of benzene exposure in children, at estimating amount and direction of a possible participation bias and at assessing the relation between estimated exposures to benzene and ELF magnetic fields.. Owing to the relatively low incidence of childhood cancers (10-15 for 100 000 person-years in the 0-14 year range in most industrialised countries), the case-control approach is the design of choice for analytical epidemiological studies about potential risk factors for these diseases. Such a study design, however, is inherently prone to measurement errors stemming from the retrospective reconstruction of the exposures of interest, and to differential participation leading to control samples not being representative of ...
Community-Based Case-Control Study of Childhood Stroke Risk Associated With Congenital Heart Disease | StrokeCommunity-Based Case-Control Study of Childhood Stroke Risk Associated With Congenital Heart Disease | Stroke
Improved medical care and advances in surgical techniques have increased life expectancy for children with complex CHD, but developmental delays, poorer academic achievement and behavior, and neurological morbidity remain a challenge.18,19 Stroke is a potentially preventable factor that may contribute to worsened neurodevelopmental outcomes. Our study found that CHD is strongly associated with childhood stroke, with a 19-fold increased risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in children between the ages of 29 days and 20 years.. We found that the children with cardiac surgery for CHD were at the greatest risk for stroke. Pediatric heart surgery, while life-saving, is complicated by a high proportion of thrombotic events20 and has been associated with a higher risk of delayed development and neurological abnormalities.18,21 Our study included only children with symptomatic strokes, but many of the radiographically identified perioperative infarcts in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for ...
Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study<...Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer. T2 - A case-control study. AU - Theodoratou, Evropi. AU - McNeill, Geraldine. AU - Cetnarskyj, Roseanne. AU - Farrington, Susan M.. AU - Tenesa, Albert. AU - Barnetson, Rebecca. AU - Porteous, Mary. AU - Dunlop, Malcolm. AU - Campbell, Harry. PY - 2007/7/15. Y1 - 2007/7/15. N2 - Fatty acid effects on colorectal cancer risk were examined in a national prospective case-control study in Scotland (1999-2006), including 1,455 incident cases and 1,455 matched controls. Three conditional logistic regression models adjusted for energy (residual method) and for other risk factors were applied in the whole sample and were stratified by sex, cancer site, age, and tumor staging. Total and trans-monounsatu rated fatty acids and palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were dose-dependently associated with colorectal cancer risk, but these effects did not persist after further energy adjustment. Significant dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated ...
Increased lung cancer risk among bricklayers in an Italian population-based case-control study | IRInSubriaIncreased lung cancer risk among bricklayers in an Italian population-based case-control study | IRInSubria
Background: Bricklayers may be at increased risk of lung cancer, although a firm association has not been established. We examined this association within the EAGLE (Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology) study, a population-based case-control study conducted in Italy between 2002 and 2005. Methods: For men in selected occupations in the construction sector we calculated smoking-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). For bricklayers we estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) and the attributable community risk (ACR). Results: We found increased lung cancer risk for bricklayers (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.21; 147 cases, 81 controls). The PAF was 3.9% (95% CI 0.7-7.0), corresponding to an ACR of 4.1 cases annually per 100,000 men (95% CI 0.7-7.3) in the whole community. Among bricklayers, there were increased risks for squamous cell (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.32-3.13, 56 exposed cases) and small cell carcinomas (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.29-4.07, 21 exposed cases), ...
Cancer diagnosis in first-degree relatives and non-small cell lung cancer risk: Results from a multi-centre case-control study...Cancer diagnosis in first-degree relatives and non-small cell lung cancer risk: Results from a multi-centre case-control study...
Because aggregation of cancers at different sites can occur in families, cancer could be considered as a broad phenotype with shared genetic factors. Here, we report results from a multi-centre case-control study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with particular emphasis on a history of cancer in first-degree relatives and the risk of lung cancer. From 2002 to 2006, 733 NSCLC patients treated surgically were recruited in 8 European countries and matched to 1312 controls, by centre, sex and age. We used multivariate conditional logistic regression models to test the association between a history of cancer in first-degree relatives and risk of NSCLC. A family history of lung cancer was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for early-onset (54years or younger) NSCLC of 4.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02-21.90). A family history of gastric cancer was associated with an OR for NSCLC of 1.82 (95% CI=1.08-3.06) and for late-onset (55years or older) NSCLC of 2.92 (95% CI=1.10-7.75). Our findings provide
Environmental risk factors for women with polycystic ovary syndrome in china: a population-based case-control study. - Semantic...Environmental risk factors for women with polycystic ovary syndrome in china: a population-based case-control study. - Semantic...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrinology disease with heterogeneous phenotype. Environmental factors are thought to be involved in the development of PCOS. The present study aimed to explore the potential environmental risk factors of PCOS. A cross-sectional study and stratified population-based case-control study were carried out. Pre-designed questionnaires were prepared, including questions about medication history, contact history of endocrine disruptors (EDs), environment and habituation. Fasting blood was collected for measurement of sex hormone, glucose and insulin. Matched logistic regression analysis was used to find the potential independent risk factor of PCOS. One thousand eight hundred fifty-four participants (aged 12-44 years) were analyzed in the cross-sectional investigation. One hundred sixty-nine PCOS patients and 338 matched controls were compared. PCOS patients were more frequent than controls in eating plastic-packaged food (p=0.001), contacting
Regular analgesic use and risk of endometrial cancer<...Regular analgesic use and risk of endometrial cancer<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Regular analgesic use and risk of endometrial cancer. AU - Moysich, Kirsten B.. AU - Baker, Julie A.. AU - Rodabaugh, Kerry J.. AU - Villella, Jeannine A.. PY - 2005/12. Y1 - 2005/12. N2 - Background: Analgesic use has been implicated in the chemoprevention of a number of solid tumors, but thus far, no previous research has focused on the role of aspirin in endometrial cancer etiology. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 427 women with primary, incident endometrial cancer, and 427 age- and residence-matched controls without benign or malignant neoplasms. All participants received medical services at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, and completed a comprehensive epidemiologic questionnaire. Women who reported analgesic use at least once a week for at least 6 months were classified as regular users and served as the reference group throughout the analyses. We used unconditional logistic regression analyses to compute crude and adjusted odds ...
Thyroid dysfunctions and autoimmunity in breast cancer patients: a prospective case-control studyThyroid dysfunctions and autoimmunity in breast cancer patients: a prospective case-control study
DISCUSSION. The current study shows that in comparison to controls (age-matched normal and with malignancy), the prevalence of overall hypothyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and autoimmunity was not higher in BC patients, although the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism remained significantly high. BC patients with thyroid dysfunctions and autoimmunity had significantly smaller tumors than those without dysfunction and autoimmunity. In comparison to basal values, mean fT4 was higher and TSH was lower after chemotherapy but after one year of follow-up, the reverse trend was noted, i.e., lower fT4 and higher TSH than the respective values at baseline.. The findings of a significantly high prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism and significantly smaller tumors in BC patients seem related. This can partly be explained by the fact that the patients with self-reported hypothyroidism were already under medical care and were perhaps more aware to seek early consultation for breast lumps, which are ...
Esophageal cancer risk by type of alcohol drinking and smoking: a case-control study in Spain | BMC Cancer | Full TextEsophageal cancer risk by type of alcohol drinking and smoking: a case-control study in Spain | BMC Cancer | Full Text
The effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer (EC) has never been explored in Spain where black tobacco and wine consumptions are quite prevalent. We estimated the independent effect of different alcoholic beverages and type of tobacco smoking on the risk of EC and its main histological cell type (squamous cell carcinoma) in a hospital-based case-control study in a Mediterranean area of Spain. We only included incident cases with histologically confirmed EC (n = 202). Controls were frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and province (n = 455). Information on risk factors was elicited by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking were strong and independent risk factors for esophageal cancer. Alcohol was a potent risk factor with a clear dose-response relationship, particularly for esophageal squamous-cell cancer. Compared to
Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation...Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation...
Results from the majority of studies show little association between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk, a finding that has not been demonstrated in a wider European population, however. The authors examined whether vitamin D concentrations were associated with prostate cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (1994-2000). Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured in 652 prostate cancer cases matched to 752 controls from 7 European countries after a median follow-up time of 4.1 years. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for prostate cancer risk in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D after standardizing for month of blood collection and adjusting for covariates. No significant association was found between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of prostate cancer (highest vs. lowest quintile: odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.88; P for
Deaths certitied as asthma and use of medical services: a national case-control studyDeaths certitied as asthma and use of medical services: a national case-control study
Background: Studies have linked asthma death to either increased or decreased use of medical services. Methods: A population based case-control study of asthma deaths in 1994-8 was performed in 22 English, six Scottish, and five Welsh health authorities/boards. All 681 subjects who died were under the age of 65 years with asthma in Part I on the death certificates. After exclusions, 532 hospital controls were matched to 532 cases for age, district, and date of asthma admission/death. Data were extracted blind from primary care records. Results: The median age of the subjects who died was 53 years; 60% of cases and 64% of controls were female. There was little difference in outpatient attendance (55% and 55%), hospital admission for asthma (51 % and 54%), and median inpatient days (20 days and 15 days) in the previous 5 years. After mutual adjustment and adjustment for sex, using conditional logistic regression, three variables were independently associated with asthma death: fewer general ...
Peripheral blood RNA gene expression in children with pneumococcal meningitis: a prospective case-control study | BMJ...Peripheral blood RNA gene expression in children with pneumococcal meningitis: a prospective case-control study | BMJ...
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Cohort and case-control studies ppt - twitchells thesis clairolCohort and case-control studies ppt - twitchells thesis clairol
22 Aug 2014 In the Clinical Studies lecture we will use pdf files that cover the generally accepted be using PowerPoint presentations and the pdf files of these of products, pharmacovigilance, (cohorts- vs. case-control-studies).8. März 2016 accounting grade 10 case study term 3 essay lessons nature australian essay writing case control and cohort studies differences ppt Establishing Causality Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Experimental Designs Summary Multiple Choice Questions PART SIX: INTRODUCTION TO DATA Two nested case-control studies in a prospective cohort of 790 euthyroid women who were 1st or 2nd degree relatives of AITD patients. Follow-up was five year, conflicting perspectives essay ted hughes Advantages and disadvantages of observational and experimental studies for diabetes research Sarah Wild, University of Edinburgh BIRO Academy 2nd Residential …Jul 23, 2006 · Early case-control studies suggesting that patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are less likely to be smokers ...
Type 2 diabetes is associated with a common mitochondrial variant: Evidence from a population-based case-control study -...Type 2 diabetes is associated with a common mitochondrial variant: Evidence from a population-based case-control study -...
Variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) could be associated with type 2 diabetes because ATP plays a critical role in the production and release of insulin. Diabetes can be precipitated both by mtDNA mutations and by exposure to mitochondrial poisons. The risk of inheriting diabetes from an affected mother is greater than that from an affected father, but this is not explained by maternally inherited diabetes and/or deafness (MIDD) caused by the 3243G:C mtDNA point mutation, which accounts for less than 0.5% of cases of diabetes. A common mtDNA variant (the 16189 variant) is positively correlated with blood fasting insulin, but there are no definitive studies demonstrating that it is associated with diabetes. We demonstrated a significant association between the 16189 variant and type 2 diabetes in a population-based case-control study in Cambridgeshire, UK (n=932, odds ratio=1.61 (1.0-2.7, P = 0.048), which was greatly magnified in individuals with a family history of diabetes from the fathers side
Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese men: a case-control study. - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology...Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese men: a case-control study. - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology...
Risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) was assessed in a population-based case-control study of Japanese men. The study covered three health districts in Wakayama and Osaka prefectures, Japan. Subjects were male individuals |or=45 years old diagnosed radiographically with knee OA, and who did not display any established causes of secondary OA. Controls selected randomly from the general population were individually matched to cases for age, sex, and residential district. Subjects were interviewed using structured questionnaires to determine medical history, physical activity, socio-economic factors, and occupation. Interviews were obtained from 37 cases and 37 controls. In univariate analysis, heaviest weight in the past and physical work such as factory, construction, agricultural, or fishery work as the principal occupation significantly raised the risk of male knee OA (P|0.05). Odds ratios (OR) were determined using conditional logistic regression analysis mutually adjusted for potential risk factors using
Clinicopathological features and prognosis of pregnancy associated breast cancer - A matched case control study<...Clinicopathological features and prognosis of pregnancy associated breast cancer - A matched case control study<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Clinicopathological features and prognosis of pregnancy associated breast cancer - A matched case control study. AU - Madaras, Lilla. AU - Kovács, Kristóf Attila. AU - Szász, Attila Marcell. AU - Kenessey, István. AU - Tokés, Anna Mária. AU - Székely, Borbála. AU - Baranyák, Zsuzsanna. AU - Kiss, Orsolya. AU - Dank, Magdolna. AU - Kulka, Janina. PY - 2014/7. Y1 - 2014/7. N2 - Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer (PABC) manifests during pregnancy or within a year following delivery. We sought to investigate differences in management, outcome, clinical, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) characteristics of PABC and matched controls in a retrospective case control study. PABC and control patients were selected from breast cancer cases of women ≤45 years, diagnosed in the 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary between 1998 and 2012. Histopathology information on tumor type, grade, size, T, N, lympho-vascular invasion (LVI), ...
Risk factors for operated carpal tunnel syndrome: a multicenter population-based case-control study - UnissResearchRisk factors for operated carpal tunnel syndrome: a multicenter population-based case-control study - UnissResearch
Mattioli, Stefano and Baldasseroni, Alberto and Bovenzi, Massimo and Curti, Stefania and Cooke, Robin M. T. and Campo, Giuseppe and Barbieri, Pietro G. and Ghersi, Rinaldo and Broccoli, Marco and Cancellieri, Maria Pia and Colao, Anna Maria and DellOmo, Marco and Fateh-Moghadam, Pirous and Franceschini, Flavia and Fucksia, Serenella and Galli, Paolo and Gobba, Fabriziomaria and Lucchini, Roberto and Mandes, Anna and Marras, Teresa and Sgarrella, Carla and Borghesi, Stefano and Fierro, Mauro and Zanardi, Francesca and Mancini, Gianpiero and Violante, Francesco S. (2009) Risk factors for operated carpal tunnel syndrome: a multicenter population-based case-control study. ...
Official ESCRS | European Society of Cataract & Refractive SurgeonsOfficial ESCRS | European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons
A retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent femtosecond LASIK surgery was carried out. A review of the preoperative data of the patients included patient demographics, visual acuity, manifest refraction, pupil size, keratometry, white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter and central corneal thickness. The intraoperative data included the flap parameters (diameter, thickness, hinge position, and tunnel length), docking times, and number and size of gas bubbles. Univariate, and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used to determine the risk factors for AC gas bubbles during the use of a femtosecond laser for flap creation, using the eye as the unit of analysis ...
High proliferation is associated with inferior outcome in male breast cancer patientsHigh proliferation is associated with inferior outcome in male breast cancer patients
The aim of this thesis was to investigate the prognostic role of the proliferation markers cyclin B1 and Phosphorylated Histone 3 (PPH3) in breast cancer (BC).. In paper I we used an experimental study design, we compared women dying early from their BC with women free from relapse more than eight years after initial diagnosis. All women had stage I, node-negative and hormone receptor positive disease. None had received adjuvant chemotherapy. We found that low-risk node negative patients with high expression of cyclin B1 had a significantly worse outcome than patients with low expression of cyclin B1.. In paper II a population-based case control study was performed to further investigate the prognostic value of cyclin B1. One hundred and ninety women who died from BC were defined as cases and 190 women alive at the time for the corresponding cases death were defined as controls. Inclusion criteria were tumor size 50 mm, no lymph node metastases, and no adjuvant chemotherapy. Two investigators ...
Familial pancreatic cancer: Clinicopathologic study of 18 nuclear families<...Familial pancreatic cancer: Clinicopathologic study of 18 nuclear families<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Familial pancreatic cancer. T2 - Clinicopathologic study of 18 nuclear families. AU - Lynch, H. T.. AU - Fitzsimmons, M. L.. AU - Smyrk, T. C.. AU - Lanspa, S. J.. AU - Watson, P.. AU - McClellan, J.. AU - Lynch, J. F.. PY - 1990/1/1. Y1 - 1990/1/1. N2 - Host factors have been given scant attention in the search for etiology in pancreatic cancer. Several anecdotal reports have identified its familial clustering, whereas a recent population-based case/control study has shown that 6.7% of cases and 0.7% of controls had positive family histories of this disease (p , 0.001). Forty-seven individuals with pancreatic cancer from 18 families were identified from a review of the medical records of all kindreds on file at our Hereditary Cancer Institute. The observed sex ratio, age of onset, histologic type, and survival were comparable to published data on unselected patients. We did not identify any pattern of extra-pancreatic cancer association. A serious limitation of our study is its ...
EAGLE - BackgroundEAGLE - Background
EAGLE is a large population-based case-control study designed and conducted to investigate the genetic and environmental determinants of lung cancer and smoking persistence using an integrative approach that allows combined analysis of genetic, environmental, clinical, and behavioral data. The study includes over 2,000 incident lung cancer cases, both males and females of Italian nationality, ages 35 to 79 years old, with verified lung cancer of any histological type, and over 2,000 healthy population-based controls matched to cases by age, gender, and residence. The participation rate was high: 85% and 73% in cases and controls, respectively. Lung cancer cases were enrolled from 13 hospitals within the Lombardy region of Italy. The healthy controls were randomly selected from the same residential area of the lung cancer cases. The study setting, the Lombardy region of Italy, is served by a network of modern hospitals, medical schools, and a regional health service. Within the Lombardy region, ...
Case-Control Study of Oral Contraceptive Pills and Endometrial Cancer | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...Case-Control Study of Oral Contraceptive Pills and Endometrial Cancer | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...
Although an association between oral estrogens and endometrial cancer has been reported, at a disputed magnitude of risk, in nine case-control studies (1-9), no data are available on the relation between oral contraceptives and the subsequent occurrence of endometrial cancer. As part of a large case-control investigation of the association between estrogens and endometrial cancer (9), we have collected and analyzed data about the use of various estrogens preparations, as noted during personal interviews of all the available cases and controls.. Groups were chosen with two different methods of selection for cases and controls. In the conventional method of selection, ...
Smoking increases, while alcohol consumption may decrease r... ( A population-based case-control study...)Smoking increases, while alcohol consumption may decrease r... ( A population-based case-control study...)
Health,...A population-based case-control study of the rare but devastating neur...Forum reviewers thought that this was a well-done and important paper...Forum reviewers cautioned that the results of this paper should not be......,Smoking,increases,,while,alcohol,consumption,may,decrease,risk,of,ALS,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
Dietary vitamin A and cancer--a multisite case-control studyDietary vitamin A and cancer--a multisite case-control study
The relationship between an index of dietary vitamin A and cancer risk at 25 sites was assessed in retrospective case-control studies. Common control groups for males and females were used in all analyses. Relative risk estimates were derived from multiple logistic regression analyses that controlle …
Long Term Use of Hormones Increases Breast Cancer RiskLong Term Use of Hormones Increases Breast Cancer Risk
If you are a woman and have been using any type of hormones to ease menopause symptoms, you could be upping breast cancer risk. Recent research shows that the use of these hormones over a long period of time ignites a minor increase in breast cancer risk.. Tracking the health of nearly 60,000 nurses, the recent study found that 10 years or more of hormone use was enough to raise breast cancer risk, although it is recommended that the lowest dose possible be used for the shortest amount of time possible. The research is surprising to many as some women who were taking estrogen alone were thought to have a decreased chance of developing breast cancer. And it is already known that taking pills combining estrogen and progestin - the most common type of hormone therapy - can increase breast cancer risk.. ...
Rollins School of Public Health | Maternal and Child Health at RollinsRollins School of Public Health | Maternal and Child Health at Rollins
Stillbirth has been largely understudied in the U.S., " says Dr. Lauren Christiansen-Lindquist, research assistant professor and Deputy Director of Emorys Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child Health, Education, Science, and Practice. "We have been doing a lot of work to bring it out of the shadows." Christiansen-Lindquist used data from a large population-based case control study about stillbirth while writing her dissertation as a PhD student at Rollins.. "[From those data] we learned a lot of great things about what factors are associated with stillbirth, but I pulled back even further to look at vital records and to see how well we are reporting stillbirths. The answer is, not very well." Post graduation, Christiansen-Lindquist has continued work in this area and is looking for ways to collect better data.. "I conducted a pilot study to expand an existing surveillance system that surveys women who have had a recent live birth to see if we could ask questions of women [who had a ...
北京大学医学部机构知识库(IR@PKUHSC): Association of Genetic Polymorphisms and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese Population北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): Association of Genetic Polymorphisms and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese Population
PURPOSE. We explored associations between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and genetic variants of 10 genes in a nationwide Chinese population.. METHODS. In this multicenter case-control study, 535 AMD patients and 469 controls were recruited from 16 centers that spread from the north to the south of China. All participants underwent comprehensive eye examinations, and 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 10 genes were selected. DNA samples were genotyped with the MassArray system. The effect of the genotypes and haplotypes on AMD was assessed with logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, long-term residence, and family origin.. RESULTS. In our study, 11 SNPs in complement H (CFH), 2 in age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2), and 2 in high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) were associated significantly with AMD. They were rs551397, rs800292, rs1329424, rs1061170, rs10801555, rs12124794, rs10733086, rs10737680, rs2274700, rs1410996, and rs380390 in CFH; ...
Antibiotic use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based case-control study | BMC Medicine | Full TextAntibiotic use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based case-control study | BMC Medicine | Full Text
Antibiotic-induced disturbances of the human microbiota have been implicated in the development of chronic autoimmune conditions. This study aimed to assess whether antibiotic use is associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A nested case-control study was conducted utilising data from the primary care Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Patients with an incident diagnosis of RA were identified (1995-2017). Each case was matched on age, gender, and general practice to ≥ 5 controls without RA. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine previous antibiotic prescriptions and RA onset after controlling for confounding factors. We identified 22,677 cases of RA, matched to 90,013 controls, with a median follow-up of 10 years before RA diagnosis. The odds of developing RA were 60% higher in those exposed to antibiotics than in those not exposed (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.51-1.68). A dose- or frequency-dependent association was observed between the number of previous antibiotic
Risk of second primary malignancy in breast cancer survivors: A nested population-based case-control study | Archivio della...Risk of second primary malignancy in breast cancer survivors: A nested population-based case-control study | Archivio della...
Purpose: Evolving therapies have improved the prognoses of patients with breast cancer; and currently, the number of long-term survivors is continuously increasing. However, these patients are at increased risk of developing a second cancer. Thus, late side effects are becoming an important issue. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether patient and tumor characteristics, and treatment type correlate with secondary tumor risk. Methods: This case-control study included 305 patients with a diagnosed second malignancy after almost 6 months after the diagnosis of primary breast cancer and 1,525 controls (ratio 1:5 of cases to controls) from a population-based cohort of 6,325 women. The control patients were randomly selected from the cohort and matched to the cases according to age at diagnosis, calendar period of diagnosis, disease stage, and time of follow-up. Results: BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ status, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were ...
Plus itPlus it
Background: Although plasma estrogen and androgen levels are significantly positively associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, it is unknown how long a single blood hormone measure can predict subsequent breast cancer risk as most prior studies have included less than 10 years of follow-up. If including hormone levels into current breast cancer risk prediction models improves discriminative ability, evaluating how the hormone/breast cancer association varies by years since blood collection can help determine the most relevant time period for hormone measures. In addition, whether the associations vary by tumor hormone receptor status is unclear.. Methods: We conducted a prospective nested case-control analysis within the Nurses Health Study cohort. Blood samples were collected in 1989-1990 and then in 2000-2002. Among eligible postmenopausal women not using postmenopausal hormones (PMH) at blood collection, 796 cases were diagnosed through June, 2010. Two control subjects (n=1,583) ...
Cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia: A meta-analysis of case-control studies<...Cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia: A meta-analysis of case-control studies<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia. T2 - A meta-analysis of case-control studies. AU - Wu, Yu Lin. AU - Huang, Chun Jen. AU - Fang, Su Chen. AU - Ko, Ling Hsin. AU - Tsai, Pei Shan. PY - 2018/6/1. Y1 - 2018/6/1. N2 - Objective Cognitive dysfunction has been reported in individuals with fibromyalgia. However, findings regarding cognitive function examined using neuropsychological tests have been inconsistent. The aim of the study was to determine domain-specific cognitive impairment in patients with fibromyalgia compared with healthy controls. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis that systematically searched six databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) for articles published before September 2017. Results Twenty-three case-control studies with a total of 2096 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Cognitive function was significantly lower (g = 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-1.15) in individuals with fibromyalgia than in ...
Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. - PubMed - NCBILifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. - PubMed - NCBI
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Exposure to colorectal examinations before a colorectal cancer diagnosis: a case-control study.Exposure to colorectal examinations before a colorectal cancer diagnosis: a case-control study.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prior exposure to colorectal examinations between colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and matched control participants to estimate the effect of these examinations on the development of CRC and to obtain insight into the background incidence of colorectal examinations. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted within the Dutch Integrated Primary Care Information database over the period 1996-2005. All incident CRC cases were matched with up to 18 controls (n=7,790) for age, sex, index date (date of CRC diagnosis) and follow-up before diagnosis. All colorectal examinations performed in symptomatic participants in the period 0.5-5 years before index date were considered in the analyses. RESULTS: Within the source population of 457 024 persons, we identified 594 incident cases of CRC. In the period 0.5-5 years before index date 2.9% (17 of 594) of the CRC cases had undergone colorectal examinations, compared with 4.4% (346 of 7790) in the control population ...
Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction : Case control studies with no controls...Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction : Case control studies with no controls...
Although case-control studies are suitable for assessing gene-environment interactions, choosing appropriate control subjects is a valid concern in these studies. The authors review three nontraditional study designs that do not include a control group : 1 the case-only study, 2 the case-parental control study, and 3 the affected relative-pair...
Can iridology detect susceptibility to cancer? A prospective case-controlled study - What alternative health practitioners...Can iridology detect susceptibility to cancer? A prospective case-controlled study - What alternative health practitioners...
What alternative health practitioners might not tell you. Giving a voice of reason in response to the substantial amount of uncritical media coverage currently being given to alternative medicine.
Methodologic considerations in the design and analysis of nested case-control studies: association between cytokines and...Methodologic considerations in the design and analysis of nested case-control studies: association between cytokines and...
Nested case-control study (NCC) design within a prospective cohort study is used when the outcome data are available for all subjects, but the exposure of interest has not been collected, and is difficult or prohibitively expensive to obtain for all subjects [1-3]. NCC is cost effective and can be done with or without matching in the selection of a subset of the controls. NCC analysis with good matching procedure yields estimates that are as efficient and unbiased as estimates from the full cohort study [2]. The origin of the NCC design came from the desire to reduce computational costs of collecting and analyzing data for all subjects in a cohort study. Mantel proposed to sample the controls randomly from a finite cohort, and originally called this design "synthetic" case-control study [4]. Subsequently the use of matching to select the controls allowed for the implementation of the conditional likelihood functions and the demonstration of asymptotic consistency and efficiency property of the ...
Upcoming Bids, Pre-Bids: Data Coordinating Centers for Cancer Epidemiology Consortia of Rare CancersUpcoming Bids, Pre-Bids: Data Coordinating Centers for Cancer Epidemiology Consortia of Rare Cancers
Government Pre-Bid Opportunity: Data Coordinating Centers for Cancer Epidemiology Consortia of Rare Cancers. Access many more R - Professional, Administrative and Management Support Upcoming Bids | Get your Free Government Bids Alert!
Recall biasRecall bias
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The Limits of Case-Control Studies : EpidemiologyThe Limits of Case-Control Studies : Epidemiology
Cohort and case-control studiesCohort and case-control studies
Methodologic issues in injury case-control studies. | Injury PreventionMethodologic issues in injury case-control studies. | Injury Prevention
Case-Control Studies - AMA Manual of StyleCase-Control Studies - AMA Manual of Style
What is a case-control study?What is a case-control study?
Sample Size for Independent Case-control Studies - StatsDirectSample Size for Independent Case-control Studies - StatsDirect
Case-control study - WikipediaCase-control study - Wikipedia
Nested case-control study - WikipediaNested case-control study - Wikipedia
Engineering Controls Database - Braiding Machine - Noise Case StudyEngineering Controls Database - Braiding Machine - Noise Case Study
Preventing and Controlling TB | HIP Case Studies | CDCPreventing and Controlling TB | HIP Case Studies | CDC
Chapter 8. Case-control and cross sectional studies | The BMJChapter 8. Case-control and cross sectional studies | The BMJ
Case Studies - Diabetes In ControlCase Studies - Diabetes In Control
Case Studies - Diabetes In ControlCase Studies - Diabetes In Control
What is a case-control study in medical research?What is a case-control study in medical research?
Sulphonylureas and cancer: a case-control studySulphonylureas and cancer: a case-control study
Datalogic Releases New Field Service Video Case Study: Okolona Pest ControlDatalogic Releases New Field Service Video Case Study: Okolona Pest Control
Learn - Case Studies | AMX Audio Video Control SystemsLearn - Case Studies | AMX Audio Video Control Systems
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Control Recruitment in Population-Based Case-Control Studies : EpidemiologyControl Recruitment in Population-Based Case-Control Studies : Epidemiology
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Alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides for pest control: case studies in agriculture and forestry | SpringerLinkAlternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides for pest control: case studies in agriculture and forestry | SpringerLink
Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study | The BMJBronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study | The BMJ
Original Article - Case-Control Study on Risk Factors for Brain TumorsOriginal Article - Case-Control Study on Risk Factors for Brain Tumors
Delivering Plantwide Control | Case Study | Rockwell AutomationDelivering Plantwide Control | Case Study | Rockwell Automation
Case Study of Monetary Control: 1980-1982Case Study of Monetary Control: 1980-1982
Robust Control - Theoretical Models and Case Studies | IntechOpenRobust Control - Theoretical Models and Case Studies | IntechOpen
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Parental Tdap Boosters and Infant Pertussis: A Case-Control Study | Articles | PediatricsParental Tdap Boosters and Infant Pertussis: A Case-Control Study | Articles | Pediatrics
Determinants of Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly: A Case-Control Study | American Academy of PediatricsDeterminants of Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly: A Case-Control Study | American Academy of Pediatrics
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma: A Case Control Study and Guidelines UpdateAcral Lentiginous Melanoma: A Case Control Study and Guidelines Update
Case Studies | Bird Control and DeterrentsCase Studies | Bird Control and Deterrents
Case-control studies of severe malaria.Case-control studies of severe malaria.
GRESP - Respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children: matched case-control studyGRESP - Respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children: matched case-control study
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Case-Control StudiesRisk FactorsOdds RatioGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePolymorphism, Single NucleotideLogistic ModelsGenotypeAsia, WesternPolymorphism, GeneticEthiopiaGene FrequencyIndiaRetrospective StudiesHaplotypesSmokingExtraction, ObstetricalRiskMalaysiaPregnancyProspective StudiesNepalAge FactorsIncidenceAllelesChinaMatched-Pair AnalysisDiarrhea, InfantileConfidence IntervalsRisk AssessmentInfant, NewbornBiological MarkersQuestionnairesPrevalenceMultivariate AnalysisLinkage DisequilibriumItalyCohort StudiesSeverity of Illness IndexGenetic Association StudiesChi-Square DistributionFollow-Up StudiesTurkeyAge of OnsetSex FactorsPatient DropoutsDelivery, ObstetricParityDisease OutbreaksGreat BritainAsian Continental Ancestry GroupPakistanAbortion, SpontaneousRural PopulationCrohn DiseaseDiarrheaTime FactorsRegression AnalysisEgyptTreatment OutcomeGermanyArylamine N-AcetyltransferaseReference ValuesBreast NeoplasmsColitis, UlcerativeEpidemiologic MethodsEnvironmental ExposureOccupational ExposurePolymerase Chain ReactionIranAnalysis of VarianceColorectal NeoplasmsAdenomaGenome-Wide Association StudyPregnancy ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2TravelBody Mass IndexROC CurveComorbidityPrognosisSocioeconomic FactorsBreast FeedingEnglandOccupational DiseasesPre-EclampsiaReproducibility of ResultsTaiwanFamily HealthChronic DiseaseDietColonoscopyLung NeoplasmsVenous ThrombosisHomozygoteAlcohol DrinkingStomach NeoplasmsFractures, BoneSeasonsPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthSpainPostmenopauseAge DistributionEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupEsophageal NeoplasmsSex DistributionHypertensionEducational StatusPredictive Value of TestsJapanGenetic MarkersPilot ProjectsSensitivity and SpecificitySwedenGenetic VariationAdenocarcinomaHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedHospitalizationSchizophreniaCarcinoma, Squamous CellTuberculosis, PulmonaryHelicobacter InfectionsDiabetes ComplicationsPatient Acceptance of Health CareHelicobacter pyloriBlood GlucoseObesityDatabases, FactualSocial ClassCross-Sectional StudiesQuality ControlPopulation SurveillanceEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayCoronary Artery DiseaseRegistriesLiver NeoplasmsPostoperative ComplicationsDisease ProgressionMagnetic Resonance ImagingHIV InfectionsNeoplasm StagingPromoter Regions, GeneticSurvival RateGlutathione S-Transferase piCrowdingTumor Markers, BiologicalStrokeDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)Research DesignPhenotypeModels, StatisticalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAustraliaFecesStatistics, NonparametricStatistics as TopicUrban PopulationSepsisVentilators, MechanicalIrelandRecurrenceHypertension, Pregnancy-InducedAfrican AmericansDiseases in TwinsMulticenter Studies as TopicSri LankaGenetic LociMetabolic Syndrome XGenome, HumanMass ScreeningModels, GeneticLipidsBipolar DisorderEpistasis, GeneticLinear ModelsFatigue Syndrome, ChronicInsulinAsthmaSudden Infant DeathBrazilC-Reactive ProteinAcute DiseaseProstatic NeoplasmsTwins, MonozygoticCholelithiasisData Interpretation, StatisticalNeoplasmsCardiovascular DiseasesMorbidityChromosomes, Human, Pair 5HypoglycemiaEpinephrineInterviews as TopicAnti-Bacterial AgentsCoronary DiseasePesticidesEpidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesChromosomes, Human, Pair 6
ExposuresExposureObjectivePatientsConclusionsOdds ratioDesignSubjectsPrevalenceRisk factors2017ResultsGroupInvestigationOutcomeInfectionInfantsCohort studiesMethodologicalFindingsEpidemiology2018OddsSquamous cell carcMonetary ControlOutcomesEpidemiologicalHumansObjectiveRockwell AutomationPrevention and controlRiskEstimateProspective case-contrTemperatureInvestigatorsBaselineChildhoodCaliforniaPopulation-based case-contrEpidemiologic studyResearchersMothersDiseaseCancerTobacco controlChapterTimeReductionOnsetType 2 diabetProportionVersus1995EstimationStatistical powerFeasible
Exposures2
Exposure8
Objective1
  • Care must be taken to be objective in the search for past risk factors, especially since the outcome is already known, or the study may suffer from researcher bias. (cehjournal.org)
Patients4
Conclusions4
Odds ratio1
  • where α = alpha, β = 1 - power, ψ = odds ratio, n c is the continuity corrected sample size, m is the number of control subjects per case, and z p is the standard normal deviate for probability p. n is rounded up to the closest integer. (statsdirect.com)
Design1
  • For a more detailed account of design, conduct and analyses of epidemiological studies, the reader is referred to textbooks and methodological articles given in the list of references. (gfmer.ch)
Subjects5
Prevalence1
  • Despite the substantial reduction in the number of new cases of Zika virus infection, it is important that preventive measures be drawn due to the high prevalence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in several areas and the possibility of recurrent waves of infection, as has been observed with other arboviruses in other locations. (biomedcentral.com)
Risk factors2
20171
Results1
Group5
Investigation1
  • The experimental approach allows control of the effect of extraneous factors that may have an effect on the outcome under study, but are not under investigation. (gfmer.ch)
Outcome1
Infection3
Infants1
Cohort studies1
Methodological1
Findings2
Epidemiology3
  • Porta's Dictionary of Epidemiology defines the case-control study as: an observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group). (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolution of resource allocation for prevention and control of TB in health department funding reflects the changing epidemiology of TB, new treatment guidelines, and the emergence of indicators to monitor program performance-all taking place in the context of flat funding for TB programs. (cdc.gov)
  • Third, editors and reviewers of epidemiology papers are too often dogmatic in their judgment of the potential for nonresponse bias in population-based studies. (lww.com)
20181
  • 2018-02-15 The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented. (umich.edu)
Odds10
Squamous cell carc1
Monetary Control1
Outcomes3
  • A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s). (wikipedia.org)
  • The strength of a cohort study is that it is the best way to determine the causes of a disease, condition or issue because it allows researchers to follow one group of people over time and allows researchers to study multiple outcomes at one time. (endvawnow.org)
  • Cloonan YK, Kifle Y, Davis S, Speltz ML, Werler MM, Starr JR. Sleep outcomes in children with hemifacial microsomia and controls: a follow-up study . (bu.edu)
Epidemiological8
Humans1
Objective3
Rockwell Automation5
Prevention and control1
  • Prior to 2005, CDC's method of allocation of TB funds to state and city health departments for prevention and control of TB was based on the burden of TB disease among jurisdictions that had experienced the largest increases in case counts during the TB resurgence that took place from 1985-1993. (cdc.gov)
Risk36
  • inclusion of sick people is sometimes appropriate, as the control group should represent those at risk of becoming a case. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many valuable case-control studies, such as Lane and Claypon's 1926 investigation of risk factors for breast cancer, were retrospective investigations. (wikipedia.org)
  • A meta-analysis of what were considered 30 high-quality studies concluded that use of a product halved a risk, when in fact the risk was, if anything, increased. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this situation, one may choose to assay all of the cases, and also, for each case, select a certain number of women to assay from the risk set of participants who have not yet failed (i.e. those who have not developed breast cancer before the particular case in question has developed breast cancer). (wikipedia.org)
  • The risk set is often restricted to those participants who are matched to the case on variables such as age, which reduces the variability of effect estimates. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDC provides financial and technical assistance to state, local, and territorial health and educational agencies to implement high-impact programs to prevent and control youth risk behaviors, HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, STDs, and tuberculosis (TB). (cdc.gov)
  • Studies of modifiable risk factors for stroke have been conducted largely in developed countries. (diabetesincontrol.com)
  • A case-control study is usually retrospective - the researchers look back at data collected in the past, enabling them to test whether a particular outcome can be linked back to a suspected risk factor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They then compare how often the group of cases had been exposed to the suspected cause (risk factor), versus how often the controls had been exposed. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If the risk factor has a greater prevalence among the cases, then this is some evidence to suggest that it is a cause of the disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Risk factors could be uncovered by researchers studying the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A prospective case-control study may also be helpful in this scenario as researchers can collect data on suspected risk factors while they monitor for new cases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We explore the benefits and challenges of several options for management of three insect pests in maize crops and an invasive insect pest in forests, including diversifying crop rotations, altering the timing of planting, tillage and irrigation, using less sensitive crops in infested areas, applying biological control agents, and turning to alternative reduced risk insecticides. (springer.com)
  • 1 2 In New Zealand in the 1970s an increase in deaths from asthma corresponded with an increase in prescriptions of the β 2 agonist fenoterol, and several case-control studies 3 and one cohort study 4 found that fenoterol was associated with an increased risk of death from asthma. (bmj.com)
  • The analysis of mobile telephone use and the risk for brain tumor according to anatomic localization was based on these 198 cases with corresponding controls. (medscape.com)
  • Using a tumor induction period of 5 years or more, the risk increased further to an OR of 2.10 (95% CI, 1.25-3.53) based on 36 exposed cases and 37 exposed controls. (medscape.com)
  • In New South Wales, Australia, a case-control study found both parents receiving Tdap ≥4 weeks before disease onset was associated with a significant reduction in risk of early infant pertussis and suggestive of persistent protection in subsequent pregnancies. (aappublications.org)
  • We know of no other studies that have examined a wide range of risk factors for plagiocephaly. (aappublications.org)
  • The aims of this study were to identify and quantify the determinants of NSP, to distinguish those infants most at risk, and to develop strategies that may help prevent NSP while maintaining the integrity of SIDS prevention advice. (aappublications.org)
  • This paper discusses methodological aspects of case-control studies of severe malaria including case and control definitions, selection of cases and controls, potential risk factors, sample size calculations and analysis. (omicsonline.org)
  • This paper showed how to estimate risk and prevalence ratios in case-control studies without a rare-disease requirement by allowing cases into the control group. (epiresearch.org)
  • In 41.1% of the cases, menarche was present under 12 years and in only 14.1% after 14 years, therefore confirming the reduction of mammary cancer risk in women with late menarche. (nih.gov)
  • Case-control studies permit the identification of risk factors for disease and usually requires a much smaller sample size than cohort studies. (endvawnow.org)
  • Based on the conditional logistic linear model, individuals with severe obesity had a higher risk of depression than those in the control group. (scirp.org)
  • Persistent eczema occurred in 174 (0.94%) suicide cases and 285 (0.77%) controls yielding a 22% increased risk of suicide associated with persistent eczema (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.48, p=0.037). (ices.on.ca)
  • The cases will also be followed to gain information on the natural history of this disease including risk factors for progression of disease. (nih.gov)
  • In this case-control study, we found that several traditional risk factors for DM in the general population were associated with its development in HIV-infected patients. (natap.org)
  • Studies have reported an increased risk of childhood leukaemia associated with living near high-voltage electric power transmission lines that extend to distances at which magnetic fields from lines are negligible. (nature.com)
  • We conducted a large records-based case-control study of childhood leukaemia risk in the population living near power lines in California. (nature.com)
  • The possibility that the electric power transmission and distribution system could pose a risk for childhood cancer has been a concern for several decades, beginning with the study of Wertheimer and Leeper (1979) , which found an association with electrical wiring configurations. (nature.com)
  • One of the key studies to investigate distance from power lines and childhood cancer risk was the study of Draper et al (2005) . (nature.com)
  • If a disease is ridiculously rare, it's virtually impossible to feasibly put together a cohort study comparing relative risk based on the presence/absence of a risk factor because you have no idea who is going to develop that (e.g.) 1/ten million disease. (studentdoctor.net)
  • The inherent structure of the study acknowledges that we couldn't possibly be fully aware of other confounding/risk factors that may have popped up over time. (studentdoctor.net)
  • Danis K , Di Renzi M , O'Neill W , Smyth B , McKeown P , Foley B , Tohani V , Devine M . Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection: an all-Ireland case-control study. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • A population-based case-control study of the rare but devastating neurological disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has shown that the risk of such disease is increased among smokers, as has been shown previously. (bio-medicine.org)
  • As we have pointed out elsewhere, if helmet use neither increases nor decreases the risk of non-head injuries among cyclists who crash, then the helmet wearing prevalence among controls with non-head injuries should approximate the prevalence of helmet use among all cyclists who crashed and had no head injury. (bmj.com)
Estimate3
Prospective case-contr1
Temperature5
  • Operators were challenged with monitoring critical processes, but also had the intensive job of setting up valve transfer paths, dialing-in mixer and pump speeds and adjusting crucial temperature control valves. (rockwellautomation.com)
  • For a producer of tortilla chip snacks the complex interaction between controlling the temperature, cooking time and oil replenishment of its fryers is critical to maintaining the high quality of its tortilla chip snacks. (controlengeurope.com)
  • We found no differences between NMS patients and psychiatric controls in respect of changes in environmental temperature. (wiley.com)
  • Our study supports the need for caution when using intramuscularly administered, abruptly increasing, high-dose neuroleptics, particularly in mentally retarded or agitated patients, regardless of environmental temperature. (wiley.com)
  • These shafts connect to long jack shafts that spread across the roof line of the greenhouse, connecting to multiple rack-and-pinion mechanisms that open and close large glass window panes in the ceiling for temperature control. (theengineer.co.uk)
Investigators3
  • In experimental research, investigators can manipulate one factor while controlling others, and the main research question can be broken down into subquestions with comparatively simple causal assumptions (12). (gfmer.ch)
  • The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Investigators compared each of the 32 microcephaly cases they found with two controls: the first two infants born the following morning without microcephaly…" (Schnirring, 9/15). (kff.org)
Baseline3
Childhood7
  • For example, if you wanted to test the hypothesis that a disease seen in adulthood is linked to factors occurring in young childhood, a prospective study would take decades to do. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cases were children aged ≤5 years with radiological CAP.The aim of the study was to assess the association between specific respiratory viruses and childhood CAP. (google.com)
  • The study indicates viral CAP is an underestimated disease and points out hMPV as a new important target for the prevention of childhood CAP. (google.com)
  • BACKGROUND The relation of parental smoking to wheezing and asthma occurring after the first year of life was assessed by a systematic quantitative review of case-control and longitudinal studies, complementing earlier reviews of cross sectional surveys and wheezing in early childhood. (bmj.com)
  • Childhood cognitive deterioration in 22q11.2DS has previously been reported, but only in studies lacking a control sample. (cambridge.org)
  • The study included 5788 childhood leukaemia and 3308 central nervous system (CNS) cancer cases (for comparison) born in and diagnosed in California (1986-2008), and matched to population-based controls by age and sex. (nature.com)
  • These authors reported a case-control study of childhood cancer in relation to the distance from birth address to the nearest high-voltage overhead transmission line (mostly of 275 or 400 kv) among children born in England and Wales in 1962-1995. (nature.com)
California5
  • Violence Policy Center analysts looked at all federal firearms cases tied to Mexican gun traffickers they could find in California and three other states from 2006 to 2009. (kpbs.org)
  • Children ≤18 years old within 2 years of MS onset or controls without autoimmune disorders attending a University of California, San Francisco, USA, pediatric clinic were examined for fecal bacterial community composition and predicted function by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis. (nih.gov)
  • We demonstrate that, following Proposition 99, tobacco consumption fell markedly in California relative to a comparable synthetic control region. (psu.edu)
  • In 1989, California became "the first state to ban assault weapons," and since that time, it has enacted a steady stream of gun controls, only to see violent crime rise and high-profile shootings-including terror attacks-betray the lie that gun control saves lives. (gunowners.org)
  • Think about it like this: before the new gun controls were even signed on July 1, California had universal background checks, which means no "gun show loophole," a ten-day waiting period on gun purchases, firearm registration requirements, Gun Violence Restraining Orders, other means of firearm confiscation, and requirements for concealed carry permit holders that are so stringent getting a concealed carry permit in California is a herculean task. (gunowners.org)
Population-based case-contr4
Epidemiologic study1
Researchers8
  • 4 Researchers could also restrict the study base to population segments with anticipated higher response proportions such as people with identifiable telephone numbers. (lww.com)
  • Case-control research is a central tool used by epidemiologists, researchers who look into the factors that affect the health and illness of populations. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are multiple reasons why case-control studies are useful to researchers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By the end of the lectures you should be able to identify which study types are being used and why the researchers selected them when you are reading a paper. (coursera.org)
  • Brazilian researchers [Thursday] added an eagerly awaited piece of the Zika-microcephaly puzzle, publishing the first case-control study , which found a strong link between the two conditions. (kff.org)
  • The study is the first time researchers have used social contact data to quantify the potential impact of control measures on reducing individual-level transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in specific settings. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In the study, researchers analysed data on how 40,162 people moved about the UK and interacted with others prior to COVID-19 to simulate how combinations of different testing, isolation, tracing, and physical distancing scenarios-such as app-based tracing, remote working, limits on different sized gatherings, and mass population-based testing-might contribute to reducing secondary cases . (cam.ac.uk)
  • The researchers calculated that, had no control measures been implemented, R would be 2.6-meaning that one infected person would infect, on average, 2-3 more people. (cam.ac.uk)
Mothers4
Disease12
  • In several situations they have greater statistical power than cohort studies, which must often wait for a 'sufficient' number of disease events to accrue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 79-117. (cdc.gov)
  • A study of benign prostatic hypertrophy might be misleading if cases were identified from hospital admissions and admission to hospital was influenced not only by the presence and severity of disease but also by other variables, such as social class. (bmj.com)
  • The cohort study starts with the putative cause of disease, and observes the occurrence of disease relative to the hypothesized causal agent, while the case-control study proceeds from documented disease and investigates possible causes of the disease. (gfmer.ch)
  • Depending on the time when the cohort study is initiated relative to occurrence of the disease(s) to be studied, one distinguishes between current and historical cohort studies. (gfmer.ch)
  • Eight cases and 11 controls reported previous radiotherapy for benign or malignant disease, yielding an OR of 1.58 (95% CI, 0.60-4.16). (medscape.com)
  • Case-control studies in which children with severe disease are compared with children with non-severe disease and with community controls, avoid some of the ethical and logistical problems inherent in such an undertaking. (omicsonline.org)
  • Cases and controls generally are matched according to specific characteristics (eg, age, sex, or duration of disease) to reduce by these variables. (amamanualofstyle.com)
  • Nigeria and Senegal, two of the five countries affected by the world's worst ever Ebola outbreak are managing to halt the spread of the disease, the World Health Organization said on Monday, although the overall death toll rose to 2,793 out of 5,762 cases. (ibtimes.co.uk)
  • Introduction For simplicity we first consider measurement of the relationship between a disease (0) and an agent under study (E) in the presence of a single confounding variable Z. Extensions to the more realistic case where a set of variables are candidates for adjustment are outlined in Section 2.4. (epa.gov)
  • Both TLR8 and TLR7 are functional candidate genes owing to their key roles as pathogen recognition receptors and, in the case of TLR7 , overexpression has been associated directly with murine autoimmune disease. (nature.com)
  • Forum reviewers thought that this was a well-done and important paper, as it is a population-based analysis, with almost 500 cases of ALS, a very large number of cases for this rare disease. (bio-medicine.org)
Cancer7
  • One of the most significant triumphs of the case-control study was the demonstration of the link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, by Richard Doll and Bradford Hill. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several studies have used standard cohort analyses to study precursors to breast cancer, e.g. use of hormonal contraceptives, which is a covariate easily measured on all of the women in the cohort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cancer Causes Control. (wikipedia.org)
  • Controls were comprised of individuals with no history of skin cancer who screened negative for skin cancer upon physical examination at the affiliated cancer screening or primary care clinics ( n = 315). (springer.com)
  • Perea-Milla LE, Minarro-Del Moral RM, Martinez-Garcia C, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Serrano S, Aneiros JF, Jimenez-Puente A, Redondo M (2003) Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case-control study in southern Spain. (springer.com)
  • In our retrospective study 146 women suffering from breast cancer, treated in our Institute from 1970 to 1993, were enrolled. (nih.gov)
  • Dietary pattern analysis is a powerful technique to study the relationships between diet and cancer, accounting for the specificities of overall dietary intake in each setting. (unboundmedicine.com)
Tobacco control1
  • Smoking restrictions are an important component of tobacco control policy because they protect non-smokers from the adverse health effects of passive smoking 1-5 and facilitate smokers' decisions to quit or cut down. (bmj.com)
Chapter1
Time22
  • By utilizing data previously collected from a large cohort study, the time and cost of beginning a new case-control study is avoided. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals exposed to the agent under study (index subjects) are followed over time and their health status is observed and recorded during the course of the study. (gfmer.ch)
  • Though weight data was already being collected in the carbon molding area, we needed to implement a paperless system to help the operators respond in real-time to out-of-control signals," says Ben Fisher, product manufacturing engineer at Trek. (qualitymag.com)
  • Calculating control limits and periodically checking the process capability were time consuming and tedious. (qualitymag.com)
  • Using InfinityQS (Chantilly, VA) software for real-time statistical process control (SPC), Trek was able to automate its quality control procedures. (qualitymag.com)
  • In this paper, we consider optimal control problems with multiple time delays in state and control variables and present two applications in biomedicine. (aimsciences.org)
  • L. Göllmann and H. Maurer , Theory and applications of optimal control problems with multiple time-delays, Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization , 10 (2014), 413-441. (aimsciences.org)
  • As such, it needed to maximise operator efficiency, provide complete accountability in case of incidents and deliver clear return on investment over time. (bsia.co.uk)
  • all exposed cases were currently on IMD treatment at the time of the stool sample, the naïve cases had never been exposed to an IMD. (nih.gov)
  • You have the right to withdraw or change your consent at any time by contacting Trend Control Systems. (buildingdesign.co.uk)
  • Given the inherent time frame required of this approach, it can be very challenging to employ such a study in conflict and post-conflict settings where conditions can change rapidly. (endvawnow.org)
  • Case-control studies are relatively simple and economical to carry out, but the one weakness is that only one outcome may be studied at a time. (endvawnow.org)
  • The controls were matched with the subjects according to place of residence, age, time that pension was granted, and occupation. (scirp.org)
  • Another important number is what's called doubling time - how long it takes the number of cases to double. (ibtimes.co.uk)
  • Cases included those conducted with first-time AMI or any AMI cases. (bmj.com)
  • When individual trajectories were examined, some participants showed significant decline over time, but the prevalence was similar for 22q11.2DS and control siblings. (cambridge.org)
  • So case-control studies are good for rare diseases because they're most practical ( because they save a ton of money and time). (studentdoctor.net)
  • And looking back in time (a retrospective study) costs less because following people forward in time understandably, in and of itself, would have to require money and time. (studentdoctor.net)
  • But any time you pick and choose who is in your study, there exists the chance you're inadvertently picking and choosing people who share a second variable. (studentdoctor.net)
  • Since you're looking back in time with a case-control study, not only are we non-random, but we also know people are poor historians. (studentdoctor.net)
  • However, the authors note that the model is based on a series of assumptions about the effectiveness of testing, tracing, isolation, and quarantine-for example about the amount of time it takes to isolate cases with symptoms (average 2.6 days) and the likelihood that their contacts adhere to quarantine (90%)-which, although plausible, are optimistic. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This case study presents how electronics and software can be applied to a mobile hydraulic application, as well as how electro-hydraulics have evolved over time. (powertransmission.com)
Reduction5
  • The case histories were chosen primarily because the amount of noise reduction actually achieved was measured. (cdc.gov)
  • Parental reduced antigen diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is difficult to implement, and empirical data on its impact is limited to a single hospital-based study in Texas, which found no reduction in infant pertussis hospitalization. (aappublications.org)
  • T. Guinn , Reduction of delayed optimal control problems to nondelayed problems, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications , 18 (1976), 371-377. (aimsciences.org)
  • If you are using more than one control per case then this function also provides the reduction in sample size relative to a paired study that you can obtain using your number of controls per case ( Dupont, 1988 ). (statsdirect.com)
  • Achieving such a thorough level of contact tracing may be impractical, but the new study suggests that a large reduction in transmission could also be achieved by supplementing with moderate physical distancing measures. (cam.ac.uk)
Onset3
Type 2 diabet1
Proportion1
Versus1
19951
  • R. F. Hartl , S. P. Sethi and R. G. Vickson , A survey of the maximum principles for optimal control problems with state constraints, SIAM Review , 37 (1995), 181-218. (aimsciences.org)
Estimation2
Statistical power1
Feasible1
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Wrestling control back to the boardroom | Deloitte Middle East | Construction | Case studies | Articles (www2.deloitte.com)